65:. A magnetic tape recorder (AN/FSH-6) was triggered by the message leader and timestamped the message to within a millisecond. This equipment was called AN/FRA-44 recorder/analyses system. The circular array permitted a direction of arrival to be measured. Signal timing from multiple receiver sites allowed the range and an approximation of the transmitter position to be determined. Computers used were designated "AN/GYK-3".
60:
The United States setup up a program to do direction finding on very short bursts of radio signal, using retrospective direction finding. The idea was to record the transmissions from multiple antennas, at multiple sites, and then triangulate by comparing the recordings. Circular antenna arrays were
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The magnetic tape recorder, AN/FSH-6 used half inch magnetic tape. The recorder was manufactured by S Himmelstein and
Company of Illinois. It recorded up to 7 channels. The tape was wrapped around a spinning headwheel, with recorded diagonal stripes 4 or 8 inches long. The headwheel could have its
27:
In
November, 1960 Soviet Union submarines started using a new communications mode using burst communications, where radio teletype messages were sent in bursts under one second long. Monitoring stations could no longer intercept USSR submarine communications. By the end of 1960 however noises that
222:
in 1962. It connected 64 teletype circuits and some local operating terminals. Output included a high speed printer and cathode ray tubes. Up to 10 tasks were added each minute. Each task required several data reports from the outlying stations. The computer received about 100 data reports every
226:
There were two input-output buses. These could attach up to 10 input-output modules. Each module could support 64 attachments. Although there were multiple processor modules, there was inadequate memory protection, and memory interlock protection had to be ensured in software. Memory access was
48:
of 500 bits per second. Other terms for this were Shark and 49th channel. It can be unscrambled by the polynomial X+X+1. The unscrambled signal contains six bit chunks, of which one is framing. The whole transmission had ten groups of five digits, ending in 1771, and lasted for 0.72 seconds.
28:
sounded like bursts of static were determined to be USSR radio transmissions. Although a signal could be detected, the transmission time was too short for current radio location systems to work. These required an operator to steer an antenna to find the direction to the transmission.
40:(ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΠΠ€ ? or ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ° ?) and came into use around 1956. The waveform was termed CIS Akula (Π‘ΠΠ "ΠΠΊΡΠ»Π°") (the Russian word for "shark"). It was a
209:
speed adjusted at 15 or 30 scans per second. The recorder could record signals of frequency up to 480 kHz in direct mode. An FM mode was also available with much more limited bandwidth, but better signal to noise ration, and ability to record down to DC (0 Hz).
217:
The AN/GYK-3 computer was a polymorphic multiprocessor system. It was the first multiprocessor, and was designed to operate even if some modules had failed. It had multiple processor (1-4), memory (1-16) and input modules. The computer was supplied by
175:. These were augmented by a reflecting screen in June 1958. Signals from eight adjacent antennas were combined in phase using delay lines and a capacitively coupled goniometer. To get multiple beams, each antennas signal was split eight ways by way of
199:
The R-1125/FLR was later upgraded to R-1230/FLR by adding a cooling fan. This was a broadband high-frequency receiver with input from 2 to 32 MHz and 60 kHz bandwidth output. It was a triple conversion superheterodyne.
37:
49:
Transmitting equipment was the coded text puncher P-758 (Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π -758), and receiver was the P-759 (ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π -759). The transmitter used a keyboard with 15 buttons, and paper tape.
19:
was a United States program that built radio-location systems to find the position of
Russian submarines that were using burst communications. It was created as a top-secret program.
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enable with base registers and offsets, and with a mode that allowed variable levels of indirection by way of an indirect bit on a memory stored address. The word size was 48 bits.
112:
196:
The system the R-1125/FLR was a wideband triple conversion superheterodyne receiver. The output was 60 kHz bandwidth centred on 65 kHz, 35.0 to 95.0 kc.
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in a 400 foot diameter circle. A second prototype used 40 sleeve monopoles in a 434-foot circle. It was completed in
October 1957, and was used to direction find
590:
553:
Anderson, James P.; Hoffman, Samuel A.; Shifman, Joseph; Williams, Robert J. (1962). "D825 - a multiple-computer system for command & control".
