1551:' teacher salary survey for the 2006–07 school year found that the average teacher salary was $ 51,009. In a salary survey report for K-12 teachers, elementary school teachers had the lowest median salary earning $ 39,259. High school teachers had the highest median salary earning $ 41,855. Many teachers take advantage of the opportunity to increase their income by supervising after-school programs and other extracurricular activities. In addition to monetary compensation, public school teachers may also enjoy greater benefits (like health insurance) compared to other occupations. Merit pay systems are on the rise for teachers, paying teachers extra money based on excellent classroom evaluations, high test scores and for high success at their overall school. Also, with the advent of the internet, many teachers are now selling their lesson plans to other teachers through the web in order to earn supplemental income, most notably on TeachersPayTeachers.com. The United Nations
588:, religious leaders, and case workers as well as teachers. It is important to note, however, that this British study is the only one of its kind and consisted of "a random ... probability sample of 2,869 young people between the ages of 18 and 24 in a computer-assisted study" and that the questions referred to "sexual abuse with a professional," not necessarily a teacher. It is therefore logical to conclude that information on the percentage of abuses by teachers in the United Kingdom is not explicitly available and therefore not necessarily reliable. The AAUW study, however, posed questions about fourteen types of sexual harassment and various degrees of frequency and included only abuses by teachers. "The sample was drawn from a list of 80,000 schools to create a stratified two-stage sample design of 2,065 8th to 11th grade students". Its reliability was gauged at 95% with a 4% margin of error.
1012:
1487:
678:
769:. Second, the pedagogy of the learners comes into play when a teacher assesses the pedagogic diversity of their students and differentiates for the individual students accordingly. For example, an experienced teacher and parent described the place of a teacher in learning as follows: "The real bulk of learning takes place in self-study and problem solving with a lot of feedback around that loop. The function of the teacher is to pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky, encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint of all. This function looks like that of a coach using the whole gamut of psychology to get each new class of rookies off the bench and into the game."
689:
963:
regulations are made by the community as a whole, thence the school atmosphere is one of persuasion and negotiation, rather than confrontation since there is no one to confront. Sudbury model democratic schools' proponents argue that a school that has good, clear laws, fairly and democratically passed by the entire school community, and a good judicial system for enforcing these laws, is a school in which community discipline prevails, and in which an increasingly sophisticated concept of law and order develops, against other schools today, where rules are arbitrary, authority is absolute, punishment is capricious, and
435:
also lead to students becoming more self-determined in their own learning process. The concept of mere exposure indicates that the teacher's enthusiasm may contribute to the student's expectations about intrinsic motivation in the context of learning. Also, enthusiasm may act as a "motivational embellishment", increasing a student's interest by the variety, novelty, and surprise of the enthusiastic teacher's presentation of the material. Finally, the concept of emotional contagion may also apply: students may become more intrinsically motivated by catching onto the enthusiasm and energy of the teacher.
444:
achievement depends on the kind of relationship they build with their students. Useful teacher-to-student interactions are crucial in linking academic success with personal achievement. Here, personal success is a student's internal goal of improving themselves, whereas academic success includes the goals they receive from their superior. A teacher must guide their student in aligning their personal goals with their academic goals. Students who receive this positive influence show stronger self-confidence and greater personal and academic success than those without these teacher interactions.
77:
1329:
659:
431:
Controlled, experimental studies exploring intrinsic motivation of college students has shown that nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions, result in college students reporting higher levels of intrinsic motivation to learn. But even while a teacher's enthusiasm has been shown to improve motivation and increase task engagement, it does not necessarily improve learning outcomes or memory for the material.
1024:
407:
200:
3627:
1403:(GTCS). Teaching in Scotland is an all graduate profession and the normal route for graduates wishing to teach is to complete a programme of Initial Teacher Education (ITE) at one of the seven Scottish Universities who offer these courses. Once successfully completed, "Provisional Registration" is given by the GTCS which is raised to "Full Registration" status after a year if there is sufficient evidence to show that the "Standard for Full Registration" has been met.
640:
419:
2721:
rights of students. A student growing up in schools having these features would be ready to move right into society at large. I think it is safe to say that the individual liberties so cherished by our ancestors and by each succeeding generation will never be really secure until our youth, throughout the crucial formative years of their minds and spirits, are nurtured in a school environment that embodies these basic
American truths.
3615:
648:
3603:
1040:
begin teaching after graduation. In addition to certification, many educational institutions especially within the US, require that prospective teachers pass a background check and psychiatric evaluation to be able to teach in classroom. This is not always the case with adult further learning institutions but is fast becoming the norm in many countries as security concerns grow.
928:). Such individuals claim that many problems with modern schooling stem from the weakness in school discipline and if teachers exercised firm control over the classroom they would be able to teach more efficiently. This viewpoint is supported by the educational attainment of countries—in East Asia for instance—that combine strict discipline with high standards of education.
983:, which can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health, productivity, and students' performance. Stress can be caused by organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative personnel, working environment, expectations to substitute, long hours with a heavy workload, and inspections. Teachers are also at high risk for
910:. Private schools in these and most other states may also use it. Corporal punishment in American schools is administered to the seat of the student's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle. This often used to take place in the classroom or hallway, but nowadays the punishment is usually given privately in the principal's office.
495:, in others, the status of the profession is low. In the twentieth century, many intelligent women were unable to get jobs in corporations or governments so many chose teaching as a default profession. As women become more welcomed into corporations and governments today, it may be more difficult to attract qualified teachers in the future.
1527:
a standard bachelor's degree and certificate. Salaries vary greatly depending on state, relative cost of living, and grade taught. Salaries also vary within states where wealthy suburban school districts generally have higher salary schedules than other districts. The median salary for all primary and secondary teachers was
936:, for example, although average attainment on standardized tests may exceed those in Western countries, classroom discipline and behavior is highly problematic. Although, officially, schools have extremely rigid codes of behavior, in practice many teachers find the students unmanageable and do not enforce discipline at all.
617:, said that teachers who have sex with pupils over the age of consent should not be placed on the sex offenders register and that prosecution for statutory rape "is a real anomaly in the law that we are concerned about." This has led to outrage from child protection and parental rights groups. Fears of being labelled a
1582:, who are not considered fully qualified teachers, and as such, are guided by teachers but may supervise and teach groups of pupils independently. In the United Kingdom, the term "assistant teacher" used to be used to refer to any qualified or unqualified teacher who was not a head or deputy head teacher.
1498:
determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools. Teaching certification generally lasts three years, but teachers can receive certificates that last as long as ten years. Public school teachers are required to have a bachelor's degree and the majority must be certified by
1441:
Education in Wales differs in certain respects from education elsewhere in the United
Kingdom. For example, a significant number of students all over Wales are educated either wholly or largely through the medium of Welsh: in 2008/09, 22 per cent of classes in maintained primary schools used Welsh as
1039:
by a recognized body before they can teach in a school. In many countries, elementary school education certificate is earned after completion of high school. The high school student follows an education specialty track, obtain the prerequisite "student-teaching" time, and receive a special diploma to
962:
democratic schools claim that popularly based authority can maintain order more effectively than dictatorial authority for governments and schools alike. They also claim that in these schools the preservation of public order is easier and more efficient than anywhere else. Primarily because rules and
916:
Currently detention is one of the most common punishments in schools in the United States, the UK, Ireland, Singapore and other countries. It requires the pupil to remain in school at a given time in the school day (such as lunch, recess or after school); or even to attend school on a non-school day,
784:
This is true throughout most of the United States as well. However, alternative approaches for primary education do exist. One of these, sometimes referred to as a "platoon" system, involves placing a group of students together in one class that moves from one specialist to another for every subject.
