Proto-Albanian language

13349:, p. 5: "Much has been written about the origin of the Albanian language. The most probable predecessor of Albanian was Illyrian, since much of the present-day Albania was inhabited by the Illyrians during the Antiquity, but the comparison of the two languages is impossible because almost nothing is known about Illyrian, despite the fact that two handbooks of that language have been published (by Hans Krahe and Anton Mayer)... examination of personal names and toponyms from Illyricum shows that several onomastic areas can be distinguished, and these onomastic areas just might correspond to different languages spoken in ancient Illyricum. If Illyrians actually spoke several different languages, the question arises -from which 'Illyrian' language did Albanian develop, and that question cannot be answered until new data are discovered.The single "Illyrian" gloss preserved in Greek (rhínon 'fog') may have the reflex in Alb. (Gheg) re͂ 'cloud' (Tosk re)< PAlb. *ren-." 3909:

century BCE rather than the 1st century CE. After this period ends, Latin contact begins to transform the language. 2) "Early Proto-Albanian": corresponds to the earlier phases of what is for Orel "Late Proto-Albanian". For Matasović, the period spans the 1st century BCE to the 6th century CE, halting before contact with Slavic idioms begins. 3) "Late Proto-Albanian": includes the last two centuries of LPA for Orel, plus most of the unattested period of "Old Albanian", halting before Turkish influence begins. In this paradigm, Gheg and Tosk split from Early Proto-Albanian, not Late Proto-Albanian, consistent with our knowledge that the split preceded Slavic contact. 4) "Early Albanian": corresponds to the late, Ottoman, phase of Old Albanian in the traditional paradigm, ending in 1800, at which point it transitions to Modern Albanian.

13379:, p. 11: "Although there are some lexical items that appear to be shared between Romanian (and by extension Dacian) and Albanian, by far the strongest connections can be argued between Albanian and Illyrian. The latter was at least attested in what is historically regarded as Albanian territory and there is no evidence of any major migration into Albanian territory since our records of Illyrian occupation. The loan words from Greek and Latin date back to before the Christian era and suggest that the ancestors of the Albanians must have occupied Albania by then to have absorbed such loans from their histori-cal neighbors. As the Illyrians occupied Albanian territory at this time, they are the most likely recipients of such loans." 4266:

ja), it was restored by the leveling of /ai/ to /e/ and other phenomena that replaced /a/, /ie/, and /ue/ with /e/. The only long vowel preserved in its original form was *ī. *ō was replaced by *ue, *ē was merged into *ā and both were rounded and eventually raised to *o, while *ū merged with the diphthong *ui, ultimately rendering *y. By Late Proto-Albanian, all the original Indo-European diphthongs had now leveled, but new diphthongs were absorbed in loans, and were also innovated by breaking phenomena: *ie, *ue and *ui. *ai in Latin words with AE shared the fate of inherited Early Proto-Albanian *ai, becoming *e, while Latin AU similarly shared the fate of inherited *au and became *a.

2750: 3234:. The fact that the Albanian language reflects a clear pastoralist stage does not allow conclusions about the Proto-Albanian speakers' way of life during classical antiquity, as only the speech of the mountain pastoralists managed to survive the Great Migrations. It has been suggested that the Latin influence on Albanian resulted from a urbanized way of life, which was followed by a flight from towns similar to what occurred to the Eastern-Romance speakers. Nevertheless, the extensive influence of the Albanian language on the pastoral vocabulary and its influence, albeit lower, on the 2765: 12687:̄"kid"). However it was most likely not directly borrowed from Semitic, but from a European substrate language that in turn had loaned the word from a common third source. Hence it can be viewed as an old cultural word, which was slowly transmitted to different European languages, and then adopted by the newcoming Indo-European speakers. Within this scenario it should be remarked the exclusive sharing of a common proto-form between Albanian, Greek, and Armenian, which could have been borrowed at a pre-stage that was common to these languages. 3536:

Church administration, which was controlled by a thick network of Roman bishoprics, collapsed with the arrival of the Slavs. Between the early 7th century and the late 9th century the interior areas of the Balkans were deprived of church administration, and Christianity might have survived only as a popular tradition on a reduced degree. The reorganization of the Church as a cult institution in the region took a considerable amount of time, as the Balkans were brought back into the Christian orbit only after the recovery of the

151: 4145:

maintained in Albanian as *o. Additionally, some Latin loans with short *u saw Latin *u replaced by *o, as well as *ə specifically in unstressed positions before sonorants. In two cases, Orel argues that Latin short /u/ was lengthened in Albanian to /u:/, ultimately to render /y/. On the other hand, whatever effect Ancient Greek loanwords had at their time of absorption is unclear, but diachronically the vowels always agree with regular internal Albanian developments.

3213:. Those innovations ultimately prompted the rise of Tosk from Proto-Albanian, a diversification that began not later than the 6th–7th centuries CE (i.e. before the period of contacts with Slavic). Gheg Albanian was already separated from the Albanian–(Proto-)Romanian contact zone at an earlier period. Toponymy provides evidence that Albanian was already spoken since late antiquity in northern and central Albania, but not yet in southern Albania (south of the 17315: 13367:, p. 446: "Albanian forms its own separate branch of Indo-European; it is the last branch to appear in written records. This is one of the reasons why its origins are shrouded in mystery and controversy. The widespread assertion that it is the modern–day descendant of Illyrian, spoken in much the same region during classical times (), makes geographic and historical sense but is linguistically untestable since we know so little about Illyrian." 4294:. The traditional view presented by Orel and Desnickaja is that distinctive nasalization was lost by Tosk but retained by Gheg and that this is a taxonomical difference between the two. However this has now been challenged, after Sheper and Gjinari discovered Lab dialects (Lab is a subdialect of Tosk) in the Kurvelesh region that still had distinctive nasal vowels, and Totoni likewise found that the Lab speech of 13094:; see Hock 2005; Klingenschmitt 1994: 221; Matzinger 2006: 23; B. Demiraj 1997: 41–67; Hamp 1992: 885–902). Additional external information on the development of the phonology is provided by different layers of loanwords, of which those from Slavic (from ca. 600 CE onward) and from Latin (ca. 167 BCE−400 CE) are the most important. Since the main phonological distinction between Tosk and Geg, viz. rhotacism of 13373:, pp. 65–66: ""Illyrisch" möchte ich nicht klassifizieren, da hierüber nicht einmal klar ist, ob es sich tatsächlich um eine Sprache handelt und nicht Ma-terial aus mehreren Sprachen, die auf albanischem Boden Spuren hinterlassen haben. Falls man jedoch Illyrisch als die Vorläufersprache des Albanischen definiert (wofür einiges spricht), ist Illyrisch automatisch im Zweig des Albani-schen enthalten." 3010: 2994: 2978: 2962: 2944: 2928: 2910: 2892: 2876: 2858: 2842: 2826: 2808: 2790: 2772: 2757:(in red), which included ancient Dardania, is considered as the best candidate for the area where Proto-Albanian received its major Latin influence, and where it experienced intensive contacts with Proto-Romance during the post-Latin period, which eventually produced the Tosk Albanian–(Proto)Romanian innovations that prompted the rise of Tosk from Proto-Albanian. 13235:, p. 9: "The Greek and Latin loans have undergone most of the far-reaching phonological changes which have so altered the shape of inherited words while Slavic and Turkish words do not show those changes. Thus Albanian must have acquired much of its present form by the time Slavs entered into Balkans in the fifth and sixth centuries AD" 2330:, which left traces of the Mediterranean-Balkan substratum. Shortly after they had diverged from one another, Pre-Albanian, Pre-Greek, and Pre-Armenian underwent a longer period of contact, as shown by common correspondences that are irregular for other IE languages. Furthermore, intense Greek–Albanian contacts have continued thereafter. 12643:("(nanny) goat"). It has been noted that the Balkan IE root and all the alleged Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian roots with a meaning "goat" are likely to be not Proto-Indo-European, as they may all originate as independent and relatively early, post-PIE borrowings, from the substrate languages spoken by the 8590:

Many Indo-Europeanists have classified Albanian as a satem language since it has dental fricatives /θ/ and /ð/ as the common reflex of the palatal series, while velar and labiovelar stops in most cases have merged. However, there is clear evidence that all three IE dorsal series remained distinct (at

3964:

In Early Proto-Albanian, stress was paradigmatic, and behaved according to morphological class, with a base on the first syllable. In different paradigms, the stress pattern was varyingly barytonic, oxytonic, and mobile. Unstressed vowels lost one mora—long vowels were shortened, already short vowels

3527:

600 CE), speakers of Eastern Romance varieties that were not yet affected by this fundamental sound change separated from the Tosk Albanian–Common Romanian contact zone. In a period that followed the rise of those innovations, Tosk Albanian is considered to have moved – driven by the offensive of the

4301:

Slavic *ū appears to still have been back and round when it was loaned into Albanian, but it is after the diphthongization and resulting fronting of the original Early Proto-Albanian *ū to *y was no longer absorbing new *ū segments, as they are, with only three exceptions, reflected as *u. Slavic *o

3535:

At the time of the South Slavic incursion and the threat of ethnic turbulence in the Albanian-inhabited regions, the Christianization of the Albanians had already been completed and it had apparently developed for Albanians as a further identity-forming feature alongside the ethnic-linguistic unity.

3511:

and adjacent areas. From this contact the Tosk Albanian dialect is considered to have received the first impetus of developments that were shared with Eastern Romance and that did not affect the Gheg Albanian dialect as it had already separated in earlier times. After a period of common innovations,

4313:

It was at the end of the LPA period that length became no longer distinctive in Albanian, although many Gheg and some Lab dialects preserved it and/or re-innovated it. Furthermore, by Old Albanian, all diphthongs had been lost: those ending in -i were all leveled, the -u was lost in those ending in

4144:

Early Proto-Albanian's vowel inventory began to change as a result of Latin contact. Initially Albanian was resistant to the restoration of short *o as a separate phoneme, with Latin unstressed *o being replaced by *a, and stressed Latin *o being replaced by *u. However, in later loans, Latin *o is

2049:

In historical linguistics Proto-Albanian is broken up into different stages which are usually delimited by the onset of contact with different well-attested languages. Pre-Proto-Albanian is the early stage of the precursor of Albanian during the first millennium BCE, marked by contacts with Ancient

13046:

bezeichnet werden. Da das Hethitische (im antiken Kleinasien) und das mykenische Griechische schon im 2. Jahrtausend v.Chr. als voll ausgebildete, d.h. individuelle Sprachen dokumentiert sind, kann auch die Vorstufe des Albanischen (das Frühuralbanische) mindestens ab dem ersten Jahrtausend v.Chr.

12580:

in Hyllested & Joseph (2022). Hyllested & Joseph (2022) in agreement with recent bibliography identify Greco-Phrygian as the IE branch closest to the Albanian-Messapic one. These two branches form an areal grouping – which is often called "Balkan IE" – with Armenian. Hyllested & Joseph

13279:

and proceeded to spread it to wherever Vlachs expanded subsequently. The shared Tosk-Romanian innovations obviously constitute the final stage of the crucial and well-publicized period of Albanian-Romanian convergence. Since these inno-vations are found either not at all or only marginally in the

4265:

Late Proto-Albanian exhibited *a, *i and *u throughout its development as distinctive short vowels. *o was restored to the phonemic inventory as a result of loanwords where it was increasingly maintained instead of replaced. Although *e was eliminated by breaking to *ie (which would render je and

12077:

In PA adjectival declension, all cases other than the nominative singular and plural were lost. Adjectives in PA had either masculine or feminine gender depending on the gender of the word they refer to. The derivation of adjectives from PIE to Proto-Albanian follows all the rules for indefinite

3217:

river). Those considerations indicate that unlike Gheg, the Tosk dialect could not yet have already occupied its historical geographic distribution in late antiquity. On the other hand, the multi-layered Albanian dialects in western North Macedonia provide evidence that the area was inhabited by

3908:

Ranko Matasović distinguishes the following periods of Proto-Albanian: 1) "Pre-Proto-Albanian": essentially equivalent to Vladimir Orel's "Early Proto-Albanian", except that the newer paradigm of Matasović dates Latin/Albanian contact a century earlier, and thus it ends for Matasović in the 1st

3647:

As Albanian and South Slavic have been in contact since the early Middle Ages, loanwords in both belong to different chronological strata and reveal different periods of acquisition. The earliest phase of contacts is dated to the 6th–8th century CE, reflecting some of the more archaic phonetic

16697:

Rusakov, Alexander (2013). "Некоторые изоглоссы на албанской диалектной карте (К вопросу о возникновении и распространении балканизмов албанского языка)" [Some isoglosses on the Albanian dialectal map (On the issue of the emergence and spread of Balkanisms of the Albanian language)].

12592:'seed', were formed from non-agricultural Proto-Indo-European roots through semantic changes to adapt them for agriculture. Since they are limited only to Albanian and Greek, they can be traced back with certainty only to their last common Indo-European ancestor, and not projected back into 12788:

or objects made out of wood. Orel (1998) noted 24 isoglosses between Balto-Slavic and Albanian, 48 common words between Baltic and Albanian and 24 between Albanian and Slavic. Hyllested & Joseph (2022) review Orel's common items and argue that a substantial number don't have convincing

4269:

Phonemically nasal vowels emerged in Late Proto-Albanian. First, all vowels standing before nasal consonants were nasalized. The following nasal consonant was then lost in certain morphological contexts, while the vowel remained nasalized, resulting in the emergence of LPA phonemes denoted

3565:

over the Balkans, as the Church and the State established an institution. The Eastern Church expanded its influence in the area along with the social and political developments. Between the 7th and 12th centuries a powerful network of cult institutions were revived completely covering the

3160:

and began to establish its rule in the Western Balkans, gradually consolidating its dominion during the last two centuries BCE. But the major Latin influence in Proto-Albanian occurred since the first years of the common era, when the Western Balkans were eventually incorporated into the

4140:

possessed four distinctive short vowels: *a, *e, *i and *u. Proto-Indo-European *o had merged into *a by the Early Proto-Albanian stage. A five-way distinction was maintained for long vowels: *ā, *ē, *ī, *ō, and *ū. Early Proto-Albanian also had four diphthongs: *ei, *ai, *eu and *au.

2741:. Since they precede the Balkan sprachbund era, those innovations date to a prehistoric phase of the Albanian language, spoken at that time in the same area as Greek and within a social frame of bilingualism among early Albanians having to be able to speak some form of Greek. 4302:

had already become *a in the Slavic languages that contacted Albanian by the time of contact, and was loaned as *a for the most part; as is reflected also in other non-Slavic languages absorbing these words. After /v/, this *a became *o again in two attested cases:

3594:

to the Balkans and settled the plains from the 6th–7th centruries CE, they encountered Albanian-speaking Indo-Europeans and assimilated part of them, but the language of the Albanians who had taken refuge in the mountainous areas of present-day northern and central

13247:, p. 23: "In Tosk /a/ before a nasal has become a central vowel (shwa), and intervocalic /n/ has become /r/. These two sound changes have affected only the pre-Slav stratum of the Albanian lexicon, that is the native words and loanwords from Greek and Latin" 3965:

were often deleted. In Later Proto-Albanian, however, a new system of unstressed vowel reduction emerged where *a reduced to *ë while all others were simply deleted (except for post-tonic inlaut vowels, which became *ë). Orel gives the following examples:

12765:("dream"; Greek/Armenian/Albanian). Armenian/Albanian isoglosses are considered "insignificant" by Orel. There are a considerable number of Indo-Iranian/Albanian isoglosses, which are notably often connected with horses, horse tending, and milk products. 3947:

Extensive recent studies on Proto-Albanian phonology have been published by Huld (1984), Beekes (1995), Shaban Demiraj (1996), Bardhyl Demiraj (1997), Orel (2000), Hock (2005), Matzinger (2006), Vermeer (2008), Schumacher (2013), and De Vaan (2018).

3238:

vocabulary, in Eastern Romance languages, indicate that Proto-Albanian speakers were already leading a pastoral lifestyle at the time when Latin speakers assumed the same way of life, borrowing from (Proto-)Albanian a number of technical terms.

13223:, p. 392: "The dialectal split into Gheg and Tosk happened sometime after the region become Christianized in the fourth century AD; Christian Latin loanwords show Tosk rhotacism, such as Tosk murgu "monk" (Geg mungu) from Lat. monachus." 2333:

The precursor of Albanian can be considered a completely formed independent IE language since at least the first millennium BCE, with the beginning of the early Proto-Albanian phase. The precursor of Albanian is often thought to have been an

3928:", reflecting the terminology of earlier writing in German. What is for Orel "Early Proto-Albanian" (EPA), dated definitively before the onset of Latin contact, is for De Vaan, "Pre-Proto-Albanian" (PPAlb); in German, this stage is called " 13355:, p. 131: "The poorly attested Illyrian was in antiquity an important Indo-European language in the Balkans, and it is widely believed to survive in the Albanian language (cf. Mallory 1989: 73–76; Fortson 2004: 405–406 and 390)." 10018:) in Standard Albanian, has two historical versions: an original version from PIE and a later version which culminates into the contemporary version. The original versions in Early PA and PA are the direct reflex of athematic PIE 3229:

in the Roman Empire after the 3rd century CE, the Imperial structures progressively weakened and eventually collapsed. Proto-Albanian and Proto-Romanian speakers remained in close contact for a substantial time frame as mountain

4314:-u, and those ending in -e were converted to glide + vowel sequences; further changes including the frequent effacement of the former first element or otherwise its hardening into an occlusive (typically /v/ for former u-, and 3951:

At present, this page follows Orel's paradigm for periods of Proto-Albanian, and presents the relationship between the synchronic phonologies of both "EPA" and "LPA" with diachronic relationships to each other and to ancestral

12690:

Shortly after they had diverged from one another, Albanian, Greek, and Armenian, undoubtedly also underwent a longer period of contact (as can be seen, for example, in the irregular correspondence: Greek σκόρ(ο)δον, Armenian

15951:. The Emergence of the Modern Language Sciences: Studies on the Transition from Historical-comparative to Structural Linguistics in Honour of E.F.K. Koerner. Vol. 2. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 217–238. 13084:); however, Slavic loanwords, coming after the arrival of the Slavs in the Balkans in the 6th century, show the effects of neither change, and neither do Turkish loans, borrowed during the period of Ottoman rule." 16656:

Parpola, Asko (2012). "Formation of the Indo-European and Uralic (Finno-Ugric) language families in the light of archaeology: Revised and integrated 'total' correlations". In Riho Grünthal, Petri Kallio (ed.).

3936:". De Vaan also discusses the possibility of breaking "Pre-Proto-Albanian" into two stages: one before the first Greek loanwords, and one that is after the first Greek loanwords, but before contact with Latin. 12105:

Adjectives in contemporary Albanian always go in couple with the "adjectival article", a particle always found before the adjective. It's declination in the masculine singular, feminine singular and plural is

8998:, are all in Old Gheg, a dialect of Old Albanian, and show the verb declension in Old Albanian to trace an idea of the passage between PIE morphology and Proto-Albanian, which then evolved into Old Albanian: 13361:, p. 25: "It is often thought (for obvious geographic reasons) that Albanian descends from ancient Illyrian (see above), but this cannot be ascertained as we know next to nothing about Illyrian itself." 10738:

There are 5 cases (2 strong cases and 2 weak cases): nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and ablative, with a strong degree of syncretism among cases. PIE locative, vocative and instrumental were lost.

