1294:
49:
1204:
1089:. There are many other grants that can be required in certain circumstances, and many have technical Latin names, but the general public is most likely to encounter grants of probate or administration. If an estate has a value of less than ÂŁ5,000.00 or if all assets are held jointly and therefore pass by survivorship, for example to a surviving spouse, a grant is not usually required.
1107:
contain a valid appointment of executors (for example if they are all dead) then the PRs are called "administrators". So, executors obtain a grant of probate that permits them to deal with the estate and administrators obtain a grant of administration that lets them do the same. Apart from that distinction, the function of executors and administrators is exactly the same.
955:
name of the deceased person, as is invariably the case with the transfer or conveyance of land. Executors are also responsible for paying creditors and for distributing the residual assets in accordance with the will. Some
Australian jurisdictions require a notice of intended distribution to be published before the estate is distributed.
1056:
but it is generally used within the
English legal profession as a term to cover all procedures concerned with the administration of a deceased person's estate. As a legal discipline the subject is vast and it is only possible in an article such as this to cover the most common situations, but even that only scratches the surface.
690:
family facing additional costs. It is possible to get a professional executor to renounce their role, meaning they will have no part in dealing with the estate; or to reserve their power, which means the remaining executors will carry out the related duties, but without the involvement of the professional executor.
1139:
and requisite fee at the probate registry. This prevents anyone from obtaining a grant of probate for that person's estate for six months, which the applicant can shortly before that point apply to extend. A caveat is not to be used to extend the time for bringing a claim for financial provision from
1106:
The persons who are actually given the job of dealing with the deceased's assets are called "personal representatives" or "PRs". If the deceased left a valid will, the PRs are the "executors" appointed by the will—"I appoint X and Y to be my executors etc." If there is no will or if the will does not
1097:
A will includes the appointment of an executor or executors. One of their duties is to apply to the
Probate Division of the High Court for a grant of probate. An executor can apply to a local probate registry for a grant themselves but most people use a probate practitioner such as a solicitor. If an
936:
of a will can apply for a grant of probate, and it is their duty to obtain probate in a timely manner. Executors can apply for probate themselves (which is often done to reduce legal fees) or be represented by a lawyer. With the application for probate, the applicant must also provide the original of
701:
This is commonly the closest relative, although that person can renounce their right to be administrator in which case the right moves to the next closest relative. This often happens when parents or grandparents are first in line to become the administrator but renounce their rights as they are old,
689:
Sometimes, in
England and Wales, a professional executor is named in the will – not a family member but (for example) a solicitor, bank or other financial institution. Professional executors will charge the estate for carrying out duties related to the administration of the estate; this can leave the
1080:
There are many different types of grants of representation, each one designed to cover a particular circumstance. The most common cover the two most common situations—either the deceased died leaving a valid will or they did not. If someone left a valid will, it is more than likely that the grant is
839:
A probate lawyer offers services in probate court, and may be retained to open an estate or offer service during the course of probate proceedings on behalf of the administrator or executor of the estate. Probate lawyers may also represent heirs, creditors and other parties who have a legal interest
1317:
Some states have procedures that allow for the transfer of assets from small estates through affidavit or through a simplified probate process. For example, California has a "Small Estate
Summary Procedure" to allow the summary transfer of a decedent's asset without a formal probate proceeding. The
1055:
When someone dies, the term "probate" usually refers to the legal process whereby the deceased's assets are collected together and, following various legal and fiscal steps and processes, eventually distributed to the beneficiaries of the estate. Technically the term has a particular legal meaning,
954:
After probate is granted, executors are empowered to deal with estate assets, including selling and transferring assets, for the benefit of the beneficiaries. For some transactions, an executor may be required to produce a copy of the probate as proof of authority to deal with property still in the
1390:
In some cases, where the person named as executor cannot administer the probate, or wishes to have someone else do so, another person is named administrator. An executor or an administrator may receive compensation for his service. Additionally, beneficiaries of an estate may be able to remove the
706:
deceased and 'any other citizen ' may act as an administrator if there is some cognizable reason or relationship to the estate. Alternatively, if no other person qualifies or no other person accepts appointment, the court will appoint a representative from the local public administrator's office.