1526:
In the past, teachers have been paid relatively low salaries. However, average teacher salaries have improved rapidly in recent years. US teachers are generally paid on graduated scales, with income depending on experience. Teachers with more experience and higher education earn more than those with
1465:
and a report in 2010 suggested that the average age of teachers in Wales was falling with teachers being younger than in previous years. It was suggested that a proportion of older teachers had faced discrimination and did not have their experience valued. A growing cause of concern at that time was
1309:
To become a teacher in the
Philippines, one must have a bachelor's degree in education. Other degrees are also allowed as long they are able to get 18 units of professional education subjects (10 units for arts and sciences degrees). A board exam must be taken to become a professional teacher in the
414:
It has been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can create a positive learning experience. These teachers do not teach by rote but attempt to invigorate their teaching of the course materials every day. Teachers who cover the same curriculum repeatedly
363:
has argued that it is necessary to develop a shared definition of the skills and knowledge required by teachers, in order to guide teachers' career-long education and professional development. Some evidence-based international discussions have tried to reach such a common understanding. For example,
1979:
Williamson McDiarmid, G. & Clevenger-Bright M. (2008) 'Rethinking
Teacher Capacity', in Cochran-Smith, M., Feiman-Nemser, S. & Mc Intyre, D. (Eds.). 'Handbook of Research on Teacher Education. Enduring questions in changing contexts'. New York/Abingdon: Routledge/Taylor & Francis cited
939:
Where school class sizes are typically 40 to 50 students, maintaining order in the classroom can divert the teacher from instruction, leaving little opportunity for concentration and focus on what is being taught. In response, teachers may concentrate their attention on motivated students, ignoring
994:
There are several ways to mitigate the occupational hazards of teaching. Organizational interventions, like changing teachers' schedules, providing support networks and mentoring, changing the work environment, and offering promotions and bonuses, may be effective in helping to reduce occupational
434:
There are various mechanisms by which teacher enthusiasm may facilitate higher levels of intrinsic motivation. Teacher enthusiasm may contribute to a classroom atmosphere of energy and enthusiasm which feeds student interest and excitement in learning the subject matter. Enthusiastic teachers may
2720:
Knowing all this, we would expect; nay, insist (one would think) that the schools, in training their students to contribute productively to the political stability and growth of
America, would be democratic and non-autocratic; be governed by clear rules and due process; be guardians of individual
920:
A modern example of school discipline in North
America and Western Europe relies upon the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries define what is
780:
teaching is the relationship between teachers and children. In primary schools each class has a teacher who stays with them for most of the week and will teach them the whole curriculum. In secondary schools they will be taught by different subject specialists each session during the week and may
447:
Students are likely to build stronger relations with teachers who are friendly and supportive and will show more interest in courses taught by these teachers. Teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students are perceived as supportive and effective teachers. Effective
1294:
vetting has been introduced for new entrants to the teaching profession. These procedures apply to teaching and also to non-teaching posts and those who refuse vetting "cannot be appointed or engaged by the school in any capacity including in a voluntary role". Existing staff will be vetted on a
1531:
46,000 in 2004, with the average entry salary for a teacher with a bachelor's degree being an estimated $ 32,000. Median salaries for preschool teachers, however, were less than half the national median for secondary teachers, clock in at an estimated $ 21,000 in 2004. For high school teachers,
333:
Teaching is a highly complex activity. This is partially because teaching is a social practice, that takes place in a specific context (time, place, culture, socioeconomic situation etc.) and therefore is shaped by the values of that specific context. Factors that influence what is expected (or
870:
the student in order to cause physical pain) was one of the most common forms of school discipline throughout much of the world. Most
Western countries, and some others, have now banned it, but it remains lawful in the United States following a US Supreme Court decision in 1977 which held that
443:
Research shows that student motivation and attitudes towards school are closely linked to student-teacher relationships. Enthusiastic teachers are particularly good at creating beneficial relations with their students. Their ability to create effective learning environments that foster student
430:
Teachers that exhibit enthusiasm are more likely to have engaged, interested and energetic students who are curious about learning the subject matter. Recent research has found a correlation between teacher enthusiasm and students' intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality in the classroom.
2691:
785:
The advantage here is that students learn from teachers who specialize in one subject and who tend to be more knowledgeable in that one area than a teacher who teaches many subjects. Students still derive a strong sense of security by staying with the same group of peers for all classes.
1110:
is required to become a qualified teacher. Salary ranges from $ 40,000/year to $ 90,000/yr. Teachers have the option to teach for a public school which is funded by the provincial government or teaching in a private school which is funded by the private sector, businesses and sponsors.
1684:
Williamson McDiarmid, G. & Clevenger-Bright M. (2008), 'Rethinking
Teacher Capacity', in Cochran-Smith, M., Feiman-Nemser, S. & Mc Intyre, D. (Eds.): Handbook of Research on Teacher Education. Enduring questions in changing contexts. New York/Abingdon: Routledge/Taylor &
944:
and disruptive students. The result of this is that motivated students, facing demanding university entrance examinations, receive disproportionate resources. Given the emphasis on attainment of university places, administrators and governors may regard this policy as appropriate.
2897:
580:
reported that 9.6% of students in the United States claim to have received unwanted sexual attention from an adult associated with education; be they a volunteer, bus driver, teacher, administrator or other adult; sometime during their educational career.
1410:
earned from ÂŁ20,427 for a
Probationer, up to ÂŁ32,583 after 6 years teaching, but could then go on to earn up to ÂŁ39,942 as they complete the modules to earn Chartered Teacher Status (requiring at least 6 years at up to two modules per year.) Promotion to
1442:
the sole or main medium of instruction. Welsh medium education is available to all age groups through nurseries, schools, colleges and universities and in adult education; lessons in the language itself are compulsory for all pupils until the age of 16.
1282:
Teachers are required to be registered with the
Teaching Council; under Section 30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001, a person employed in any capacity in a recognised teaching post - who is not registered with the Teaching Council - may not be paid from
415:
may find it challenging to maintain their enthusiasm, lest their boredom with the content bore their students in turn. Enthusiastic teachers are rated higher by their students than teachers who did not show much enthusiasm for the course materials.
509:
There are a variety of bodies designed to instill, preserve and update the knowledge and professional standing of teachers. Around the world many teachers' colleges exist; they may be controlled by government or by the teaching profession itself.
2686:
1369:
20,133 to ÂŁ41,004 in September 2007, although some salaries can go much higher depending on experience and extra responsibilities. Preschool teachers may earn an average salary of ÂŁ19,543 annually. Teachers in state schools must have at least a
791:
has also become a new trend amongst educational institutions. Co-teaching is defined as two or more teachers working harmoniously to fulfill the needs of every student in the classroom. Co-teaching focuses the student on learning by providing a
990:
A 2000 study found that 42% of UK teachers experienced occupational stress, twice the figure for the average profession. A 2012 study found that teachers experienced double the rate of anxiety, depression, and stress than average workers.
1228:
Standards define the competencies that a good teacher should possess. Schools look for competent teachers across grades. Teachers are appointed directly by schools in private sector, and through eligibility tests in government schools.
241:
the role of teacher may be taken on by anyone (e.g. when showing a colleague how to perform a specific task). In some countries, teaching young people of school age may be carried out in an informal setting, such as within the family
998:
Apart from this, teachers are often not given sufficient opportunities for professional growth or promotions. This leads to some stagnancy, as there is not sufficient interests to enter the profession. An organisation in India called
781:
have ten or more different teachers. The relationship between children and their teachers tends to be closer in the primary school where they act as form tutor, specialist teacher and surrogate parent during the course of the day.
2202:
Baker, J. A.Teacher-Student Interaction in Urban At-Risk Classrooms: Differential Behavior, Relationship Quality, and Student Satisfaction with School. The Elementary School Journal Volume 100, Number 1, 1999 by The University of
2893:
2019:
Patrick, B.C., Hisley, J. & Kempler, T. (2000) "What's Everybody so Excited about?": The Effects of Teacher Enthusiasm on Student Intrinsic Motivation and Vitality", The Journal of Experimental Education, Vol. 68, No. 3, pp.
1563:
Assistant teachers are additional teachers assisting the primary teacher, often in the same classroom. There are different types around the world, as well as a variety of formal programs defining roles and responsibilities.