3615:

lifestyle and although separated from Slavic-speakers, Albanian-speakers were not isolated, and contacts between Albanian and Slavic occurred thereafter. In particular, Tosk Albanian came into contact with

3912:

Demiraj, like Matasović and unlike Orel, observes the 5th/6th centuries as a boundary between stages, but instead places the "emergence of Albanian" from its parent after this point, rather than the 14th.

2007:

language family. The precursor of Albanian can be considered a completely formed independent IE language since at least the first millennium BCE, with the beginning of the early Proto-Albanian phase.

10798:

The two strong cases already merged into a single ending in the singular in Early PA, while the three weak cases already converged into a single ending in the singular as well. The ending was either

2046:(dated from 600 CE onward). The evidence from loanwords allows linguists to construct in great detail the shape of native words at the points of major influxes of loans from well-attested languages. 3924:, Demiraj's periods are adhered to. Orel's "Later Proto-Albanian", which is for them also definitively placed before Slavic contact, is referred to as simply "Proto-Albanian" (PAlb) or, in German, " 12911:

The exact extension of the region is under investigation. Scholars argue that the main region of the Balkan interior where a post-Roman Latin-speaking population could have survived included the

16141:

Lafe, Genc (2022). "I rapporti tra toponimi e voci ereditate dell'albanese sulla base dell'analisi della loro evoluzione fonetica". In Shaban Sinani; Francesco Altimari; Matteo Mandalà (eds.).

16319:

Manzini, M. Rita (2018). "Introduction: Structuring thought, externalizing structure: Variation and universals". In Grimaldi, Mirko; Lai, Rosangela; Franco, Ludovico; Baldi, Benedetta (eds.).

10794:

was unstressed in most cases, it was lost in contemporary Albanian. Hence, today most of masculine words in the strong cases end in consonants except for some false feminine words ending in

3624:

dialects. Early long-standing contacts between Slavic-speakers and Albanian-speakers might have been common in mountain passages and agriculture or fishing areas, such as the valleys of the

3582:

did not involve Albanian-speakers, indeed, the Christian belief among Albanians had survived through the centuries and already become an important cultural element in their ethnic identity.

3799:), which is attested in this form from 879 CE, required an early long-standing period of Tosk Albanian–East South Slavic bilingualism, or at least contact, resulting from the Tosk Albanian 15278: 16442:

Matzinger, Joachim (2017). "L'elemento latino della lingua albanese — un impatto della Via Egnatia?" [The Latin Element of the Albanian Language — an Impact of the Via Egnatia?].

15765:

Friedman, Victor (2023). "The importance of Aromanian for the study of Balkan language contact in the context of Balkan-Caucasian parallels". In Aminian Jazi, Ioana; Kahl, Thede (eds.).

2338:

for obvious geographic and historical reasons as well as for some linguistic evidence, or otherwise an unmentioned Balkan Indo-European language that was closely related to Illyrian and

4298:

also still has nasal vowel phonemes. This means that, instead of the traditional view, it is possible that denasalization happened in most Tosk dialects only after the split from Gheg.

2653:(West Greek), either directly from the colonists or indirectly through trade communication in the hinterland. During the 5th–4th centuries BCE Proto-Albanian directly loaned words from 8630:

Verbs in Early Proto-Albanian (Early PA) and contemporary Albanian are divided into thematic verbs and athematic verbs, thus following this division from Proto-Indo-European (PIE).

3889:

distinguishes the following periods of Proto-Albanian: 1) "Early Proto-Albanian" (EPA): spoken before the 1st century CE, when Albanian had not yet acquired extensive influence via

3205:

and adjacent zones, constitute the best candidate for the area where Proto-Albanian received its major Latin influence, and where intensive contacts between Proto-Albanian and

15881:

Hyllested, Adam (2016). "Proto-Indo-European reconstruction and Albanian Phonotactics". In Jamison, Stephanie W.; Melchert, Harold Craig; Vine, Brent; Mercado, Angelo (eds.).

3139:) from its ancient form required an early long-standing period of Tosk Albanian–East South Slavic bilingualism or at least contact before its first attestation in 879 CE. 2054:

conquest of the Western Balkans, but the major Latin influence occurred since the first years of the common era when the Western Balkans were eventually incorporated into the

13259:, p. 606: "As is well known, the rise of Tosk as a recognizable dialec-tal unit involves two innovations that have parallels in early Romanian: Romanian centralized its 12707:"garlic"). Furthermore, intense Greek–Albanian contacts certainly have occurred thereafter. An example of secondary derivations from Palaeo-Balkan linguistic contacts is the 11633:, which is the mark of the indefinite feminine words. The two strong cases (nominative and accusative) already merged in Early PA. The plural of all weak cases comes from PA 12742:'lime, tartar' and Greek σπίνος 'lime' derive from a secondary origin as they were probably borrowed from Thracian due to phonetic reasons. Indeed, the original IE cluster 2346:

of Albanian, developed in southeast Italy after crossing the Adriatic Sea at least since the Early Iron Age, being attested in about six hundred inscriptions from Iron Age

12968:

and other features, as Albanian no longer developed phonological changes during that later period of contacts, hence they resulted different from the earlier loans, e.g.

13098:, is found in only a few Slavic loanwords in Tosk (Ylli 1997: 317; Svane 1992: 292 f.), I assume that Proto-Albanian predated the influx of most of the Slavic loanwords. 3218:

Albanian-speakers since antiquity. The historical geographic spread of the Albanian dialects as it appeared in medieval times is considered to have been shaped by the

16051:

Kroonen, Guus (2012). "Non-Indo-European root nouns in Germanic: evidence in support of the Agricultural Substrate Hypothesis". In Riho Grünthal, Petri Kallio (ed.).

2669:

and other ancient glossaries. Some of the Proto-Albanian glosses in Hesychius are considered to have been loaned to the Dorik Greek as early as the 7th century BCE.

13343:, p. 1122: "Though the origin of the language has been debated, the prevailing opinion in the literature is that it is a descendant of Illyrian (Hetzer 1995)." 10264:

The sigmatic aorist conjugation is based on the athematic paradygm as well and zero-grade in morphology is explained by the influence of the participles in PA.

16820:

Trumper, John (2018). "Some Celto-Albanian isoglosses and their implications". In Grimaldi, Mirko; Lai, Rosangela; Franco, Ludovico; Baldi, Benedetta (eds.).

15903: 3858:

remains in its infancy so there are some limitations to the work. However, there have been developments in the understanding of the historical development of

3901:. 2) "Late Proto-Albanian" (LPA): after extensive Latin contact, with the end of the period seeing contacts between ancient Slavic idioms still close to the 2062:

in the 6th–7th centuries CE. The rise of Tosk from Proto-Albanian was prompted before Slavic contacts circa 600 CE, as evidenced by the fact that Latin and

2050:

Greek, but not yet by contacts with Latin. Proto-Albanian proper is dated to the period of contacts with Latin, starting from the 2nd century BCE after the

16390:

Matzinger, Joachim (2009). "Shqiptarët si pasardhës të ilirëve nga këndvështrimi i gjuhësisë historike". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens; Frantz, Eva Anne (eds.).

10249:

The asigmatic aorist conjugation is based on the athematic paradygm and has a mobile accent perhaps due to the augmentation, which consists in the prefix

16629: 2042:(West Greek) since the 7th century BCE, but the most important of which are those from Latin (dated by De Vaan to the period 167 BCE to 400 CE) and from 2038:

convergences with other languages. Loanwords into Albanian treated through its phonetic evolution can be traced back as early as the first contacts with

16841:

Vermeer, Willem (1996). "Linguistics and Politics: The origin of the Albanian language". In Gerlachlus Duijzings; Dušan Janjić; Shkëlzen Maliqi (eds.).

16663:. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia / Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne. Vol. 266. Helsinki: Société Finno-Ougrienne. pp. 119–184. 16431: 15350: 13064:, p. 34: "All such changes took place prior to the contacts between Albanian and Balkan Slavonic, i.e. before the 7th century СЕ." p. 37: "Thus, 17149: 16243:

Majer, Marek (2019). "Parahistoria indoevropiane e fjalës shqipe për 'motrën'" [Indo-European Prehistory of the Albanian Word for 'Sister'].

17351: 15140:

Baldi, Benedetta; Savoia, Leonardo M. (2017). "Cultura e identità nella lingua albanese" [Culture and Identity in the Albanian Language].

13280:

Slavic loans into Romanian and Albanian, it follows that the rise of Tosk preceded both the expansion of Romanian and the influx of Slavic Ioans."

3185:

terms are of Latin origin, and since they entered Proto-Albanian before the Gheg–Tosk dialectal diversification, the Proto-Albanian speakers were

17250: 16412:

Der altalbanische Text Mbsuame e krështerë (Dottrina cristiana) des Lekë Matrënga von 1592: eine Einführung in die albanische Sprachwissenschaft

12955:– the transitional South Slavic dialects – are influenced by the features which emerged in the Albanian and Eastern Romance spoken in this area. 10253:. The same structure can be found in Greek. In contemporary Albanian, the augmentation prefix is lost. In the third person singular, the ending 2066:

loanwords are treated like native words with regard to taxonomical differences between Gheg and Tosk, but the same is not true of Slavic loans.

1936: 16057:. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia = Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne. Vol. 266. Société Finno-Ougrienne. pp. 239–260. 12894:

language and the toponymic and Romanian evidence indicate that the South Slavs who became Serbo-Croatian speakers settled in a zone of former

12838:("gray"). Specifically Celtic/Albanian vocabulary was previously thought to be limited although including at least one core vocabulary item ( 3875: 16030:

Klingenschmitt, Gert (1994). "Das Albanische als Glied der indogermanischen Sprachfamilie". In Jens E. Rasmussen; Benedicte Nielsen (eds.).

10818:, but it is unknown if the weak cases already merged in Pre-Albanian. Today, weak cases are distinguished each other by the use of clitics. 1900: 16009:(2016). "Balkan, Indo-European, and Universal Perspectives on 'be' in Albanian". In Andrew Miles Byrd; Jessica DeLisi; Mark Wenthe (eds.). 15503: 3181:), reflecting different chronological layers and penetrating, without any restrictions, into virtually all semantic fields. Even the basic 3566:

ecclesiastical administration of the entire present-day Albanian-speaking compact area. In particular an important role was played by the

2058:. Common Albanian or its two dialects, Proto-Gheg and Proto-Tosk, experienced the earliest contacts with South Slavic languages since the 17043: 15400:(2004). "Gjendja gjuhësore e Gadishullit Ballkanik në lashtësi" [The linguistic situation of the Balkan Peninsula in antiquity]. 13090:, p. 1732: "Internal comparison between the Tosk and Geg dialects allows us to reconstruct a Proto-Albanian stage (PAlb.; in German 1098: 12850:"full moon"), but recent work by Trumper in 2018 has proposed a larger though still not overwhelming set, with the notable addition of 8671:

The second person plural has no reflex from PA but it was shaped later, between the passage from PA to Old Albanian; the modern ending

2369:

exclusively observing Albanian accent and phonetic rules, as well as by several Proto-Albanian items preserved in ancient glossaries.

8608:

The (partial) retention of the Proto-IE three-way contrast for dorsal stops is an archaic feature that links Albanian with the wider

3562: 12939:. An evidence is considered the fact that after the arrival of Slavic speech, this region constituted a separation zone between the 8575:) the palatal series has merged with velar series, while the labiovelar series remained distinct; whereas in the "satem" languages ( 2764: 13104:, p. 41: "Diese Zeitspanne von der Antike bis ca. 600 n.Chr. wird in der Geschichtsschreibung die uralbanische Zeit genannt." 2353:

In classical antiquity Proto-Albanian was spoken in the central-western part of the Balkan Peninsula, to the north and west of the

15933:] (in Albanian). Prishtinë: Kosova Academy of Sciences and Arts, special editions CLII, Section of Linguistics and Literature. 15110: 9969:

The mutation *e > *a is regular and still preserved in Old Gheg but not in Standard Albanian (*a > regularly reduce to ë)

8563:") stops, viz. the palatal (*ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ), velar (*k *g *gʰ) and labiovelar (*kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ) series. In the "centum" languages (e.g. 3878:) as well as other Balkan linguists. A large amount of work done on Proto-Albanian is published in German, rather than English. 10841:. Then, in some words, one of the two ending became either fixed or preferred. In the words without preferred ending, stressed 15526: 16722: 16492: 16399: 16309: 16281: 16154: 15649: 15387: 15242: 15223: 12757:

Specifically Indo-Iranian/Greek/Albanian and Greek/Armenian/Albanian isoglosses are both relatively rare, examples including

1907: 1879: 15662:(2003). "Vendi i gegnishtes në gjuhën shqipe dhe në Ballkan" [The position of Gheg in Albanian and in the Balkans]. 10267:

The endings of the imperfect originally come from the endings of the asigmatic aorist; at a later stage, the original vowel

17344: 13038:, p. 6: "Folgende Lautwandel charakterisieren u.a. das Uralbanische (Protoalbanische) und grenzen es dadurch als eine 3025: 758: 16472: 15375: 3754:) and others. Part of the toponyms of early Slavic origin were acquired in Albanian before undergoing the changes of the 1864: 15504:"Einheitlichkeit und Spaltung im Laufe des Christianisierungsprozesses der Albaner. Eine ethno-linguistische Fallstudie" 4385:

This table differentiates short vowels form long vowels with the IPA symbol <ː> being applied to the long vowels.

3905:, in the 6th and 7th centuries CE. During this period the structure of Proto-Albanian was "shattered" by major changes. 17427: 1929: 1886: 817: 12898:

speech, which reasonably explains why the resultant population was well-predisposed to preserve the richest system of

3174:

The Latin loanwords in Proto-Albanian were borrowed through the entire period of spoken Latin in the Western Balkans (

2737:

Those innovations are limited only to the Albanian and Greek languages and are not shared with other languages of the

2094: 17011: 16986: 16957: 16902: 16852: 16831: 16801: 16780: 16751: 16668: 16618: 16597: 16576: 16516: 16420: 16330: 16062: 16041: 16020: 15956: 15915: 15892: 15847: 15823: 15755: 15730: 15628: 15489: 15468: 15440: 15419: 15267: 15215: 10026:; then, the pre-modern version in Late PA is a reworked version that fuses the original version in PA and the suffix 150: 15997:(2013). Spiro, Aristotel (ed.). "On Old and New Connections between Greek and Albanian: Some Grammatical Evidence". 9855:

in the third person singular and plural; perhaps, this infix is taken from the original third person plural in PIE,

2645:

Proto-Albanian speech came into contact in its earlier stage with Ancient Greek since the 7th century BCE, when the

15514: 9907:(identical to Ancient Greek), but then it was transformed into a thematic verb through the stem of the imperative. 3591: 3219: 2059: 1893: 657: 15676: 13109: 3648:

features of Slavic as well as early Albanian phonology. The early Slavic loanwords into Albanian developed Slavic

17432: 17337: 17036: 16700:Исследования по типологии славянских, балтийских и балканских языков (преимущественно в свете языковых контактов) 15323: 12651:. The view of a substrate borrowing can be corroborated by areal words for "goat" in other IE languages, such as 10873:(unstressed), it developed into contemporary zero-ending, which means that most of the plural end in consonant. 168: 16033:

In honorem Holger Pedersen: Kolloquium der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft vom 26. bis 28. März 1993 in Kopenhagen

11663:

The weak cases in PA were copied by analogy from the *a-stem nouns and show the thematic vowel of the feminine,

10008:

The stem is based on "jane"; an analogous phenomenon is in Romanian: "I am - they are" > "eu sunt - ei sunt"

8945:; the consonant /t/ was probably weakened to /s/ and the final /a/ was unstressed and thus lost). An example is 6129:

The nasal sonorants *n̥ and *m̥ both rendered Early Proto-Albanian *a, which remains *a in modern Albanian (PIE

16772:

Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European

16233: 16146: 15601: 15460: 15411: 10853:(this last ending is the result of an overlap from the feminine declension already in PA in which the expected 8605:

In the later phonologocal history of Albanian, the velars /k/ and /g/ were subject to further palatalizations.

1749: 1524: 928: 17: 16638: 14602:

de Vaan, Michiel (2018). "The phonology of Albanian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.).

15303: 13076:, shows the effects of the loss of medial voiced stops, а change which inherited words also underwent ( e.g. 3579: 1922: 1494: 763: 700: 501: 387: 16082:"Indo-European cereal terminology suggests a Northwest Pontic homeland for the core Indo-European languages" 15554:

dhe gr. ῥώξ si rast studimi" [Traces of the Mediterranean-Balkan substratum in Albanian and Greek: Alb.

13337:: "On the other hand, there is some evidence to argue that Albanian is descended from the Illyrian complex." 9956:

The mutation *e > *a, preserved in Old Gheg, is not found since this stem is conservative respect to PIE

3874:

as well as by major scholars in the field of Romanian historical linguistics as it relates to Albanian (see

16704:

Studies in the Typology of Slavic, Baltic and Balkan Languages (with primary reference to language contact)

12732: 11921: 11742: 11718: 11474: 11443: 11249: 11226: 11001: 10974: 10108: 9937: 9152: 1182: 685: 496: 491: 486: 381: 80: 16769:

Thorsø, Rasmus (2019). "Two Balkan Indo-European Loanwords". In Matilde Serangeli; Thomas Olander (eds.).

15356: 8625: 8601:*kʷ > /s/ (before high vowels), /k/ (elsewhere); *gʷ/*gʷʰ > /z/ (before high vowels), /g/ elsewhere. 2654: 2458: 2362: 2327: 1499: 994: 695: 574: 560: 541: 15550:(2013). Spiro, Aristotel (ed.). "Gjurmë të substratit mesdhetar-ballkanik në shqipe dhe greqishte: shq. 2749: 17437: 17318: 17168: 17029: 16892: 16775:. Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics. Vol. 19. Brill. pp. 251–262. 8552: 3507:

The post-Roman contact zone between Albanian and Common Romanian is considered to have been located in

837: 795: 395: 15884:

Proceedings of the 26th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference: Los Angeles, October 24th and 25th, 2014

12789:

etymologies or do not constitute isoglosses between Balto-Slavic and Albanian. An example is Albanian

16080:

Kroonen, Guus; Jakob, Anthony; Palmér, Axel I.; van Sluis, Paulus; Wigman, Andrew (12 October 2022).

12581:(2022) identify the highest shared number of innovations between (Proto-)Albanian and (Proto-)Greek. 3508: 2689: 1953: 1539: 1504: 1177: 481: 9995:

The stem is based on "je"; in Standard Albanian, this is more evident since the verb form is "jeni"

17442: 3755: 2323: 1988: 1799: 1689: 1509: 1040: 872: 823: 719: 521: 476: 471: 391: 16862:

Vermeer, Willem (2008). "The prehistory of the Albanian vowel system: A preliminary exploration".