1321:
For estates that do not qualify for simplified proceedings, a court having jurisdiction of the decedent's estate (a probate court) supervises the probate process to ensure administration and disposition of the decedent's property is conducted in accord with the law of that jurisdiction, and in a
831:
Local laws governing the probate process often depend on the value and complexity of the estate. If the value of the estate is relatively small, the probate process may be avoided. In some jurisdictions and/or at a certain threshold, probate must be applied for by the executor/administrator or a
705:
The appointment of an administrator follows a codified list establishing priority appointees. Classes of persons named higher on the list receive priority of appointment to those lower on the list. Although relatives of the deceased frequently receive priority over all others, creditors of the
1179:
authorising them to "uplift, receive, administer and dispose of the estate and to act in the office of executor". A grant or certificate of confirmation gives the executor(s) authority to uplift money or other property belonging to a deceased person (e.g. from a bank), and to administer and
1442:
The personal representative must understand and abide by the fiduciary duties, such as a duty to keep money in interest bearing account and to treat all beneficiaries equally. Not complying with the fiduciary duties may allow interested persons to petition for the removal of the personal
993:
The probate process in
Ontario is a legal process where a court approves the validity of a will and grants authority to the executor named in the will to distribute the deceased person's assets according to the instructions in the will. The process generally involves the following steps:
677:
of a deceased person's estate. The appointment of an executor only becomes effective after the death of the testator. After the testator dies, the person named in the will as executor can decline or renounce the position, and if so should quickly notify the probate court accordingly.
1334:, such as the death proceeds of an insurance policy insuring the decedent or bank or retirement account that names a beneficiary or is owned as "payable on death", and property (sometimes a bank or brokerage account) legally held as "jointly owned with right of survivorship".
1379:(personal representative), who carries out the instructions laid out in the will. The executor marshals the decedent's assets. If there is no will, or if the will does not name an executor, the probate court can appoint one. Traditionally, the representative of an
1068:. The High Court is, therefore, the only body able to issue documents that confer on someone the ability to deal with a deceased person's estate—close bank accounts or sell property. It is the production and issuing of these documents, known collectively as
686:, paying off creditors, or selling or disposing of assets not particularly gifted in the will, among others. But the role of the executor is to resolve the testator's estate and to distribute the estate to the beneficiaries or those otherwise entitled.
929:”) pass automatically to the other joint owner and do not form part of the deceased estate. Also, benefits from life insurance on the deceased paid directly to a nominee are not part of the estate, nor are trust assets held by the deceased as trustee.
1301:
Most estates in the United States include property that is subject to probate proceedings. If the property of an estate is not automatically devised to a surviving spouse or heir through principles of joint ownership or survivorship, or otherwise by
858:
There is a
Supreme Court probate registry in each jurisdiction that deals with probate applications. However, each state and territory has slightly different laws and processes in relation to probate. The main probate legislation is as follows:
681:
Executors "step into the shoes" of the deceased and have similar rights and powers to wind up the personal affairs of the deceased. This may include continuing or filing lawsuits that the deceased was entitled to bring, making claims for
730:, "having been proved". Historically during many centuries a paragraph in Latin of standard format was written by scribes of the particular probate court below the transcription of the will, commencing with the words (for example):
1431:, a challenge to the status of the person serving as personal representative, a challenge as to the identity of the heirs, and a challenge to whether the personal representative is properly administering the estate. Issues of
768:
of a deceased person is valid, so their property can in due course be retitled (US terminology) or transferred to beneficiaries of the will. As with any legal proceeding, there are technical aspects to probate administration:
606:
is the judicial process whereby a will is "proved" in a court of law and accepted as a valid public document that is the true last testament of the deceased, or whereby the estate is settled according to the laws of
1098:
estate is small, some banks and building societies allow the deceased's immediate family to close accounts without a grant, but there usually must be less than about ÂŁ15,000 in the account for this to be permitted.
