665:
748:(ê°ìŹ) is the literal translation of "part-time lecturer". A gangsa is usually part-time, paid by the number of hours of teaching. No research or administrative obligation is attached. In many disciplines, gangsa is regarded as a first step in one's academic career. In Korea, the tenure position started from "full-time lecturer". The tenure track positions in South Korea are "full-time lecturer (JunImGangSa, ì ìê°ìŹ)", "assistant professor (JoKyoSu, ìĄ°ê”ì)", "associate professor (BuKyosu, ë¶ê”ì)", and "professor (KyoSu or JungKyosu, ê”ì or ì ê”ì, respectively)". Therefore, "full-time lecturer" is the same position as "assistant professor" in other countries, including the US.
372:) have a slightly different ranking naming scheme from the older universities. Many pre-1992 universities use the grades: lecturer (A), lecturer (B), senior lecturer, reader, professor. Meanwhile, post-1992 grades are normally: lecturer, senior lecturer, principal lecturer (management-focused) or reader (research-focused), professor. Much confusion surrounds the differing use of the "senior lecturer" title. A senior lecturer in a post-1992 university is equivalent to a lecturer (B) in a pre-1992 university, whereas a senior lecturer in a pre-1992 university is most often equivalent to a principal lecturer in a post-1992 university.
476:, the institution stated that although his title was "senior lecturer", the university considered him to be a "professor" and further noted that it uses that title for notable people, such as federal judges and politicians, who are deemed of high prestige but lack the time to commit to a traditional tenure-track position. Other universities instead use the term "senior" in that context as simply a matter of rank or promotion. In any case, references to lecturers of any rank as "professors" are consistent with the normal U.S. practice of using
331:, the proportion of permanent lectureships has fallen considerably. This is one reason why permanent lectureships are usually secured only after several years of post-doctoral experience. Data from the Higher Education Statistics Agency show that in 2013â14, 36 per cent of full- and part-time academic staff were on fixed-term contracts, down from 45 per cent a decade earlier. Over the same period, the proportion of academic staff on permanent contracts rose from 55 per cent to 64 per cent. Others were on contracts classed as "atypical".'
507:
653:, University Lektor and University College Lektor are academic ranks at universities and university colleges in Norway. The requirements for such position is a combination of relevant degree on master level (five years master or bachelor plus two years master) or higher, research experience, teaching experience and pedagogic education and training. The rank is similar to lecturer in Great Britain. The rank is also an academic rank which enables a teacher to lecture at
40:
449:/instructor/etc., since all non-tenure-track faculty by definition are not on the tenure track. However, for full-time lecturers (or those regularly salaried above some stated level, such as half-time), many institutions now incorporate the role quite formallyâmanaging it with performance reviews, promotional tracks, administrative service responsibilities, and many faculty privileges (e.g. voting, use of resources, etc.).
1387:
380:
reserved for an academic elite." Nottingham has a mixture of the standard UK system, and the system at
Warwick, with both lecturers and assistant professors. At Reading, job advertisements and academic staff web pages use the title associate professor, but the ordinances of the university make no reference to these titles. They address only procedures for conferring the traditional UK academic ranks.
441:, but schools that use both titles tend to provide relatively more advancement potential (e.g. multiple ranks of progression, at least some of which entail faculty voting privileges or faculty committee service) to their lecturers. The term "instructor" can be broad enough to cover certain non-faculty teaching roles, such as when graduate students teach undergraduates.
425:. At non-research colleges, the latter distinction is less meaningful, making the absence of tenure the main difference between lecturers and other academic faculty. Unlike the adjective "adjunct" (which can modify most academic titles, and generally refers to part-time status), the title of lecturer at most schools does
406:
Despite this recent erosion of tenure in the UK, it is still practiced in most universities. Permanent contracts use the word "tenure" for lecturers who are "reappointed to the retiring age". This is equivalent to a US tenure decisionâreferences are sought from world-leading academics and tenure and
388:
Since the
Conservatives' 1988 Education Reform Act, the ironclad tenure that used to exist in the UK has given way to a less secure form of tenure. Technically, university vice-chancellors can make individual faculty members redundant for poor performance or institute departmental redundancies, but
314:
In contrast, fixed-term or temporary lecturers are appointed for specific short-term teaching needs. These positions are often non-renewable and are common post-doctoral appointments. In North
American terms, a fixed-term lecturer can hold an equivalent rank to non tenure-track (visiting) assistant
641:
is not an academic rank or a position name, but simply a description of an educator who delivers a set of lectures on a specific course. The title doesn't carry any particular teaching or research obligations and is simply a technical description. While lektors tend to be senior educators (such as
444:
Major research universities are more frequently hiring full-time lecturers, whose responsibilities tend to focus primarily in undergraduate education, especially for introductory/survey courses. In addition to the reason of higher-ranking faculty tending to prefer higher-level courses, part of the
244:
In
Australia, the term lecturer may be used informally to refer to anyone who conducts lectures at a university or elsewhere, but formally refers to a specific academic rank. The academic ranks in Australia are similar to those in the UK, with the rank of associate professor roughly equivalent to
379:
decided in 2006 "to break away from hundreds of years of academic tradition, renaming lecturers 'assistant professors', senior lecturers and readers 'associate professors' while still calling professors 'professors'. The radical move will horrify those who believe the "professor" title should be
344:
promotion to a full chair; however, some universities no longer make appointments at the level of reader (for instance, the
University of Leeds and the University of Oxford). Senior lecturers and readers are sometimes paid on the same salary scale, although readers are recognized as more senior.
