902:. By the time protesting ended on 5 March 1989, the initial official pronouncements stated that 276 people had died, though the PĂ©rez administration attempted to block investigations. Of the deaths, two soldiers and one police officer were reported dead. After hundreds of unmarked graves were found in the following months, many estimates put the number at above 2,000 and up to 5,000.Shortages of coffins were reported and morgues were so overfilled with dead that workers had to explain to family members searching for loved ones that bodies were simply discarded in trash bags.
800:, resulting with one dead student in Trujillo, sixteen injured and over one hundred people arrested. In MĂ©rida, looting occurred and government offices were set ablaze. The Lusinchi government deployed 300 troops to MĂ©rida and Trujillo. The following day, over 1,000 students at the Central University of Venezuela began demonstrations in response to the death of the student in Trujillo, with the government reporting that five police officers were injured by gunfire from "professional agitators." On 5 July 1987, Lusinchi made an address on
979:. Subsequent arrests and killings of student protesters spurred their expansion to neighboring cities and the involvement of opposition leaders. The year's early months were characterized by large demonstrations and violent clashes between protesters and government forces that resulted in nearly 4,000 arrests and 43 deaths, including both supporters and opponents of the government. Toward the end of 2014, and into 2015, continued shortages and low oil prices caused renewed protesting.
651:, opposition leaders and student and union leaders of Caracas. The demonstrators protested against censorship and demanded the departure of the Gomecistas from power and democratization. The march stopped in front of the Miraflores Palace and a commission met with President Eleazar LĂłpez Contreras. After the meeting, LĂłpez Contreras agreed to revoke the suspension of constitutional guarantees within 15 days and to punish those responsible for the deaths that occurred that morning.
49:
373:
998:(CNE) on 21 October 2016, the opposition organized another protest which was held on 26 October 2016, with hundreds of thousands participating while the opposition said 1.2 million participated. After some of the largest protests occurred in a late-2016, Vatican-mediated dialogue between the opposition and government was attempted and ultimately failed in January 2017. Concentration on protests subsided in the first months of 2017 until the
595:
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leader, has said he supported peaceful protesting, the
Venezuelan government has been widely condemned for its handling of the protests. Venezuelan authorities have gone beyond the use of rubber pellets and tear gas to instances of live ammunition use and torture of arrested protesters according to
869:
for a meeting of the
Venezuelan Executives Association and describing news footage of looting occurring as outdated. While meeting with the business executives, PĂ©rez told his audience, "There is nothing to be alarmed about, ... We are going to take advantage of the crisis to generate well-being."
864:
about 30 kilometres (19 mi) east of
Caracas, due to the increase in public transportation prices. Protests then spread to Caracas and nationwide. Rioters destroyed properties indiscriminately, with no motives related to initial protests, and many had to line up at government food distribution
791:
at the demonstration, 20 were injured and one university security guard died of a heart attack. Central
University students clashed with police again on 30 April 1987 and thirty individuals were reported injured; the government blamed the violence on left-wing groups, reporting that students stole
897:
were reported to have beaten protesters with baseball bats and pipes while they performed interrogations. The IACHR said that a "disproportionate use of force" was especially used in impoverished areas. Poor areas faced increased violence during the riots, with authorities firing indiscriminately
778:
began large scale protests after a student who recently graduated was killed by an attorney linked to the police shot the student for allegedly urinating near his home. The March 1987 protests in MĂ©rida resulted with $ 2 million in damages and the arrests of 180 people, who were transported to be
665:, made a report of the situation, which confirmed the workers’ grievances. The strike was declared illegal and government forces made the workers return to their jobs, although after that incident the oil companies started taking serious initiatives to improve conditions for Venezuelan workers.
621:, reason why he was received with sympathy upon his arrival in Caracas. On 28 January 1936, the governor of the Federal District, FĂ©lix GalavĂs, created a Censorship Office in the governor's office. On 12 February, Governor GalavĂs issues a decree of censorship over the media, press and radio.
766:
on 27 February 1986, saying "I am convinced that the normalization of relations with our foreign creditors solves an important obstacle in the country's affairs and clears the way for economic recovery." Weeks later on 11 March 1986, about 4,000 protesters marched in
Caracas, criticizing the
849:
on the economy. The distance between the impoverished populace and the ruling elite, according to Strønen, led to dissent from citizens. Shortly after Pérez's unveiling of the economic measures, economist Héctor Silva
Michelena said that a "grave social explosion" was imminent.