11629:*ā-stem nouns had a final *-ā in the nominative; this vowel was hit by vowel reduction and became 17111: 17078: 16733: 16256: 15793:(2002). "On Serbo-Croatian's Historic Laterals". In Friedman, Victor A.; Dyer, Donald L. (eds.). 15750:. Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–231. 15277:

Coretta, Stefano; Riverin-Coutlée, Josiane; Kapia, Enkeleida; Nichols, Stephen (16 August 2022).

12797:(colourful) which Orel considers to be isoglosses but both are equally related to Proto-Germanic 3953: 3210: 2666: 2649:

were founded on the Adriatic coast of Albania. In that period early loanwords were borrowed from

2394: 2004: 1694: 1421: 531: 526: 160: 12861:

is fragmentary, the one known Albanian/Tocharian isogloss is "very important" as noted by Orel:

4318:/ɟ/ for former i-) rendering the former presence of a diphthong rather opaque in many reflexes. 3644:

lakes. Such contacts in these areas caused many changes in Slavic and Albanian local varieties.

17360: 17116: 17085: 16012:

Tavet Tat Satyam: Studies in Honor of Jared S. Klein on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday

15799:. Indiana Slavic studies. Vol. 12. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University. pp. 243–250. 12940: 12616: 10747: 8609: 8580: 8576: 2315: 2081: 1980: 1684: 1656: 1440: 1342: 1108: 954: 578: 416: 308: 247: 202: 142: 134: 122: 16997: 16554: 15942: 15741: 15253: 13334: 13122: 17200: 16415:. Jenaer indogermanistische Textbearbeitung (in German). Vol. 3. Dettelbach: J.H. Röll. 15747:

The Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact: Volume 1: Population Movement and Language Change

10763: 8926: 3902: 3192: 1831: 1660: 568: 564: 549: 545: 3733: 17195: 16502: 16093: 15948:

The Emergence of the Modern Language Sciences: Methodological perspectives and applications

12948: 12944: 12784:, as part of a "North Eastern" lexical grouping, with a large number of these referring to 12584:

Innovative creations of agricultural terms shared only between Albanian and Greek, such as

3621: 3617: 3571: 3567: 3552: 3548: 1777: 1742: 1055: 738: 690: 627: 597: 555: 535: 399: 253: 17205: 15945:. In E. F. K. Koerner; Sheila M. Embleton; John Earl Joseph; Hans-Josef Niederehe (eds.). 13068:'millstone', from ancient Greek μᾱχανᾱ́ 'instrument', shows the effects of rhotacism, and 3706: 923: 8: 17210: 17073: 16217: 15318: 15201: 12858: 12593: 10755: 9943:

The mutation *e > *a is regular and still preserved in Old Gheg and Standard Albanian

3851: 3723: 3575: 2023: 1050: 1045: 941: 865: 830: 753: 743: 602: 303: 298: 267: 16823:

Structuring Variation in Romance Linguistics and Beyond: In Honour of Leonardo M. Savoia

16322:

Structuring Variation in Romance Linguistics and Beyond: In Honour of Leonardo M. Savoia

16192: 16165: 16097: 15484:. Leiden Studies in Indo-European (in German). Vol. 7. Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi. 12964:

Newer toponymical loanwords, although having the same Slavic form, preserved the Slavic

3578:

terms in Albanian Christian terminology shows that the missionary activities during the

17376: 17235: 17121: 16879: 16757: 16589:

A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian

16528:"Albanian dialects in the light of language contact: A quantitative study of loanwords" 16459: 16349: 16222: 16205: 16124: 16081: 15869: 15778: 12952: 12773: 10759: 8626:

Introduction; the present tense (thematic verbs), adaptation of borrowings and examples

8568: 3764: 2677: 2673: 2646: 2335: 2294:

Albanian in the Palaeo-Balkanic Indo-European branch based on the chapters "Albanian" (

2031: 2011: 1756: 1707: 1641: 1625: 1250: 903: 642: 328: 233: 228: 16968: 13263:

in nasal contexts and part of the dialects under-went the development of intervocalic

10900:; the alternative modern ending -ave comes from a modification of PIE genitive plural 3850:

is one of the main modern international linguists to have dealt with the passage from

3681: 17406: 17396: 17391: 17386: 17381: 17295: 17280: 17270: 17240: 17190: 17154: 17131: 17052: 17007: 16982: 16953: 16939: 16898: 16871: 16848: 16827: 16797: 16776: 16761: 16747: 16718: 16674: 16664: 16614: 16593: 16572: 16512: 16488: 16416: 16395: 16370: 16357: 16326: 16305: 16277: 16260: 16229: 16209: 16197: 16150: 16129: 16111: 16068: 16058: 16037: 16016: 15952: 15911: 15888: 15843: 15819: 15800: 15751: 15726: 15699: 15645: 15624: 15605: 15485: 15464: 15436: 15415: 15383: 15337: 15263: 15238: 15219: 15189: 15169: 15157: 13047:

als eine ebenso schon voll ausgebildete, d.h. individuelle Sprache angesetzt werden".

12899: 12708: 12674: 12670: 12573: 3854:

to Proto-Albanian to Modern Albanian. According to Orel, the study of Proto-Albanian

3167: 3149: 2738: 2617: 2381: 2339: 2212: 2195: 2157: 2107: 1996: 1992: 1957: 1770: 1736: 1728: 1672: 1666: 1648: 1619: 1598: 1584: 1576: 1346: 1207: 1147: 1129: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1027: 1022: 851: 714: 363: 356: 349: 335: 321: 281: 260: 197: 189: 45: 41: 15534: 12567: 2022:

dialects and between Albanian and other Indo-European languages, as well as through

17285: 17275: 17245: 16974: 16945: 16739: 16689:

The Origin and Spread of Locative Determiner Omission in the Balkan Linguistic Area

16562: 16539: 16480: 16451: 16295: 16187: 16177: 16119: 16101: 15982: 15770: 15712: 15691: 15327: 15298: 15290: 15181: 15149: 12817: 12813: 12781: 12777: 12681: 12644: 12098:. In contemporary Albanian, masculine adjectives can either end in consonant or in 10806:; the second one was used after preceding vowels, semi-vowels and velar consonants 10244: 8564: 8556: 6141:"heron"). Like EPA *a elsewhere, in some cases it was raised to *e, as seen in PIE 3890: 3537: 3235: 3226: 2704: 2563: 2043: 1764: 1714: 1531: 1337: 1225: 1165: 1142: 1085: 1080: 1017: 1004: 999: 989: 662: 275: 223: 215: 208: 3107: 3066: 17371: 17300: 17290: 17126: 17001: 16842: 16821: 16791: 16770: 16712: 16658: 16608: 16587: 16508:

Authority and Identity: A Sociolinguistic History of Europe Before the Modern Age

16506: 16410: 16320: 16299: 16106: 16052: 16031: 16010: 16006: 15994: 15966: 15946: 15938: 15882: 15837: 15813: 15794: 15745: 15720: 15659: 15639: 15618: 15596: 15591: 15567: 15547: 15522: 15499: 15479: 15454: 15430: 15429:

Demiraj, Shaban (2006). "Albanian". In Anna Giacalone Ramat; Paolo Ramat (eds.).

15401: 15371: 15257: 15209: 15205: 15153: 12928: 12715:'a kind of stone, which blazes when water touches it' (i.e. 'lime'), attested in 12652: 8851:

Most Latin verbs belonging to the third declension(unstressed and short infinite

8741: 8620: 3917: 3604: 3397: 3029:

Toponyms that evolved through Proto-Albanian phonetic changes in late antiquity (

2715: 2658: 2625: 2621: 2555: 2506: 2129: 2119: 1845: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1785: 1721: 1700: 1678: 1263: 1152: 1075: 984: 917: 858: 724: 456: 441: 431: 426: 342: 314: 16166:"The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe" 15584:

150th birth anniversary of Ndre Mjedja – Scholarly Conference September 15, 2016

5234:

Latin /e/ loaned into Late Proto-Albanian while it lacked any short /e/ phoneme

3637: 3209:

occurred, eventually producing the shared innovations between Tosk Albanian and

2365:

loanwords that were treated with characteristic Albanian features, by classical

17401: 15857: 15833: 15695: 15450: 15397: 15185: 13133: 13131: 12891: 12832: 11670: 10751: 8583:), the labiovelars merged with the plain velars, while the palatals shifted to 8572: 3871: 3811: 3487: 3478: 3153: 2354: 2142: 2051: 1590: 1457: 1332: 890: 844: 812: 748: 239: 16978: 16949: 16567: 16544: 16527: 16484: 15294: 10927:

is common in North Gheg and it was transferred from the definite declension.

3867: 17421: 17227: 17185: 17177: 16875: 16847:. Nijmegen: Peace Research Centre, University of Nijmegen. pp. 123–132. 16796:. Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory. Vol. 67. Springer. 16678: 16463: 16455: 16383:

International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction

16361: 16353: 16291: 16264: 16164:

Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; et al. (26 August 2022).

16115: 16072: 15804: 15782: 15703: 15609: 15341: 15193: 15161: 11548: 10047: 9912: 9739: 9566: 9460: 9297: 3898: 3886: 3847: 3835:'Albania', and was reborrowed in that form into Albanian, in the period when 3469: 3388: 3379: 3319: 3206: 3186: 2726: 2528: 2523: 2502: 2241: 2226: 2063: 2019: 2015: 1999:, on the basis of shared features and innovations, are grouped together in a 1965: 1961: 1850: 1314: 1230: 947: 805: 667: 421: 105: 99: 16912:

Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz (2012). "Studies in Thracian vocabulary (I-VII)".

16743: 16687: 16394:(in Albanian). Translated by Pandeli Pani and Artan Puto. Botime Përpjekja. 16182: 15332: 15313: 13128: 12768:

In older literature, Orel (2000) argues that Albanian has a large number of

5096:(not identical to development of inherited /e/ which also went through /ie/) 637: 17006:. De Gruyter Reference. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 337–. 16201: 16133: 15860:(1986). "Accentual Stratification of Ancient Greek Loanwords in Albanian". 15790: 15716: 13042:

idg. Sprache von anderen idg. Sprachen ab. Diese Phase kann präzisiert als

12985: 12912: 12720: 12379: 8749: 3544: 3259: 3182: 3162: 3034: 2576: 2559: 2055: 1469: 1307: 781: 652: 451: 446: 436: 16927:

International Conference on Language Contact in the Balkans and Asia Minor

15774: 15580:

Ndre Mjedja – 150 vjetori i lindjes – Konferencë shkencore 15 shtator 2016

12596:. A remarkable Greek/Albanian isogloss is a very ancient form for "hand": 10723:). There was a third group of nouns in Early PA, the *i-stem nouns (e.g., 3780:(Tiranë) and a cluster of toponyms along the route Berat-Tepelenë-Përmet. 3746: 3666: 1991:

in the region. Whether descendants or sister languages of what was called

17329: 16432:

Die albanische Autochthoniehypothese aus der Sicht der Sprachwissenschaft

12728: 12724: 12648: 10930: 3612: 3231: 3189:

under the Latin sphere of influence, specifically in the 4th century CE.

3100: 2730: 2697: 2693: 2662: 2650: 2462: 2454: 2366: 2358: 2039: 1445: 1431: 1395: 1103: 16883: 15873: 15316:[Diellina, a Thracian-Dacian plant with a Proto-Albanoid name]. 15259:

Tense and Aspect in Indo-European Languages: Theory, Typology, Diachrony

632: 17217: 16925:

Witczak, Krzysztof (2016). "The earliest Albanian loanwords in Greek".

12932: 12769: 10746:

for both masculine and feminine names: this vocative was borrowed from

10719:

whence they are also called *o-stem nouns) and *ā-stem nouns (< PIE

8745: 3863: 3796: 3712: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3600: 3136: 1408: 1322: 1200: 965: 15986: 12973: 12902:

distinctions and alternations among the later Slavic-speaking peoples.

10908:, thus reflecting the overlap with the feminine in the strong cases. 8772:) and, in rarer cases (usually verbal roots ending in liquids, hence - 8546: 4388:

Specifically contextualized reflex results are placed in parentheses.

3823: 3697: 3547:

origin in Albanian dates to the 8th–9th centuries, at the time of the

3052: 12716: 8979:

The remaining Proto-Slavic verbs were adapted into stems ending with

3859: 3836: 3800: 3513: 3157: 2681: 2665:. Several Proto-Albanian terms have been preserved in the lexicon of 2035: 1611: 1388: 1380: 1373: 1366: 1352: 1220: 17021: 15481:

Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz

3741: 3718: 3114: 17090: 16249:

International Seminar for Albanian Language, Literature and Culture

15970: 15725:. Routledge Handbooks in Linguistics. Routledge. pp. 385–403. 14736: 12936: 12895: 11652:. If the long vowel was stressed, it becomes contemporary Albanian 9838: 8584: 8560: 3676: 3529: 3214: 3031:

in bold those that were also loaned to South Slavic after antiquity

2407: 2343: 2311: 2182: 2075: 2027: 2000: 1976: 1554: 1545: 1436: 1237: 1212: 1116: 607: 183: 118: 16245:

Seminari Ndërkombëtar për Gjuhën, Letërsinë dhe Kulturën Shqiptare

15276: 14958: 14956: 13884: 13882: 13340: 10715:

Nouns in Proto-Albanian are divided in to *a-stem nouns (< PIE

3881: 3671: 3121: 3082: 16437:(Report) (in German) – via www.albanologie.uni-muenchen.de. 12924: 12568:

Classification & isoglosses with other Indo-European branches

8964:/a:ti:/ in the infinitive were adapted into stems ending with PA 8637:

in the first person singular of the present cannot come from PIE

3751: 3689: 3596: 3557: 3202: 2744: 2711: 2605: 2319: 1984: 1604: 1568: 1561: 1359: 979: 612: 16477:

Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics

15380:

Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics

14937: 14913: 14889: 14865: 14604:

Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics

10786:

in the strong cases (nominative and accusative), reflecting PIE

10245:

The aorist tense and imperfect tense in Proto-Albanian; examples

3922:

Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics

3091: 16735:

The Routledge Handbook of Balkan and Southeast European History

15064: 14968: 14953: 14772: 14034: 14032: 13879: 12920: 12916: 8933:/i:ti:/ in the infinite were adapted into stems ending with PA 4018: 4002: 3986: 3970: 3855: 3608: 3197: 3075: 3059: 2722: 2613: 2347: 1327: 1281: 800: 617: 16711:

Rusakov, Alexander (2017). "Albanian". In Mate Kapović (ed.).

16371:

A Grammatical Sketch of Albanian for Students of Indo European

15868:(2). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG): 245–253. 15352:

Slavic-Albanian Language Contact, Convergence, and Coexistence

10777: 8885:

Most Latin verbs belonging to the fourth declension (infinite

8836:

Most Latin verbs belonging to the second declension (infinite

8621:

Verb conjugation in Proto-Albanian and Old Gheg (Old Albanian)

3043: 16559:

The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective

16526:

Morozova, M. S.; Ovsjannikova, M. A.; Rusakov, A. Y. (2020).

16340:

Matasović, Ranko (2013). "Substratum words in Balto-Slavic".

13575: 13573: 13521: 13519: 12825: 12659: 12356: 11624: 8737: 6196:

continue regular developments of *a from EPA in vowel chart.

5635:/wi/ > /iː/ at word coda after loss of nominative final s 4295: 3894: 3792: 3728: 3701: 3664:

within Albanian phonology of that era. Such toponyms include

3641: 3145: 3132: 2609: 2498: 1426: 1300: 1294: 1276: 647: 622: 16392:

Historia e Shqiptarëve: Gjendja dhe perspektivat e studimeve

16163: 14056: 14029: 13622: 13620: 13536: 13534: 13137: 12890:

Also the analysis of the influence of substrates on the Old

12738:'white, whitish': although from the same PIE root, Albanian 11671:

Examples of indefinite noun declension in Early PA (*ā-stem)

5422:

Latin stressed /o/ ultimately merges with PIE *ā elsewhere

3827:

resulted through the Slavic liquid metathesis: South Slavic

16525: 16079: 15028: 14986: 14130: 14118: 13899: 13897: 13638: 12785: 11648:

is identical to the nominative singular and comes from PIE

10257:

should come from PA and PIE personal/demonstrative pronoun

8729:

perhaps due to the influence of the /i̯/ from the verbs in

1818: 16811:

Totoni, Menela (1964). "E folmja e bregdetit të poshtëm".

16479:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 1788–1800. 16475:. In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). 15382:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 1732–1749. 15378:. In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). 15262:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 103–124. 13989: 13842: 13840: 13838: 13570: 13516: 8706:) in the singular come from a nasal stem in PA, ending in 7153:>*x intervocalically or between EPA sonorant and vowel 15943:"Romanian and the Balkans: Some comparative perspectives" 14688: 13857: 13855: 13617: 13531: 8615: 6124: 2676:

between Albanian and Greek is provided by ancient common

15931:

Studies on the History of Albanian in the Balkan context

15769:. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. pp. 345–360. 15767:

Ethno-Cultural Diversity in the Balkans and the Caucasus

15456:

The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated

14760: 14017: 13894: 13504: 13312: 13310: 13295: 12110:". The adjectival article in the feminine comes from PA 2326:

in the region about 3000 to 2500 BCE. They replaced the

16381:

Matzinger, Joachim (2005). "Messapisch und Albanisch".

14992: 14748: 14724: 14712: 14700: 13835: 13733: 13731: 13283: 8721:

As for the third person plural, the PIE thematic vowel

8551:

Indo-European languages are traditionally divided into

15314:"Diellina, një bimë trako-dake me emër proto-albanoid" 15211:

Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction

15004: 13852: 13114: 13112: 12086:), while their feminine counterparts usually ended in 10931:

Examples of indefinite noun declension in PA (*a-stem)

10584: 3585: 3152:

in the late 3rd and early 2nd centuries BCE, when the

15927:

Studime për historinë e shqipes në kontekst ballkanik

15435:. Routledge language family descriptions. Routledge. 14811: 14809: 14807: 14092: 14080: 14068: 14044: 13307: 12669:, considered as a substrate word usually linked with 10710: 4651:> /e/ after absorption of following laryngeal H_e 3611:, managed to survive the Great Migrations. Leading a 16143:

Albanologu i arvanitëve "Atje kam u shpirtin tim..."

15562:(5). Albanian-Greek Philological Association: 23–40. 15016: 14845: 14833: 14821: 14805: 14803: 14801: 14799: 14797: 14795: 14793: 14791: 14789: 14787: 13867: 13728: 12072: 10904:

through the feminine thematic vowel of the feminine

10821:

In the plural, *a-stem nouns, strong cases ended in

8752:) verbs belonging to the first declension (infinite 5496:

everywhere except gliding to /j/ in clusters: /ɒː/

3939:

This page at present is using the paradigm of Orel.

3540:

and through the activity of Byzantine missionaries.