3538:
2653:
525:
The functions of the teachers' colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice, providing for the ongoing education of teachers, investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into
321:. They also have the legal duty to protect students from harm, such as that which may result from bullying, sexual harassment, racism or abuse. In some education systems, teachers may be responsible for student
1599:
short form: LdL) is a method which allows pupils and students to prepare and teach lessons or parts of lessons, with the understanding that a student's own learning is enhanced through the teaching process.
931:
It's not clear, however that this stereotypical view reflects the reality of East Asian classrooms or that the educational goals in these countries are commensurable with those in Western countries. In
921:
appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Teachers are expected to respect their students; sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline.
1225:
1955:
1903:
1852:
843:
765:
as well as supervision to meet the needs of all students in the classroom. Pedagogy can be thought of in two manners. First, teaching itself can be taught in many different ways, hence, using a
2787:
2164:
Fraser, B. J., & Fisher, D. L. (1982). Predicting students' outcomes from their perceptions of classroom psychosocial environment. American Educational Research Journal, 19, 498- 518.
1843:
For a review of literature on competences required by teachers, see F Caena (2011) 'Literature review: Teachers' core competences: requirements and development' accessed January 2017 at
754:
as determined by the relevant authority. The teacher may interact with students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning
1000:
2118:
761:
Teaching using pedagogy also involve assessing the educational levels of the students on particular skills. Understanding the pedagogy of the students in a classroom involves using
2155:
Bryant, Jennings . 1980. Relationship between college teachers' use of humor in the classroom and students' evaluations of their teachers. Journal of educational psychology. 72, 4.
3530:
1931:
1555:
also aims to substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers through international cooperation by 2030 in an effort to improve the quality of teaching around the world.
924:
Whilst this is the consensus viewpoint amongst the majority of academics, some teachers and parents advocate a more assertive and confrontational style of discipline (refer to
1885:
see for example Cummings, W.K. (2003) 'The Institutions of Education. A Comparative Study of Educational Development in the Six Core Nations', Providence, MA: Symposium Books.
1035:
There are many similarities and differences among teachers around the world. In almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college. Governments may require
917:
e.g. "Saturday detention" held at some schools. During detention, students normally have to sit in a classroom and do work, write lines or a punishment essay, or sit quietly.
386:
knowledge (such as: the subject matter itself and knowledge about how to teach it, curricular knowledge, knowledge about the educational sciences, psychology, assessment etc.)
766:
614:
2143:
Baker, J. A., Terry, T., Bridger, R., & Winsor, A. (1997). Schools as caring communities: A relational approach to school reform. School Psychology Review, 26, 576-588.
2223:
2661:
2563:
2176:
Hartmut, J. (1978). Supportive dimensions of teacher behavior in relationship to pupil emotional cognitive processes. Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht, 25, 69-74.
995:
stress among teachers. Individual-level interventions, including stress-management training and counseling, are also used to relieve occupational stress among teachers.
731:
as determined by the relevant authority. Many times, teachers assist in learning outside of the classroom by accompanying students on field trips. The increasing use of
2385:
Walter Evans (1965) letter to Roy Glasgow of Naval Postgraduate School, quoted by his son Gregory Walter Evans (December 2004) "Bringing Root Locus to the Classroom",
1377:
Many counties offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching, especially for hard-to-fill positions. Excellent job opportunities are expected as
3113:
2627:
342:
The competences required by a teacher are affected by the different ways in which the role is understood around the world. Broadly, there seem to be four models:
3328:
246:), rather than in a formal setting such as a school or college. Some other professions may involve a significant amount of teaching (e.g. youth worker, pastor).
2427:"Teachers can make a difference in bullying: Effects of teacher interventions on students' adoption of bully, victim, bully-victim or defender roles across time"
1697:"Teachers can make a difference in bullying: Effects of teacher interventions on students' adoption of bully, victim, bully-victim or defender roles across time"
2317:
2501:
1532:
median salaries in 2007 ranged from $ 35,000 in South Dakota to $ 71,000 in New York, with a national median of $ 52,000. Some contracts may include long-term
360:
2975:
2868:
3138:
1271:, rising incrementally to €53,423 for a teacher with 25 years service. A principal of a large school with many years experience and several qualifications (
727:. When deciding what teaching method to use teachers consider students' background knowledge, environment, and their learning goals as well as standardized
3362:
2949:
2847:
Joshi, Ankur; Gupta, Rajen K. (July 2017). "Elementary education in Bharat (that is India): insights from a postcolonial ethnographic study of a Gurukul".
1948:
1896:
1845:
472:, the science of teaching. Teachers, like other professionals, may have to, or choose to, continue their education after they qualify, a process known as
1876:
for a useful discussion see, for example: Cochran-Smith, M. (2006): 'Policy, Practice, and Politics in Teacher Education', Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press
448:
teachers have been shown to invite student participation and decision making, allow humor into their classroom, and demonstrate a willingness to play.
2273:
313:
A teacher's professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching. Outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips, supervise
3508:
2300:
1762:"School bullying is not a conflict: The interplay between conflict management styles, bullying victimization and psychological school adjustment"
1381:, especially among secondary school teachers, outweigh slowing enrollment growth; opportunities will vary by geographic area and subject taught.
625:
has led to several men who enjoy teaching avoiding the profession. This has in some jurisdictions reportedly led to a shortage of male teachers.
2740:
3049:
3027:
2212:
Moos, R. H. (1979). Evaluating Educational Environments: Measures, procedures, findings, and policy implications. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
796:
support that allows them to reach their full cognitive potential. Co-teachers work in sync with one another to create a climate of learning.
389:
craft skills (such as lesson planning, using teaching technologies, managing students and groups, monitoring and assessing learning etc.) and
2923:
1507:. Additionally, the requirements for substitute/temporary teachers are generally not as rigorous as those for full-time professionals. The
3480:
3089:
2115:
1486:
3659:
1424:
334:
required) of teachers include history and tradition, social views about the purpose of education, accepted theories about learning, etc.
3442:
479:
The issue of teacher qualifications is linked to the status of the profession. In some societies, teachers enjoy a status on a par with
1011:
2813:
954:
1989:
Teaching Patterns: a Pattern Language for Improving the Quality of Instruction in Higher Education Settings by Daren Olson. Page 96
577:
3168:
3461:
2059:"A dissociation between engagement and learning: Enthusiastic instructions fail to reliably improve performance on a memory task"
2552:
2325:
2236:
142:, subject knowledge; competence in teaching the subject, in curriculum, in learner assessment; psychology; planning; leadership.
2190:
Osborne, E.;. Salzberger, I.; Wittenberg, G. W. 1999. The Emotional Experience of Learning and Teaching. Karnac Books, London.
913:
Official corporal punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries.
3216:
1454:
1400:
310:
Formal teaching tasks include preparing lessons according to agreed curricula, giving lessons, and assessing pupil progress.
2678:
2711:
2364:
1238:
547:
3298:
3272:
3242:
3110:
1419:
earn from ÂŁ40,290 to ÂŁ78,642. Teachers in Scotland can be registered members of trade unions with the main ones being the
3392:
3198:
3001:
2359:
1579:
1061:
473:
2894:"Requirement For Teachers To Be Registered With The Teaching Council Under Section 30 Of The Teaching Council Act, 2001"
2616:
2490:
3320:
1311:
1946:
F Caena (2011) 'Literature review: Teachers' core competences: requirements and development' accessed January 2017 at
1894:
F Caena (2011) 'Literature review: Teachers' core competences: requirements and development' accessed January 2017 at
2535:
1828:
1420:
535:
1209:(teacher-disciple tradition) which involved the disciple and guru living in the same (or a nearby) residence. These
3639:
1503:
do not require that their teachers be certified, provided they meet the standards to be highly qualified as set by
2861:
1572:
3664:
3130:
1548:
1344:
1323:
1077:
677:
253:
teaching of students is usually carried out by paid professional teachers. This article focuses on those who are
3350:
2945:
2838:
Madalsa Ujjwal, 2008, "Swami Dayanand Saraswati Life and Ideas", Book Treasure Publications, Jodhpur, pp. 96–97
2403:
1552:
1475:
1221:
until the British invasion. Through strong efforts in 1886 and 1948, the gurukula system was revived in India.