635:
FĂ©lix GalavĂs was attributed with the order to shoot, although he denied responsibility. Subsequently, looting was unleashed, mainly against known
Gomecistas. One hundred houses and businesses were destroyed, and close relatives of Juan Vicente GĂłmez left Venezuela on a ship to
459:. Although the prefect of Caracas assured Vicente GĂłmez that the demonstrators consisted only of "boys, men of the people, drivers", among others, the demonstration was dissolved by the police and its leaders were arrested by order of
706:
reviewer said it had a "magical effect" on the audience. As
Copland recalled, "To everyone's surprise, the reigning dictator, who had rarely dared to be seen in public, arrived at the last possible moment." On that evening actress
807:
A university strike began in
January 1988 when faculty demanded wage increases to counter the 40% inflation rate of 1987. The Lusinchi government also began to attack press freedom after his controversial affair with his mistress
1006:
attempted to assume the powers of the opposition-led
National Assembly and removed their immunity. Though the move was partially reversed days later, demonstrations grew "into the most combative since a wave of unrest in 2014".
816:
and a popular radio host having their program shut down by the government. On 21 January 1988, more than 2,000 press workers participated in a march in Caracas to protest against the censorship of the Lusinchi government.
755:, which accused demonstrators of destabilization attempts and deployed troops to crackdown on dissent. Protests grew more severe in response to the repression by authorities, with citizen marches, university strikes, the
1044:, were a controversial form of protest in 2014. Although initially protests were mainly performed by the middle and upper classes, lower class Venezuelans became involved as the situation in Venezuela deteriorated.
1960:
In this regard, the Caracazo was not such a spontaneous outburst as is commonly believed. We have found that anti-neoliberal student protest had been building in the previous days in Merida as well as other
1863:
In this regard, the Caracazo was not such a spontaneous outburst as is commonly believed. We have found that anti-neoliberal student protest had been building in the previous days in Merida as well as other
750:
was no longer democratic and that the government grew less transparent as the nation's financial state grew worse. The economic decline saw increased student protests against the Lusinchi government and
1097:, who has used the controversial charges of murder and inciting violence against him to protest the government's "criminalization of dissent". Other controversies reported during the protests include
549:
1038:, although small groups of protesters have been responsible for attacks on public property, such as government buildings and public transportation. Erecting improvised street barricades, dubbed
2255:
576:
2539:
1405:
491:
956:, and chronic shortages of basic goods and services. Explanations for these worsening conditions vary, with analysis blaming strict price controls, alongside long-term, widespread
2703:
2485:
1116:
revealed a protest count, showing over 50,000 registered protests in Venezuela since 2013. In 2020, organized protests against Maduro had largely subsided, especially due to the
1195:
1167:
746:
affected Venezuela's economy, resulting with increased poverty, inflation and shortages of basic goods. Many citizens believed that the two-party system established in the
3027:
894:
3001:
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3154:
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The newspaper La Esfera published an article stating that the march led by Rector Antonio RĂsquez was "the most important civic demonstration ever held in our country".
2062:
518:
3128:
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over a dozen buses and used makeshift weapons to attack authorities following the rise of bus fares. On 2 July 1987, student protests began in the cities of MĂ©rida,
726:
perpetrated by disgruntled sectors within the Armed Forces of Venezuela on 23 January 1958. Pérez Jiménez left the country, paving the way for the establishment of
435:
on 15 November 1918. University students, journalists and writers participated in the demonstrations, which passed in front of the headquarters of the legations of
3106:
2914:
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centers since markets were destroyed by rioters. PĂ©rez dismissed the first protests and warnings from multiple ministers throughout the day, choosing to fly to
478:
led protests in 1928 in the capital city of Caracas. Many politicians prominent in Venezuela's transition to democracy took part in the protests. They include
2969:
1291:
719:) shall not perish from the earth", the audience rose and began cheering and shouting so loudly that Copland could not hear the remainder of the music."
856:
protests occurred in mid-February 1989, denouncing PĂ©rez's economic proposals. Larger protests and rioting began on the morning of 27 February 1989 in
2734:
2259:
2306:
632:. Shortly after arriving at the square, the demonstration was broken up with a three-minute burst of gunfire. The shots left 6 dead and 150 wounded.
2453:
804:, accusing protesters of being involved in a plot to destabilize the nation. By the end of July 1987, two protesters were dead and 73 were injured.