2729:

3rd person singular of the verb "be" (documented in

17150:

Linguistic parallels with Eastern Romance languages

16894:

International congress of dialectologists. Issue 76

16001:(5). Albanian-Greek Philological Association: 9–22. 15641:

Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction

15355:(Thesis). The Ohio State University. Archived from 14340: 14338: 14336: 14334: 14272: 14260: 14248: 14236: 14224: 14212: 14200: 14188: 14176: 14164: 13823: 12750:before any vowel, while in Thracian it could yield 12078:nouns. Masculine adjectives in PA usually ended in 8660:The second and third person singular come from PIE 8547:

The development of IE dorsal consonants in Albanian

5091:Classical Latin /e/ > EPA /ie/ in "usual" layer 3195:considerations indicate that the Roman province of 16221: 15142:LEA - Lingue e Letterature d'Oriente e d'Occidente 14405: 14403: 14401: 14136: 12647:who were encountered by immigrating Indo-European 12122:); this particle was most likely a demonstrative. 10892:comes from a modification of PIE genitive plural, 5729:/wi/ > /i/ before j, i, other palatal elements 4939:je > e after affricates, palatals, and liquids 4936:je > e after affricates, palatals, and liquids 2003:in the current phylogenetic classification of the 15744:. In Salikoko Mufwene, Anna Maria Escobar (ed.). 15304:20.500.11820/ebce2ea3-f955-4fa5-9178-e1626fbae15f 15283:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 14784: 12639:with Greek αἴξ ("goat", gen. αἰγός) and Armenian 9851:), as in PIE, is athematic and has a nasal infix 8687:otherwise, it derives from the nasal verbal stem 7632:> *ð intervocalically or between r and vowel, 4984:ja > a after affricates, palatals and liquids 4981:ja > a after affricates, palatals and liquids 4322:Vowels of late LPA transitioning to Old Albanian 17419: 16973:. Peter Lang International Academic Publishers. 16944:. Peter Lang International Academic Publishers. 16941:Das slawische Lehngut im Albanischen: Lehnworter 16561:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 202–222. 15617:Fischer, Bernd J.; Schmitt, Oliver Jens (2022). 15527:"Rrënjë dhe degë të krishterimit ndër shqiptarë" 14544: 14542: 14415: 14331: 9839:The present tense (athematic verbs) and examples 8555:based on the development of the three series of 5204:Latin /e/ via an unknown different intermediary 5121:in various contexts after sh, before ng/nd, etc. 5062:/e/ before *m followed by sibilant or affricate 27:Reconstructed ancestor of the Albanian languages 16998:"The Pre-Roman Peoples of Apulia (1000-100 BC)" 16970:Das slawische Lehngut im Albanischen: Ortsnamen 16706:] (in Russian). Aletheia. pp. 113–174. 16660:A Linguistic Map of Prehistoric Northern Europe 16054:A Linguistic Map of Prehistoric Northern Europe 15901: 15070: 14974: 14962: 14778: 14742: 14615: 14613: 14606:. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1735. 14398: 13410: 13149: 13031: 13029: 13027: 12943:varieties allowing the differentiation between 3882:Nomenclature of periodization of Proto-Albanian 3532:river in its historically documented location. 2295: 16815:(in Albanian). Tirana: Universiteti i Tiranës. 16029: 15711:Friedman, Victor A. (2020). "The Balkans". In 15616: 15235:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World 14392: 14038: 13698: 13591: 8679:, a PA adverb meaning "now", identical to PIE 8641:, since its reflex in Proto-Albanian would be 8591:least before front vowels) in Proto-Albanian: 3543:The earliest ascertained church vocabulary of 3201:, and more specifically the ancient region of 2745:Contacts with Latin, Romance, and Middle Greek 2640: 2010:Proto-Albanian is reconstructed by way of the 17345: 17037: 16844:Kosovo - Kosova: Confrontation Or Coexistence 16553:Olsen, Birgit Anette; Thorsø, Rasmus (2022). 15862:Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 14539: 14465: 14463: 14461: 14459: 14457: 14309: 14307: 14305: 14303: 12576:, with which it forms a common branch titled 12404: 10865:(unstressed), it developed into contemporary 9895:). Probably, PA had a fourth athematic verb, 8702:Most verb stems ending in a closed diphtong ( 3551:, which was started by the Byzantine Emperor 2721:the replacement, with a form that featured a 1930: 16290: 15232: 14610: 13797: 13678: 13666: 13376: 13244: 13232: 13024: 10884:(stressed) and culminates into contemporary 4513:> /e/ under umlaut and subsequent analogy 3956:forms as well as descendant Albanian forms. 16793:Balkan Sprachbund Morpho-Syntactic Features 16685: 16552: 15925:Ismajli, Rexhep (2015). Eqrem Basha (ed.). 15586:] (in Albanian). ASHAK. pp. 75–97. 15233:Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah, eds. (2008). 15139: 14597: 14595: 14593: 14484: 14482: 14480: 14478: 14319: 13995: 13951: 13923: 13714: 13650: 13564: 10778:Noun declension in the masculine indefinite 3165:after the Great Illyrian Revolt of 6–9 CE ( 2299: 17359: 17352: 17338: 17044: 17030: 15902:Hyllested, Adam; Joseph, Brian D. (2022). 15722:The Routledge Handbook of Language Contact 15677:"In Memoriam: Eric Pratt Hamp (1920–2019)" 15172:(2023). "On certain phonetic balkanisms". 15168: 14454: 14300: 14011: 13919: 13903: 13769: 13741: 11625:Noun declension in the feminine indefinite 10742:Contemporary Albanian has a vocative case 9992:ini < essinū/essiju < *h₁é-, *h₁sté 8612:and is shared with Messapic and Armenian. 7035:> *ʃ after *ī, *ū or -i, -u diphthongs 3523:(which preceded contacts with Slavic from 2661:in the region and was not yet replaced by 1937: 1923: 1901:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 16864:Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics 16566: 16543: 16470: 16441: 16429: 16408: 16389: 16380: 16368: 16339: 16191: 16181: 16123: 16105: 15880: 15331: 15302: 14766: 14421: 14380: 14344: 14294: 14131:Morozova, Ovsjannikova & Rusakov 2020 14119:Morozova, Ovsjannikova & Rusakov 2020 14114: 13817: 13793: 13718: 13690: 13654: 13646: 13639:Morozova, Ovsjannikova & Rusakov 2020 13607: 13560: 13394: 13346: 13208: 13192: 13190: 13188: 13186: 13184: 13182: 13101: 13035: 12094:); rarely, masculine adjectives ended in 10814:. These two endings reflect PIE locative 10735:), which then merged into *o-stem nouns. 8889:) were adapted into stems ending with PA 8855:) were adapted into stems ending with PA 8756:) were adapted into stems ending with PA 5891:*j elided, long vowel develops regularly 4780:(/e/ under umlaut and subsequent analogy) 4660:(> /e/ before *ts, *dz, *nd, *nt, *mb) 4380: 4306:("yogurt", from Proto-Slavic *kvasъ) and 3876:Albanian–Romanian linguistic relationship 3762:end of the 8th century CE). They include 3563:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople 2672:Evidence of a significant level of early 17000:. In Gary D. Farney, Guy Bradley (ed.). 16637:. University of Pristina. Archived from 16627: 15764: 15739: 15710: 15674: 15658: 15449: 15256:. In Hewson, John; Bubenik, Vit (eds.). 14590: 14488: 14475: 13757: 13626: 13611: 13390: 13330: 13289: 13153: 13138:Lazaridis & Alpaslan-Roodenberg 2022 13118: 9037:< ; suppletive/eteroclytic verb) 6283:*ir before consonant clusters, *i or *j 6246:*il before consonant clusters, *i or *j 2748: 16924: 16911: 16890: 16861: 16840: 16819: 16731: 16710: 16696: 16655: 16318: 16271: 16224:The Oxford Companion to World Mythology 16216: 16050: 16015:. Beech Stave Press. pp. 130–137. 15924: 15818:(in German). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 15637: 15590: 15566: 15546: 15521: 15498: 15477: 15428: 15396: 15370: 15311: 15251: 15106: 15034: 14998: 14935: 14911: 14887: 14863: 14754: 14730: 14718: 14706: 14694: 14658: 14601: 14368: 14356: 14290: 14098: 14086: 14074: 14062: 14050: 14023: 14007: 13983: 13979: 13967: 13963: 13955: 13939: 13935: 13927: 13915: 13888: 13861: 13829: 13813: 13809: 13789: 13785: 13781: 13777: 13773: 13737: 13722: 13710: 13694: 13682: 13658: 13642: 13599: 13579: 13556: 13552: 13525: 13510: 13490: 13486: 13430: 13414: 13398: 13364: 13352: 13301: 13256: 13220: 13196: 13173: 13169: 13161: 13087: 13061: 11637:, which comes from PIE dative-locative 8957:/mudi'li:ti:/, "to debilitate/weaken". 7717:> *t͡ʃ > *s before i, j, u, or w 5010:> /e/ before *ts, *dz, *nd, *nt, *mb 14: 17420: 16995: 16810: 16768: 16738:. Milton: Taylor & Francis Group. 16501: 16005: 15993: 15965: 15937: 15644:(2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishing. 15348: 15200: 15022: 15010: 14500: 14110: 13873: 13846: 13686: 13662: 13603: 13540: 13418: 13358: 13316: 13179: 13165: 12623:("goat") can be reflected in Albanian 10005:janë < *esnti < *h₁é-, *h₁sénti 8840:) were adapted into stems ending with 8616:Basic traits of Proto-Albanian grammar 6125:Development of Indo-European sonorants 3144:Proto-Albanian came into contact with 17333: 17051: 17025: 16826:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 16789: 16325:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 16301:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 16242: 15811: 15594:(2020). "The Evolution of Albanian". 14654: 14652: 14529: 14527: 14525: 14523: 14521: 14432: 14430: 13959: 13931: 13370: 13157: 13055: 13053: 12761:(to divide; Indo-Greek-Albanian) and 9979:jemi < *esmei < *h₁é-, *h₁smós 8802:, which points to a hypothetical PA ~ 7152: 6195: 5093: 5090: 3920:within Klein, Joseph and Fritz' 2018 3783:The evolution of the ancient toponym 3485: 3483: 3476: 3474: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3447: 3422: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3395: 3386: 3384: 3377: 3365: 3363: 3348: 3342: 3332: 3330: 3315: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3296: 3294: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3264: 3257: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 2629: 2603: 2601: 2595: 2575: 2573: 2567: 2553: 2551: 2545: 2519: 2517: 2511: 2496: 2494: 2488: 2474: 2472: 2466: 2452: 2450: 2444: 2430: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2379: 2377: 1908:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary 1880:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 16966: 16937: 16933:. Institute of Modern Greek Studies. 16606: 16585: 16140: 15856: 15842:. Columbus, OH: Slavica Publishers. 15832: 15789: 15122: 15094: 15082: 15058: 15046: 14851: 14839: 14827: 14815: 14682: 14670: 14643: 14631: 14619: 14584: 14572: 14560: 14548: 14533: 14512: 14469: 14448: 14436: 14409: 14325: 14313: 14278: 14266: 14254: 14242: 14230: 14218: 14206: 14194: 14182: 14170: 14158: 14154: 14142: 13753: 13595: 13498: 13494: 13474: 13470: 13458: 13454: 13450: 13438: 13434: 12572:The closest language to Albanian is 11656:, otherwise it becomes contemporary 8695:coming from the PA personal pronoun 7105:> t͡s (if next consonant was *s) 6157:Diachronic development of sonorants 4417:Latin short /a/ merges with EPA /a/ 4286:. Except in certain Gheg varieties, 3866:. Other major work has been done by 2342:. Messapic, which is grouped in the 11409:) with velar *-k- (Late PA: *ǵákə) 10876:In the genitive and dative plural, 10585:Personal pronouns in Proto-Albanian 10030:, originally the preposition "to", 9859:. PA had two more athematic verbs, 8990:The following examples, except for 5094:> /ie/ in EPA for "usual layer" 3842: 3839:was still active in Tosk Albanian. 3586:Earliest contacts with South Slavic 2395:Indo-Europeanization of the Balkans 1995:by classical sources, Albanian and 1865:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 24: 14942:. Sprachwissenschaftliches Seminar 14918:. Sprachwissenschaftliches Seminar 14894:. Sprachwissenschaftliches Seminar 14870:. Sprachwissenschaftliches Seminar 14649: 14518: 14427: 14350: 13271:. Romanian also famously borrowed 13050: 12812:Orel identifies only one Albanian/ 12731:) 'gypsum, chalk, lime', stemming 10861:); in words with preferred ending 10770:, which is an innovation from PIE 10711:Noun declensions in Proto-Albanian 8960:Most Proto-Slavic verbs ending in 8668:already occurred in pre-Albanian. 7777:*t͡s retained, conditions unclear 4631:deleted after a stressed syllable 4397:developments before Proto-Albanian 1968:dialectal diversification (before 1887:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language 25: 17454: 15908:The Indo-European Language Family 15887:. Hempen Verlag. pp. 63–81. 15216:John Benjamins Publishing Company 14939:Old Albanian – Morphology, Part 1 14915:Old Albanian – Morphology, Part 1 14891:Old Albanian – Morphology, Part 1 14867:Old Albanian – Morphology, Part 1 12073:Some examples of adjectives in PA 10869:; in words with preferred ending 9871:) which is cognate with thematic 9060:1° declension) means "to recall"; 6645:*/ɲ/ (*gn-, before front vowels) 3916:In an Albanian chapter penned by 3620:dialects, and Gheg Albanian with 2304:The Indo-European Language Family 17314: 17313: 16610:Albanian etymological dictionary 15558:and Gr. ῥώξ as case study]. 15515:Academy of Albanological Studies 15116: 15100: 15088: 15076: 15052: 15040: 14980: 14929: 14905: 14881: 14857: 14676: 13080:'smell' < *od-ro-, cf. Latin 6061:> /ẽ/ > /ɑ̃/ before nasal 5764:> /ẽ/ > /ɑ̃/ before nasal 3592:Slavic-speaking farmers migrated 3528:Slavs – to Albania south of the 3008: 2992: 2976: 2960: 2942: 2926: 2908: 2890: 2874: 2856: 2840: 2824: 2806: 2788: 2770: 2763: 2318:had their formative core in the 2060:Slavic migrations to the Balkans 1983:had their formative core in the 1894:Journal of Indo-European Studies 658:Bible translations into Armenian 149: 16914:Studia Indogermanica Lodziensia 15324:Centre of Albanological Studies 15254:"The Verbal System of Albanian" 15132: 14664: 14637: 14625: 14578: 14566: 14554: 14506: 14494: 14442: 14386: 14374: 14362: 14284: 14148: 14124: 14104: 14001: 13973: 13945: 13909: 13803: 13763: 13747: 13704: 13672: 13632: 13585: 13546: 13480: 13464: 13444: 13424: 13404: 13384: 13322: 13250: 13238: 13010:Absent for early part of period 13004: 13001:Absent for early part of period 12995: 12958: 12905: 12884: 12865:("who", cognate to Tocharian A 10880:comes from PIE genitive plural 10766:, the feminine vocative became 10034:(< PIE neuter demonstrative 9966:ashtë < *ensti < *h₁ésti 9096:means "to pull out, to remove"; 7395:*s from Greek, Latin loanwords 5615:/y/, /i/ in certain conditions 5398:Latin /o/ raises before nasals 5182:Unstressed /ei/ in Latin loans 3222:from the 6th–7th centuries CE. 2657:, at a time when this language 169:List of Indo-European languages 16532:Acta Linguistica Petropolitana 16147:Academy of Sciences of Albania 15910:. Cambridge University Press. 15623:. Cambridge University Press. 15602:Academy of Sciences of Albania 15461:Academy of Sciences of Albania 15412:Academy of Sciences of Albania 15349:Curtis, Matthew Cowan (2012). 13226: 13214: 13202: 13143: 12723:, with cognate Greek τίτανος ( 10940:), with overlap with feminine 9843:The verb "to be" (jam < PA 7819:> *t͡ʃ, conditions unclear 7068:*ʃ word-initially (sometimes) 5888:Diphthongs of long vowel + *j 13: 1: 16732:Schmitt, Oliver Jens (2020). 15796:Of all the Slavs my favorites 15638:Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010). 12872: 12772:that are common to Albanian, 8714:(e.g., first person singular 6681: 6360:l (Cham/Arbëresh/Arvanitika) 5163:/ja/ > /a/ after palatals 3759: 3580:Christianization of the Slavs 3555:. In 726 Leo III established 3524: 3175: 2586: 2536: 2479: 2435: 1969: 1495:Proto-Indo-European mythology 764:Paleolithic continuity theory 64: 17003:The Peoples of Ancient Italy 16557:. In Olander, Thomas (ed.). 16107:10.1371/journal.pone.0275744 15675:Friedman, Victor A. (2019). 15620:A Concise History of Albania 15154:10.13128/LEA-1824-484x-22325 13275:'hearth' with patently Tosk 13017: 10845:developed into contemporary 8897:) and, in rarer cases, with 8704:-aj, -ej, -ij, -oj, -uj, -yj 8649:(if unstressed). Therefore, 8598:*k > /k/, *g/*gʰ > /g/ 8595:*ḱ > /θ/, *ǵ/*ǵʰ > /ð/ 8289:*d͡ʒ(w) before front vowels 6979:Modern Albanian (Tosk/Gheg) 5699:/wi/ > /i/ before labial 5669:/wi/ > /iː/ after labial 3942: 3225:During the centuries of the 3220:settlement of Slavic farmers 1183:Northern Black Polished Ware 382:Proto-Indo-European language 7: 16717:(2nd ed.). Routledge. 16714:The Indo-European Languages 16471:Matzinger, Joachim (2018). 16430:Matzinger, Joachim (2016). 16409:Matzinger, Joachim (2006). 16228:. Oxford University Press. 15432:The Indo-European languages 15376:"The phonology of Albanian" 15202:Beekes, Robert Stephen Paul 15071:Hyllested & Joseph 2022 14975:Hyllested & Joseph 2022 14963:Hyllested & Joseph 2022 14779:Hyllested & Joseph 2022 14743:Hyllested & Joseph 2022 13411:Hyllested & Joseph 2022 13150:Hyllested & Joseph 2022 8664:with the loss of PIE final 6556:"mother's sister" > EPA 6528:"to flow" < PIE *h₃reǵ- 5474:"mother's sister" > EPA 4900:"to bring, carry" > EPA 4019: 4003: 3987: 3971: 3512:but before the rise of the 2641:Contacts with Ancient Greek 2420:Prehistoric Balkan contacts 2328:pre-Indo-European languages 2296:Hyllested & Joseph 2022 2030:from and into Albanian and 1500:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 93:Lower-order reconstructions 10: 17459: 16891:Viereck, Wolfgang (1993). 16686:Prendergast, Eric (2017). 16628:Paçarizi, Rrahman (2008). 15839:Basic Albanian Etymologies 15812:Holst, Jan Henrik (2009). 15696:10.24425/rslaw.2019.130009 15186:10.24425/rslaw.2023.147254 14039:Fischer & Schmitt 2022 13699:Fischer & Schmitt 2022 13592:Fischer & Schmitt 2022 12869:, with the same meaning). 12405:Numerals in Proto-Albanian 12118:(ablative sg. stem of PIE 12082:in the singular (< PIE 10888:. The other modern ending 10782:*a-stem nouns had a final 9982:The stem is based on "je" 9953:je < *essi < *h₁ési 8863:and, in rarer cases, with 6611:*n: (*-sn-, *-Cn-, *-nC-) 6165:Intermediate developments 3009: 2993: 2977: 2079: 2073: 2069: 796:Domestication of the horse 17428:Indo-European linguistics 17367: 17309: 17263: 17226: 17176: 17167: 17142: 17104: 17066: 17059: 16568:10.1017/9781108758666.012 16545:10.30842/alp2306573716210 16485:10.1515/9783110542431-019 16473:"The lexicon of Albanian" 16369:Matasović, Ranko (2019). 15740:Friedman, Victor (2022). 15478:Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997). 15295:10.1017/S0025100322000044 14936:de Vaan, Michiel (2020). 14912:de Vaan, Michiel (2020). 14888:de Vaan, Michiel (2020). 