61:
built with radio receivers for each. These were called "circularly disposed wide-aperture direction finding arrays". The designation was
253:
470:"Technical Manual for On-Line Receiver of Countermeasures Receiving Set AN-FLR-11(V) and Direction Finder Group AN-FRA-54(V)"
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Later versions had a diameter of 800 feet, and three dipole antennas at each position to cover a wider frequency range.
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Project Bulls Eye extended the direction finding system worldwide, and used computers to quickly triangulate positions.
284:
595:
146:. At Sugar Grove, WV two antennas like this were built for communications rather than direction finding.
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A slightly updated version is called "Dolphin" (ΠΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ½) and uses P-758IS equipment. Akula II uses PSK.
336:
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555:
Proceedings of the
December 4-6, 1962, fall joint computer conference on - AFIPS '62 (Fall)
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8:
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Evolution of Naval-Radio
Electronics and contributions of the Naval Research Laboratory
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in
Washington DC. An initial prototype antenna array used 40 vertically aligned half
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AN/FLR-7 and AN/FRA-44 system was later replaced with AN/FLR-11 and AN/FRA-54.
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BORESIGHT receiving stations were used to locate Soviet submarines during the
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135:
120:
562:
539:
526:
Wald, B. (1966). "Utilization of a multiprocessor in command and control".
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Following its success, many more stations were built in 1962 and 1963 in
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337:"FSK 500Bd/1000, CIS Navy Akula ("shark") | diario SWL I-56578 Antonio"
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390:"AN/FRD-10 Circularly Disposed Antenna Array (CDAA) Receiving System"
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A new radio communications system had been developed by the Soviet
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History of
Canadian Signals Intelligence & Direction Finding
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277:
Crazy Ivan : based on a true story of submarine espionage
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84:
361:"A Wide-Aperture HF Direction-Finder with Sleeve Antennas"
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Gleason, Raymond F.; Greene, Robert M. (20 August 1958).
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minute. So about 20 tasks were operating concurrently.
457:. NRL Report. Naval Research Laboratory. p. 314.
582:
448:
432:Wortman, Robert Lynn; Fraser, George T. (2005).
468:Radio Corporation of America (11 April 1963).
431:
358:
279:(Rev. ed.). New York: Writers Showcase.
111:. Canadian direction finding stations in the
591:Military radio systems of the United States
252:Reed, William; Reed, William Craig (2001).
44:with shift of 1000 Hz and a very high
38:Naval Research Institute of Communication
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230:This product became known as the D825.
163:The project Boresight was developed by
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505:"Technical Specification VI/SCAN III"
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363:. NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC
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319:"Communication Means of the Navy"
179:. These prototypes were built at
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31:
546:
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487:"US Navy Wideband HF Receivers"
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408:"US Navy Wideband HF Receivers"
254:"Thirteen Days: the Real Story"
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451:"Electronic Countermeasures"
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341:diario SWL I-56578 Antonio
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123:, North West Territories,
113:Supplementary Radio System
449:Louis A. Gebhard (1979).
125:Coverdale, New Brunswick
596:Radio direction finding
563:10.1145/1461518.1461527
528:Proceedings of the IEEE
275:Reed, W. Craig (2003).
540:10.1109/PROC.1966.5271
181:Hybla Valley, Virginia
42:frequency shift keying
220:Burroughs Corporation
134:Others were built at
129:Gander, Newfoundland
109:Winter Harbor, Maine
70:Cuban Missile Crisis
301:"Project Boresight"
117:Gloucester, Ontario
557:. pp. 86β96.
491:www.navy-radio.com
412:www.navy-radio.com
394:www.navy-radio.com
165:Naval Research Lab
534:(12): 1885β1888.
17:Project Boresight
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417:9 September
367:9 September
323:rusnavy.com
103:, England;
585:Categories
234:References
101:Cheltenham
23:Background
438:. Nanlyn.
173:Sputnik 1
159:AN/FRD-10
144:Nea Makri
83:, Japan;
63:AN/FRD-10
46:baud rate
305:jproc.ca
213:Computer
204:Recorder
189:Receiver
115:were at
81:Kamiseya
56:Response
571:1186864
153:Antenna
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97:Edzell
567:S2CID
508:(PDF)
473:(PDF)
419:2022
369:2022
281:ISBN
138:and
127:and
85:Guam
559:doi
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