2135:
1619:
2818:
2623:
1321:
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described the Caracazo as "the largest and most violently repressed revolt against austerity measures in Latin American history." According to
401:
2375:
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resulting in the under-funding of basic government services. While protests first occurred in January, after the murder of actress and former
1415:
1064:
for causing high inflation rates and goods scarcities as part of an "economic war" being waged on his government. Although Maduro, a former
756:
1516:
554:
2846:
2760:
2084:
1139:
3080:
2711:
3197:
2233:
340:
2944:
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government's promise of economic recovery. Following the detention of seventeen students protesting against increased bus prices in
355:
335:
2454:"Latin American Herald Tribune - After Venezuela Government Fails to Honor Commitments, Vatican Pulls Out of Dialogue It Sponsored"
2357:"A total of 42 people, both supporters and opponents of the government, have died in the protest-related violence which followed."
1581:
Collett, Merrill (22 March 1987). "Student Protests Pressure Venezuela;Economic, Political Problems Threaten Lusinchi Government".
987:
581:
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322:
102:
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990:. On 1 September 2016, one of the largest demonstration of the protests occurred, gathered to demand a recall election against
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257:
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931:
911:
313:
308:
191:
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2601:
882:
178:
83:
78:
17:
2788:
1896:"Riots leave Venezuela short of coffins; Up to 700 reported dead while hospitals say most of the injured were shot: B1".
1365:
661:, in western Venezuela, where the most productive fields were located. His representative there from the labor ministry,
146:
2922:
2397:
1928:
LĂłpez Maya, Margarita (February 2003). "The Venezuelan "Caracazo" of 1989: Popular Protest and Institutional Weakness".
1831:
LĂłpez Maya, Margarita (February 2003). "The Venezuelan "Caracazo" of 1989: Popular Protest and Institutional Weakness".
496:
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leads a demonstration in favor of Belgium that sought to condemn the pro-German attitude assumed by Juan Vicente GĂłmez.
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345:
247:
89:
2184:
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2010:
1930:
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began in early January after the National Assembly declared the May 2018 presidential elections invalid and declared
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63:
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723:
283:
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During his first year as president, LĂłpez Contreras also faced a labor strike that paralyzed the oil industry in
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237:
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138:
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752:
613:'s death on 17 December 1935, the Congress entrusted the interim presidency to the Minister of War and Navy,
568:
548:
Several members of the Generation went into exile. Political organizations in exile included the founding of
387:
28:
801:
572:
530:
464:
211:
196:
163:
1703:
Velasco, Alejandro (2015-07-24). "7. Killing Democracy's Promise: A Massacre of People and Expectations".
648:
598:
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976:
830:
793:
722:
Following massive public demonstrations in support of democratic reforms, Pérez Jiménez was deposed in a
206:
168:
158:
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in May 1986, nationwide protests were organized in support of the arrested students the following year.
662:
625:
456:
2149:
2002:
1981:
1939:
1915:, March 1990, Reports of Arbitrary Killings and Torture:, February/March 1989, AI Index: AMR 53/02/90,
1842:
133:
48:
614:
3155:"UN rights experts report a rise of efforts in Venezuela to curtail democracy ahead of 2024 election"
846:
674:
186:
1704:
3053:
2575:
1134:
1019:
1011:
975:
began in earnest that February following the attempted rape of a student on a university campus in
968:
826:
216:
1293:
Del gendarme al prestigio moral necesario: La transiciĂłn en el gobierno de Eleazar LĂłpez Contreras
780:
1654:
1098:
927:
538:
526:
2823:
1015:
890:
886:
727:
1973:
1912:
1790:
1103:
1070:
878:
275:
97:
610:
506:
471:
460:
1112:
957:
838:
678:
37:
3054:"Venezuela: UN rights chief calls for immediate release of opposition leader, politicians"
1916:
560:
479:
8:
2490:
1659:
1583:
948:
In 2014, a series of protests, political demonstrations, and civil insurrection began in
775:
360:
221:
2645:
2358:
2332:
1757:
Strønen, Iselin Åsedotter (2017), "Understanding the Bolivarian Revolution from Below",
783:. Protests were then banned in Caracas by Lusinchi, which fueled further dissent at the
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2543:
2179:
1951:
1854:
1624:
1521:
1270:
1082:
1074:
842:
809:
797:
763:
712:
510:
475:
350:
262:
128:
68:
483:
2129:
2034:
2006:
1955:
1858:
1810:
1766:
1722:
1629:
1526:
1452:
1361:
1327:
1297:
1086:
899:
686:
629:
414:
Various protests occurred against governments in Venezuela in the twentieth century.