294:
A permanent lecturer in UK universities usually holds an open-ended position that covers teaching, research, and administrative responsibilities. Permanent lectureships are tenure-track or tenured positions that are equivalent to an assistant or associate professorship in North
America. After a
343:
In contrast, promotion to senior lecturer nowadays is based on research achievements (for research-intensive universities), and is an integral part of the promotion path to a full chair. Promotion to reader (or principal lecturer in post-1992 universities) is sometimes still necessary before
319:
named some of that group as education and scholarship lecturers (E & S) to recognise the contribution of teaching, and elevate the titles of teaching fellows to lecturers. Some universities also refer to graduate students or others, who undertake ad-hoc teaching for a department
152:
The table presents a broad overview of the traditional main systems, but there are universities which use a combination of those systems or other titles. Note that some universities in
Commonwealth countries have adopted the American system in place of the Commonwealth system.
266:
The position is equivalent to assistant professor in the US system. The term is not universally applied, with some universities preferring the lecturer/reader/professor titles, while others work with the assistant professor/associate professor/professor title.
452:
An emerging alternative to using full-time lecturers at research institutions is to create a parallel professorship track that is focused on teaching. It may offer tenure, and typically has a title series such as teaching professor. (This is analogous to the
324:. Like adjunct professors and sessional lecturers in North America, these non-permanent teaching staff are often very poorly paid (as little as ÂŁ6000 p.a. in 2011-12). These varying uses of the term lecturer cause confusion for non-UK academics.
1278:
Décret n°87-754 du 14 septembre 1987 relatif au recrutement de lecteurs de langue étrangÚre et de maßtres de langue étrangÚre dans les établissements publics d'enseignement supérieur relevant du ministre chargé de l'enseignement
578:
exists only in philology or modern-language departments at German-speaking universities for positions that primarily involve teaching a foreign language. The equivalent rank within the German university system is something like
1252:"Décret n°84-431 du 6 juin 1984 fixant les dispositions statutaires communes applicables aux enseignants-chercheurs et portant statut particulier du corps des professeurs des universités et du corps des maßtres de conférences"
436:
in New York, the title of lecturer actually requires a doctorate or its professional equivalent; they also use the term for "instructors in specialized programs.") Sometimes the title is used as an equivalent alternative to
143:
within many universities, though the meaning of the term varies somewhat from country to country. It generally denotes an academic expert who is hired to teach on a full- or part-time basis. They may also conduct research.
355:
experience. In almost all fields, a doctorate is a prerequisite, although historically this was not the case. Some academic positions could have been held on the basis of research merit alone, without a higher degree.
718:, lektor (lecturer) is an academic rank equivalent to associate professor in the US and senior lecturer in Great Britain. Lecturers in Estonia usually hold PhD degree and are engaged in lecturing and research.
339:
Historically in the UK, promotion to a senior lectureship reflected prowess in teaching or administration rather than research, and the position was much less likely to lead direct to promotion to professor.
245:
reader in UK universities. The academic levels in
Australia are (in ascending academic level): (A) associate lecturer, (B) lecturer, (C) senior lecturer, (D) associate professor, and (E) professor.
1092:
555:("lecture master") is a permanent position that covers research and teaching (and usually administrative responsibilities). It is the lower of the two permanent faculty ranks (the other being
403:
tribunal decision, the distinction between teaching and research faculty is blurring- with implications for who can and cannot be made redundant at UK universities, and under what conditions.
273:
In many states of India, the term lecturer or Post
Graduate Teacher (PGT) is also used for the intermediate college teachers. The intermediate colleges or Junior Colleges are equivalent to
792:
661:(high school) level. All teacher students in Norway are now required to reach a master's degree in order to be able to teach at all levels up to universities and university colleges.
461:
or professor of practice, which in addition to a teaching focus (vs. research), also tend to have a practical/professional/skills oriented focus (vs. theory and scholarship, etc.).