2971:
2386:
670:
Teachers facilitate student learning, often in a school or academy or perhaps in another environment such as
3418:
2297:
2269:
2262:
1928:'Teachers Matter: Attracting, Developing and Retaining Effective Teachers', 2005, Paris: OECD publications
1304:
688:
542:
may also require their teachers to be college members. In other areas these roles may belong to the State
76:
49:
3498:
3607:
3358:
3268:
1586:
1568:
1508:
1458:
1206:
832:
818:
762:
584:
A study in England showed a 0.3% prevalence of sexual abuse by any professional, a group that included
382:
Scholarly consensus is emerging that what is required of teachers can be grouped under three headings:
318:
17:
1481:
61:
45:
3056:
3023:
2741:"Organisational interventions for improving wellbeing and reducing work-related stress in teachers"
2318:"Union Official: Teachers Who Engage in Consensual Sex With Teen Pupils Shouldn't Face Prosecution"
517:, governing, quality controlling, and enforcing standards of practice for the teaching profession.
41:
2739:
Naghieh, Ali; Montgomery, Paul; Bonell, Christopher P.; Thompson, Marc; Aber, J. Lawrence (2015).
1651:
1046:
generally follow an English-speaking, Western curriculum and are aimed at expatriate communities.
878:) have not. It is still used to a significant (though declining) degree in some public schools in
2919:
1645:
1134:
2007:
Barkley, S., & Bianco, T. (2006). The Wonder of Wows. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 42(4), 148-151.
3477:
3081:
1055:
875:
863:
551:
2030:
Brooks, Douglas M. (1985). "The Teacher's Communicative Competence: The First Day of School".
3439:
1615:
1390:
1107:
31:
1224:
The role and success of a teacher in the modern Indian education system is clearly defined.
2134:
Amatora, M. (1950). Teacher Personality: Its Influence on Pupils. Education, 71(3), 154-158
2070:
1620:
1592:
1533:
1504:
1371:
1356:
1146:
1103:
1099:
1043:
984:
887:
824:
600:
499:
2817:
1919:
citing Altet et al., 1996; Conway et al., 2010; Hansen, 2008; Seifert, 1999; Sockett, 2008
1466:
that attacks on teachers in Welsh schools reached an all-time high between 2005 and 2010.
1328:
8:
1630:
1291:
1252:
1244:
1218:
1120:
1089:
1069:
1003:
is working to reduce this hazard, by trying to open opportunities for teachers in India.
980:
976:
604:
292:
2074:
502:
to ensure that they possess the necessary knowledge, competences and adhere to relevant
3580:
3568:
3503:
2779:
2472:
2459:
2093:
2058:
1796:
1761:
1742:
1729:
1640:
1436:
1264:
1248:
1196:
1073:
964:
543:
280:
3458:
2588:
Baumann, Chris (2016). "School discipline, school uniforms and academic performance".
2057:
Motz, B. A.; de Leeuw, J. R.; Carvalho, P. F.; Liang, K. L.; Goldstone, R. L. (2017).
739:
over the past decade, has begun to shape the way teachers approach their roles in the
3654:
2783:
2771:
2763:
2531:
2476:
2464:
2446:
2098:
1824:
1801:
1783:
1746:
1734:
1716:
1656:
1625:
1512:
1412:
1155:, teachers are mainly civil servants recruited in special university classes, called
1065:
1036:
941:
855:
828:
814:
810:
793:
704:
684:"village teacher", a teacher teaching students of all age groups in one class in 1951
671:
573:
457:
153:
3640:
OECD's Education GPS, a review of education policy analysis and statistics: Teachers
2675:
2654:"Strict classroom discipline improves student outcomes and work ethic, studies find"
2341:
Getting Ready for Benjamin: Preparing Teachers for Sexual Diversity in the classroom
576:, has been getting increased scrutiny from the media and the courts. A study by the
2759:
2755:
2708:
2597:
2454:
2438:
2088:
2078:
2039:
1791:
1773:
1724:
1708:
1541:
1520:
1255:), experience and qualifications. Extra pay is also given for teaching through the
836:
777:
3212:
1213:
was supported by public donations and the guru would not accept any fees from the
3484:
3465:
3446:
3117:
2715:
2695:
2682:
2304:
2122:
2083:
1935:
1635:
1596:
1500:
658:
3631:
3619:
2426:
2354:
1696:
1064:. Generally, education in Australia follows the three-tier model which includes
513:
They are generally established to serve and protect the public interest through
3294:
3264:
3238:
3190:
3160:
2442:
1712:
1537:
1362:
1272:
1256:
842:
773:
555:
539:
365:
317:, help with the organization of school functions, and serve as supervisors for
3384:
3050:"'Teacher Salaries from September 2007' TDA (Training and Development Agency)"
2997:
2601:
2043:
1998:
Motivated Student: Unlocking the Enthusiasm for Learning by Bob Sullo. Page 62
392:
dispositions (such as essential values and attitudes, beliefs and commitment).
3648:
3387:
Teachers—Preschool, Kindergarten, Elementary, Middle, and Secondary: Earnings
2767:
2450:
1787:
1720:
1661:
1516:
1415:
positions attracts a salary of between ÂŁ34,566 and ÂŁ44,616; Deputy Head, and
1333:
1023:
1016:
959:
592:
456:
In many countries, a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain
243:
2862:"Circular 0040/2011 (New Pay Scales for New Appointees to Teaching in 2011)"
1778:
406:
2775:
2468:
2102:
1805:
1738:
1450:
1416:
1217:. This organized system stayed the most prominent form of education in the
1179:). Salaries for teachers depend on the civil servants' salary index scale (
1163:). There are many differences between the teachers for elementary schools (
755:
681:
610:
596:
503:
199:
86:
530:
of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action and
498:
Teachers are often required to undergo a course of initial education at a
1610:
1490:
Students of a U.S. university with their professor on the far right, 2009
1060:
Education in Australia is primarily the responsibility of the individual
895:
788:
747:
708:
639:
567:
492:
3626:
3385:"U.S. Department of Labor: Bureau of Labor Statistics. (July 18, 2007).
1929:
1495:
1378:
1340:
1284:
751:
732:
527:
461:
368:
has identified three broad areas of competences that teachers require:
322:
314:
112:
3577:
Transitions in American education : a social history of teaching
2946:"New arrangements for the vetting of teaching and non-teaching staff"
1268:
1260:
903:
891:
740:
728:
716:
696:
622:
618:
480:
418:
261:
224:
179:
124:
53:
3295:"Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Vocational Education"
2674:
The Crisis in American Education — An Analysis and a Proposal,
2399:
2355:"7.30 Report - 10/12/1999: Shortage of male primary school teachers"
874:
30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others (mostly in
2617:"Characteristics of East Asian Learners: What We Learned From PISA"
1821:
Child Protection: A guide for teachers and child care professionals
1407:
1396:
1374:, complete an approved teacher education program, and be licensed.
1202:
1192:
899:
883:
867:
851:
736:
724:
720:
634:
531:
488:
469:
423:
410:
A teacher interacts with older students at a school in New Zealand.
300:
296:
284:
232:
187:
183:
139:
82:
2811:
835:. While a child was in school, a teacher was expected to act as a
647:
3614:
3265:"Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Vocational Education"
1766:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1406:
For the salary year beginning April 2008, unpromoted teachers in
1152:
879:
839:, with all the normal forms of parental discipline open to them.