1094:
991:
972:
681:. During a commemorative ceremony in Nuevo Circo, Caracas, hundreds of people waved
2580:
2486:"Venezuela accused of 'self-coup' after Supreme Court shuts down National Assembly"
1943:
1898:
1880:
1846:
1802:
1714:
1668:
1381:
1053:
874:
698:
542:
377:
267:
711:
performed the spoken-word parts of the piece. When she spoke the final words, "...
1493:
853:
813:
643:
The Student Federation of Venezuela organized a demonstration that left from the
288:
230:
964:
594:
298:
2430:
2402:
1806:
1444:
1078:
1049:
1045:
1035:
961:
915:
747:
743:
739:
440:
330:
2789:"President says Venezuela won't be next to fall, but he may not have a choice"
1947:
1850:
1672:
1410:
1023:
994:. Following the suspension of the recall referendum by the government-leaning
898:
throughout neighborhoods and dragging some individuals out of their homes for
3181:
2211:
1814:
1633:
1600:
1561:
1530:
1436:
1301:
1030:. The majority of protests have been peaceful, consisting of demonstrations,
919:
861:
693:
522:
514:
452:
428:
293:
73:
502:
3159:
2796:
1090:
866:
682:
487:
1718:
812:
began to be disseminated by the media, with journalists being forced into
2256:"What the Heck Is Going on in Venezuela? (Could the Maduro Regime Fall?)"
2206:
1065:
1061:
432:
201:
2847:"Venezuela protests are sign that US wants our oil, says Nicolás Maduro"
1706:
Barrio Rising: Urban Popular Politics and the Making of Modern Venezuela
1382:"Manifestación del 14 de febrero de 1936 : Efemérides Venezolanas"
1057:
834:
708:
696:
had come to Caracas to conduct the first Venezuelan performance of his
1620:"Caracas Journal; A President, a Liaison and a Lot of Political Clout"
637:
3129:"En Venezuela se han dado cerca de 50.000 protestas en la era Maduro"
2282:"These countries have the fastest-shrinking populations in the world"
1408:[Stories of Venezuelan Violence: The Murder of Ruiz Pineda].
1356:
Arraiz Lucca, Rafael. "La HegemonĂa Militar Tachirense (1899-1945)".
982:
By 2016, protests occurred following the controversy surrounding the
953:
949:
121:
2376:"En 2014 se registraron 9.286 protestas, cifra inédita en Venezuela"
895:
National Directorate of Intelligence and Prevention Services (DISIP)
768:
759:
and local leaders of the Catholic Church condemning the government.
2398:"Nationwide protests against Maduro in Venezuela – DW – 10/26/2016"
1406:"Historias de la violencia venezolana: El asesinato de Ruiz Pineda"
1040:
857:
788:
673:
One of the first public demonstrations against the dictatorship of
303:
1031:
444:
2154:
Truthdig: Expert Reporting, Current News, Provocative Columnists
1296:(in Spanish), vol. 27, Tiempo y Espacio, pp. 129–149,
647:(UCV) in the afternoon, headed by the rector of the university,
677:
occurred on 1952, after the assassination of opposition leader
436:
3028:"ONU pide al gobierno liberaciĂłn inmediata de Daniel Ceballos"
2819:"Venezuela Protests Drive Poor to Maduro as Death Toll Mounts"
1491:
Ewell, Judith (March 1989). "Debt and Politics in Venezuela".
833:
and instead accepted the IMF's recommendations. He instituted
431:, the Caracas population celebrated in the streets the end of
2426:"Venezuela's opposition walks away from Vatican-backed talks"
1791:"The Impact of Neoliberal Adjustment in Venezuela, 1989-1993"
658:
448:
2571:"Venezuela's Maduro blasts foe for chemical attack comments"
2055:"Venezuela's Maduro says 2013 annual inflation was 56.2 pct"
1976:", in John M. Carey and Matthew Soberg Shugart (eds, 1998),
1048:'s government characterized the protests as an undemocratic
914:
participated in anti-austerity protests. PĂ©rez's successor,
713:
that government of the people, by the people, for the people
2624:"Universitarios del Táchira levantaron la huelga de hambre"
1883:, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, accessed 1 May 2007
1559:"Sniper wounds 5 policemen in Venezuelan student protest".
2307:"Did attempted rape ignite Venezuela's national protests?"
