384:, a theory which argues for different unifying structures in Propertius' elegies. This interpretation also implies that Propertius' style represented a mild reaction against the orthodoxy of classical literary theory. However, although these theories may have some bearing on issues of continuity in the other three surviving books of Propertius, modern philological scholarship tends toward a consensus that the extant text "Book Two" in fact represents the conflated remains of what were originally two books of poems. Recent editors of Propertius -- notably Paulo Fedeli (Teubner 1984); compare G.P. Gould's 1990 revision of the Loeb text -- reflect these conclusions in their texts for "Book Two", which show it as such a conflation of two books (the second and third of an original five), with some passages lost, parts of poems and whole poems combined, and possible shuffling of fragments. This case is well supported by the texts themselves and fits testimonial evidence about Propertius's original publication of his work: first the "Monobiblos" (our "Book I"), then a collection of three books (our "Book II" and Book III -- the three-book elegiac format imitated by Ovid's Amores) and lastly our Book IV, very likely posthumously.
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called off. This poem has therefore been split by most scholars into a I.8a (comprising the first 26 lines) and I.8b (lines 27–46). More complicated organizational problems are presented by poems like II.26, a confusing piece in which
Propertius first (1) dreams of Cynthia being shipwrecked, and then (2) praises Cynthia's faithfulness. Following this, he (3) declares that she plans to sail and he will come along, (4) shifts to the couple together on the shore, and then (5) quickly has them back on board ship, ready to face the potential dangers of the sea. The images seem to conflict logically and chronologically, and have led different commentators to rearrange the lines or assume some
321:- "It is a shame that my verses have made you famous"). In this last book Cynthia is the subject of only two poems, best regarded as a postscript. The bi-polar complexity of the relationship is amply demonstrated in a poignant, if amusing, poem from the final book. Cynthia's ghost addresses Propertius from beyond the grave with criticism (among other things) that her funeral was not lavish enough, yet the longing of the poet remains in the final line
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Propertius' style is marked by seemingly abrupt transitions (in the manner of Latin neoteric poetry) and a high and imaginative allusion, often to the more obscure passages of Greek and Roman myth and legend. His idiosyncratic use of language, together with the corrupted state of the text, have made
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Like the work of nearly all the elegists, Propertius' work is dominated by a figure of a single female character, one he refers to throughout his poetry by the name
Cynthia. She is named in over half the elegies of the first book and appears indirectly in several others, right from the first word of
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Book IV, the last
Propertius wrote, has only half the number of poems as Book I. Given the change in direction apparent in his poetry, scholars assume only his death a short time after publication prevented him from further exploration; the collection may in fact have been published posthumously. An
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A total of 146 Propertius manuscripts survive, the oldest of which dates from the 12th century. However, some of the poems in these manuscripts appear disjointed, such as I.8, which begins as a plea for
Cynthia to abandon a planned sea voyage, then closes with sudden joy that the voyage has been
179:, that the single Book II actually comprises two separate books of poetry conflated in the manuscript tradition, an idea supported by the state of the manuscript tradition of "Book II." An editor of Propertius, Paul Fedeli, accepts this hypothesis, as does G.P. Goold, editor of the Loeb edition.
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It is difficult to precisely date many of
Propertius' poems, but they chronicle the kind of declarations, passions, jealousies, quarrels, and lamentations that were commonplace subjects among the Latin elegists. The last two poems in Book III seem to indicate a final break with the character of
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The text contains many syntactic, organizational and logical problems as it has survived. Some of these are no doubt exacerbated by
Propertius' bold and occasionally unconventional use of Latin. Others have led scholars to alter and sometimes rearrange the text as preserved in the manuscripts.
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After his father's death, Propertius' mother set him on course for a public career, indicating his family still had some wealth, while the abundance of obscure mythology present in his poetry indicates he received a good education. Frequent mention of friends like Tullus, the nephew of
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and their three children. Although the poem (given
Cornelia's connection to Augustus' family) was most likely an imperial commission, its dignity, nobility, and pathos have led critics to call it the "queen of the elegies", and it is commonly considered the best in the collection.