663:
514:
465:
328:
288:
220:
3414:
2263:"Educator Sexual Misconduct: A Synthesis of Existing Literature"
707:
or formal approach to learning, including a course of study and
3602:
2849:
International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management
2738:
1571:, which in Germany is run by the Educational Exchange Service (
1462:
1276:
1126:
1095:
1028:
859:
585:
484:
304:
228:
167:
3565:
The American Teacher: Evolution of a Profession in a Democracy
2298:
Educator Sexual Misconduct: A Synthesis of Existing Literature
1446:
933:
907:
712:
615:
National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers
468:. These professional qualifications may include the study of
191:
57:
2231:
652:
534:
teacher education programs. In many situations teachers in
2707:
Greenberg, D. (1987) The Sudbury Valley School Experience
750:, or a practical skill. A teacher may follow standardized
703:
The objective is typically accomplished through either an
2972:"Recruitment procedures – requirements for Garda vetting"
2528:
Classroom Management: Sound Theory and Effective Practice
2424:
2056:
1694:
1528:
1366:
1247:
depend mainly on seniority (i.e. holding the position of
723:
skills. Different ways to teach are often referred to as
692:
2151:
2149:
1201:
In ancient India, the most common form of education was
422:
A primary school teacher on a picnic with her students,
375:
Working with knowledge, technology, and information, and
538:
must be members in good standing with the college, and
3459:
2007 "Survey & Analysis of Teacher Salary Trends,"
3239:"Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education"
2116:
All Of Us Should Be Teachers, Even If Just For One Day
1399:, anyone wishing to teach must be registered with the
948:
607:
have caused increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct.
361:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
3131:"Scotland: Headteachers and deputy headteachers' pay"
2146:
3589:
The American Teacher : Foundations of Education
1365:, primary and secondary school teachers ranged from
558:
may be responsible for some or all of these duties.
458:
specified professional qualifications or credentials
3000:. Professional Regulatory Commission, Philippines.
2812:Teachers International Consultancy (17 July 2008).
2186:
2184:
2182:
2172:
2170:
554:or other governmental bodies. In still other areas
30:"Educators" redirects here. For the TV series, see
3499:"Selling Lessons Online Raises Cash and Questions"
3468:American Federation of Teachers. Retrieved 8/7/10.
3082:"Preschool Teacher Salaries in the United Kingdom"
1267:. The basic pay for a starting teacher is €27,814
203:A teacher of a Latin school and two students, 1487
81:A teacher in a classroom at a secondary school in
3449:National Education Association. Retrieved 7/5/07.
3407:
3377:
804:
3646:
2974:. Department of Education and Science, Ireland.
2948:. Department of Education and Science, Ireland.
2179:
2167:
1027:Math and physics teacher at a junior college in
772:Perhaps the most significant difference between
3478:2008 "Teacher Salary- Average Teacher Salaries"
2896:. Department of Education and Skills, Ireland.
2814:"Teaching at international schools is not TEFL"
2590:International Journal of Educational Management
846:Medieval schoolboy birched on the bare buttocks
595:especially, several high-profile cases such as
264:context, such as at a school or other place of
1310:Philippines. Upon passing the board exam, the
955:Discipline in Sudbury-model democratic schools
871:paddling did not violate the US Constitution.
746:The objective is typically a course of study,
329:Competences and qualities required by teachers
2272:, Office of the Under Secretary. p. 28.
2198:
2196:
1818:
1589:in elementary, junior high and high schools.
3587:Parkerson, Donald H., and Jo Ann Parkerson.
3024:"How To Become A Teacher In The Philippines"
2425:Burger C, Strohmeier D, Kollerová L (2022).
1695:Burger C, Strohmeier D, Kollerová L (2022).
1006:
438:
3055:. Tda.gov.uk. 31 March 2011. Archived from
2922:. Office of the Attorney General, Ireland.
2748:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2530:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 112.
257:, as their main role, to teach others in a
3191:"Attacks on teachers in Wales on the rise"
2805:
2614:
2260:
2235:(134): 1. ERIC #: ED436816. Archived from
2193:
1133:, are mainly civil servants, recruited by
561:
451:
276:A teacher's role may vary among cultures.
3415:"Spotlight on Statistics: Back to School"
2458:
2092:
2082:
1949:"Homepage | European Education Area"
1897:"Homepage | European Education Area"
1846:"Homepage | European Education Area"
1795:
1777:
1728:
1678:
520:
355:the teacher as cultural and civic person.
2698:(pg. 49-55). Retrieved 15 November 2009.
2688:Law and Order: Foundations of Discipline
1485:
1425:Scottish Secondary Teachers' Association
1327:
1022:
1010:
1001:Centre for Teacher Accreditation (CENTA)
841:
687:
676:
657:
646:
638:
628:
578:American Association of University Women
417:
405:
198:
2587:
2550:
2224:"Sexual Misconduct by School Employees"
2221:
2015:
2013:
1879:
1870:
970:
799:
271:
14:
3647:
3201:from the original on 23 November 2010.
3141:from the original on 14 September 2017
2525:
2338:
2029:
1940:
1759:
1585:The Japanese education system employs
1175:) and higher level secondary schools (
346:the teacher as manager of instruction;
2734:
2732:
2730:
2651:
2507:from the original on 14 February 2019
2406:from the original on 8 September 2011
2328:from the original on 10 October 2008.
1888:
1558:
1511:estimates that there are 1.4 million
1401:General Teaching Council for Scotland
1339:Education in the United Kingdom is a
1072:(secondary schools/high schools) and
651:A primary school teacher in northern
643:Dutch schoolmaster and children, 1662
3440:"Make It Happen: A Student's Guide,"
3421:from the original on 11 October 2007
3395:from the original on 11 October 2007
2867:. Department of Education, Ireland.
2709:"Back to Basics - Political basics."
2254:
2125:, Huffington Post, 27 September 2016
2010:
1973:
1837:
1499:the state in which they teach. Many
1239:Education in the Republic of Ireland
850:In past times, corporal punishment (
548:Superintendent of Public Instruction
279:Teachers may provide instruction in
3541:from the original on 1 October 2020
3171:from the original on 30 August 2022
3161:"Wales' teachers 'getting younger'"
2978:from the original on 4 October 2012
2367:from the original on 22 August 2003
2360:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1961:from the original on 9 January 2017
1922:
1909:from the original on 9 January 2017
1858:from the original on 9 January 2017
1664:, for training teachers before 1920
1171:), middle level secondary schools (
949:Obligation to honor students rights
699:, the beginning of the 20th century
572:Misconduct by teachers, especially
474:continuing professional development
307:, community roles, or life skills.
24:
3660:Education and training occupations
3557:
3496:
3301:from the original on 4 August 2011
3275:from the original on 4 August 2011
2926:from the original on 30 March 2012
2727:
2569:from the original on 9 August 2017
2491:"Maintaining Classroom Discipline"
2279:from the original on 11 April 2008
1312:Professional Regulatory Commission
352:the teacher as expert learner; and
25:
3676:
3595:
3365:from the original on 28 June 2019
3331:from the original on 28 June 2019
3245:from the original on 28 July 2011
3219:from the original on 20 July 2011
3092:from the original on 26 July 2018
2900:from the original on 22 July 2012
2793:from the original on 20 July 2018
1421:Educational Institute of Scotland
1317:
1279:, etc.) could earn over €90,000.
1243:Salaries for primary teachers in
1098:requires a post-secondary degree
979:in their line of work, including
3625:
3613:
3601:
3511:from the original on 12 May 2011
3030:from the original on 18 May 2022
3004:from the original on 18 May 2022
2952:from the original on 3 June 2015
2874:from the original on 6 June 2014
2633:from the original on 16 May 2018
2431:Journal of Youth and Adolescence
2261:Shakeshaft, Charol (June 2004).
1701:Journal of Youth and Adolescence
1469:
1015:Teacher and pupils in liberated
662:The teacher-student-monument in
102:Teacher, educator, schoolteacher
75:
3523:
3497:Hu, Winnie (14 November 2009).
3490:
3471:
3452:
3433:
3343:
3325:American Federation of Teachers
3313:
3287:
3257:
3231:
3205:
3183:
3153:
3123:
3104:
3074:
3042:
3016:
2990:
2964:
2938:
2912:
2886:
2854:
2841:
2832:
2701:
2668:
2652:Munro, Kelsey (November 2016).
2645:
2608:
2581:
2553:"Building Classroom Discipline"
2544:
2519:
2483:
2418:
2392:
2379:
2347:
2332:
2310:
2291:
2222:Goorian, Brad (December 1999).