2889:"Decree powers widen Venezuelan president's economic war"
2362:
2359:"Venezuela: Leopoldo Lopez must stand trial, judge rules"
2085:"Venezuela Inflation Hits 16-Year High as Shortages Rise"
2031:
Comparative Politics of Latin America: Democracy at Last?
589:
1213:
1211:
1101:
and violence by pro-government militant groups known as
3099:"Venezuela arrests one opposition mayor, jails another"
3002:"ONU insta a la inmediata liberaciĂłn de Leopoldo LĂłpez"
2673:"Chilean is first foreign fatality in Venezuela unrest"
2333:"San Cristobal: The birthplace of Venezuela's protests"
1917:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr53/002/1991/en/
1018:
involved from 2.5 million to 6 million protesters. The
829:
reversed from his position of strongly criticizing the
2945:"Amnesty Reports Dozens of Venezuela Torture Accounts"
742:
occurred during a period of economic turmoil when the
1208:
825:
Shortly after taking office in early 1989, President
1517:"Jaime Lusinchi, Ex-Leader of Venezuela, Dies at 89"
1451:. New York: Fordham University Press. p. xliv.
1056:" opposition leaders and the United States, blaming
952:
due to the country's high levels of urban violence,
918:, pardoned Chávez for his actions in 1994. MBR-200,
668:
2150:"How Biased Western Reportage Has Harmed Venezuela"
1996:
787:and led to protests on 19 March 1987; police fired
2915:"Maduro pedirá a la AN una "comisión de la verdad"
2638:
605:and one of the leaders of the February 1936 march.
422:
2602:"Protestas aumentan 278% en primer semestre 2014"
2258:. Business week. 18 February 2014. Archived from
1290:PadrĂłn GarcĂa, Rebeca Gerardina (December 2017),
926:consolidated their political objectives into the
738:Unprecedented protests against the government of
3179:
1759:Grassroots Politics and Oil Culture in Venezuela
937:
624:Around 15,000 to 20,000 people marched from the
3091:
2881:
2704:"Venezuela: Who Are They and How Did They Die?"
2594:
2234:"Venezuela: the most dangerous place on earth?"
1326:(in Spanish). Consorcio de Ediciones Capriles.
3030:. El Nacional. 12 October 2014. Archived from
2780:
2761:"Slum Dwellers in Caracas Ask, What Protests?"
2646:"Street blockades divide opinion in Venezuela"
2540:"Venezuela clashes 'self-inflicted coup': OAS"
2304:
1881:El Caracazo Case, Judgment of 11 November 1999
1319:
3004:. El Nacional. 8 October 2014. Archived from
2446:
2298:
2226:
2199:
1789:Lander, Edgardo; Fierro, Luis A. (Jul 1996).
1289:
575:, also founded in 1931, was initially led by
395:
2368:
2134:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1997:Almeida, Paul; PĂ©rez MartĂn, Amalia (2022).
1788:
1238:"1935 - CronologĂa de historia de Venezuela"
1160:"1918 - CronologĂa de historia de Venezuela"
883:Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR)
2248:
2110:Toro, MoisĂ©s NaĂm, Francisco (2016-05-12).
1906:
1140:List of incidents of civil unrest in France
885:, tactics used by security forces included
463:. The same month the student and dissident
2562:
1974:Presidential Decree Authority in Venezuela
1927:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1830:
1275:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1222:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMiranda2001 (
820:
774:Between 13 and 15 March 1987, students in
757:ConfederaciĂłn de Trabajadores de Venezuela
717:del pueblo, por el pueblo y para el pueblo
474:, a group of students later dubbed as the
402:
388:
2864:
2816:
2810:
2664:
2028:
2022:
1360:(in Spanish). Larense. pp. 122–124.
1081:has accused the Venezuelan government of
986:as well as the incidents surrounding the
3072:
2937:
2907:
2735:"MuriĂł mujer en una barricada en MĂ©rida"
2670:
2207:"Venezuela's economy: Medieval policies"
1891:
1889:
1355:
1004:Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela
593:
3046:
3020:
2752:
2708:Center for Economic and Policy Research
2568:
2514:"Venezuela's Descent Into Dictatorship"
1869:
1756:
1702:
1580:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1260:
1217:
3180:
3109:from the original on 24 September 2015
2994:
2962:
2758:
2683:from the original on 24 September 2015
1999:Collective Resistance to Neoliberalism
1992:
1990:
1966:
1826:
1824:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1698:
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1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1652:
1617:
1514:
1435:
733:
590:Eleazar LĂłpez Contreras administration
550:AgrupaciĂłn Revolucionaria de Izquierda
356:Death and state funeral of Hugo Chávez
3188:Riots and civil disorder in Venezuela
3078:
2838:
2786:
1886:
1613:
1611:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1510:
1508:
1490:
932:1998 Venezuelan presidential election
905:
2975:. Human Rights Watch. Archived from
2701:
2695:
2109:
2065:from the original on 16 January 2014
1598:"Venezuelan students fight police".