14864:de Vaan, Michiel (2020). 14010:, pp. 132, 138–143; 13982:, pp. 132, 138–143; 13958:, pp. 132, 138–143; 13930:, pp. 132, 138–143; 12919:and areas of present-day 12842:"moon", cognate to Welsh 12608:("hand"), and also Greek 8653:comes from dialectal PIE 8475: 8472: 8403: 8400: 8333: 8285: 8282: 8278:"that, which (relative)" 8215: 8179:*t͡ʃ before front vowels 8175: 8172: 8101: 8098: 8095: 8031: 8028: 8025: 7895: 7892: 7676: 7673: 7670: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7482: 7479: 7476: 7394: 7031: 6989: 6986: 6754: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6280: 6277: 6243: 6240: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6000: 5997: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5805: 5802: 5799: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5421: 5397: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5293: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5203: 5181: 4885: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4833: 4828: 4825: 4773: 4770: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4697: 4694: 4630: 4627: 4508: 4489: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4253: 4242: 4216: 4196:(Earlier) LPA diphthongs 4188: 4034: 3959: 3821:. The name of the region 3810:and Eastern South Slavic 3453: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3433: 3420: 3418: 3404: 3393: 3361: 3359: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3326: 3313: 3292: 3290: 3282: 3280: 3268: 3255: 2961: 2927: 2909: 2891: 2875: 2857: 2841: 2825: 2789: 2710:the voicing of voiceless 2690:close front rounded vowel 2604:Dispersal throughout the 2239: 2224: 2217: 2193: 2186: 2155: 2140: 2133: 2123: 2105: 2098: 1505:Historical Vedic religion 782:Chalcolithic (Copper Age) 117:The only survivor of the 113: 92: 71: 60: 52: 37: 32: 16456:10.1285/i22804250v6i2p29 15279:"Northern Tosk Albanian" 13891:, pp. 132, 138–143. 13798:Mallory & Adams 1997 13679:Mallory & Adams 1997 13667:Mallory & Adams 1997 13377:Mallory & Adams 1997 13245:Brown & Ogilvie 2008 13233:Mallory & Adams 1997 12877: 12801:, ancient Greek ἀμορβός 12635:("nanny goat) < PAlb 12627:("goat, kid") < PAlb 12600:, cf. the Albanian verb 12102:(< stressed PA *-a). 11617:from definite declension 11586:from definite declension 11555:from definite declension 10416:jap (Standard Albanian) 10287:Verb (asigmatic aorist) 10279:kap (Standard Albanian) 10234:< ? < *weh₂dʰ 10216:< ? < *weh₂dʰ 9115:kap (Standard Albanian) 9080:(Tosk/Standard Albanian 8788:). An example is modern 7856:> *k before sonorant 7634:in 5th or 6th centuries 3831:< Late Common Slavic 3756:Slavic liquid metathesis 3561:the jurisdiction of the 2324:Indo-European migrations 1989:Indo-European migrations 1510:Ancient Iranian religion 873:Novotitarovskaya culture 720:Indo-European migrations 16790:Tomić, Olga M. (2006). 16744:10.4324/9780429464799-4 16607:Orel, Vladimir (1998). 16586:Orel, Vladimir (2000). 16385:(in German) (2): 29–54. 16274:Kosovo: A Short History 16257:University of Prishtina 16183:10.1126/science.abm4247 15333:10.62006/sf.v1i1-2.3089 13651:Baldi & Savoia 2017 12604:("hold") and the Greek 10424:Verb (sigmatic aorist) 10038:, "this/that" < PIE 8968:(first person singular 8937:(first person singular 8901:. An example is modern 8810:(first person singular 8760:(first person singular 7509:*w between a vowel and 6962:Diachronic development 5915:>/ɑ̃/ before nasals 5364:> /ũ/ before nasals 5299:> /ĩ/ before nasals 4826:> /ɑ̃/ before nasal 4727:>/ɑ̃/ before nasals 4714:"away", "off" > EPA 4581:>/ɑ̃/ before nasals 2667:Hesychius of Alexandria 2300:Olsen & Thorsø 2022 1011:Northern/Eastern Steppe 17433:Paleo-Balkan languages 17361:Paleo-Balkan languages 16996:Yntema, Douwe (2017). 16272:Malcolm, Noel (1998). 15670:(1–6). Shkodër: 40–56. 15312:Crăciun, Radu (2023). 13693:, pp. 1791–1792; 13649:, pp. 1791–1792; 12857:Although knowledge of 12824:("green"), cognate to 12793:(dark) and Lithuanian 11644:The nominative plural 10748:South Slavic languages 10600:Proto-Albanian (nom.) 9489:< *dʰeyh₂- (*dʰeyh₂ 9088:) < Proto-Albanian 8581:Balto-Slavic languages 8577:Indo-Iranian languages 8306:"to swallow" > EPA 5320:"to make humid" (Gheg 4381:Diachronic development 4023:"branches" (pl) > * 3227:Great Migration Period 2758: 2753:The Roman province of 2616:; contacts with other 2316:Paleo-Balkan languages 2082:Paleo-Balkan languages 1981:Paleo-Balkan languages 1482:Religion and mythology 1441:Medieval Scandinavians 732:Alternative and fringe 38:Reconstruction of 16967:Ylli, Xhelal (2000). 16938:Ylli, Xhelal (1997). 16813:Studime Filologjike I 16503:Millar, Robert McColl 16304:. London: Routledge. 16251:] (in Albanian). 15975:Acta Slavica Iaponica 15775:10.2307/jj.3508401.16 15410:] (in Albanian). 15252:Bubenik, Vit (1997). 14989:, pp. 11, 26, 28 14065:, pp. 63–64, 70. 13072:'doctor', from Latin 12185:< Early PA *gʷedij 12130:Adjective (singular) 10936:*dama ("young bull", 10837:is the reflex of PIE 10829:is the reflex of PIE 8867:An example is modern 8768:> modern Albanian 6976:Later Proto-Albanian 6973:Early Proto-Albanian 6640:"vessel" (dialectal) 6171:Later Proto-Albanian 6168:Early Proto-Albanian 6153:(suffixed with -të). 4808:"smoke" (?) > EPA 4493:Proto-Indo-European * 4040:Simple vowels in EPA 3995:> ... > modern 3979:> ... > modern 3903:Proto-Slavic language 3193:Historical linguistic 3179: 167 BCE–400 CE 2752: 2684:convergence such as: 2483: 167 BCE–600 CE 2074:Further information: 1832:Indo-European studies 1195:Peoples and societies 16692:(Ph.D). UC Berkeley. 16149:. pp. 355–370. 15684:Rocznik Slawistyczny 15666:(in Gheg Albanian). 15237:. Elsevier Science. 15174:Rocznik Slawistyczny 13816:, pp. 138–143; 13784:, pp. 138–143; 13740:, pp. 138–143; 13641:, pp. 280–281; 13555:, pp. 138–143; 13497:, pp. 245–250; 13473:, pp. 245–250; 13453:, pp. 245–250; 13437:, pp. 245–250; 12949:Western South Slavic 12945:Eastern South Slavic 12665:("kid"), reflecting 12617:Balkan Indo-European 10911:The ablative plural 9936:jam < *esmi < 9764:< prek < *prak 9056:< perhaps Latin 9052:< Proto-Albanian 8610:Paleo-Balkanic group 7756:"this day" > EPA 7731:"shoulder" > EPA 7652:"to throw" > EPA 7246:"to throw" > EPA 6967:Proto-Indo-European 6421:/ð/ (some dialects) 6412:/γ/ (some Arbëresh) 6162:Proto-Indo-European 6110:"to throw" > EPA 5583:"to drink" > EPA 4575:(privative prefix) 4501:merge resulting in * 4436:"to seize" > EPA 4400:Early Proto-Albanian 4394:Proto-Indo-European 4138:Early Proto-Albanian 4007:"branch" (sg) > * 3622:Western South Slavic 3618:Eastern South Slavic 3572:Archdiocese of Ohrid 3568:Theme of Dyrrhachium 3553:Leo III the Isaurian 3549:Byzantine Iconoclasm 3026:class=notpageimage| 2357:, as shown by early 739:Anatolian hypothesis 691:Proto-Indo-Europeans 598:Hittite inscriptions 143:Indo-European topics 17211:Vaccarizzo Albanian 17074:Proto-Indo-European 16098:2022PLoSO..1775744K 15660:Friedman, Victor A. 15319:Studime Filologjike 15037:, pp. 159–161. 14987:Kroonen et al. 2022 14745:, pp. 238–239. 14393:Klingenschmitt 1994 14133:, pp. 280–281. 14121:, pp. 280–281. 13986:, pp. 128–129. 13970:, pp. 128–129. 13942:, pp. 128–129. 13776:, pp. 34, 37; 13725:, pp. 138–143. 13582:, pp. 138–143. 13543:, pp. 132–133. 13528:, pp. 604–605. 13461:, pp. 362–366. 13341:Coretta et al. 2022 12951:. Furthermore, the 12915:valley in southern 12846:"white" and Breton 12594:Proto-Indo-European 12410: 12126: 11888: 11681: 11410: 11192: 10941: 10857:was substituted by 10790:; since this final 10590: 10417: 10280: 10051: 9916: 9863:("to have" < PA 9743: 9570: 9464: 9304: 9116: 9092:< PIE causative 8818:Another example is 8233:"to cook" > EPA 8196:"to turn" > EPA 8079:"to hear" > EPA 8049:"I seize" > EPA 7496:"to suck" > EPA 7449:"to take" > EPA 6970:Pre-Proto-Albanian 6963: 6815: 6688: 6624:ng /ŋ/ (from /ng/) 6590:ng /ŋ/ (from /ng/) 6158: 5682:"to grow" > EPA 5312:"to flow" > EPA 4695:> /o/ elsewhere 4403:Late Proto-Albanian 4323: 4261:Late Proto-Albanian 4197: 4150: 4099: 4041: 4025:dégai > ... > 3852:Proto-Indo-European 3576:Old Church Slavonic 3310:Late Proto-Albanian 2725:, of the inherited 2692:/y/ (documented in 2590: 1300–1800 CE 2439: 1000–167 BCE 2302:) in Olander (ed.) 2024:contact linguistics 995:Multi-cordoned ware 866:Mikhaylovka culture 754:Indigenous Aryanism 744:Armenian hypothesis 603:Hieroglyphic Luwian 81:Proto-Indo-European 16979:20.500.12657/26167 16950:20.500.12657/26220 16176:(6609): eabm4247. 15815:Armenische Studien 15408:Balkan Linguistics 15403:Gjuhësi Ballkanike 15170:Bednarczuk, Leszek 15097:, pp. 256–257 15061:, pp. 250–251 15049:, pp. 259–260 14673:, pp. 273–274 14661:, pp. 566–571 14646:, pp. 271–272 14551:, pp. 143–144 14491:, pp. 101–102 14113:, pp. 25–26; 13966:, pp. 39–40; 13938:, pp. 39–40; 13812:, pp. 91–92; 13689:, pp. 79–81; 13681:, pp. 9, 11; 13665:, pp. 79–81; 13657:, pp. 30–31; 13493:, pp. 40–41; 13489:, pp. 77–81; 13433:, pp. 77–81; 12953:Torlakian dialects 12409: 12125: 11882: 11675: 11404: 11186: 10935: 10589: 10415: 10278: 10045: 9910: 9899:("to go") < PA 9887:("to say" < PA 9737: 9564: 9458: 9322:(Standard Albanian 9295: 9114: 9040:Standard Albanian 9017:Standard Albanian 9002:Standard Albanian 8569:Germanic languages 7464:("to give") (Gheg 6961: 6813: 6686: 6655:ni ~ n (northern) 6383:"tongue" (Arb/Arv 6339:"to lay" > EPA 6156: 5934:"strong" > EPA 5871:"winter" > EPA 5280:Between *r̥ and C 4541:"yellow" > Alb 4321: 4195: 4149:LPA simple vowels 4148: 4098:Diphthongs in EPA 4097: 4039: 4009:déga > ... > 3991:"rams" (pl) > * 3704:and other areas), 2759: 2674:linguistic contact 2655:Ancient Macedonian 2582:Old Tosk varieties 2580:Old Gheg varieties 2540: 600–1300 CE 2459:Ancient Macedonian 2431:Pre-Proto-Albanian 2384:linguistic history 2363:Ancient Macedonian 2298:) and "Armenian" ( 2012:comparative method 575:Proto-Indo-Iranian 561:Proto-Balto-Slavic 542:Proto-Italo-Celtic 123:Paleo-Balkan group 17438:Albanian language 17415: 17414: 17327: 17326: 17259: 17258: 17163: 17162: 17155:Balkan sprachbund 17053:Albanian language 16897:. Franz Steiner. 16724:978-1-315-67855-9 16631:Albanian Language 16494:978-3-11-054243-1 16401:978-99943-0-254-3 16376:(Report). Zagreb. 16311:978-1-884964-98-5 16296:Adams, Douglas Q. 16292:Mallory, James P. 16283:978-0-3304-1224-7 16218:Leeming, David A. 16156:978-9928-339-74-4 15971:"Featured Review" 15651:978-1-4443-5968-8 15542:. Shkodër: 58–78. 15389:978-3-11-054243-1 15244:978-0-08-087774-7 15225:978-90-272-1185-9 14026:, pp. 36–37. 13849:, pp. 25–26. 13820:, pp. 29–30. 13800:, pp. 9, 11. 13669:, pp. 9, 11. 13629:, pp. 44–45. 13513:, pp. 40–41. 13304:, pp. 32–33. 13176:, pp. 58–59. 13140:, pp. 1, 10. 12900:lateral consonant 12805:and Proto-Slavic 12671:Semitic languages 12645:sedentary farmers 12565: 12564: 12402: 12401: 12333:i madh < *màdz 12189:< PIE *gʷoh₁dʰ 12146:< PIE *bʰórh₁ǵ 12070: 12069: 11880: 11879: 11622: 11621: 11402: 11401: 11184: 11183: 10708: 10707: 10582: 10581: 10413: 10412: 10242: 10241: 10190:< ? < 10012: 10011: 9836: 9835: 9735: 9734: 9649:hjek < *(w)alk 9624:hjek < *(w)alk 9562: 9561: 9456: 9455: 9293: 9292: 8645:(if stressed) or 8544: 8543: 8371:*j (palatalised) 8253:*c (palatalised) 8139:*j (palatalised) 8069:*c (palatalised) 7836:"point" > EPA 7794:"sharp" > EPA 7697:"pea"? > EPA 7390:"female pudenda" 7012:"snake" > EPA 6959: 6958: 6811: 6810: 6679: 6678: 6598:"night" > EPA 6466:"peace" > EPA 6203:"seven" > EPA 6133:"goose" > EPA 6122: 6121: 5591:"to drink" (OAlb 5122: 5097: 5011: 4843:"being" > EPA 4836: 4831: 4781: 4746:"being" > EPA 4661: 4514: 4378: 4377: 4258: 4257: 4193: 4192: 4135: 4134: 4095: 4094: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3481: 3472: 3431: 3400: 3391: 3382: 3357: 3322: 3311: 3262: 3253: 3168:Bellum Batonianum 3150:Illyro–Roman wars 3032: 3018: 3002: 2986: 2970: 2954: 2936: 2920: 2902: 2884: 2868: 2850: 2834: 2818: 2800: 2782: 2739:Balkan sprachbund 2705:dental fricatives 2659:gained prominence 2635: 2634: 2593: 2543: 2486: 2442: 2361:(West Greek) and 2336:Illyrian language 2309: 2308: 2288: 2287: 2279: 2278: 2270: 2269: 2261: 2260: 2252: 2251: 2201: 2172: 2171: 2163: 1952:is the ancestral 1947: 1946: 1208:Anatolian peoples 1178:Painted Grey Ware 1066:Nordic Bronze Age 715:Kurgan hypothesis 668:Old Irish glosses 633:Gaulish epigraphy 128: 127: 121:languages of the 67:1000 BCE – 600 CE 16:(Redirected from 17450: 17354: 17347: 17340: 17331: 17330: 17317: 17316: 17174: 17173: 17064: 17063: 17046: 17039: 17032: 17023: 17022: 17017: 16992: 16963: 16934: 16921: 16908: 16887: 16858: 16837: 16816: 16807: 16786: 16765: 16728: 16707: 16693: 16682: 16652: 16650: 16649: 16643: 16636: 16624: 16603: 16582: 16570: 16549: 16547: 16522: 16498: 16467: 16438: 16436: 16426: 16405: 16386: 16377: 16375: 16365: 16336: 16315: 16287: 16268: 16239: 16227: 16213: 16195: 16185: 16160: 16137: 16127: 16109: 16092:(10): e0275744. 16076: 16047: 16026: 16007:Joseph, Brian D. 16002: 15995:Joseph, Brian D. 15990: 15967:Joseph, Brian D. 15962: 15939:Joseph, Brian D. 15934: 15921: 15898: 15877: 15853: 15829: 15808: 15786: 15761: 15736: 15713:Evangelia Adamou 15707: 15681: 15671: 15655: 15634: 15613: 15592:Demiraj, Bardhyl 15587: 15568:Demiraj, Bardhyl 15563: 15548:Demiraj, Bardhyl 15543: 15531: 15523:Demiraj, Bardhyl 15518: 15508: 15500:Demiraj, Bardhyl 15495: 15474: 15446: 15425: 15393: 15372:De Vaan, Michiel 15367: 15365: 15364: 15345: 15335: 15308: 15306: 15289:(3): 1122–1144. 15273: 15248: 15229: 15214:(2nd ed.). 15206:de Vaan, Michiel 15197: 15165: 15126: 15120: 15114: 15104: 15098: 15092: 15086: 15080: 15074: 15068: 15062: 15056: 15050: 15044: 15038: 15032: 15026: 15020: 15014: 15008: 15002: 14996: 14990: 14984: 14978: 14972: 14966: 14960: 14951: 14950: 14948: 14947: 14933: 14927: 14926: 14924: 14923: 14909: 14903: 14902: 14900: 14899: 14885: 14879: 14878: 14876: 14875: 14861: 14855: 14849: 14843: 14837: 14831: 14825: 14819: 14813: 14782: 14776: 14770: 14764: 14758: 14752: 14746: 14740: 14734: 14728: 14722: 14716: 14710: 14704: 14698: 14697:, p. 58–59. 14692: 14686: 14680: 14674: 14668: 14662: 14656: 14647: 14641: 14635: 14629: 14623: 14617: 14608: 14607: 14599: 14588: 14582: 14576: 14570: 14564: 14558: 14552: 14546: 14537: 14531: 14516: 14510: 14504: 14498: 14492: 14486: 14473: 14472:, pp. 15–16 14467: 14452: 14446: 14440: 14434: 14425: 14419: 14413: 14412:, pp. 20–21 14407: 14396: 14390: 14384: 14378: 14372: 14371:, pp. 41–67 14366: 14360: 14354: 14348: 14342: 14329: 14323: 14317: 14311: 14298: 14288: 14282: 14276: 14270: 14264: 14258: 14252: 14246: 14240: 14234: 14228: 14222: 14216: 14210: 14204: 14198: 14192: 14186: 14180: 14174: 14168: 14162: 14152: 14146: 14140: 14134: 14128: 14122: 14117:, p. 1791; 14108: 14102: 14096: 14090: 14084: 14078: 14072: 14066: 14060: 14054: 14048: 14042: 14036: 14027: 14021: 14015: 14005: 13999: 13996:Prendergast 2017 13993: 13987: 13977: 13971: 13952:Prendergast 2017 13949: 13943: 13924:Prendergast 2017 13913: 13907: 13901: 13892: 13886: 13877: 13871: 13865: 13859: 13850: 13844: 13833: 13827: 13821: 13807: 13801: 13780:, p. 1732; 13767: 13761: 13751: 13745: 13735: 13726: 13715:Prendergast 2017 13708: 13702: 13697:, p. 1732; 13676: 13670: 13645:, p. 1732; 13636: 13630: 13624: 13615: 13589: 13583: 13577: 13568: 13565:Prendergast 2017 13550: 13544: 13538: 13529: 13523: 13514: 13508: 13502: 13484: 13478: 13468: 13462: 13448: 13442: 13428: 13422: 13408: 13402: 13397:, p. 1790; 13388: 13382: 13326: 13320: 13314: 13305: 13299: 13293: 13287: 13281: 13254: 13248: 13242: 13236: 13230: 13224: 13218: 13212: 13206: 13200: 13194: 13177: 13147: 13141: 13135: 13126: 13116: 13107: 13057: 13048: 13033: 13011: 13008: 13002: 12999: 12993: 12962: 12956: 12909: 12903: 12888: 12746:yields Albanian 12727:) and κίττανος ( 12476:*kʷetwóres > 12411: 12408: 12127: 12124: 11889: 11883:*(s)parā (seed, 11881: 11682: 11676:*karpā ("rock", 11674: 11411: 11405:*źaka ("blood", 11403: 11193: 11185: 10942: 10934: 10727:"night" < PA 10591: 10588: 10418: 10414: 10281: 10277: 10052: 10044: 9917: 9909: 9744: 9736: 9571: 9563: 9465: 9457: 9305: 9294: 9117: 9113: 9110:means "to touch" 9074:means "to know"; 9014:means "to seize" 8929:verbs ending in 8725:mutates into PA 8675:could come from 8565:Italic languages 8385:"wood" > EPA 8164:"to find" (Gheg 7810:"cold" (but Alb 6964: 6960: 6816: 6812: 6689: 6685: 6395:"thousand" (Cha 6228:"long" > EPA 6159: 6155: 6080:"nine" > EPA 5742:"tree" > EPA 5377:"knee" > EPA 5255:"on, upon"; Lat 5120: 5095: 5009: 4834: 4829: 4816:"incense" (Gheg 4779: 4659: 4512: 4469:"steam, vapor"; 4391: 4390: 4324: 4320: 4198: 4194: 4151: 4147: 4100: 4096: 4042: 4038: 4022: 4006: 3990: 3975:"ram" (sg) > 3974: 3891:language contact 3843:History of study 3761: 3632:branches of the 3538:Byzantine Empire 3526: 3486: 3477: 3468: 3423: 3396: 3387: 3378: 3349: 3316: 3309: 3258: 3251: 3242: 3241: 3236:crop cultivation 3211:(Proto-)Romanian 3180: 3177: 3030: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2864: 2860: 2859: 2848: 2844: 2843: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2767: 2716:nasal consonants 2688:the rise of the 2680:innovations and 2618:Balkan languages 2591: 2588: 2584: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2505:, Tosk Albanian– 2484: 2481: 2477: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2375: 2374: 2220: 2219: 2199: 2189: 2188: 2161: 2136: 2135: 2126: 2125: 2101: 2100: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2085: 1974: 1971: 1939: 1932: 1925: 1780: 1773: 1759: 1752: 1745: 1731: 1724: 1717: 1710: 1703: 1628: 1614: 1607: 1593: 1571: 1564: 1557: 1548: 1383: 1376: 1369: 1362: 1355: 1338:Germanic peoples 1328:Hellenic peoples 1317: 1310: 1303: 1226:Mycenaean Greeks 1215: 1143:Thraco-Cimmerian 1041:Globular Amphora 1018:Abashevo culture 957: 950: 920: 875: 868: 861: 854: 847: 840: 833: 826: 663:Tocharian script 366: 359: 352: 345: 338: 331: 324: 317: 284: 270: 263: 256: 242: 218: 211: 192: 153: 130: 129: 66: 30: 29: 21: 17458: 17457: 17453: 17452: 17451: 17449: 17448: 17447: 17443:Proto-languages 17418: 17417: 17416: 17411: 17363: 17358: 17328: 17323: 17305: 17255: 17222: 17159: 17138: 17100: 17086:Palaeo-Balkanic 17079:language family 17055: 17050: 17020: 17014: 16989: 16960: 16905: 16855: 16834: 16804: 16783: 16754: 16725: 16671: 16647: 16645: 16641: 16634: 16621: 16600: 16579: 16519: 16495: 16434: 16423: 16402: 16373: 16333: 16312: 16284: 16236: 16157: 16065: 16044: 16036:. L. Reichert. 