783:
may need to be filed and letters of administration (often referred to as "letters testamentary") issued. A Grant of
Letters of Administration can be used as proof that the 'Administrator' is entitled to handle the
1387:. If the decedent died with a will, but only a copy of the will can be located, many states allow the copy to be probated, subject to the rebuttable presumption that the testator destroyed the will before death.
945:
and a statement of the known assets and liabilities of the deceased estate. The applicant may also be required to have published a notice in a major newspaper of an intention to make the application for probate.
820:
Other assets may simply need to be transferred from the deceased to his or her beneficiaries, such as life insurance. Other assets may have pay on death or transfer on death designations, which avoids probate.
1013:
Once the assets have been distributed and any debts have been paid, the executor will apply for a certificate of final distribution from the court, which will release the executor from their responsibilities.
1341:
or irrevocable trust created during the grantor's lifetime also avoids probate. In these cases in the U.S. no court action is involved and the property is distributed privately, subject to estate taxes.
817:
Costs of the administration including ordinary taxation such as income tax on interest and property taxation are deducted from assets in the estate before distribution by the executors of the will.
1314:. For example, life insurance and retirement accounts with properly completed beneficiary designations should avoid probate, as will most bank accounts titled jointly or made payable on death.
805:
There may be a lawsuit pending over the decedent's death or there may have been pending suits that are now continuing. There may be separate procedures required in contentious probate cases.
791:
jurisdictions such as Canada, parts of the US, the UK, Australia and India, any jointly-owned property passes automatically to the surviving joint owner separately from any will, unless the
646:), generally named in the will, as having legal power to dispose of the testator's assets in the manner specified in the testator's will. However, through the probate process, a will may be
1318:
dollar limit by which the small estate procedure can be effectuated was $ 150,000 before a statutory increase was implemented on a three-year schedule, arriving at $ 184,500 by April 2022.
1072:, that is the primary function of the Probate Registries, which are part of the High Court, which the general public and probate professionals alike apply to for grants of representation.
932:
Applications for probate are made to the probate office in the jurisdiction with which the deceased has a close connection, not necessarily where the person died. Normally, only the
921:
or if his or her other assets are above the threshold amount, which is usually $ 50,000 for major banks and lower thresholds for other financial institutions. Assets that had been “
1007:
The executor must provide an inventory of the assets and liabilities of the estate and file it with the court and distribute the assets to the beneficiaries according to the Will.
1004:
The executor uses the certificate to gather and manage the deceased person's assets, pay any debts and taxes, and distribute the assets according to the instructions in the will.
827:
must be respected, in terms of providing proper and adequate notice, making timely distribution of estate assets, and otherwise administering the estate properly and efficiently.
1064:
All legal procedures concerned with probate (as defined above) come within the jurisdiction of the
Chancery Division of the High Court of Justice by virtue of Section 25 of the
1420:, if the estate is taxable at the federal or state level. Finally, he distributes the remaining property to the beneficiaries, either as instructed in the will, or under the
1352:, if a spouse (or partner in Hawaii) dies intestate (owning property without a will), the portion of his/her estate so titled passes to a surviving spouse without a probate.
1416:
After opening the probate case with the court, the personal representative inventories and collects the decedent's property. Next, he pays any debts and taxes, including
1001:
The court reviews the application and if satisfied that the will is valid and that the executor is suitable, it will issue a certificate of appointment of estate trustee.
1171:. Appointment as an executor does not in itself grant authority to ingather and distribute the estate of the deceased; the executor(s) must make an application to the
1141:
1010:
The executor must also file an estate information return with the
Ministry of Finance within 90 days of being issued the certificate of appointment of estate trustee.
1439:
techniques. In some situations, however, even biological heirs can be denied their inheritance rights, while non-biological heirs can be granted inheritance rights.
998:
The executor applies for a certificate of appointment of estate trustee (probate) from the court, along with the original will and any required supporting documents.
1155:
at the probate registry. This is not a physical appearance; it is a further document to send to the probate registry within eight days of receiving the warning.