1465:
1351:
1349:
1323:Pérez Jiménez y su tiempo: 1930-1948
1242:bibliofep.fundacionempresaspolar.org
1192:Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela
1164:Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela
1052:attempt, which was orchestrated by "
837:economic policies prescribed by the
2732:
2305:Sequera, Vivia (22 February 2014).
1987:
1921:
1821:
1782:
1735:
1679:
1358:Historia Contemporánea de Venezuela
147:American Confederation of Venezuela
13:
2921:. 23 February 2014. Archived from
2817:Kurmanaev, Anatoly; Pons, Corina.
2175:"Inflation rate (consumer prices)"
1608:
1569:
1543:
1505:
1254:
762:The Lusinchi government announced
563:and others. This later became the
14:
3209:
3198:Political repression in Venezuela
3079:Lopez, Leopoldo (25 March 2014).
2844:
2462:. 19 January 2017. Archived from
2017:Caracazo anti-neoliberal uprising
1931:Journal of Latin American Studies
1834:Journal of Latin American Studies
1763:Springer International Publishing
1346:
1026:acting president, resulting in a
1002:occurred when the pro-government
841:, which included the adoption of
831:International Monetary Fund (IMF)
669:Marcos Pérez Jiménez dictatorship
2569:Goodman, Joshua (9 April 2017).
1777:the el Caracazo massacre in 1989
1653:Bamrud, Joachim (October 1988).
371:
47:
3147:
3121:
2787:Watts, Jonathan (19 May 2016).
2726:
2671:Cawthorne, Andrew; Ore, Diego.
2616:
2532:
2506:
2478:
2418:
2390:
2351:
2325:
2274:
2167:
2142:
2103:
2077:
2047:
1646:
1591:
1429:
1398:
1320:Capriles Ayala, Carlos (1988).
1130:Protests against Nicolás Maduro
944:Protests against Nicolás Maduro
785:Central University of Venezuela
645:Central University of Venezuela
603:Central University of Venezuela
577:Francisco José "Kotepa" Delgado
423:Juan Vicente GĂłmez dictatorship
2870:Nicolas Maduro. 1 April 2014.
2759:Neuman, William (March 2014).
2546:. 1 April 2017. Archived from
1711:University of California Press
1655:"Free elections, unfree press"
1515:Neuman, William (2014-05-24).
1374:
1313:
1283:
1261:Mudarra, Miguel Angel (1971).
1230:
1180:
1152:
1118:COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela
559:(ARDI) in Colombia in 1931 by
238:Restorative Liberal Revolution
1:
2459:Latin American Herald Tribune
2378:. La Patilla. 19 January 2015
2311:The Christian Science Monitor
1263:Manual de historia venezolana
1145:
1085:arrests, most notably former
938:Nicolás Maduro administration
586:and Juan Bautista Fuenmayor.
2626:. El Universal. 15 July 2014
2112:"Venezuela Is Falling Apart"
1414:(in Spanish). Archived from
984:2015 parliamentary elections
910:Through the 1990s, Chávez's
573:Communist Party of Venezuela
565:Partido Democrático Nacional
7:
3081:"Venezuela's Failing State"
2872:Venezuela: A Call for Peace
2236:. Channel 4. 8 January 2014
1795:Latin American Perspectives
1618:Riding, Alan (1988-01-23).
1565:. 4 July 1987. pp. A5.
1123:
470:During the dictatorship of
427:After the surrender of the
10:
3214:
2604:. La Patilla. 17 July 2014
2029:Hellinger, Daniel (2014).
2003:Cambridge University Press
1982:Cambridge University Press
1978:Executive decree authority
1940:Cambridge University Press
1843:Cambridge University Press
1807:10.1177/0094582X9602300304
1604:. 1 May 1987. pp. A4.