16023: 15999:Albanohellenica 15959: 15918: 15895: 15858:Huld, Martin E. 15850: 15834:Huld, Martin E. 15826: 15758: 15733: 15679: 15652: 15631: 15597:Studia Albanica 15570:(2016). "Ilir. 15560:Albanohellenica 15538:(in Albanian). 15529: 15506: 15492: 15471: 15451:Demiraj, Shaban 15443: 15422: 15398:Demiraj, Shaban 15390: 15362: 15360: 15270: 15245: 15226: 15135: 15130: 15129: 15121: 15117: 15105: 15101: 15093: 15089: 15081: 15077: 15069: 15065: 15057: 15053: 15045: 15041: 15033: 15029: 15021: 15017: 15009: 15005: 14997: 14993: 14985: 14981: 14973: 14969: 14961: 14954: 14945: 14943: 14934: 14930: 14921: 14919: 14910: 14906: 14897: 14895: 14886: 14882: 14873: 14871: 14862: 14858: 14850: 14846: 14838: 14834: 14826: 14822: 14814: 14785: 14781:, pp. 229. 14777: 14773: 14765: 14761: 14753: 14749: 14741: 14737: 14729: 14725: 14717: 14713: 14705: 14701: 14693: 14689: 14681: 14677: 14669: 14665: 14657: 14650: 14642: 14638: 14630: 14626: 14618: 14611: 14600: 14591: 14583: 14579: 14571: 14567: 14559: 14555: 14547: 14540: 14532: 14519: 14511: 14507: 14499: 14495: 14487: 14476: 14468: 14455: 14451:, pp. 8–12 14447: 14443: 14435: 14428: 14420: 14416: 14408: 14399: 14391: 14387: 14379: 14375: 14367: 14363: 14355: 14351: 14343: 14332: 14324: 14320: 14312: 14301: 14293:, p. 122; 14289: 14285: 14277: 14273: 14265: 14261: 14253: 14249: 14241: 14237: 14229: 14225: 14217: 14213: 14205: 14201: 14193: 14189: 14181: 14177: 14169: 14165: 14157:, p. 317; 14153: 14149: 14141: 14137: 14129: 14125: 14109: 14105: 14097: 14093: 14085: 14081: 14073: 14069: 14061: 14057: 14049: 14045: 14037: 14030: 14022: 14018: 14012:Bednarczuk 2023 14006: 14002: 13994: 13990: 13978: 13974: 13954:, p. 149; 13950: 13946: 13926:, p. 149; 13920:Bednarczuk 2023 13918:, p. 557; 13914: 13910: 13904:Bednarczuk 2023 13902: 13895: 13887: 13880: 13872: 13868: 13860: 13853: 13845: 13836: 13828: 13824: 13808: 13804: 13792:, p. 606; 13788:, p. 448; 13770:Bednarczuk 2023 13768: 13764: 13756:, p. 249; 13752: 13748: 13742:Bednarczuk 2023 13736: 13729: 13717:, p. 149; 13713:, p. 557; 13709: 13705: 13685:, p. 448; 13677: 13673: 13661:, p. 448; 13637: 13633: 13625: 13618: 13590: 13586: 13578: 13571: 13559:, p. 557; 13551: 13547: 13539: 13532: 13524: 13517: 13509: 13505: 13485: 13481: 13469: 13465: 13457:, p. 158; 13449: 13445: 13429: 13425: 13417:, p. 385; 13413:, p. 235; 13409: 13405: 13393:, p. 388; 13389: 13385: 13327: 13323: 13315: 13308: 13300: 13296: 13288: 13284: 13255: 13251: 13243: 13239: 13231: 13227: 13219: 13215: 13207: 13203: 13195: 13180: 13168:, p. 337; 13164:, p. 385; 13160:, p. 258; 13156:, p. 388; 13152:, p. 235; 13148: 13144: 13136: 13129: 13117: 13110: 13058: 13051: 13044:Frühuralbanisch 13034: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13014: 13009: 13005: 13000: 12996: 12963: 12959: 12910: 12906: 12889: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12831:("bright") and 12699:, and Albanian 12570: 12420:Proto-Albanian 12407: 12075: 11673: 11627: 10933: 10780: 10713: 10662:*wéy > *nos 10587: 10247: 10014:The last verb, 9923:Verb (present) 9841: 9750:Verb (present) 9611:?) < *h₂wolk 9577:Verb (present) 9471:Verb (present) 9311:Verb (present) 9123:Verb (present) 8742:Classical Latin 8733:in the plural. 8628: 8623: 8618: 8559:(often called " 8549: 8087:"to cry" (OAlb 7541:"steam, vapor" 7125:"pig" > EPA 6814:LPA Consonants 6687:EPA Consonants 6684: 6663:"man" > EPA 6415:/ð/ (some Lab) 6127: 5879:"winter" (Gheg 5791:"to let" (Gheg 5648:"pig" > EPA 5026:*(en) per en ta 4975: 4887: 4877:"timber" (Gheg 4674: 4672: 4667: 4665: 4658: 4383: 4037: 3962: 3945: 3934:Frühuralbanisch 3918:Michiel de Vaan 3884: 3845: 3636:and around the 3605:North Macedonia 3588: 3490: 3318: 3198:Moesia Superior 3178: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3020: 3019: 3013: 3005: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2989: 2988: 2987: 2981: 2973: 2972: 2971: 2965: 2957: 2956: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2937: 2931: 2923: 2922: 2921: 2913: 2905: 2904: 2903: 2895: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2879: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2861: 2853: 2852: 2851: 2845: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2829: 2821: 2820: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2801: 2793: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2755:Moesia Superior 2747: 2643: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2626:Ottoman Turkish 2622:Western Romance 2589: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2556:Common Romanian 2539: 2533: 2507:Eastern Romance 2482: 2476: 2438: 2432: 2289: 2280: 2271: 2262: 2253: 2198: 2173: 2160: 2130:Graeco-Phrygian 2120:Graeco-Albanian 2084: 2078: 2072: 2026:studying early 1972: 1943: 1914: 1913: 1846:Marija Gimbutas 1834: 1824: 1823: 1815:Winter solstice 1805:Horse sacrifice 1776: 1769: 1755: 1748: 1741: 1727: 1720: 1713: 1706: 1699: 1652: 1637: 1624: 1610: 1603: 1589: 1580: 1567: 1560: 1553: 1544: 1535: 1514: 1483: 1475: 1474: 1417: 1404: 1379: 1372: 1365: 1358: 1351: 1313: 1306: 1299: 1290: 1272: 1259: 1246: 1217: 1211: 1196: 1188: 1187: 1161: 1138: 1125: 1113: 1094: 1036: 1013: 975: 968: 962: 953: 946: 937: 935:Northern Europe 916: 912: 899: 886: 871: 864: 857: 850: 843: 836: 829: 822: 818:Steppe cultures 791: 784: 777: 769: 768: 759:Baltic homeland 733: 729: 725:Eurasian nomads 709: 705: 681: 673: 672: 643:Runic epigraphy 638:Latin epigraphy 593: 585: 584: 522:Proto-Anatolian 506: 461: 457:Thraco-Illyrian 442:Graeco-Phrygian 432:Graeco-Armenian 427:Graeco-Albanian 406: 384: 371: 362: 355: 348: 341: 334: 327: 320: 313: 280: 266: 259: 252: 238: 214: 207: 188: 173: 165: 163: 88: 85:Proto-Albanoid 76: 74: 56:Western Balkans 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17456: 17446: 17445: 17440: 17435: 17430: 17413: 17412: 17410: 17409: 17404: 17402:Proto-Albanian 17399: 17394: 17389: 17384: 17379: 17374: 17368: 17365: 17364: 17357: 17356: 17349: 17342: 17334: 17325: 17324: 17322: 17321: 17310: 17307: 17306: 17304: 17303: 17298: 17293: 17288: 17283: 17278: 17273: 17267: 17265: 17261: 17260: 17257: 17256: 17254: 17253: 17248: 17243: 17238: 17232: 17230: 17224: 17223: 17221: 17220: 17215: 17214: 17213: 17203: 17198: 17193: 17188: 17186:Southeast Tosk 17182: 17180: 17171: 17165: 17164: 17161: 17160: 17158: 17157: 17152: 17146: 17144: 17140: 17139: 17137: 17136: 17135: 17134: 17129: 17124: 17114: 17112:Origins debate 17108: 17106: 17102: 17101: 17099: 17098: 17096:Proto-Albanian 17093: 17088: 17083: 17082: 17081: 17070: 17068: 17061: 17057: 17056: 17049: 17048: 17041: 17034: 17026: 17019: 17018: 17012: 16993: 16987: 16964: 16958: 16935: 16922: 16909: 16903: 16888: 16859: 16853: 16838: 16832: 16817: 16808: 16802: 16787: 16781: 16766: 16752: 16729: 16723: 16708: 16694: 16683: 16669: 16653: 16625: 16619: 16604: 16598: 16583: 16577: 16550: 16538:(2): 275–305. 16523: 16517: 16499: 16493: 16468: 16446:(in Italian). 16439: 16427: 16421: 16406: 16400: 16387: 16378: 16366: 16337: 16331: 16316: 16310: 16288: 16282: 16269: 16240: 16234: 16214: 16161: 16155: 16138: 16077: 16063: 16048: 16042: 16027: 16021: 16003: 15991: 15963: 15957: 15935: 15922: 15916: 15899: 15893: 15878: 15854: 15848: 15830: 15824: 15809: 15787: 15762: 15756: 15737: 15731: 15708: 15672: 15656: 15650: 15635: 15629: 15614: 15588: 15574:" [Illyr. 15564: 15544: 15535:Hylli i Dritës 15519: 15496: 15490: 15475: 15469: 15447: 15441: 15426: 15420: 15394: 15388: 15368: 15346: 15309: 15274: 15268: 15249: 15243: 15230: 15224: 15198: 15166: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15128: 15127: 15115: 15099: 15087: 15075: 15073:, p. 223. 15063: 15051: 15039: 15027: 15015: 15013:, p. 255. 15003: 15001:, p. 104. 14991: 14979: 14977:, p. 226. 14967: 14965:, p. 235. 14952: 14928: 14904: 14880: 14856: 14854:, p. 204. 14844: 14842:, p. 203. 14832: 14830:, p. 201. 14820: 14783: 14771: 14767:Matzinger 2005 14759: 14757:, p. 571. 14747: 14735: 14733:, p. 559. 14723: 14721:, p. 450. 14711: 14709:, p. 449. 14699: 14687: 14675: 14663: 14648: 14636: 14624: 14609: 14589: 14587:, pp. 3–4 14577: 14575:, pp. 2–3 14565: 14553: 14538: 14517: 14505: 14493: 14474: 14453: 14441: 14426: 14422:Matasović 2019 14414: 14397: 14385: 14381:Matzinger 2006 14373: 14361: 14349: 14345:Matasović 2019 14330: 14318: 14299: 14295:Hyllested 2016 14283: 14281:, p. 267. 14271: 14269:, p. 165. 14259: 14257:, p. 269. 14247: 14245:, p. 183. 14235: 14233:, p. 174. 14223: 14221:, p. 175. 14211: 14209:, p. 136. 14199: 14197:, p. 106. 14187: 14185:, p. 103. 14175: 14173:, p. 197. 14163: 14147: 14135: 14123: 14115:Matzinger 2018 14103: 14091: 14079: 14067: 14055: 14043: 14028: 14016: 14000: 13998:, p. 152. 13988: 13972: 13962:, p. 41; 13944: 13934:, p. 41; 13922:, p. 43; 13908: 13893: 13878: 13866: 13864:, p. 127. 13851: 13834: 13822: 13818:Matzinger 2009 13802: 13796:, p. 41; 13794:Matzinger 2006 13772:, p. 43; 13762: 13746: 13727: 13721:, p. 49; 13719:Matzinger 2017 13703: 13691:Matzinger 2018 13671: 13655:Matzinger 2017 13653:, p. 46; 13647:Matzinger 2018 13631: 13616: 13608:Matzinger 2009 13584: 13569: 13567:, p. 149. 13563:, p. 49; 13561:Matzinger 2017 13545: 13530: 13515: 13503: 13501:, p. 158. 13479: 13477:, p. 158. 13463: 13443: 13441:, p. 158. 13423: 13421:, p. 337. 13403: 13395:Matzinger 2018 13383: 13381: 13380: 13374: 13368: 13362: 13356: 13350: 13347:Matasović 2019 13344: 13338: 13321: 13319:, p. 258. 13306: 13294: 13292:, p. 345. 13282: 13249: 13237: 13225: 13213: 13209:Matasović 2019 13201: 13199:, p. 1732 13178: 13172:, p. 45; 13142: 13127: 13108: 13106: 13105: 13102:Matzinger 2006 13099: 13085: 13049: 13036:Matzinger 2016 13022: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13013: 13012: 13003: 12994: 12957: 12935:, and western 12904: 12892:Serbo-Croatian 12882: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12569: 12566: 12563: 12562: 12559: 12556: 12550: 12549: 12546: 12543: 12537: 12536: 12533: 12530: 12524: 12523: 12520: 12517: 12511: 12510: 12507: 12504: 12498: 12497: 12494: 12491: 12485: 12484: 12481: 12474: 12468: 12467: 12464: 12461: 12455: 12454: 12444: 12441: 12435: 12434: 12431: 12428: 12422: 12421: 12418: 12415: 12406: 12403: 12400: 12399: 12394: 12370: 12369: 12364: 12347: 12346: 12341: 12330: 12329: 12324: 12309: 12308: 12303: 12288: 12287: 12282: 12271: 12270: 12265: 12257:i ur < *wàr 12254: 12253: 12248: 12237: 12236: 12231: 12220: 12219: 12214: 12199: 12198: 12193: 12170: 12169: 12164: 12155:< PA *bardz 12142:< PA *bardz 12135: 12134: 12131: 12074: 12071: 12068: 12067: 12053: 12045: 12039: 12038: 12024: 12016: 12010: 12009: 11991: 11983: 11977: 11976: 11961: 11946: 11940: 11939: 11930: 11906: 11900: 11899: 11896: 11893: 11878: 11877: 11863: 11855: 11849: 11848: 11834: 11826: 11820: 11819: 11801: 11793: 11787: 11786: 11772: 11757: 11751: 11750: 11726: 11699: 11693: 11692: 11689: 11686: 11672: 11669: 11626: 11623: 11620: 11619: 11609: 11595: 11589: 11588: 11578: 11564: 11558: 11557: 11540: 11526: 11520: 11519: 11500: 11491:gjak < *źak 11489: 11483: 11482: 11451: 11428: 11422: 11421: 11418: 11415: 11400: 11399: 11385: 11371: 11365: 11364: 11350: 11336: 11330: 11329: 11311: 11297: 11291: 11290: 11281:djem < *del 11279: 11264: 11258: 11257: 11234: 11210: 11204: 11203: 11200: 11197: 11187:*delà ("boy", 11182: 11181: 11167: 11153: 11147: 11146: 11119: 11105: 11099: 11098: 11063: 11049: 11043: 11042: 11027: 11016: 11010: 11009: 10982: 10959: 10953: 10952: 10949: 10946: 10932: 10929: 10923:. Ablative in 10915:comes from PA 10779: 10776: 10752:Serbo-Croatian 10712: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10702: 10699: 10693: 10692: 10689: 10686: 10680: 10679: 10676: 10673: 10667: 10666: 10663: 10660: 10654: 10653: 10650: 10649:*h₁ey + *-éh₂ 10647: 10641: 10640: 10637: 10634: 10628: 10627: 10624: 10621: 10615: 10614: 10613:*uǵ > *udz 10611: 10608: 10602: 10601: 10598: 10595: 10586: 10583: 10580: 10579: 10561: 10555: 10554: 10536: 10530: 10529: 10515: 10509: 10508: 10494: 10488: 10487: 10469: 10463: 10462: 10432: 10426: 10425: 10422: 10411: 10410: 10396: 10390: 10389: 10379: 10373: 10372: 10358: 10352: 10351: 10341: 10335: 10334: 10320: 10314: 10313: 10295: 10289: 10288: 10285: 10246: 10243: 10240: 10239: 10228: 10222: 10221: 10210: 10204: 10203: 10184: 10178: 10177: 10154: 10148: 10147: 10124: 10118: 10117: 10066: 10060: 10059: 10056: 10010: 10009: 10006: 10003: 9997: 9996: 9993: 9990: 9984: 9983: 9980: 9977: 9971: 9970: 9967: 9964: 9958: 9957: 9954: 9951: 9945: 9944: 9941: 9934: 9928: 9927: 9924: 9921: 9840: 9837: 9834: 9833: 9827: 9821: 9820: 9814: 9808: 9807: 9801: 9795: 9794: 9788: 9782: 9781: 9775: 9769: 9768: 9758: 9752: 9751: 9748: 9733: 9732: 9728:? < *h₂wolk 9724:? < *(w)alk 9714: 9708: 9707: 9703:? < *h₂wolk 9689: 9683: 9682: 9678:? < *h₂wolk 9674:? < *(w)alk 9664: 9658: 9657: 9653:? < *h₂wolk 9647: 9641: 9640: 9622: 9616: 9615: 9585: 9579: 9578: 9575: 9560: 9559: 9553: 9547: 9546: 9540: 9534: 9533: 9527: 9521: 9520: 9514: 9508: 9507: 9501: 9495: 9494: 9479: 9473: 9472: 9469: 9454: 9453: 9439: 9433: 9432: 9414: 9408: 9407: 9393: 9387: 9386: 9372: 9366: 9365: 9351: 9345: 9344: 9319: 9313: 9312: 9309: 9300:), from Latin 9291: 9290: 9268: 9262: 9261: 9243: 9237: 9236: 9214: 9208: 9207: 9197: 9191: 9190: 9172: 9166: 9165: 9131: 9125: 9124: 9121: 9112: 9111: 9097: 9075: 9061: 9038: 9015: 8908:< Old Gheg 8780:āre), with PA 8764:> Old Gheg 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8603: 8602: 8599: 8596: 8548: 8545: 8542: 8541: 8523: 8520: 8517: 8513: 8512: 8486: 8483: 8480: 8477: 8474: 8470: 8469: 8447: 8444: 8441: 8437: 8436: 8414: 8411: 8408: 8405: 8402: 8398: 8397: 8375: 8372: 8368: 8367: 8341: 8338: 8335: 8331: 8330: 8296: 8293: 8290: 8287: 8284: 8280: 8279: 8257: 8254: 8250: 8249: 8223: 8220: 8217: 8213: 8212: 8186: 8183: 8180: 8177: 8174: 8170: 8169: 8143: 8140: 8136: 8135: 8109: 8106: 8103: 8100: 8097: 8093: 8092: 8073: 8070: 8066: 8065: 8039: 8036: 8033: 8030: 8027: 8023: 8022: 8017:"voice" (Gheg 7992: 7989: 7986: 7985:*d͡ʒ before w 7982: 7981: 7947: 7944: 7941: 7937: 7936: 7931:"tooth" (Gheg 7906: 7903: 7900: 7897: 7894: 7893:*ǵ, *ǵʰ (*ɟ?) 7890: 7889: 7863: 7860: 7857: 7853: 7852: 7826: 7820: 7816: 7815: 7784: 7778: 7774: 7773: 7721: 7718: 7714: 7713: 7687: 7681: 7678: 7675: 7672: 7668: 7667: 7642: 7636: 7629: 7628: 7602: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7586: 7585: 7559: 7556: 7553: 7550: 7547: 7543: 7542: 7516: 7513: 7506: 7505: 7490: 7487: 7484: 7481: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7430: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7405: 7399: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7365: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7349: 7348: 7322: 7319: 7316: 7313: 7310: 7306: 7305: 7279: 7276: 7273: 7270: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7227: 7224: 7220: 7219: 7193: 7189: 7188: 7157: 7154: 7150: 7149: 7115: 7109: 7106: 7102: 7101: 7075: 7069: 7065: 7064: 7042: 7036: 7033: 7029: 7028: 7023:"snake" (Gheg 7003: 6997: 6994: 6991: 6988: 6984: 6983: 6980: 6977: 6974: 6971: 6968: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6895: 6892: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6872: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6745: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6657: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6642: 6641: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6607: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6565: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6530: 6529: 6518: 6515: 6512: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6476: 6475: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6423: 6417: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6400: 6365: 6362: 6356: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6299:*ur elsewhere 6296: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6262:*ul elsewhere 6259: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6237: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6212: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6181: 6180:Gheg Albanian 6178: 6177:Tosk Albanian 6175: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6149:> Albanian 6126: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6094: 6093: 6074: 6068: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6048: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6027: 6026: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5995: 5994: 5979: 5976: 5973: 5969: 5968: 5953: 5950: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5913: 5910: 5907: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5844:"jagged rock" 5830: 5827: 5823: 5822: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5797: 5796: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5752: 5751: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5725: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5665: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5630:"grandfather" 5626:> > Alb 5616: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5558: 5557: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5419: 5418: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5371: 5370:/ũ/ <û> 5368: 5365: 5361: 5360: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5306: 5305:/ĩ/ <î> 5303: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5263:"parent"; PIE 5241: 5238: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5178: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5144: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5126: 5123: 5116: 5115: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5022:*én pér én tód 5018: 5015: 5012: 5005: 5004: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4977: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4951: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4883: 4882: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4853: 4852: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4822: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4754:"thing" (Gheg 4740: 4734: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4676: 4669: 4662: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4632: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4410: 4409:Gheg Albanian 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4337: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4310:("clay pot"). 