2025:
1322:
manner consistent with decedent's intent as manifested in his will. Distribution of certain estate assets may require selling assets, including real estate.
855:
In Australia, probate can refer to the process of proving the will of a deceased person and also to a grant of probate, the legal document that is obtained.
1151:" form to the probate registry. This document will be sent to the person who entered the caveat, and for the caveat to remain, they will have to enter an
2114:
1345:
The best way to determine which assets are probate assets (requiring administration) is to determine whether each asset passes outside of probate.
585:
2352:
787:
Homestead property, which follows its own set of unique rules in states like Florida, must be dealt with separately from other assets. In many
1671:
2515:
2050:
1719:
634:'s (deceased person's) will and grants its approval, also known as granting probate, to the executor. The probated will then becomes a
2275:
1427:
A party may challenge any aspect of the probate administration, such as a direct challenge to the validity of the will, known as a
2379:
1689:
1214:
811:
or other property may need to be sold to effect the correct distribution of assets pursuant to the will, or merely to pay debts.
742:
of Canterbury...") The earliest usage of the English word was in 1463, defined as "the official proving of a will". The term "
2249:
2220:
1310:
during the decedent's lifetime, it is generally necessary to "probate the estate", whether or not the decedent had a valid
1124:
578:
408:
2326:
982:
776:
Executors of the will must be guided in how and when to distribute assets and how to take creditors' rights into account.
279:
2165:
1272:
1624:
1244:
212:
738:("A testament of such a kind was proved at London in the presence of the venerable man ..... doctor of law at the
1417:
571:
198:
1775:
1251:
1229:
1477:
843:
In common law jurisdictions, probate ("official proving of a will") is obtained by executors of a will while
674:
2118:
1875:
638:
that may be enforced by the executor in the law courts if necessary. A probate also officially appoints the
1595:
899:
759:
502:
424:
286:
81:
40:
1435:
can be disputed among the potential heirs in intestate estates, especially with the advent of inexpensive
814:
Estate taxes, gift taxes or inheritance taxes must be considered if the estate exceeds certain thresholds.
698:
When a person dies without a will then the legal personal representative is known as the "administrator".
1551:
1258:
2543:
2538:
2089:
132:
1394:
The representative of a testate estate who is someone other than the executor named in the will is an
2548:
1457:
1349:
964:
844:
474:
205:
1240:
968:
669:
An executor is a person appointed by a will to act on behalf of the estate of the will-maker (the "
372:
1975:
1950:
1850:
1825:
1800:
1403:
1293:
780:
643:
1925:
1413:, an insurance policy in favor of the estate to protect against possible abuse by the executor.
1900:
1065:
974:
481:
401:
360:
74:
1167:, although there are considerable differences between the two systems because of the separate
1135:
An applicant may challenge the validity of a person's will after they have died by lodging a
1044:
147:
2000:
1330:
Some of the decedent's property may never enter probate because it passes to another person
702:
don't have knowledge of estate law and feel that someone else is better suited to the task.
2533:
1193:
611:
in the state of residence of the deceased at time of death in the absence of a legal will.
450:
415:
328:
186:
8:
2077:
1391:
appointed executor if he or she is not capable of properly fulfilling his or her duties.
1368:, the estate is distributed according to the laws of the jurisdiction where the decedent
978:
869:
367:
272:
2190:
2140:
1643:
981:. Therefore, the laws governing inheritance in Canada is legislated by each individual
394:
2509:
2399:
1443:
representative and hold the personal representative liable for any harm to the estate.
905:
457:
348:
254:
118:
65:
31:
1265:
1040:
1036:
938:
926:
881:
802:
There are time factors involved in filing and objecting to claims against the estate.
796:
739:
321:
224:
173:
2456:
2483:
2391:
2064:
1303:
635:
316:
293:
125:
100:
1144:. The court can order costs against an applicant using a caveat for that purpose.