1000:2017 constitutional crisis
996:National Electoral Council
941:
930:, with Chávez winning the
924:Movement Towards Socialism
889:, the use of torture, and
873:Venezuelan anthropologist
535:Iván DarĂo Maldonado Bello
417:
314:November 1992 coup attempt
309:February 1992 coup attempt
134:Viceroyalty of New Granada
15:
2970:"Punished for Protesting"
1972:Crisp, Brian F. (1998), "
1948:10.1017/S0022216X02006673
1851:10.1017/S0022216X02006673
1673:10.1080/03064228808534548
1447:; Holzer, Harold (eds.).
649:Francisco Antonio RĂsquez
626:Bolivar Square in Caracas
599:Francisco Antonio Risquez
187:Revolution of the Reforms
2878:Retrieved: 3 April 2014.
1501:(536): 121–124, 147–149.
1196:FundaciĂłn Empresas Polar
1168:FundaciĂłn Empresas Polar
1135:Protests in South Africa
1012:2017 Venezuelan protests
663:Carlos RamĂrez MacGregor
519:Francisco Ignacio Romero
492:JoaquĂn GabaldĂłn Márquez
217:Revindicating Revolution
1265:. Caracas. p. 287.
928:Fifth Republic Movement
887:enforced disappearances
821:Andrés Pérez presidency
615:Eleazar LĂłpez Contreras
531:Germán Suárez Flamerich
527:Juan Bautista Fuenmayor
2824:Bloomberg Businessweek
1386:Efemérides Venezolanas
1016:Mother of all Protests
988:2016 recall referendum
891:extrajudicial killings
728:democracy in Venezuela
606:
346:2004 recall referendum
341:2002–03 general strike
3193:Protests in Venezuela
1913:Amnesty International
1719:10.1525/9780520959187
1083:politically motivated
1071:Amnesty International
879:Amnesty International
597:
323:Bolivarian Revolution
243:Liberating Revolution
129:Province of Venezuela
2061:. 30 December 2013.
1449:Lincoln on Democracy
1110:On 23 January 2019,
1089:mayor and leader of
958:political corruption
839:Washington Consensus
689:asked in his honor.
679:Leonardo Ruiz Pineda
675:Marcos Pérez Jiménez
628:on their way to the
617:. He was a moderate
378:Venezuela portal
258:Oil industry history
64:Pre-Columbian period
16:For other uses, see
2876:The New York Times.
2550:on 25 February 2021
2491:Buenos Aires Herald
2466:on 25 February 2021
2262:on 19 February 2014
1660:Index on Censorship
1584:The Washington Post
1418:on 2 September 2022
1194:. Biblioteca de la
1166:. Biblioteca de la
1069:organizations like
1028:presidential crisis
827:Carlos Andrés Pérez
734:Lusinchi presidency
361:Crisis in Venezuela
222:Legalist Revolution
192:1848–1849 civil war
154:War of Independence
18:Venezuelan protests
3085:The New York Times
3034:on 13 October 2014
2895:. 20 November 2013
2766:The New York Times
2652:. 27 February 2014
2544:Sky News Australia
2518:The New York Times
2313:. Associated Press
2180:CIA World Factbook
1765:, pp. 57–83,
1625:The New York Times
1522:The New York Times
1188:"Machado, Gustavo"
1075:Human Rights Watch
906:Caldera presidency
900:summary executions
843:austerity measures
779:imprisoned at the
764:austerity measures
692:On 27 March 1957,
611:Juan Vicente GĂłmez
607:
567:, a forerunner of
511:Miguel Otero Silva
507:Andrés Eloy Blanco
476:Generation of 1928
472:Juan Vicente GĂłmez
461:Juan Vicente GĂłmez
351:2007 RCTV protests
263:Generation of 1928
3105:. 20 March 2014.
3060:. 20 October 2014
3008:on 9 October 2014
2434:. 7 December 2016
2406:. 26 October 2016
2091:. 7 November 2013
1772:978-3-319-59506-1
1728:978-0-520-95918-7
1333:978-980-6201-03-3
969:the 2014 protests
893:. Members of the
845:and implementing
753:Democratic Action
687:minute of silence
630:Miraflores Palace
569:Democratic Action
561:RĂłmulo Betancourt
480:RĂłmulo Betancourt
412:
411:
336:2002 coup attempt
276:Democratic period
139:Captaincy General
3205:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2885:
2879:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2714:on 23 March 2015
2710:. Archived from
2702:Johnston, Jake.