171:, a patron of the arts who took Propertius into his circle of court poets. A second, larger book of elegies was published perhaps a year later, one that includes poems addressed directly to his patron and (as expected) praises for Augustus. The 19th century classics scholar
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Propertius' fame rests on his four books of elegies, totaling around 92 poems (the exact number cannot be known as over the intervening years, scholars have divided and regrouped the poems, creating doubt as to the precise number). All his poems are written using the
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Book IV strongly indicates
Propertius was planning a new direction for his poetry. The book includes several aetiological poems which, in reviewing the mythological origins of Rome and its landmarks, can also be read as critical—even vaguely subversive—of
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merely as a starting point for other topics. Book IV, published sometime after 16 BC, displays more of the poet's ambitious agenda, and includes several aetiological poems explaining the origin of various Roman rites and landmarks.
113:, a few manuscripts list him as "Sextus Propertius", but the rest of his name is unknown. From numerous references in his poetry it is clear he was born and raised in Umbria, of a well-to-do family at or near Asisium (
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higher and, while accepting that others preferred
Propertius, is himself somewhat dismissive of the poet. However, Propertius' popularity is attested by the presence of his verses in the graffiti preserved at
469:'s poem "Homage to Sextus Propertius" cast Propertius as something of a satirist and political dissident, and his translation/interpretation of the elegies presented them as ancient examples of Pound's own
400:... to please the sensitive stock of poets"; Postgate and others see this as a veiled attack on Propertius, who considered himself the Roman heir to Callimachus. This judgement also seems to be upheld by
380:, and so the apparent jumble is a result of manuscript corruptions. Another possibility is that Propertius was deliberately presenting disjointed images in violation of principles such as the
485:. The imagist interpretation, the poet's tendency to sustain an interior monologue, and the deeply personal nature of his poetry have made Propertius a favorite in the modern age. In 1906
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wrote a cycle of poems as if they were the works of
Propertius' love, Cynthia. She explains Cynthia's 'poems have not survived, nevertheless I have tried to translate them into Russian'.
278:. This literary affair veers wildly between emotional extremes, and as a lover she clearly dominates the life of the poet's voice at least through the publication of the third book:
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More modern critics have pointed out that all the proposed rearrangements assume Propertius' original poetry adhered strictly to the classical literary principles as set down by
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and his agenda for the new Rome. The position is currently a subject of debate among modern classicists. The final poem is a touching address by the recently deceased
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Propertius published a first book of love elegies around 30 BC, with the character 'Cynthia' as the main theme; the book's complete devotion gave it the natural title
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J.Hallett, 'Queens, princeps and women of the Augustan elite: Propertius' Cornelia elegy and the Res Gestae Divi Augusti' in R. Winkes (ed.) 'The Age of Augustus'
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The publication of a third book came sometime after 23 BC. Its content shows the poet beginning to move beyond simple love themes, as some poems (e.g. III.5) use
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432:(the future Pope Pius II) titled a collection of his youthful elegies "Cinthia". There are also a set of "Propertian Elegies" attributed to the English writer
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that the poet was responsible for much of what the West regards today as "romantic love". The most recent translation appeared in September 2018 from
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theory of art. Pound identified in Propertius an example of what he called (in "How to Read") 'logopoeia', "the dance of the intellect among words."
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his elegies a challenge to edit; among the more famous names who have offered criticism of and emendations to the text have been the classicist
121:, where tourists can view the excavated remains of a house thought to have belonged at least to the poet's family, if not to the poet himself.
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97:. Although Propertius was not as renowned in his own time as other Latin elegists, he is today regarded by scholars as a major poet.
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Lindheim, S. (2011). "What's Love Got To Do with It?: Mapping Cynthia in Propertius' Paired Elegies 1.8A-B and 1.11-12."