468:
or a temporary post used for visiting academics of considerable prominenceâe.g. a famous writer may serve for a term or a year, for instance. When confusion arose about
President
445:
reason is also cost savings, as non-tenure-track faculty tend to have lower salaries. When a lecturer is part-time, there is little practical distinction in the position from an
457:
faculty tracks at some universities, which typically have title series such as research professor/scientist/scholar.) A related conceptâat least in professional fieldsâis the
917:
291:
In the UK, the term lecturer is ambiguous and covers several academic ranks. The key distinction is between permanent/open-ended or temporary/fixed-term lectureships.
1234:
1323:
1493:
1301:
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professor. Typically, longer contracts denote greater seniority or higher rank. Teaching fellows may also sometimes be referred to as lecturersâfor example,
1084:
570:
historically denoted a teaching position below a professor, primarily responsible for delivering and organizing lectures. The contemporary equivalent is
530:
421:
As different US academic institutions use the term lecturer in various ways, there is sometimes confusion. On a generic level, the term broadly denotes
751:
In the Netherlands, a "lector" used to be equivalent to the rank of associate professor at universities. Nowadays, it is the highest academic rank at
399:
990:
730:
1058:
784:
729:
is a full-time and renewable position that includes both the opportunities for research funding and for promotion to associate professor on the
1512:
407:
promotions committees meet to decide "tenure" cases. There is normally no title elevation in such instancesâtenure and title are independent.
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1756:
1166:
239:
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In some institutions, the position of lecturer, especially "distinguished lecturer", may also refer to a position somewhat similar to
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where lecturers on permanent contracts were fired. The institutions now has a stated policy of firing and replacing under-performing
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Lecturers are almost always required to have at least a master's degree and quite often have earned doctorates. (For example, at
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In India, one can appear for interviews for a post of a lecturer after passing the combility Test conducted by the
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schools. Such lecturers are subject experts specifically engaged to teach a particular subject in higher classes.
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1751:
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or principal lecturer (mainly UK) or principal research scientist (mainly National institutes/laboratories) /
707:
is an academic rank similar to that of senior lecturer in Great Britain and associate professor in USA. The
1412:
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274:
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professors or associate professors), any member of the faculty from an associate up can deliver lectures.
90:
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retired as a senior lecturer in mathematics at Warwick in 1990 without having obtained a doctorate. See
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1048:"Section XI Election and Appointment to Professorships or Readerships or Senior Lecturerships"
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Making the Most of Appraisal: Career and Professional Development Planning for Lecturers,
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number of years, a lecturer may be promoted based on their research record to become a
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Senior lecturer or senior research scientist (mainly National institutes/laboratories)
423:
college-level faculty who are not eligible for tenure and have no research obligations
97:
1203:"Chapter V. The Faculties and Academic Staff - Regents of the University of Michigan"
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in practice, this is rare. The most noted use of this policy happened in 2012 at
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Lecturer or Higher Research Scientist (mainly National institutes/laboratories)
222:
Juniorprofessor, Wissenschaftlicher Assistent, Akademischer Rat (W1, C1, A13)
1725:
563:
is used for teachers of foreign languages with no research responsibilities.
1693:
1688:
1677:
1666:
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484:
title of address (e.g. "Professor Smith") without necessarily referring to
469:
1397:
1302:"Leitlinien fĂŒr unbefristete Stellen an UniversitĂ€ten neben der Professur"
619:. It is used for some members of academic staff with permanent positions.
480:"professor" as a common noun for anyone who teaches college, as well as a
741:
669:
615:
are also increasingly being adopted by universities in Germany and the
1593:
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1450:
722:
348:
308:
174:
39:
209:
Hochschuldozent, Oberassistent, Akademischer Oberrat (W2, C2, A14)
270:
As such, most lecturers' position can be considered tenure track.
715:
696:
684:
672:
438:
24:
544:, the term has a meaning in academia similar to that in the UK.
19:
This article is about the academic rank. For a person who gives
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492:(e.g. "John Smith, Assistant/Associate/Full Professor of X").
192:(Australia, NZ, India, Southeast Asia, South Africa, Ireland)
755:. At regular universities, this rank does not exist anymore.
1179:
180:
Professor (ordinarius, W3 with Chair, C4 or C3 with Chair)
881:
Professional Preparation in Physical Education and Sports
1232:"Was Barack Obama really a constitutional law lecturer?"
1299:
397:
staff members. This policy is complicated by the 2008
198:
Professor (extraordinarius, W2, W3 without chair, C3)
847:
Urban Growth Theories and Settlement Systems of India
429:
address the issue of full-time vs. part-time status.