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2581:Associated Press
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2372:
2366:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2183:. Archived from
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2026:
2020:
2019:
1994:
1985:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1925:
1919:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1884:
1878:
1867:
1866:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1754:
1733:
1732:
1700:
1677:
1676:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1512:
1503:
1502:
1488:
1463:
1462:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1156:
1099:media censorship
992:President Maduro
875:Fernando Coronil
802:Independence Day
781:El Dorado prison
699:Lincoln Portrait
601:, rector of the
585:
558:
543:Antonia Palacios
500:
404:
397:
390:
376:
375:
374:
268:El Trienio Adeco
248:1902–03 blockade
212:April Revolution
197:March Revolution
106:
92:
51:
41:
23:
22:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3166:
3164:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2925:on 27 July 2014
2913:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2869:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2845:Milne, Seumas.
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2733:Sanchez, Nora.
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2684:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2520:. 31 March 2017
2512:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2494:. 31 March 2017
2484:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2303:
2299:
2290:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2027:
2023:
2013:
1995:
1988:
1971:
1967:
1926:
1922:
1911:
1907:
1902:. 5 March 1989.
1895:
1894:
1887:
1879:
1870:
1829:
1822:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1755:
1736:
1729:
1713:. p. 194.
1701:
1680:
1651:
1647:
1638:
1636:
1616:
1609:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1579:
1570:
1558:
1557:
1544:
1535:
1533:
1513:
1506:
1494:Current History
1489:
1466:
1459:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1419:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1390:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1367:9-789802-112661
1354:
1347:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1304:
1288:
1284:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1244:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1200:
1198:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1126:
946:
940:
908:
854:Anti-neoliberal
823:
814:self-censorship
736:
671:
592:
579:
552:
539:Gustavo Machado
494:
484:JĂłvito Villalba
465:Gustavo Machado
425:
420:
408:
372:
370:
365:
319:
318:
289:Punto Fijo Pact
272:
231:Andean Hegemony
227:
226:
207:Blue Revolution
175:
164:Second Republic
143:
104:
88:
39:
32:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3211:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3174:
3173:
3146:
3120:
3090:
3071:
3058:United Nations
3045:
3019:
2993:
2982:on 13 May 2014
2961:
2936:
2906:
2880:
2863:
2837:
2809:
2779:
2751:
2725:
2694:
2663:
2637:
2615:
2593:
2561:
2531:
2505:
2477:
2445:
2431:Deutsche Welle
2417:
2403:Deutsche Welle
2389:
2367:
2350:
2339:. 7 March 2014
2324:
2297:
2273:
2247:
2225:
2198:
2187:on 17 May 2020
2166:
2141:
2102:
2076:
2046:
2039:
2021:
2011:
1986:
1965:
1920:
1905:
1885:
1868:
1820:
1781:
1771:
1734:
1727:
1678:
1645:
1607:
1590:
1587:. p. A28.
1568:
1542:
1504:
1464:
1457:
1441:"Introduction"
1437:Holzer, Harold
1428:
1397:
1373:
1366:
1345:
1332:
1312:
1282:
1253:
1229:
1220:, p. 265.
1207:
1179:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1095:Leopoldo LĂłpez
1079:United Nations
1046:Nicolas Maduro
1036:hunger strikes
973:Nicolás Maduro
962:Miss Venezuela
942:Main article:
939:
936:
916:Rafael Caldera
907:
904:
822:
819:
748:Puntofijo Pact
744:1980s oil glut
740:Jaime Lusinchi
735:
732:
704:New York Times
670:
667:
591:
588:
457:BolĂvar Square
455:and headed to
441:United Kingdom
424:
421:
419:
416:
410:
409:
407:
406:
399:
392:
384:
381:
380:
367:
366:
364:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
331:Vargas tragedy
327:
317:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
280:
271:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
225:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
183:
174:
173:
172:
171:
169:Third Republic
166:
161:
159:First Republic
142:
141:
136:
131:
116:
115:
111:
110:
109:
108:
100:
95:
94:
93:
81:
76:
71:
66:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
34:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3210:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2978:
2971:
2965:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2813:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2755:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2625:
2619:
2603:
2597:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2565:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2377:
2371:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2235:
2229:
2214:
2213:
2212:The Economist
2208:
2202:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2156:. 5 July 2018
2155:
2151:
2145:
2137:
2131:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2042:
2040:9781134070077
2036:
2033:. Routledge.
2032:
2025:
2018:
2014:
2012:9781108981873
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1890:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1825:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1674:
1670:
1667:(10): 10–11.
1666:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1612:
1603:
1602:
1601:Vancouver Sun
1594:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1562:Vancouver Sun
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
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