4256: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4245: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4191: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4111: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4031: 4015: 3999: 3983: 3961: 3958: 3944: 3941: 3930:Voruralbanisch 3883: 3880: 3872:Shaban Demiraj 3844: 3841: 3812:l-vocalization 3716:(Kukës/Gora), 3587: 3584: 3574:. The lack of 3503: 3501: 3500: 3484: 3482: 3475: 3473: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3394: 3392: 3385: 3383: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3314: 3312: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3256: 3254: 3252:Proto-Albanian 3249: 3247: 3245: 3154:Roman Republic 3024: 3023: 3015: 3014: 3007: 3006: 2999: 2998: 2991: 2990: 2983: 2982: 2975: 2974: 2967: 2966: 2959: 2958: 2949: 2948: 2941: 2940: 2933: 2932: 2925: 2924: 2915: 2914: 2907: 2906: 2897: 2896: 2889: 2888: 2881: 2880: 2873: 2872: 2863: 2862: 2855: 2854: 2847: 2846: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2830: 2823: 2822: 2813: 2812: 2805: 2804: 2795: 2794: 2787: 2786: 2777: 2776: 2769: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2746: 2743: 2735: 2734: 2719: 2708: 2701: 2647:Greek colonies 2642: 2639: 2633: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2554:Contacts with 2552: 2549: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2497:Contacts with 2495: 2492: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2475:Proto-Albanian 2473: 2470: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2453:Contacts with 2451: 2448: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2408:Proto-Albanoid 2405: 2402: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2386: 2378: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2355:Ancient Greeks 2344:same IE branch 2307: 2306: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2192: 2187: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2124: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2089: 2071: 2068: 1950:Proto-Albanian 1945: 1944: 1942: 1941: 1934: 1927: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1904: 1897: 1890: 1883: 1875: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1835: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1800:Fire sacrifice 1796: 1795: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1774: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1753: 1746: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1725: 1718: 1711: 1704: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1645: 1644: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1608: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1591:Zoroastrianism 1573: 1572: 1565: 1558: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1528: 1527: 1521: 1520: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1461: 1460: 1458:Medieval India 1449: 1448: 1443: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1412: 1411: 1399: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1377: 1370: 1363: 1356: 1340: 1335: 1333:Italic peoples 1330: 1325: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1311: 1304: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1267: 1266: 1254: 1253: 1241: 1240: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1204: 1203: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1169: 1168: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1133: 1132: 1120: 1119: 1112: 1111: 1109:Gandhara grave 1106: 1101: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1031: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1008: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 970: 969: 961: 960: 959: 958: 955:Middle Dnieper 951: 932: 931: 926: 921: 910:Eastern Europe 907: 906: 894: 893: 881: 880: 879: 878: 877: 876: 869: 855: 848: 841: 838:Dnieper–Donets 834: 827: 815: 813:Kurgan culture 810: 809: 808: 798: 786: 785: 778: 775: 774: 771: 770: 767: 766: 761: 756: 751: 749:Beech argument 746: 741: 735: 734: 728: 727: 722: 717: 711: 710: 704: 703: 698: 693: 688: 682: 679: 678: 675: 674: 671: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 594: 591: 590: 587: 586: 583: 582: 572: 558: 553: 539: 532:Proto-Germanic 529: 527:Proto-Armenian 524: 519: 517:Proto-Albanian 513: 512: 505: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 468: 467: 460: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 413: 412: 405: 404: 403: 402: 378: 377: 370: 369: 368: 367: 360: 353: 346: 339: 332: 325: 318: 306: 301: 295: 294: 288: 287: 286: 285: 273: 272: 271: 264: 257: 245: 244: 243: 231: 226: 221: 220: 219: 212: 200: 195: 194: 193: 180: 179: 172: 171: 164: 159: 158: 155: 154: 146: 145: 139: 138: 126: 125: 115: 111: 110: 109: 108: 102: 94: 90: 89: 87: 86: 79: 77: 72: 69: 68: 62: 58: 57: 54: 50: 49: 39: 35: 34: 33:Proto-Albanian 26: 18:Proto-Albanian 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17455: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17425: 17423: 17408: 17405: 17403: 17400: 17398: 17395: 17393: 17390: 17388: 17385: 17383: 17380: 17378: 17375: 17373: 17370: 17369: 17366: 17362: 17355: 17350: 17348: 17343: 17341: 17336: 17335: 17332: 17320: 17312: 17311: 17308: 17302: 17299: 17297: 17294: 17292: 17289: 17287: 17284: 17282: 17279: 17277: 17274: 17272: 17269: 17268: 17266: 17262: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17233: 17231: 17229: 17225: 17219: 17216: 17212: 17209: 17208: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17183: 17181: 17179: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17166: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17147: 17145: 17141: 17133: 17130: 17128: 17125: 17123: 17120: 17119: 17118: 17115: 17113: 17110: 17109: 17107: 17103: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17089: 17087: 17084: 17080: 17077: 17076: 17075: 17072: 17071: 17069: 17065: 17062: 17058: 17054: 17047: 17042: 17040: 17035: 17033: 17028: 17027: 17024: 17015: 17013:9781614513001 17009: 17005: 17004: 16999: 16994: 16990: 16988:9783954790432 16984: 16980: 16976: 16972: 16971: 16965: 16961: 16959:9783954790746 16955: 16951: 16947: 16943: 16942: 16936: 16932: 16928: 16923: 16919: 16915: 16910: 16906: 16904:9783515063326 16900: 16896: 16895: 16889: 16885: 16881: 16877: 16873: 16869: 16865: 16860: 16856: 16854:9789071701641 16850: 16846: 16845: 16839: 16835: 16833:9789027263179 16829: 16825: 16824: 16818: 16814: 16809: 16805: 16803:9781402044885 16799: 16795: 16794: 16788: 16784: 16782:9789004416192 16778: 16774: 16773: 16767: 16763: 16759: 16755: 16753:9781138613089 16749: 16745: 16741: 16737: 16736: 16730: 16726: 16720: 16716: 16715: 16709: 16705: 16701: 16695: 16691: 16690: 16684: 16680: 16676: 16672: 16670:9789525667424 16666: 16662: 16661: 16654: 16644:on 2017-07-17 16640: 16633: 16632: 16626: 16622: 16620:90-04-11024-0 16616: 16612: 16611: 16605: 16601: 16599:90-04-11647-8 16595: 16591: 16590: 16584: 16580: 16578:9781108758666 16574: 16569: 16564: 16560: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16541: 16537: 16533: 16529: 16524: 16520: 16518:9780230282032 16514: 16510: 16509: 16504: 16500: 16496: 16490: 16486: 16482: 16478: 16474: 16469: 16465: 16461: 16457: 16453: 16449: 16445: 16440: 16433: 16428: 16424: 16422:9783897541177 16418: 16414: 16413: 16407: 16403: 16397: 16393: 16388: 16384: 16379: 16372: 16367: 16363: 16359: 16355: 16351: 16347: 16343: 16338: 16334: 16332:9789027263179 16328: 16324: 16323: 16317: 16313: 16307: 16303: 16302: 16297: 16293: 16289: 16285: 16279: 16275: 16270: 16266: 16262: 16258: 16254: 16250: 16246: 16241: 16237: 16231: 16226: 16225: 16219: 16215: 16211: 16207: 16203: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16175: 16171: 16167: 16162: 16158: 16152: 16148: 16144: 16139: 16135: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16117: 16113: 16108: 16103: 16099: 16095: 16091: 16087: 16083: 16078: 16074: 16070: 16066: 16064:9789525667424 16060: 16056: 16055: 16049: 16045: 16043:9783882268232 16039: 16035: 16034: 16028: 16024: 16022:9780989514231 16018: 16014: 16013: 16008: 16004: 16000: 15996: 15992: 15988: 15984: 15980: 15976: 15972: 15968: 15964: 15960: 15958:9781556197604 15954: 15950: 15949: 15944: 15940: 15936: 15932: 15928: 15923: 15919: 15917:9781108499798 15913: 15909: 15905: 15900: 15896: 15894:9783944312323 15890: 15886: 15885: 15879: 15875: 15871: 15867: 15863: 15859: 15855: 15851: 15849:9780893571351 15845: 15841: 15840: 15835: 15831: 15827: 15825:9783447061179 15821: 15817: 15816: 15810: 15806: 15802: 15798: 15797: 15792: 15791:Hamp, Eric P. 15788: 15784: 15783:jj.3508401.16 15780: 15776: 15772: 15768: 15763: 15759: 15757:9781009115773 15753: 15749: 15748: 15743: 15742:"The Balkans" 15738: 15734: 15732:9781351109147 15728: 15724: 15723: 15718: 15714: 15709: 15705: 15701: 15697: 15693: 15689: 15685: 15678: 15673: 15669: 15665: 15661: 15657: 15653: 15647: 15643: 15642: 15636: 15632: 15630:9781009254908 15626: 15622: 15621: 15615: 15611: 15607: 15603: 15599: 15598: 15593: 15589: 15585: 15581: 15577: 15573: 15569: 15565: 15561: 15557: 15553: 15549: 15545: 15541: 15537: 15536: 15528: 15524: 15520: 15516: 15513:(in German). 15512: 15505: 15501: 15497: 15493: 15491:9789042001619 15487: 15483: 15482: 15476: 15472: 15470:9789994381715 15466: 15462: 15458: 15457: 15452: 15448: 15444: 15442:9780415412636 15438: 15434: 15433: 15427: 15423: 15421:9789994363001 15417: 15413: 15409: 15405: 15404: 15399: 15395: 15391: 15385: 15381: 15377: 15373: 15369: 15359:on 2020-01-24 15358: 15354: 15353: 15347: 15343: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15325: 15321: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15305: 15300: 15296: 15292: 15288: 15284: 15280: 15275: 15271: 15269:9789027236494 15265: 15261: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15246: 15240: 15236: 15231: 15227: 15221: 15217: 15213: 15212: 15207: 15203: 15199: 15195: 15191: 15187: 15183: 15179: 15175: 15171: 15167: 15163: 15159: 15155: 15151: 15147: 15143: 15138: 15137: 15125:, p. 260 15124: 15119: 15112: 15108: 15103: 15096: 15091: 15085:, p. 257 15084: 15079: 15072: 15067: 15060: 15055: 15048: 15043: 15036: 15031: 15024: 15019: 15012: 15007: 15000: 14995: 14988: 14983: 14976: 14971: 14964: 14959: 14957: 14941: 14940: 14932: 14917: 14916: 14908: 14893: 14892: 14884: 14869: 14868: 14860: 14853: 14848: 14841: 14836: 14829: 14824: 14817: 14812: 14810: 14808: 14806: 14804: 14802: 14800: 14798: 14796: 14794: 14792: 14790: 14788: 14780: 14775: 14769:, p. 47. 14768: 14763: 14756: 14751: 14744: 14739: 14732: 14727: 14720: 14715: 14708: 14703: 14696: 14691: 14684: 14679: 14672: 14667: 14660: 14655: 14653: 14645: 14640: 14633: 14628: 14621: 14616: 14614: 14605: 14598: 14596: 14594: 14586: 14581: 14574: 14569: 14562: 14557: 14550: 14545: 14543: 14536:, pp. 42 14535: 14530: 14528: 14526: 14524: 14522: 14514: 14509: 14503:, p. 136 14502: 14497: 14490: 14489:Paçarizi 2008 14485: 14483: 14481: 14479: 14471: 14466: 14464: 14462: 14460: 14458: 14450: 14445: 14439:, p. 270 14438: 14433: 14431: 14423: 14418: 14411: 14406: 14404: 14402: 14395:, p. 221 14394: 14389: 14382: 14377: 14370: 14365: 14359:, p. 483 14358: 14353: 14346: 14341: 14339: 14337: 14335: 14328:, p. XII 14327: 14322: 14315: 14310: 14308: 14306: 14304: 14297:, p. 67. 14296: 14292: 14287: 14280: 14275: 14268: 14263: 14256: 14251: 14244: 14239: 14232: 14227: 14220: 14215: 14208: 14203: 14196: 14191: 14184: 14179: 14172: 14167: 14161:, p. 38. 14160: 14156: 14151: 14145:, p. 38. 14144: 14139: 14132: 14127: 14120: 14116: 14112: 14107: 14101:, p. 44. 14100: 14095: 14089:, p. 71. 14088: 14083: 14077:, p. 64. 14076: 14071: 14064: 14059: 14053:, p. 63. 14052: 14047: 14041:, p. 25. 14040: 14035: 14033: 14025: 14020: 14014:, p. 43. 14013: 14009: 14004: 13997: 13992: 13985: 13981: 13976: 13969: 13965: 13961: 13957: 13953: 13948: 13941: 13937: 13933: 13929: 13925: 13921: 13917: 13912: 13906:, p. 43. 13905: 13900: 13898: 13890: 13885: 13883: 13876:, p. 81. 13875: 13870: 13863: 13858: 13856: 13848: 13843: 13841: 13839: 13831: 13826: 13819: 13815: 13811: 13806: 13799: 13795: 13791: 13787: 13783: 13779: 13775: 13771: 13766: 13760:, p. 19. 13759: 13758:Friedman 2019 13755: 13750: 13744:, p. 43. 13743: 13739: 13734: 13732: 13724: 13720: 13716: 13712: 13707: 13701:, p. 16. 13700: 13696: 13692: 13688: 13684: 13680: 13675: 13668: 13664: 13660: 13656: 13652: 13648: 13644: 13640: 13635: 13628: 13627:Friedman 2003 13623: 13621: 13613: 13612:Demiraj 2006b 13609: 13605: 13601: 13597: 13593: 13588: 13581: 13576: 13574: 13566: 13562: 13558: 13554: 13549: 13542: 13537: 13535: 13527: 13522: 13520: 13512: 13507: 13500: 13496: 13492: 13488: 13483: 13476: 13472: 13467: 13460: 13456: 13452: 13447: 13440: 13436: 13432: 13427: 13420: 13416: 13412: 13407: 13401:, p. 45. 13400: 13396: 13392: 13391:Friedman 2020 13387: 13378: 13375: 13372: 13369: 13366: 13363: 13360: 13357: 13354: 13351: 13348: 13345: 13342: 13339: 13336: 13332: 13331:Friedman 2022 13329: 13328: 13325: 13318: 13313: 13311: 13303: 13298: 13291: 13290:Friedman 2023 13286: 13278: 13274: 13270: 13266: 13262: 13258: 13253: 13246: 13241: 13234: 13229: 13222: 13217: 13210: 13205: 13198: 13193: 13191: 13189: 13187: 13185: 13183: 13175: 13171: 13167: 13163: 13159: 13155: 13154:Friedman 2020 13151: 13146: 13139: 13134: 13132: 13124: 13120: 13119:Friedman 2022 13115: 13113: 13103: 13100: 13097: 13093: 13089: 13086: 13083: 13079: 13075: 13071: 13067: 13063: 13060: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13045: 13041: 13040:eigenständige 13037: 13032: 13030: 13028: 13023: 13007: 12998: 12991: 12988:) instead of 12987: 12983: 12979: 12976:) instead of 12975: 12971: 12967: 12961: 12954: 12950: 12946: 12942: 12938: 12934: 12930: 12926: 12922: 12918: 12914: 12908: 12901: 12897: 12893: 12887: 12883: 12870: 12868: 12864: 12860: 12855: 12853: 12849: 12845: 12841: 12837: 12834: 12830: 12827: 12823: 12819: 12815: 12810: 12808: 12804: 12800: 12796: 12792: 12787: 12783: 12779: 12775: 12771: 12766: 12764: 12760: 12755: 12753: 12749: 12745: 12741: 12737: 12734: 12730: 12726: 12722: 12718: 12714: 12710: 12706: 12702: 12698: 12694: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12679: 12676: 12672: 12668: 12664: 12661: 12658:("goat") and 12657: 12654: 12650: 12646: 12642: 12638: 12634: 12630: 12626: 12622: 12618: 12613: 12611: 12607: 12603: 12599: 12595: 12591: 12588:'barley' and 12587: 12586:*h2(e)lbh-it- 12582: 12579: 12575: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12551: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12538: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12525: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12512: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12499: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12486: 12482: 12479: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12469: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12456: 12453: 12449: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12436: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12423: 12419: 12416: 12413: 12412: 12398: 12395: 12392: 12388: 12387: 12382: 12381: 12376: 12372: 12371: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12359: 12358: 12353: 12349: 12348: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12336: 12332: 12331: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12319: 12315: 12311: 12310: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12298: 12294: 12290: 12289: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12277: 12273: 12272: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12260: 12256: 12255: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12243: 12239: 12238: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12226: 12222: 12221: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210:< *bʰloh₁r 12209: 12205: 12201: 12200: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12188: 12184: 12181:< PA *džed 12180: 12176: 12172: 12171: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12162: 12159:< *bʰórh₁ǵ 12158: 12154: 12149: 12145: 12141: 12137: 12136: 12132: 12129: 12128: 12123: 12121: 12117: 12113: 12109: 12103: 12101: 12097: 12093: 12089: 12085: 12081: 12066: 12062: 12058: 12054: 12052: 12050: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12040: 12037: 12033: 12029: 12025: 12023: 12021: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12011: 12008: 12004: 12000: 11996: 11992: 11990: 11988: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11978: 11974: 11970: 11966: 11962: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11941: 11938: 11935: 11931: 11929: 11925: 11924: 11919: 11915: 11911: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11901: 11897: 11894: 11891: 11890: 11886: 11876: 11872: 11868: 11864: 11862: 11860: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11850: 11847: 11843: 11839: 11835: 11833: 11831: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11821: 11818: 11814: 11810: 11806: 11802: 11800: 11798: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11788: 11785: 11781: 11777: 11773: 11770: 11766: 11762: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11752: 11749: 11745: 11744: 11739: 11735: 11731: 11727: 11725: 11721: 11720: 11715: 11711: 11708: 11704: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11694: 11690: 11687: 11684: 11683: 11679: 11668: 11666: 11661: 11659: 11655: 11651: 11647: 11642: 11640: 11636: 11632: 11618: 11614: 11610: 11608: 11604: 11600: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11590: 11587: 11583: 11579: 11577: 11573: 11569: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11559: 11556: 11552: 11550: 11545: 11541: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11521: 11517: 11513: 11509: 11505: 11501: 11498: 11494: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11484: 11481: 11477: 11476: 11471: 11467: 11464: 11460: 11456: 11452: 11450: 11446: 11445: 11440: 11436: 11433: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11423: 11419: 11416: 11413: 11412: 11408: 11398: 11394: 11390: 11386: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11366: 11363: 11359: 11355: 11351: 11349: 11346:< *dʰeh₁l 11345: 