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e.g. I.22.9-10; IV.1.63-6 and 121-6; unless otherwise noted numerical references refer to Propertius' collections
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447:'s poem "Anno Domini" (1968), originally written in Russian. His relationship with Cynthia is also addressed in
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indicate he moved among the children of the rich and politically connected during the early part of the 20s BC.
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Properzens Vertumnus-Elegie (4,2) und das Dichtungsprogramm des vierten Buches. Ein intertextueller Kommentar.
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D. Thomas Benediktson - "Propertius: Modernist Poet of Antiquity", Southern Illinois University Press (1989)
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Propertius fell into obscurity in the Middle Ages. In the 12th century, he and Cynthia were summoned to a
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451:'s poem, "The Ghost. After Sextus Propertius", which is a free translation of Propertius' Elegy IV 7.
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930:- "While Apollo grants you above all his power of song, and Calliope willingly an Aonian lyre"
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but he was truly rediscovered during the Italian Renaissance along with the other elegists.
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argued, based on the unusually large number of poems in this book and Propertius' mention of
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J.North, 'Religion and Politics: from Republic to Principate' in Journal of Roman Studies 76
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Slavitt's translation appeared in 2002, Katz's 2004 translation was a winner of the 2005
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440:'s 1795 collection of "Elegies" also shows some familiarity with Propertius' poetry.
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This article is about the Latin elegiac poet. For other people named Propertius, see
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During Propertius' childhood, his father died and the family lost land as part of a
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English translations of Propertius with introductory essay and notes by Jon Corelis
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Very little information is known about Propertius outside of his own writing. His
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Hamburger Studien zu Gesellschaften und Kulturen der Vormoderne. Band 3. 2018.
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cum tibi praesertim Phoebus sua carmina donet/Aoniamque libens Calliopea lyram
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Maltby, R. (2006). "Major Themes and Motifs in Propertius’s Love Poetry." In
905:. In Writing Politics in Imperial Rome. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. doi:
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208:, a form in vogue among the Roman social set during the late 1st century BC.
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Texts, Editors, and Readers: Methods and Problems in Latin Textual Criticism
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Propertius himself says he was popular and even scandalous in his own day.
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274:'learned girl', and characterises her as a female writer of verse, such as
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allotted lands to his veterans in 41 BC. Along with cryptic references in
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751:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 439.
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poet of the Augustan age. He was born around 50–45 BC in Assisium (now
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The Elegiac Cityscape. Propertius and the Meaning of Roman Monuments.
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p.53, 'Paradise' Selected Poems, tr. Michael Molnar, Bloodaxe, 1993.
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dated to 2 BC makes it clear that Propertius was dead by this time.
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Breed, B. (2010). "Propertius on Not Writing about Civil Wars." In
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428:'s love sonnets certainly show the influence of his writing, and
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Literature and Religion at Rome: Cultures, Contexts, and Beliefs
523:) is edited by Patrick Worsnip with a foreword by Peter Heslin.
262:, and Propertius suggests she is a descendant of the Roman poet
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961:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), p. 255.
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1124:(Oxford World's Classics) - see especially Lyne's introduction
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Sextus Propertius, edited by Patrick Worsnip. Carcanet Press
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Thy love has buried all others, nor has any woman after thee
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presented a prose translation of Propertius, published by
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152:, consul in 33 BC, plus the fact that he lived on Rome's
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Ancient Greek Epigrams: Major Poets in Verse Translation
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Autumn Recommended Translation. The collection entitled
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Some Callimachean Influences on Propertius, Book 4."
831:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 1.
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that imply that he was younger than his contemporary
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Darmstadt: WBG, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
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Augustan Propertius: The Recapitulation of a Genre.
1178:
Darmstadt: WBG, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
1037:(London 1966) p. 289: "sunt qui Propertium malint".
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Cynthia first captivated wretched me with her eyes,
117:). His birthplace is generally regarded as modern
67:Propertius' surviving work comprises four books of
1271:Racette-Campbell, M. (2013). "Marriage Contracts,
325:- "Her shade then slipped away from my embrace."