622:
of a deceased person, resolving all claims and distributing the deceased person's
2090:"PART 57 - PROBATE, INHERITANCE AND PRESUMPTION OF DEATH - Civil Procedure Rules"
1432:
1225:
887:
863:
792:
723:
512:
486:
303:
247:
161:
154:
2026:"Frequently asked questions about publishing a probate notice | Online Registry"
1577:
1369:
1032:
683:
559:
387:
355:
219:
93:
2425:
1123:
For an explanation of the intestacy probate process in England and Wales, see
1035:. Probate, as with the law of family settlements (trusts), was handled by the
2527:
1436:
1410:
1172:
922:
918:
627:
469:
298:
242:
88:
1546:
1532:
1428:
1365:
1348:
In jurisdictions in the U.S. that recognize a married couple's property as
1338:
1307:
942:
647:
619:
554:
547:
517:
140:
1380:
1039:. When that court was abolished in 1873, their jurisdiction passed to the
1776:"Probate: avoid a final rip-off when sorting out your loved one's estate"
1452:
1176:
1028:
824:
808:
507:
462:
233:
35:
2353:"Judicial Council SPR 22-16 — Rules and Forms: Small Estate Disposition"
48:
2403:
1720:"When Someone Dies - A Non-Lawyer's Guide to Probate in Washington, DC"
1311:
875:
788:
765:
599:
527:
267:
57:
2302:"Affidavit for Transfer of Personal Property Worth $ 150,000 or Less"
2301:
1421:
1361:
1181:
1168:
1115:
A requirement of the probate process is the valuation of the estate.
743:
608:
433:
193:
105:
20:
2395:
1738:
1203:
1180:
distribute it according to either the deceased's will or the law on
1130:
750:, comes from the same Latin root but has a different English usage.
1376:
1331:
933:
893:
747:
670:
664:
639:
631:
623:
537:
438:
2280:
AAII: Avoid the Top 10 Mistakes Made with Beneficiary Designations
1147:
To challenge the caveat, the intended executor sends a completed "
722:, to try, test, prove, examine, more specifically from the verb's
732:
Probatum Londini fuit huiusmodi testamentum coram venerabili viro
833:
2508:
2380:"Administration of a Decedent's Estate As a Proceeding in Rem"
2276:"Avoid the Top 10 Mistakes Made With Beneficiary Designations"
941:(not the one issued by a medical professional), a copy of the
1085:. If there was no will, the grant required is likely to be a
715:
615:
166:
2221:"Caveats, Warnings & Appearances - Inheritance Disputes"
1375:
If the decedent died with a will, the will usually names an
878:—Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 1999 and Succession Act 1981.
542:
1409:
The probate court may require that the executor provide a
1142:
Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975
1364:, with the exception of real properly located in another
1221:
2117:. Hmcourts-service.gov.uk. 1 April 2011. Archived from
1876:"View - Queensland Legislation - Queensland Government"
1402:.) The generic term for executors or administrators is
773:
Creditors must be notified and legal notices published.
714:
The English noun "probate" derives directly from the
2051:"Provincial and territorial resources on estate law"
2233:
912:
1297:An attorney meets with client for estate planning.
764:Probate is a process of improvement that proves a
736:legum doctore curiae prerogativae Cantuariensis...
1538:
1131:Contesting the circumstances of a will's creation
917:Probate is required if the deceased person owned
614:The granting of probate is the first step in the
2525:
1522:, the participle refers to, being a neuter noun
2282:. American Association of Individual Investors
2250:"Dealing With a Deceased's Estate in Scotland"
1360:If the decedent dies without a will, known as
2273:
673:") upon his or her death. An executor is the
579:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1713:
1711:
1230:introducing citations to additional sources
1118:
1618:
1616:
1571:
1569:
1075:
2191:"Valuing the estate of someone who's died"
1501:Collins Dictionary of the English Language
1398:, or administrator c.t.a. (from the Latin
847:are granted where there are no executors.
586:
572:
2426:"Property, Exclusivity, and Jurisdiction"
2115:"About HM Courts & Tribunals Service"
1773:
1756:
1708:
1163:The equivalent to probate in Scotland is
969:Segregated_fund § Probate_protection
949:
2238:(14th ed.). W. Green. p. 1130.
1774:Collinson, Patrick (21 September 2013).