914:"Zero Points: the persistence of temporary measures"
383:
531:
Mohajer Technical And Vocational College of Isfahan
64:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
368:(that is universities that were until 1992 termed
1055:Ordinances of the University of Reading (2010-11)
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1129:
1127:
964:. timeshighereducation.co.uk. 17 February 2011
1413:
1324:"(Senior) Researcher & (Senior) Lecturer"
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657:(secondary school) on specialized fields and
375:According to the Times Higher Education, the
711:holds the position below professor in rank.
1427:
850:. Concept Publishing Company. p. xii.
347:Many open-ended lecturers in the UK have a
1420:
1406:
240:Academic ranks (Australia and New Zealand)
559:or "university professor"). The title of
124:Learn how and when to remove this message
1031:Get the drinks. It's professor all round
663:
505:
228:
958:"The rise and rise of PhDs as standard"
566:In German-speaking countries, the term
1724:
1165:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
785:"Australia, Academic Career Structure"
630:is used for a teaching-only position.
1401:
1095:from the original on 1 February 2016.
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920:from the original on 1 February 2016
911:
877:
843:
351:(50.1% in 2009-2010) and often have
287:Academic ranks in the United Kingdom
62:adding citations to reliable sources
33:
27:. For the ecclesiastical usage, see
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617:German-speaking part of Switzerland
537:In other countries, usage varies.
417:Academic ranks in the United States
13:
1757:Education and training occupations
1517:
1180:GSI Teaching & Resource Center
1083:Court, Stephen (5 December 1997).
1064:from the original on 16 April 2014
871:
807:
495:
14:
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1379:
795:from the original on 28 June 2017
681:Helsinki University of Technology
384:Tenure and permanent lectureships
334:
280:
1385:
753:universities of applied sciences
727:National University of Singapore
605:Lehrkraft fĂŒr besondere Aufgaben
474:University of Chicago Law School
472:'s status on the faculty at the
410:
38:
1747:Anglican ecclesiastical offices
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1213:from the original on 2 May 2018
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1040:
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878:Gore, C. S. (17 January 2010).
825:from the original on 9 May 2016
391:Queen Mary University of London
359:
307:in post-1992 universities) and
49:needs additional citations for
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950:
932:
905:
815:"KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN"
777:
1:
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1300:Hochschulrektorenkonferenz.
1089:Times Higher Education (THE)
574:. Nowadays, the German term
261:University Grants Commission
233:
7:
1533:Research and teaching track
1085:"Memories of jobs for life"
912:Else, Holly (4 June 2015).
844:Alam, Shah Manzoor (2011).
758:
10:
1778:
1353:"New Career Opportunities"
916:. Times Higher Education.
607:, and the like. The ranks
557:professeur des universités
499:
414:
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252:
237:
18:
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1606:
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1464:
1433:
1107:"Officers of Instruction"
299:. This position is below
1013:Routledge, 1994, p. 30,
988:"Obituary: David Fowler"
248:
1737:Academic administration
1650:Distinguished professor
1629:Postdoctoral researcher
1428:Academic ranks overview
884:. Pinnacle Technology.
255:Academic ranks in India
1589:Senior research fellow
1035:Times Higher Education
962:Times Higher Education
733:. It is equivalent to
688:
534:
502:List of academic ranks
327:As a proportion of UK
1762:Educational personnel
1752:Ecclesiastical titles
1684:Professor of practice
1465:North American system
1207:www.regents.umich.edu
993:14 March 2011 at the
667:
553:maßtre de conférences
509:
500:Further information:
415:Further information:
377:University of Warwick
353:postdoctoral research
285:Further information:
253:Further information:
238:Further information:
229:Uses around the world
1394:at Wikimedia Commons
1361:University of Zurich
1332:University of Bremen
1237:17 June 2008 at the
944:University of London
737:at a US university.
725:, a lecturer at the
219:Assistant professor
206:Associate professor
159:Commonwealth system
58:improve this article
1560:associate professor
1527:Commonwealth system
1484:Associate professor
1479:Assistant professor
1282:, 14 September 1987
1029:Lee Elliot Major, "
735:assistant professor
675:, apparently about
626:, the related term
516:associate professor
434:Columbia University
322:sessional lecturers
190:associate professor
1706:Teaching assistant
1619:Research associate
1614:Research assistant
1598:research professor
1579:Research assistant
1541:Associate lecturer
1363:. 15 December 2022
1256:legifrance.gouv.fr
1057:. pp. 23â25.
819:kvsangathan.nic.in
705:universitetslektor
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659:VideregÄende skole
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488:title or position
466:emeritus professor
459:clinical professor
305:principal lecturer
170:Professor (chair)
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1508:Adjunct professor
1390:Media related to
1328:www.uni-bremen.de
447:adjunct professor
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29:Lecturer (clergy)
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1607:Junior positions
1500:Non-tenure track
1489:Professor (full)
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