3431:
1248:Edited by H. C. Günther, 147–182. Leiden: Brill.
1293:Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University Press.
903:The Politics of Elegy: Propertius and Tibulllus
867:See III.18, a poem which mentions the death of
693:. University of California Press. p. 119.
436:, though the authorship of these is disputed.
1211:Roman Propertius and the Reinvention of Elegy.
288:cuncta tuus sepelivit amor, nec femina post te
239:I who had never before been touched by Cupid.
1488:
1284:Die Elegien des Properz: Eine Interpretation.
1204:Citizens of Discord: Rome and Its Civil Wars.
1176:Die Elegien des Properz: Eine Interpretation.
558:Rudolf Hanslik, Bibliotheca Teubneriana, 1979
1163:, Spanish edition, ( Ediciones RIE, 2008 ),
1107:, American Literary Translators Association.
226:Cynthia prima suis miserum me cepit ocellis,
1377:has original text related to this article:
636:The Cambridge Companion to Latin Love Elegy
561:Paolo Fedeli, Bibliotheca Teubneriana, 1984
286:
224:
75:
1495:
1481:
1227:Berkeley: University of California Press.
639:. Cambridge University Press. p. 97.
1213:Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
1161:Propertivs: Algunas ElegĂas y Variaciones
1136:The Complete Elegies of Sextus Propertius
907:https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004217133_009
574:Robert J. Baker, Book 1, Warminster, 2000
555:L. Richardson, Jr., Lawrence, Okla., 1977
443:Propertius is the lyrical protagonist of
144:, this suggests a birthdate after 55 BC.
1275:, and Gender Roles in Propertius 3.20."
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1234:Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
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632:
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1265:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
1225:The Politics of Desire: Propertius IV.
128:, probably the same one which reduced
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959:The Politics of Desire: Propertius IV
824:
577:Paolo Fedeli, Book 2, Cambridge, 2005
167:must have attracted the attention of
1454:Complete English translation of the
825:Goold, G.P. (1990). "Introduction".
686:
460:
350:and the English classicist and poet
319:versibus insignem te pudet esse meis
280:
218:
552:W.A. Camps, Book 1, Cambridge, 1961
357:
323:inter complexus excidit umbra meos.
290:ulla dedit collo dulcia vincla meo.
93:and, through Maecenas, the emperor
13:
1239:The American Journal of Philology,
1196:
228:contactum nullis ante cupidinibus.
89:and, with them, had as his patron
14:
3486:
1463:Propertius at the Perseus Project
1304:
1220:Bristol: Bristol Classical Press.
1147:M.Beard, J. North & S.Price,
1138:Princeton University Press (2004)
526:
64:) and died shortly after 15 BC.
16:1st century BC Roman elegiac poet
1421:
1383:
1368:
1246:Brill’s Companion to Propertius.
1206:Oxford: Oxford University Press.
806:e.g. I.1.9, 6.2, 14.20, and 22.1
735:Postgate, John Percival (1911).
564:Paolo Fedeli, Book 3, Bari, 1985
497:suggests in his best-known work
301:put sweet fetters upon my neck.
258:identifies her as a woman named
81:). He was a friend of the poets
45:Propertius and Cynthia at Tivoli
3440:1st-century BC writers in Latin
1468:Propertius and cacozelia latens
1131:University of Cal. Press (2002)
1129:Propertius in Love: The Elegies
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1007:For his complete criticism, v.
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339:Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus
1232:A Latin Lover in Ancient Rome.
1048:A Handbook of Latin Literature
1035:A Handbook of Latin Literature
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666:. Cambridge University Press.
653:
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580:Giancarlo Giardina, Rome, 2005
1:
1114:
26:For the butterfly genus, see
2067:Frontiers and fortifications
1405:Works by or about Propertius
1359:Resources in other libraries
1335:Resources in other libraries
1261:Pillinger, Hugh E. (1968).