1662:
1613:
1566:
1292:
1220:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2454:
1669:
1175:for a grant of confirmation. This is a
1110:
1092:
2526:
2481:
2423:
2377:
2254:Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service
2001:"Administration and Probate Act 1993"
1976:"Administration and Probate Act 1929"
1951:"Administration and Probate Act 1935"
1926:"Administration and Probate Act 1919"
1826:"Administration and Probate Act 1958"
1801:"Probate and Administration Act 1898"
1475:
1140:a person's estate, such as under the
1101:
908:—Administration and Probate Act 1993.
902:—Administration and Probate Act 1929.
896:—Administration and Probate Act 1935.
890:—Administration and Probate Act 1919.
872:—Administration and Probate Act 1958.
866:—Probate and Administration Act 1898.
2215:
2213:
2211:
1901:"Non‑contentious Probate Rules 1967"
1851:"Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 1999"
1670:Kaufman, Leanne (22 February 2013).
1197:
1125:Administration of an estate on death
1022:
884:—Non‑contentious Probate Rules 1967.
1396:administrator with the will annexed
1355:
1325:
13:
1648:Supreme Court of Western Australia
1544:
1476:Jones, Harvey (15 February 2013).
753:
14:
2560:
2501:
2274:Horn, John; Johnsen-Tracy, Dera.
2208:
2030:onlineregistry.lawlink.nsw.gov.au
1717:For the United States, see e.g.,
1017:
2166:"Wills, probate and inheritance"
2065:"Apply for probate of an estate"
1578:"Wills, probate and inheritance"
1213:relies largely or entirely on a
1202:
1187:
913:Application for grant of probate
693:
630:decides the legal validity of a
213:Acts of independent significance
47:
2475:
2448:
2417:
2371:
2345:
2319:
2294:
2267:
2242:
2227:
2183:
2158:
2133:
2107:
2082:
2071:
2057:
2043:
2018:
1993:
1968:
1943:
1918:
1893:
1868:
1843:
1818:
1793:
1418:estate tax in the United States
1306:, and was not transferred to a
1059:
503:Advance directive (Living will)
402:Hague Convention (conflict law)
2357:California Lawyers Association
1726:. Council for Court Excellence
1672:"To probate or not to probate"
1525:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1478:"Dealing with probate in 2013"
1469:
840:in the outcome of the estate.
653:
1:
2484:"Woman Denied Jell-O Fortune"
2482:Dobbin, Ben (13 March 2008).
1743:Judicial Branch of California
1739:"Wills, Estates, and Probate"
1463:
1050:
973:Inheritance law in Canada is
675:legal personal representative
618:process of administering the
2486:. ABC News. Associated Press
2234:Gloag and Henderson (2017).
2145:nidreict Government Services
900:Australian Capital Territory
850:
760:Administration (probate law)
709:
280:Accumulation and maintenance
82:Joint wills and mutual wills
7:
2463:. Warren County, New Jersey
2327:"CA Prob Code § 890 (2022)"
1552:Online Etymology Dictionary
1446:
1158:
658:
10:
2565:
1622:For Australia, See, e.g.,
1510:Cassell's Latin Dictionary
1191:
988:
962:
757:
662:
133:Incorporation by reference
18:
1575:For the U.K., see, e.g.,
1458:National Probate Calendar
1350:tenancy by the entireties
1119:Intestacy probate process
965:Inheritance law in Canada
958:
845:letters of administration
2424:Stern, James Y. (2014).
2378:Simes, Lewis M. (1945).
1076:Grants of representation
1070:grants of representation
925:” (but not assets held “
836:filing on their behalf.
779:A petition to appoint a
600:common law jurisdictions
409:Application in civil law
206:Satisfaction of legacies
19:Not to be confused with
2516:Encyclopædia Britannica
2461:Office of the Surrogate
1404:personal representative
1087:grant of administration
781:personal representative
644:personal representative
2519:(11th ed.). 1911.