2215:
2206:
2158:
2137:
2128:
2109:
2050:
2023:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1652:Education policy#Teacher policy
1549:American Federation of Teachers
1345:countries of the United Kingdom
1324:Education in the United Kingdom
1314:will issue a teaching licence.
1068:(primary schools), followed by
735:, specifically the rise of the
695:children with their teacher in
3321:"Downloads and 2019 Wage Data"
2760:10.1002/14651858.CD010306.pub2
1812:
1753:
1688:
1553:Sustainable Development Goal 4
1523:teachers employed in the U.S.
1476:Education in the United States
1298:
805:Teachers and school discipline
337:
268:formal education or training.
13:
1:
3630:The dictionary definition of
3535:Global Campaign For Education
3355:Occupational Outlook Handbook
2498:Federal Education Association
2387:IEEE Control Systems Magazine
1671:
1573:Pädagogischer Austauschdienst
1449:can be registered members of
1102:. In most provinces a second
401:
349:the teacher as caring person;
27:Person who helps others learn
3487:PayScale. Retrieved 9/16/08.
2920:"Teaching Council Act, 2001"
2270:U.S. Department of Education
2084:10.1371/journal.pone.0181775
1819:Briggs F, Hawkins R (2020).
1305:Education in the Philippines
1167:), lower secondary schools (
1049:
396:
378:Working in and with society.
7:
2615:Sui-chu Ho, Esther (2009).
1603:
1587:Assistant Language Teachers
1494:In the United States, each
1384:
767:pedagogy of teaching styles
666:, Germany, honors teachers.
613:, the general secretary of
50:Headmaster (disambiguation)
10:
3681:
3359:Bureau of Labor Statistics
3269:Bureau of Labor Statistics
2526:Tauber, Robert T. (2007).
2443:10.1007/s10964-022-01674-6
1713:10.1007/s10964-022-01674-6
1569:Foreign Language Assistant
1509:Bureau of Labor Statistics
1479:
1473:
1434:
1388:
1354:
1350:
1332:Schoolmarm, a figurine by
1321:
1302:
1236:
1232:
1190:
1161:Teaching Education Studies
1144:
1140:
1118:
1087:
1053:
952:
926:Canter Model of Discipline
819:School corporal punishment
808:
763:differentiated instruction
632:
565:
319:extracurricular activities
39:
29:
3483:13 September 2008 at the
3445:28 September 2007 at the
2724:Retrieved 4 January 2010.
2676:The Sudbury Valley School
2658:The Sydney Morning Herald
2602:10.1108/IJEM-09-2015-0118
2044:10.1080/00405848509543148
1482:Paraprofessional educator
1347:having separate systems.
1114:
1083:
1007:Teaching around the world
439:Interaction with learners
173:
159:
146:
135:
130:
118:
106:
98:
93:
74:
62:Paraprofessional educator
46:Teachers (disambiguation)
3575:Parkerson, Donald Hugh.
3297:. Bls.gov. 17 May 2011.
3241:. Bls.gov. 17 May 2011.
3111:Training to be a teacher
2560:University of Washington
1544:and investment options.
1519:teachers, and 1 million
1430:
1186:
827:the most common form of
219:, is a person who helps
42:Teacher (disambiguation)
3213:"Teacher certification"
3116:29 January 2008 at the
2694:18 January 2017 at the
1779:10.3390/ijerph191811809
1646:Teacher Support Network
1578:British schools employ
1181:Bundesbesoldungsordnung
1135:competitive examination
562:Professional misconduct
536:publicly funded schools
452:Teaching qualifications
3665:Positions of authority
3618:Quotations related to
3464:16 August 2010 at the
2723:
2624:hkier.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/
2307:see page 8 and page 20
2121:9 October 2016 at the
1934:30 August 2022 at the
1491:
1336:
1251:, deputy principal or
1207:guru-shishya tradition
1062:states and territories
1056:Education in Australia
1032:
1020:
975:Teachers face several
847:
700:
685:
667:
655:
644:
552:State Education Agency
521:Professional standards
427:
411:
231:, via the practice of
204:
154:Teaching certification
3215:. Teacherportal.com.
2718:
2551:Charles, C.M (2005).
2339:Kissen, Rita (2002).
2303:11 April 2008 at the
1616:AI teaching assistant
1489:
1480:Further information:
1391:Education in Scotland
1331:
1108:Bachelor of Education
1044:International schools
1026:
1014:
845:
691:
680:
661:
650:
642:
629:Pedagogy and teaching
421:
409:
202:
3610:at Wikimedia Commons
3563:Elsbree, Willard S.
3351:"Preschool Teachers"
2400:"Ingraham v. Wright"
2032:Theory into Practice
1621:Bullying in teaching
1593:Learning by teaching
1534:disability insurance
1505:No Child Left Behind
1357:Education in England
1147:Education in Germany
985:occupational burnout
977:occupational hazards
971:Occupational hazards
825:history of education
800:Classroom management
601:Pamela Rogers Turner
500:College of Education
272:Duties and functions
152:(varies by country)
40:For other uses, see
3531:"SDG4's 10 targets"
2714:11 May 2011 at the
2681:11 May 2011 at the
2242:on 27 February 2008
2075:2017PLoSO..1281775M
1631:School of education
1580:teaching assistants
1253:assistant principal
1219:Indian subcontinent
1121:Education in France
1090:Education in Canada
1070:secondary education
981:occupational stress
833:corporal punishment
605:Mary Kay Letourneau
372:Working with others
293:vocational training
249:In most countries,
71:
3504:The New York Times
3197:. 7 October 2010.
2820:on 9 February 2009
2324:. 6 October 2008.
1641:Substitute teacher
1559:Assistant teachers
1515:teachers, 674,000
1492:
1437:Education in Wales
1337:
1197:Education in India
1074:tertiary education
1033:
1021:
965:due process of law
848:
701:
686:
668:
656:
645:
544:Board of Education
428:
412:
205:
148:Education required
69:
3606:Media related to
3327:. 16 April 2015.
3167:. 20 April 2010.
2664:on 17 March 2018.
2437:(12): 2312–2327.
1980:in F Caena (2011)
1760:Burger C (2022).
1707:(12): 2312–2327.
1657:Teacher education
1626:Certified teacher
1513:elementary school
1413:Principal Teacher
1372:bachelor's degree
1343:with each of the
1104:Bachelor's Degree
1100:Bachelor's Degree
1076:(universities or
1066:primary education
942:attention-seeking
837:substitute parent
829:school discipline
815:School punishment
811:School discipline
794:social networking
574:sexual misconduct
227:, competence, or
197:
196:
16:(Redirected from
3672:
3629:
3617:
3605:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3494:
3488:
3475:
3469:
3456:
3450:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3127:
3121:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3054:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2873:
2866:
2858:
2852:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2816:. Archived from
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2792:
2745:
2736:
2725:
2705:
2699:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2660:. Archived from
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2632:
2621:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2596:(6): 1003–1029.
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2557:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2495:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2462:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2402:. Bucknell.edu.
2396:
2390:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2314:
2308:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2278:
2267:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2228:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2191:
2188:
2177:
2174:
2165:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2086:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1938:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1908:
1901:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1857:
1850:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1799:
1781:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1732:
1692:
1686:
1682:
1521:secondary school
778:secondary school
211:, also called a
120:Activity sectors
79:
72:
68:
21:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3645:
3644:
3598:
3560:
3558:Further reading
3555:
3554:
3544:
3542:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3495:
3491:
3485:Wayback Machine
3476:
3472:
3466:Wayback Machine
3457:
3453:
3447:Wayback Machine
3438:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3276:
3271:. 17 May 2011.
3263:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3246:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3137:. 31 May 2016.
3129:
3128:
3124:
3118:Wayback Machine
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3062:on 11 June 2007
3059:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3005:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2953:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2754:(4): CD010306.
2743:
2737:
2728:
2716:Wayback Machine
2706:
2702:
2696:Wayback Machine
2683:Wayback Machine
2673:
2669:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2337:
2333:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2305:Wayback Machine
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2265:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2180:
2175:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2123:Wayback Machine
2114:
2110:
2069:(7): e0181775.