387:
7:
2126:Decorations and punishments
1420:(public domain audiobooks)
1063:(OUP 2008) p. xii and p. xx
404:, who ranks the elegies of
10:
3491:
3445:1st-century BC Roman poets
3033:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1608:historiography of the fall
1396:Works by Sextus Propertius
1105:National Translation Award
917:I.7.11; II.131.6; II.13.11
738:"Propertius, Sextus"
438:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
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3414:External wars and battles
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1354:Resources in your library
1330:Resources in your library
660:Tarrant, Richard (2016).
633:Thorsen, Thea S. (2013).
593:, Book 4, Cambridge, 2006
198:
109:"Sextus" is mentioned by
3465:Golden Age Latin writers
1282:Syndikus, H. P. (2010).
1258:63. Hildesheim: G. Olms.
1209:DeBrohun, J. B. (2003).
687:Fain, Gordon L. (2010).
604:
3409:Roman–Iranian relations
1884:Optimates and populares
1230:Johnson, W.R. (2009).
763:"Key to Umbria: Assisi"
748:Encyclopædia Britannica
534:Bibliotheca Teubneriana
491:Oxford University Press
150:Lucius Volcatius Tullus
100:
3419:Civil wars and revolts
2685:Sextus Pompeius Festus
2332:Conflict of the Orders
1691:Legislative assemblies
1388:Quotations related to
1251:Newman, J. K. (1997).
1174:Syndikus, H. P. 2010.
1074:The Wandering Scholars
1050:(London 1966) p. 293-4
569:Loeb Classical Library
549:, 1953 (2nd ed., 1960)
540:John Percival Postgate
348:John Percival Postgate
337:consoling her husband
297:
287:
284:
235:
225:
222:
212:the first poem in the
76:
47:
3450:1st-century BC births
3128:Simplicius of Cilicia
2880:Quintus Curtius Rufus
2109:Siege in Ancient Rome
1718:Executive magistrates
1289:Welch, T. S. (2005).
1277:The Classical Journal
1059:A D Melville trans.,
598:Oxford Classical Text
547:Oxford Classical Text
500:The Invention of Love
39:
3138:Stephanus Byzantinus
3043:Eusebius of Caesaria
2905:Sidonius Apollinaris
2595:Ammianus Marcellinus
1934:Tribune of the plebs
1296:Worsnip, P. (2018).
1216:Hubbard, M. (2001).
1061:Ovid: The Love Poems
622:Classical Dictionary
479:Poets in a Landscape
465:In the 20th century
3314:Distinguished women
2965:Velleius Paterculus
2805:Nicolaus Damascenus
2785:Marcellus Empiricus
2174:Republican currency
1414:Works by Propertius
509:Poetry Book Society
3475:People from Assisi
3088:Phlegon of Tralles
2895:Seneca the Younger
2369:Naming conventions
2099:Personal equipment
1632:Later Roman Empire
1447:2021-02-12 at the
1223:Janan, M. (2001).
1181:Robert Karacsony,
1076:(London1927) p. 20
591:Gregory Hutchinson
161:Cynthia Monobiblos
48:
3427:
3426:
3389:Pontifices maximi
3171:
3170:
3028:Diogenes Laërtius
2850:Pliny the Younger
2605:Asconius Pedianus
2565:Romance languages
2437:Civil engineering
2179:Imperial currency
2052:Political control
2013:
2012:
1647:
1646:
1437:The Latin Library
1400:Project Gutenberg
1311:Library resources
1279:, 108.3: 297–317.