2141:"Applying for probate"
1880:legislation.qld.gov.au
1694:Courts of Saskatchewan
1668:For Canada, see e.g.,
1298:
1066:Senior Courts Act 1981
950:Distribution of estate
937:the will, an official
746:", used in the law of
482:Disclaimer of interest
287:Interest in possession
75:Legal history of wills
1690:"Probating an Estate"
1400:cum testamento annexo
1296:
1169:Scottish legal system
425:Estate administration
343:Reversionary interest
148:Testamentary capacity
1383:estate is called an
1226:improve this article
1194:Uniform Probate Code
1111:Probate requirements
1093:Applying for a grant
451:Power of appointment
416:Dishonest assistance
187:Lapse and anti-lapse
181:Property disposition
2430:Virginia Law Review
2384:Michigan Law Review
2236:The Law of Scotland
2078:Judicature Act 1873
1424:laws of the state.
1337:Property held in a
1027:The main source of
734:(name of approver)
382:Governing doctrines
1625:"What is Probate?"
1531:Text from will of
1299:
1102:Asset distribution
906:Northern Territory
726:nominative neuter
458:Simultaneous death
373:Supplemental needs
119:Attestation clause
2544:Real property law
2539:Legal terminology
2306:California Courts
1631:. 8 February 2017
1545:Harper, Douglas.
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1037:Court of Chancery
1023:England and Wales
979:provincial matter
939:death certificate
882:Western Australia
797:tenants in common
740:Prerogative Court
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225:Pretermitted heir
174:No-contest clause
16:Proving of a will
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1083:grant of probate
975:constitutionally
636:legal instrument
626:under a will. A
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395:Cy-près doctrine
361:Asset-protection
126:Residuary clause
101:Holographic will
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793:equitable title
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754:Probate process
724:past participle
712:
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661:
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513:Forced heirship
487:Inheritance tax
379:
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162:Insane delusion
155:Undue influence
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2390:(4): 675–704.
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2121:on 6 June 2011
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1676:Financial Post
1661:
1644:"Probate FAQs"
1629:Public Trustee
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2331:JUSTIA US Law
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1650:. 6 July 2017
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1211:This article
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368:Special needs
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338:Life interest
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2490:19 September
2488:. Retrieved
2477:
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2465:. Retrieved
2460:
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2440:24 September
2438:. Retrieved
2433:
2429:
2419:
2409:24 September
2407:. Retrieved
2387:
2383:
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2361:. Retrieved
2356:
2347:
2335:. Retrieved
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2309:. Retrieved
2305:
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2284:. Retrieved
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2257:. Retrieved
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2235:
2229:
2200:19 September
2198:. Retrieved
2194:
2185:
2175:19 September
2173:. Retrieved
2169:
2160:
2150:19 September
2148:. Retrieved
2144:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2119:the original
2109:
2097:. Retrieved
2093:
2084:
2073:
2059:
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2029:
2020:
2008:. Retrieved
2004:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1979:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1954:
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1929:
1920:
1908:. Retrieved
1904:
1895:
1883:. Retrieved
1879:
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1854:
1845:
1833:. Retrieved
1829:
1820:
1808:. Retrieved
1804:
1795:
1785:19 September
1783:. Retrieved
1780:The Guardian
1779:
1748:20 September
1746:. Retrieved
1742:
1730:20 September
1728:. Retrieved
1723:
1700:20 September
1698:. Retrieved
1693:
1681:20 September
1679:. Retrieved
1675:
1664:
1654:20 September
1652:. Retrieved
1647:
1635:20 September
1633:. Retrieved
1628:
1605:20 September
1603:. Retrieved
1599:
1587:20 September
1585:. Retrieved
1581:
1556:. Retrieved
1550:
1540:
1533:James Boevey
1527:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1487:19 September
1485:. Retrieved
1482:The Guardian
1481:
1471:
1441:
1429:will contest
1426:
1415:
1408:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1374:
1366:jurisdiction
1359:
1347:
1344:
1336:
1329:
1320:
1316:
1300:
1282:October 2007
1279:
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1165:confirmation
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555:Criminal law
518:Totten trust
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262:Common types
261:
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255:Constructive
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