2055:
2051:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1936:Wayback Machine
1927:
1923:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1817:
1813:
1758:
1754:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1636:Student teacher
1606:
1561:
1501:charter schools
1484:
1478:
1472:
1439:
1433:
1393:
1387:
1359:
1353:
1341:devolved matter
1326:
1320:
1307:
1301:
1241:
1235:
1199:
1189:
1149:
1143:
1129:, teachers, or
1123:
1117:
1092:
1086:
1058:
1052:
1009:
973:
957:
951:
823:Throughout the
821:
809:Main articles:
807:
802:
637:
631:
570:
564:
556:Teaching Unions
540:private schools
523:
504:codes of ethics
454:
441:
404:
399:
340:
331:
274:
215:or formally an
176:
164:
162:
149:
121:
109:
108:Occupation type
89:
65:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3678:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3623:
3611:
3597:
3596:External links
3594:
3593:
3592:
3584:
3583:
3572:
3571:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3522:
3489:
3470:
3451:
3432:
3406:
3376:
3342:
3312:
3286:
3256:
3230:
3204:
3182:
3152:
3122:
3103:
3073:
3041:
3015:
2989:
2963:
2937:
2911:
2885:
2853:
2840:
2831:
2804:
2726:
2700:
2667:
2644:
2607:
2580:
2543:
2536:
2518:
2482:
2417:
2391:
2378:
2346:
2331:
2309:
2290:
2253:
2214:
2205:
2192:
2178:
2166:
2157:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2108:
2049:
2022:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1972:
1939:
1921:
1887:
1878:
1869:
1836:
1829:
1811:
1752:
1687:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1567:One type is a
1560:
1557:
1542:personal leave
1538:life insurance
1474:Main article:
1471:
1468:
1435:Main article:
1432:
1429:
1389:Main article:
1386:
1383:
1355:Main article:
1352:
1349:
1322:Main article:
1319:
1318:United Kingdom
1316:
1303:Main article:
1300:
1297:
1295:phased basis.
1263:area or on an
1257:Irish language
1237:Main article:
1234:
1231:
1188:
1185:
1157:Lehramtstudien
1145:Main article:
1142:
1139:
1119:Main article:
1116:
1113:
1088:Main article:
1085:
1082:
1054:Main article:
1051:
1048:
1031:, in the 1960s
1008:
1005:
972:
969:
953:Main article:
950:
947:
806:
803:
801:
798:
774:primary school
633:Main article:
630:
627:
563:
560:
522:
519:
453:
450:
440:
437:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
393:
390:
387:
380:
379:
376:
373:
366:European Union
357:
356:
353:
350:
347:
339:
336:
330:
327:
273:
270:
195:
194:
177:
174:
171:
170:
165:
160:
157:
156:
150:
147:
144:
143:
137:
133:
132:
128:
127:
122:
119:
116:
115:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
91:
90:
80:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3677:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3641:
3638:
3636:at Wiktionary
3635:
3634:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3455:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3436:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3394:
3390:
3388:
3380:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3091:
3088:. July 2018.
3087:
3083:
3077:
3058:
3051:
3045:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2870:
2863:
2857:
2850:
2844:
2835:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2704:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2537:9780275996680
2533:
2529:
2522:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2388:
2382:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2343:. p. 62.
2342:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2218:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2161:
2152:
2150:
2140:
2131:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1976:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1832:
1830:9781003134701
1826:
1823:. Routledge.
1822:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1772:(18): 11809.
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1681:
1677:
1663:
1662:Normal school
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1517:middle school
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1470:United States
1467:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:Head teachers
1414:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1361:Salaries for
1358:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1334:Royal Doulton
1330:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1306:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1205:based on the
1204:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1037:certification
1030:
1025:
1018:
1017:Guinea-Bissau
1013:
1004:
1002:
996:
992:
988:
986:
982:
978:
968:
966:
961:
960:Sudbury-model
956:
946:
943:
937:
935:
929:
927:
922:
918:
914:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
844:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
820:
816:
812:
797:
795:
790:
786:
782:
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
711:that teaches
710:
706:
698:
694:
690:
683:
679:
675:
673:
665:
660:
654:
649:
641:
636:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:United States
589:
587:
582:
579:
575:
569:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
518:
516:
511:
507:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
449:
445:
436:
432:
425:
420:
416:
408:
391:
388:
385:
384:
383:
377:
374:
371:
370:
369:
367:
362:
354:
351:
348:
345:
344:
343:
335:
326:
324:
320:
316:
311:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:craftsmanship
286:
282:
277:
269:
267:
263:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
244:homeschooling
240:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:schoolteacher
210:
201:
193:
189:
185:
181:
178:
172:
169:
166:
158:
155:
151:
145:
141:
138:
134:
129:
126:
123:
117:
114:
111:
105:
101:
97:
92:
88:
84:
78:
73:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
36:
34:
19:
3632:
3622:at Wikiquote
3588:
3576:
3564:
3545:22 September
3543:. Retrieved
3534:
3525:
3513:. Retrieved
3502:
3492:
3473:
3454:
3435:
3423:. Retrieved
3409:
3397:. Retrieved
3386:
3379:
3367:. Retrieved
3354:
3345:
3333:. Retrieved
3324:
3315:
3303:. Retrieved
3289:
3277:. Retrieved
3259:
3247:. Retrieved
3233:
3221:. Retrieved
3207:
3194:
3185:
3173:. Retrieved
3164:
3155:
3143:. Retrieved
3134:
3125:
3120:GTC Scotland
3106:
3094:. Retrieved
3085:
3076:
3064:. Retrieved
3057:the original
3044:
3032:. Retrieved
3018:
3006:. Retrieved
2992:
2980:. Retrieved
2966:
2954:. Retrieved
2940:
2928:. Retrieved
2914:
2902:. Retrieved
2888:
2876:. Retrieved
2856:
2848:
2843:
2834:
2822:. Retrieved
2818:the original
2807:
2795:. Retrieved
2751:
2747:
2719:
2703:
2687:
2670:
2662:the original
2657:
2647:
2635:. Retrieved
2623:
2610:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2571:. Retrieved
2559:
2546:
2527:
2521:
2509:. Retrieved
2497:
2485:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2408:. Retrieved
2394:
2381:
2369:. Retrieved
2358:
2349:
2340:
2334:
2321:
2312:
2293:
2281:. Retrieved
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2237:the original
2230:
2217:
2208:
2160:
2139:
2130:
2111:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1975:
1963:. Retrieved
1942:
1924:
1911:. Retrieved
1890:
1881:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1839:
1820:
1814:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1680:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1566:
1562:
1546:
1540:, emergency/
1525:
1493:
1451:trade unions
1445:Teachers in
1444:
1440:
1405:
1394:
1376:
1360:
1338:
1308:
1289:
1281:
1242:
1223:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1130:
1124:
1094:Teaching in
1093:
1059:
1042:
1034:
997:
993:
989:
974:
967:is unknown.
958:
938:
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
912:
873:
849:
822:
787:
783:
771:
760:
756:disabilities
745:
702:
669:
611:Chris Keates
609:
597:Debra LaFave
590:
583:
571:
524:
512:
508:
497:
478:
455:
446:
442:
433:
429:
413:
381:
358:
341:
332:
312:
309:
278:
275:
265:
258:
254:
250:
248:
238:
237:
216:
212:
208:
206:
175:Related jobs
136:Competencies
87:Sierra Leone
66:
32:
2371:26 December
2232:ERIC Digest
1648:(in the UK)
1611:Pedeutology
1379:retirements
1299:Philippines
1169:Hauptschule
1165:Grundschule
1080:colleges).