1191:978-3-515-11881-1
1169:978-84-96785-56-4
1149:Religions of Rome
542:, Cambridge, 1894
461:Modern assessment
382:Classical Unities
314:
313:
252:
251:
51:Sextus Propertius
3482:
3379:Magistri equitum
3294:Cities and towns
3287:
3213:Constantinopolis
3023:Diodorus Siculus
2955:Valerius Maximus
2890:Seneca the Elder
2810:Nonius Marcellus
2578:
2577:
2131:Hippika gymnasia
2094:Infantry tactics
2000:Consular tribune
1990:Magister equitum
1939:Military tribune
1904:
1903:
1864:Pontifex maximus
1859:Princeps senatus
1849:Magister militum
1615:Byzantine Empire
1536:
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3003:AĂ«tius of Amida
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2970:Verrius Flaccus
2950:Valerius Antias
2910:Silius Italicus
2845:Pliny the Elder
2790:Marcus Aurelius
2665:Cornelius Nepos
2615:Aurelius Victor
2569:
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2337:Secessio plebis
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2009:
1963:
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1449:Wayback Machine
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1241:132.4: 633–665.
1199:
1197:Further reading
1127:David Slavitt,
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585:Collection Budé
583:Simone Viarre,
532:Emil Baehrens,
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308:—(III.15.11-2)
303:
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2105:
2104:Siege engines
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:Establishment
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:Extraordinary
1966:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:Promagistrate
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1741:Twelve Tables
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
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1667:
1664:
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1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
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1638:
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1626:
1623:
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1618:
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1613:
1609:
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1601:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
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1567:
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1554:
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1550:
1549:
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1534:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:of Propertius
1432:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:By Propertius
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1106:
1100:
1094:Slavitt, p. 8
1091:
1082:
1075:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1010:
1004:
995:
988:
983:
974:
968:
967:0-520-22321-7
964:
960:
954:
945:
936:
929:
923:
914:
908:
904:
898:
889:
882:
877:
870:
864:
855:
840:
838:9780674990203
834:
830:
829:
821:
812:
803:
794:
787:
781:
772:
764:
758:
750:
749:
744:
739:
731:
722:
715:
710:
702:
696:
692:
691:
683:
675:
669:
665:
664:
656:
648:
642:
638:
637:
629:
623:
619:
614:
610:
599:
595:
592:
589:
586:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:E.A. Barber,
544:
541:
538:
535:
531:
530:
524:
522:
521:9781784106515
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
458:
456:
455:Elena Shvarts
452:
450:
449:Robert Lowell
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
407:
403:
399:
395:
385:
383:
379:
374:
373:in the text.
372:
371:
364:
355:
353:
352:A. E. Housman
349:
343:
340:
336:
332:
326:
324:
320:
310:
307:
306:
302:
296:
293:
291:
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257:
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231:
229:
221:
220:
217:
215:
209:
207:
196:
194:
188:
185:
180:
178:
174:
173:Karl Lachmann
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
78:
72:
71:
65:
63:
59:
56:
52:
46:
42:
38:
32:
30:
22:
3359:Institutions
3223:Leptis Magna
3176:Major cities
3083:Philostratus
2870:Quadrigarius
2864:
2690:Rufus Festus
2553:Contemporary
2274:Romanization
2197:Architecture
1804:Collegiality
1653:Constitution
1504:Ancient Rome
1455:
1430:
1392:at Wikiquote
1373: Latin
1349:Online books
1342:
1325:Online books
1315:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1182:
1175:
1160:
1159:Max Turiel,
1148:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1120:Propertius,
1099:
1090:
1081:
1073:
1068:
1060:
1055:
1047:
1042:
1034:
1029:
1021:
1016:
1008:
1003:
994:
986:
982:
973:
958:
953:
944:
935:
927:
922:
913:
902:
897:
888:
880:
876:
863:
854:
842:. Retrieved
827:
820:
811:
802:
793:
785:
780:
771:
757:
746:
730:
721:
713:
709:
689:
682:
662:
655:
635:
628:
621:
613:
567:G.P. Goold,
512:
507:, and was a
498:
495:Tom Stoppard
482:
478:
464:
453:
442:
419:
391:
375:
368:
365:
361:
344:
327:
322:
318:
315:
298:
285:
272:docta puella
271:
267:
259:
253:
236:
223:
213:
210:
202:
189:
183:
181:
177:tres libelli
176:
164:
160:
158:
146:
126:confiscation
123:
104:
74:
68:
66:
50:
49:
44:
28:
3354:Geographers
3038:Dioscorides
3018:Cassius Dio
2640:Cassiodorus
2543:Renaissance
2149:Agriculture
2121:Auxiliaries
2062:Engineering
1899:Magistrates
1751:Citizenship
1746:Mos maiorum
1681:Late Empire
1218:Propertius.
1072:H Waddell,
1011:II.2.87-104
926:I.2.27-8:
901:M. Wilson,
788:IV.10.41-54
422:Love Assize
398:Callimachus
246:—(I.1.1-2)
3434:Categories
3243:Mediolanum
3183:Alexandria
3148:Themistius
3113:Porphyrius
2940:Tertullian
2875:Quintilian
2865:Propertius
2760:Lactantius
2710:Fulgentius
2645:Censorinus
2467:Sanitation
2452:Metallurgy
2409:Technology
2374:Demography
2322:Patricians
2289:Spectacles
2247:Literature
2242:Hairstyles
2079:Technology
1829:Praefectus
1781:Government
1771:Litigation
1756:Auctoritas
1701:Centuriate
1588:Principate
1583:Pax Romana
1543:Foundation
1390:Propertius
1379:Propertius
1375:Wikisource
1316:Propertius
1256:Spudasmata
1141:D.Feeney,
1115:References
1046:H J Rose,
1033:H J Rose,
998:II.24a.1-8
467:Ezra Pound
434:Ben Jonson
402:Quintilian
214:Monobiblos
165:Monobiblos
29:Propertius
3399:Quaestors
3329:Empresses
3319:Dynasties
3309:Dictators
3284:and other
3273:Volubilis
3268:Vindobona
3228:Londinium
3153:Theodoret
3123:Procopius
3103:Polyaenus
3078:Pausanias
2980:Vitruvius
2925:Symmachus
2920:Suetonius
2830:Petronius
2815:Obsequens
2780:Macrobius
2775:Lucretius
2700:Frontinus
2675:Eutropius
2660:Columella
2610:Augustine
2600:Appuleius
2548:Neo-Latin
2523:Classical
2514:Versions
2422:Aqueducts
2364:Patronage
2284:Sexuality
2257:Mythology
2232:Education
2222:Cosmetics
2047:Campaigns
2042:Structure
1995:Decemviri
1854:Imperator
1553:overthrow
1122:The Poems
1024:III.1.1-2
869:Marcellus
815:III.23.24
388:Influence
378:Aristotle
317:Cynthia (
191:elegy of
107:praenomen
31:(skipper)
3404:Tribunes
3394:Praetors
3344:Generals
3324:Emperors
3233:Lugdunum
3218:Eboracum
3208:Carthage
3193:Aquileia
3108:Polybius
3098:Plutarch
3068:Libanius
3058:Josephus
3053:Herodian
2945:Tibullus
2860:Priscian
2835:Phaedrus
2795:Manilius
2740:Jordanes
2725:Hydatius
2655:Claudian
2635:Catullus
2625:Boëthius
2620:Ausonius
2538:Medieval
2510:Alphabet
2482:Theatres
2457:Numerals
2442:Concrete
2432:Circuses
2399:Bagaudae
2389:Adoption
2384:Marriage
2357:Assembly
2262:Religion
2237:Folklore
2217:Clothing
2212:Calendar
2169:Currency
2159:Commerce
2057:Strategy
2019:Military
2005:Triumvir
1985:Dictator
1980:Interrex
1959:Governor
1944:Quaestor
1907:Ordinary
1889:Province
1879:Tetrarch
1869:Augustus
1834:Vicarius
1824:Officium
1761:Imperium
1711:Plebeian
1671:Republic
1593:Dominate
1560:Republic
1521:Timeline
1445:Archived
1418:LibriVox
1009:Epistles
939:III.24.4
892:III.20.8
881:Apologia
871:in 23 BC
858:II.13.25
797:IV.1.131
775:IV.1.127
426:Petrarch
413:; while