896:Mississippi
789:Co-teaching
748:lesson plan
709:lesson plan
568:Child abuse
532:accrediting
528:allegations
493:accountants
338:Competences
315:study halls
223:to acquire
131:Description
35:(TV series)
3649:Categories
3425:11 October
3399:11 October
3175:3 December
2824:10 January
2283:17 January
2246:17 January
1672:References
1290:From 2006
1285:Oireachtas
1191:See also:
1173:Realschule
1131:professors
1106:such as a
733:technology
566:See also:
515:certifying
481:physicians
462:university
402:Enthusiasm
323:discipline
239:Informally
163:employment
113:Profession
94:Occupation
18:Professeur
3608:Educators
3026:. Bukas.
2998:"TEACHER"
2784:205204278
2768:1469-493X
2477:252009527
2451:0047-2891
2389:, page 81
2038:(1): 63.
1965:8 January
1913:8 January
1862:8 January
1788:1661-7827
1747:252009527
1721:0047-2891
1261:Gaeltacht
1249:principal
1211:gurukulam
1177:Gymnasium
1050:Australia
904:Tennessee
892:Louisiana
876:the South
864:strapping
752:curricula
741:classroom
729:curricula
717:knowledge
697:Samarkand
623:hebephile
619:pedophile
489:engineers
397:Qualities
262:education
225:knowledge
180:Professor
161:Fields of
125:Education
54:Professor
33:Educators
3655:Teaching
3620:Teachers
3539:Archived
3509:Archived
3481:Archived
3462:Archived
3443:Archived
3419:Archived
3393:Archived
3363:Archived
3329:Archived
3299:Archived
3273:Archived
3243:Archived
3217:Archived
3199:Archived
3195:BBC News
3169:Archived
3165:BBC News
3139:Archived
3114:Archived
3090:Archived
3028:Archived
3002:Archived
2976:Archived
2950:Archived
2924:Archived
2898:Archived
2869:Archived
2788:Archived
2776:25851427
2712:Archived
2692:Archived
2685:(1970),
2679:Archived
2628:Archived
2564:Archived
2502:Archived
2469:36053439
2404:Archived
2365:Archived
2326:Archived
2322:Fox News
2301:Archived
2274:Archived
2203:Chicago.
2119:Archived
2103:28732087
2063:PLOS ONE
1956:Archived
1932:Archived
1904:Archived
1853:Archived
1806:36142079
1739:36053439
1685:Francis.
1604:See also
1453:such as
1423:and the
1408:Scotland
1397:Scotland
1385:Scotland
1203:gurukula
1193:Gurukula
900:Oklahoma
884:Arkansas
868:birching
856:paddling
852:spanking
737:internet
725:pedagogy
721:thinking
705:informal
672:outdoors
635:Pedagogy
470:pedagogy
424:Colombia
301:religion
297:the arts
285:numeracy
281:literacy
255:employed
233:teaching
221:students
217:educator
188:lecturer
184:academic
140:Pedagogy
83:Pendembu
3633:teacher
3579:(2001)
3567:(1939)
3515:31 July
3369:28 June
3335:28 June
3305:31 July
3279:31 July
3249:31 July
3223:31 July
3096:26 July
3066:31 July
2982:23 July
2956:23 July
2930:23 July
2904:23 July
2878:23 July
2637:26 July
2573:26 July
2511:26 July
2460:9596519
2410:31 July
2094:5521834
2071:Bibcode
2020:217–236
1797:9517642
1730:9596519
1363:nursery
1351:England
1287:funds.
1259:, in a
1245:Ireland
1233:Ireland
1215:shishya
1153:Germany
1141:Germany
888:Georgia
880:Alabama
664:Rostock
591:In the
586:priests
485:lawyers
466:college
460:from a
266:initial
209:teacher
168:Schools
70:Teacher
3591:(2008)
3581:online
3569:online
3086:indeed
3034:18 May
3008:18 May
2797:8 July
2782:
2774:
2766:
2534:
2475:
2467:
2457:
2449:
2101:
2091:
1827:
1804:
1794:
1786:
1745:
1737:
1727:
1719:
1597:German
1463:NASUWT
1277:H.Dip.
1265:island
1127:France
1115:France
1096:Canada
1084:Canada
1029:Sweden
1019:, 1974
860:caning
817:, and
713:skills
693:Jewish
603:, and
550:, the
546:, the
491:, and
426:, 2014
305:civics
259:formal
251:formal
229:virtue
60:, and
3145:2 May
3060:(PDF)
3053:(PDF)
2872:(PDF)
2865:(PDF)
2791:(PDF)
2780:S2CID
2744:(PDF)
2631:(PDF)
2620:(PDF)
2567:(PDF)
2556:(PDF)
2505:(PDF)
2494:(PDF)
2473:S2CID
2277:(PDF)
2266:(PDF)
2240:(PDF)
2227:(PDF)
1959:(PDF)
1952:(PDF)
1907:(PDF)
1900:(PDF)
1856:(PDF)
1849:(PDF)
1743:S2CID
1496:state
1447:Wales
1431:Wales
1292:Garda
1226:CENTA
1187:India
934:Japan
908:Texas
192:tutor
99:Names
58:Tutor
3547:2020
3517:2011
3427:2007
3401:2007
3371:2019
3337:2019
3307:2011
3281:2011
3251:2011
3225:2011
3177:2010
3147:2018
3098:2018
3068:2011
3036:2022
3010:2022
2984:2012
2958:2012
2932:2012
2906:2012
2880:2012
2826:2009
2799:2019
2772:PMID
2764:ISSN
2639:2018
2575:2018
2532:ISBN
2513:2018
2465:PMID
2447:ISSN
2412:2011
2373:2007
2285:2008
2248:2008
2099:PMID
1967:2017
1915:2017
1864:2017
1825:ISBN
1802:PMID
1784:ISSN
1735:PMID
1717:ISSN
1547:The
1273:M.A.
1269:p.a.
1195:and
1078:TAFE
906:and
831:was
776:and
653:Laos
364:the
359:The
283:and
3135:Tes
2756:doi
2598:doi
2455:PMC
2439:doi
2089:PMC
2079:doi
2040:doi
1792:PMC
1774:doi
1725:PMC
1709:doi
1575:).
1461:or
1459:NUT
1455:ATL
1395:In
1183:).
1151:In
1125:In
866:or
862:or
858:or
854:or
719:or
682:GDR
621:or
464:or
291:or
3651::
3537:.
3533:.
3507:.
3501:.
3417:.
3391:.
3361:.
3357:.
3353:.
3323:.
3267:.
3193:.
3163:.
3133:.
3084:.
2786:.
2778:.
2770:.
2762:.
2750:.
2746:.
2729:^
2656:.
2626:.
2622:.
2594:30
2592:.
2562:.
2558:.
2500:.
2496:.
2471:.
2463:.
2453:.
2445:.
2435:51
2433:.
2429:.
2363:.
2357:.
2320:.
2268:.
2229:.
2195:^
2181:^
2169:^
2148:^
2097:.
2087:.
2077:.
2067:12
2065:.
2061:.
2036:24
2034:.
2012:^
1954:.
1902:.
1851:.
1800:.
1790:.
1782:.
1770:19
1768:.
1764:.
1741:.
1733:.
1723:.
1715:.
1705:51
1703:.
1699:.
1536:,
1529:$
1457:,
1427:.
1275:,
1137:.
987:.
902:,
898:,
894:,
890:,
886:,
882:,
813:,
758:.
743:.
715:,
674:.
599:,
506:.
487:,
483:,
476:.
325:.
303:,
299:,
295:,
287:,
235:.
207:A
190:,
186:,
182:,
85:,
56:,
52:,
48:,
44:,
3549:.
3519:.
3429:.
3403:.
3389:"
3373:.
3339:.
3309:.
3283:.
3253:.
3227:.
3179:.
3149:.
3100:.
3070:.
3038:.
3012:.
2986:.
2960:.
2934:.
2908:.
2882:.
2851:.
2828:.
2801:.
2758::
2752:4
2641:.
2604:.
2600::
2577:.
2540:.
2515:.
2479:.
2441::
2414:.
2375:.
2287:.
2250:.
2105:.
2081::
2073::
2046:.
2042::
1969:.
1917:.
1866:.
1833:.
1808:.
1776::
1749:.
1711::
1595:(
1367:ÂŁ
1159:(
242:(
64:.
37:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.