406:Tibullus
335:Cornelia
331:Augustus
276:Sulpicia
256:Apuleius
169:Maecenas
142:Tibullus
134:Octavian
95:Augustus
91:Maecenas
3374:Legions
3334:Fiction
3304:Consuls
3299:Climate
3253:Ravenna
3248:Pompeii
3238:Lutetia
3203:Bononia
3198:Berytus
3188:Antioch
3163:Zosimus
3158:Zonaras
3133:Sozomen
3118:Priscus
3093:Photius
2935:Terence
2930:Tacitus
2915:Statius
2900:Servius
2885:Sallust
2840:Plautus
2820:Orosius
2800:Martial
2755:Juvenal
2730:Hyginus
2715:Gellius
2574:Writers
2505:History
2487:Thermae
2477:Temples
2427:Bridges
2394:Slavery
2342:Equites
2314:Society
2294:Theatre
2267:Deities
2227:Cuisine
2207:Bathing
2189:Culture
2164:Finance
2141:Economy
2032:Borders
2027:History
1929:Tribune
1924:Praetor
1814:Legatus
1809:Emperor
1696:Curiate
1666:Kingdom
1661:History
1637:History
1620:decline
1578:History
1548:Kingdom
1531:History
1516:Outline
1456:Elegies
1431:Elegies
1407:at the
948:IV.7.96
883:, ch. X
828:Elegies
786:Tristia
745:(ed.).
471:Imagist
411:Pompeii
370:lacunae
264:Hostius
254:Whilst
77:Elegiae
70:Elegies
58:elegiac
3384:Nomina
3369:Legacy
3349:Gentes
3286:topics
3282:Lists
3263:Smyrna
3143:Strabo
3073:Lucian
3063:Julian
3013:Arrian
3008:Appian
2998:Aelian
2975:Vergil
2750:Justin
2735:Jerome
2720:Horace
2705:Fronto
2695:Florus
2670:Ennius
2650:Cicero
2630:Caesar
2528:Vulgar
2352:Tribes
2279:Romans
2089:Legion
2072:castra
1949:Aedile
1919:Censor
1914:Consul
1874:Caesar
1844:Lictor
1766:Status
1706:Tribal
1686:Senate
1676:Empire
1570:Empire
1506:topics
1313:about
1189:
1167:
965:
835:
697:
670:
643:
600:, 2007
587:, 2005
571:, 1990
536:, 1880
519:
483:Homage
394:Horace
260:Hostia
199:Poetry
163:. The
130:Virgil
119:Assisi
115:Assisi
87:Virgil
83:Gallus
62:Assisi
53:was a
3048:Galen
2990:Greek
2960:Varro
2770:Lucan
2582:Latin
2497:Latin
2472:Ships
2462:Roads
2447:Domes
2379:Women
2327:Plebs
2252:Music
1794:Forum
1789:Curia
1298:Poems
1273:Fides
977:IV.11
844:1 May
784:e.g.
741:. In
605:Notes
513:Poems
477:, in
55:Latin
3364:Laws
3339:Film
3258:Roma
2825:Ovid
2765:Livy
2533:Late
2347:Gens
2304:Wine
2116:Navy
2084:Army
1723:SPQR
1625:fall
1603:fall
1429:The
1187:ISBN
1165:ISBN
1022:e.g.
1020:cf.
987:e.g.
963:ISBN
846:2023
833:ISBN
695:ISBN
668:ISBN
641:ISBN
517:ISBN
415:Ovid
193:Ovid
184:Amor
138:Ovid
101:Life
85:and
2518:Old
2202:Art
1975:Rex
1819:Dux
1733:Law
1435:at
1416:at
1398:at
716:, V
620:'s
3436::
354:.
216::
43:,
1496:e
1489:t
1482:v
1171:.
848:.
765:.
703:.
676:.
649:.
515:(
73:(
33:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