11341: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11331: 11328: 11324: 11320: 11316: 11312: 11310: 11307:< *dʰeh₁l 11306: 11302: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11292: 11288: 11284: 11280: 11277: 11273: 11269: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11259: 11256: 11252: 11251: 11246: 11242: 11239: 11235: 11233: 11229: 11228: 11223: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11205: 11201: 11198: 11195: 11194: 11190: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11168: 11166: 11162: 11158: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11148: 11144: 11140: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11124: 11120: 11118: 11114: 11110: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11084: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11062: 11058: 11054: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11028: 11025: 11021: 11018:dem < *dàm 11017: 11015: 11012: 11011: 11008: 11004: 11003: 10998: 10994: 10991: 10987: 10983: 10981: 10977: 10976: 10971: 10967: 10964: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10954: 10950: 10947: 10944: 10943: 10939: 10928: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10914: 10909: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10874: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10819: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10775: 10773: 10769: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10740: 10736: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10718: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10694: 10691:*ata (*a-ta) 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10681: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10668: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10655: 10652:*ajā (*a-jā) 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10642: 10639:*aei (*a-ei) 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10629: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10616: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10603: 10599: 10596: 10593: 10592: 10578: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10556: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10541: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10531: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10510: 10507: 10503: 10499: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10489: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10464: 10461: 10457: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10441: 10437: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10427: 10423: 10420: 10419: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10388: 10384: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10374: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10353: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10336: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10315: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10290: 10286: 10283: 10282: 10276: 10274: 10271:changed into 10270: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10223: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10149: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10110: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10078: 10074: 10071: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10061: 10057: 10054: 10053: 10049: 10048:Tosk Albanian 10043: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9998: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9985: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9972: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9959: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9942: 9939: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9929: 9925: 9922: 9919: 9918: 9914: 9908: 9906: 9903:< earlier 9902: 9898: 9894: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9832: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9822: 9819: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9809: 9806: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9796: 9793: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9783: 9780: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9770: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9753: 9749: 9746: 9745: 9741: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9709: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9684: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9659: 9656: 9652: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9642: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9617: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9580: 9576: 9573: 9572: 9568: 9558: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9548: 9545: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9535: 9532: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9522: 9519: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9509: 9506: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9474: 9470: 9467: 9466: 9462: 9452: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9409: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9388: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9367: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9314: 9310: 9307: 9306: 9303: 9299: 9289: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9263: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9238: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9206: 9202: 9199:kap < *kap 9198: 9196: 9193: 9192: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9174:kap < *kap 9173: 9171: 9168: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9154: 9148: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9126: 9122: 9119: 9118: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9098: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9084:< earlier 9083: 9079: 9076: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9062: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9036: 9032: 9029:; participle 9028: 9024: 9021:< earlier 9020: 9016: 9013: 9009: 9005: 9001: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8993: 8988: 8986: 8983:(> modern 8982: 8977: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8958: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8923: 8921: 8920: 8914: 8913: 8907: 8906: 8900: 8896: 8893:(> modern 8892: 8888: 8883: 8882: 8880: 8875:Vulgar Latin 8874: 8872: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8849: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8825: 8823: 8817: 8815: 8809: 8807: 8801: 8800: 8794: 8793: 8787: 8784:(> modern 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8734: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8719: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8700: 8699:"you (all)". 8698: 8694: 8691:with a final 8690: 8686: 8683:and Sanskrit 8682: 8678: 8674: 8669: 8667: 8663: 8658: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8631: 8613: 8611: 8606: 8600: 8597: 8594: 8593: 8592: 8588: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8539: 8535: 8534: 8528: 8524: 8521: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8508: 8503: 8501: 8495: 8493: 8487: 8484: 8481: 8478: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8462: 8456: 8454: 8448: 8445: 8442: 8439: 8438: 8434: 8432: 8427: 8423: 8421: 8415: 8412: 8409: 8406: 8399: 8395: 8393: 8388: 8384: 8382: 8376: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8365: 8364: 8358: 8356: 8350: 8348: 8342: 8339: 8336: 8334:*g elsewhere 8332: 8328: 8326: 8321: 8319: 8313: 8311: 8305: 8303: 8297: 8294: 8291: 8288: 8281: 8277: 8275: 8270: 8266: 8264: 8258: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8247: 8246: 8240: 8238: 8232: 8230: 8224: 8221: 8218: 8216:*k elsewhere 8214: 8210: 8208: 8203: 8201: 8195: 8193: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8178: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8161: 8156: 8152: 8150: 8144: 8141: 8138: 8137: 8133: 8131: 8126: 8124: 8118: 8116: 8110: 8107: 8104: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8063: 8061: 8056: 8054: 8048: 8046: 8040: 8037: 8034: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8014: 8009: 8007: 8001: 7999: 7993: 7990: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7979: 7977: 7972: 7970: 7964: 7962: 7956: 7954: 7948: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7928: 7923: 7921: 7915: 7913: 7907: 7904: 7901: 7898: 7891: 7887: 7885: 7879: 7877: 7871: 7870: 7864: 7861: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7850: 7848: 7843: 7841: 7835: 7833: 7827: 7825: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7807: 7801: 7799: 7793: 7791: 7785: 7783: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7763: 7761: 7755: 7753: 7745: 7743: 7738: 7736: 7730: 7728: 7722: 7719: 7716: 7715: 7711: 7709: 7704: 7702: 7696: 7694: 7688: 7686: 7682: 7679: 7669: 7665: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7651: 7649: 7643: 7641: 7637: 7635: 7631: 7630: 7626: 7624: 7619: 7617: 7611: 7609: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7587: 7583: 7581: 7576: 7574: 7568: 7566: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7540: 7538: 7533: 7531: 7525: 7523: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7508: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7485: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7462: 7456: 7454: 7448: 7446: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7420: 7418: 7413: 7411: 7406: 7404: 7400: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7388: 7382: 7380: 7374: 7372: 7366: 7363: 7360: 7357: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7346: 7344: 7339: 7337: 7331: 7329: 7323: 7320: 7317: 7314: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7303: 7301: 7296: 7294: 7288: 7286: 7280: 7277: 7274: 7271: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7260: 7258: 7253: 7251: 7245: 7243: 7237: 7234: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7211: 7205: 7201: 7200: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7186: 7184: 7178: 7176: 7170: 7166: 7164: 7158: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7145: 7140: 7136: 7134: 7128: 7124: 7122: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7099: 7097: 7092: 7090: 7084: 7082: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7061: 7055: 7051: 7049: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7020: 7015: 7011: 7009: 7004: 7002: 6998: 6995: 6992: 6985: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6829: 6826: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6705: 6702: 6699: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6449: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6355:*λ (ly/-li)? 6354: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6174:Old Albanian 6173: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6091: 6088:"nine" (Gheg 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6073: 6072:<â, an> 6069: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6030:/a/ > /e/ 6029: 6028: 6025:"scab, dust" 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6009: 6006: 6003: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5972:/a/ > /e/ 5971: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5927: 5926:<â, an> 5923: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5776: 5775:<â, an> 5772: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5389:"knee" (OAlb 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5267:(?) > EPA 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5232: 5229:"toll, duty" 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4778: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4738:<â, an> 4733: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4608:"moon" (Gheg 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4593: 4592:<â, an> 4589: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4406:Tosk Albanian 4405: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4319: 4317: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4199: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3957: 3955: 3954:Indo-European 3949: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3899:Proto-Romance 3896: 3892: 3888: 3887:Vladimir Orel 3879: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3848:Vladimir Orel 3840: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3720: 3715: 3714: 3709: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3539: 3533: 3531: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3480: 3471: 3458: 3455: 3450: 3443: 3439: 3437: 3430: 3426: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3390: 3381: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3368: 3356: 3352: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3320:Proto-Romance 3301: 3299: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3207:Proto-Romance 3204: 3200: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3188: 3187:christianized 3184: 3172: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3156:defeated the 3155: 3151: 3147: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3124: 3119: 3117: 3112: 3110: 3105: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3095: 3089: 3087: 3086: 3080: 3078: 3073: 3071: 3070: 3064: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3041: 3039: 3038: 3027: 2953: 2919: 2901: 2867: 2817: 2799: 2781: 2766: 2756: 2751: 2742: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2727:present tense 2724: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2600: 2598: 2578: 2572: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2548: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2508: 2504: 2503:Proto-Romance 2500: 2493: 2491: 2471: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2447: 2427: 2425: 2416: 2414: 2409: 2403: 2401: 2396: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2376: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2284: 2283: 2275: 2274: 2266: 2265: 2257: 2256: 2248: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2064:ancient Greek 2061: 2057: 2053: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2005:Indo-European 2002: 2001:common branch 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1973: 600 CE 1967: 1963: 1960:, before the 1959: 1955: 1954:reconstructed 1951: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1917: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1851:J. P. Mallory 1849: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1828: 1827: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1650: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1636: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1579: 1578: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1534: 1533: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1488:Reconstructed 1486: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1416: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1403: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1316: 1315:Insular Celts 1312: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1289: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1258: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1245: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1231:Indo-Iranians 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1192: 1191: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1160: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1137: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1093: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1035: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1012: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 977: 976: 974: 973:Pontic Steppe 967: 964: 963: 956: 952: 949: 945: 944: 943: 940: 939: 938: 936: 930: 927: 925: 922: 919: 915: 914: 913: 911: 905: 902: 901: 900: 898: 892: 889: 888: 887: 885: 874: 870: 867: 863: 862: 860: 856: 853: 849: 846: 842: 839: 835: 832: 828: 825: 821: 820: 819: 816: 814: 811: 807: 806:Kurgan stelae 804: 803: 802: 799: 797: 794: 793: 792: 790: 789:Pontic Steppe 783: 780: 779: 773: 772: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 736: 731: 730: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 712: 707: 706: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 683: 677: 676: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 595: 589: 588: 580: 579:Proto-Iranian 576: 573: 570: 566: 562: 559: 557: 554: 551: 547: 543: 540: 537: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 514: 511: 508: 507: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 469: 466: 463: 462: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 422:Daco-Thracian 420: 418: 415: 414: 411: 408: 407: 401: 397: 393: 389: 386: 385: 383: 380: 379: 376: 375:Reconstructed 373: 372: 365: 361: 358: 354: 351: 347: 344: 340: 337: 333: 330: 326: 323: 319: 316: 312: 311: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 296: 293: 290: 289: 283: 279: 278: 277: 274: 269: 265: 262: 258: 255: 251: 250: 249: 246: 241: 237: 236: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 217: 213: 210: 206: 205: 204: 201: 199: 196: 191: 187: 186: 185: 182: 181: 178: 175: 174: 170: 167: 166: 162: 157: 156: 152: 148: 147: 144: 141: 140: 136: 132: 131: 124: 120: 116: 112: 107: 103: 101: 97: 96: 95: 91: 84: 83: 82: 78: 73:Reconstructed 70: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 40: 36: 31: 19: 17127:Daco-Moesian 17117:Paleo-Balkan 17095: 17002: 16969: 16940: 16930: 16926: 16917: 16913: 16893: 16867: 16863: 16843: 16822: 16812: 16792: 16771: 16734: 16713: 16703: 16699: 16688: 16659: 16646:. Retrieved 16639:the original 16630: 16609: 16588: 16558: 16535: 16531: 16511:. Palgrave. 16507: 16476: 16450:(2): 29–60. 16447: 16443: 16411: 16391: 16382: 16345: 16341: 16321: 16300: 16273: 16252: 16248: 16244: 16223: 16173: 16169: 16142: 16089: 16085: 16053: 16032: 16011: 15998: 15978: 15974: 15947: 15930: 15926: 15907: 15883: 15865: 15861: 15838: 15814: 15795: 15766: 15746: 15721: 15717:Yaron Matras 15687: 15683: 15667: 15663: 15640: 15619: 15595: 15583: 15579: 15575: 15571: 15559: 15555: 15551: 15539: 15533: 15510: 15480: 15455: 15431: 15407: 15402: 15379: 15361:. Retrieved 15357:the original 15351: 15317: 15286: 15282: 15258: 15234: 15210: 15177: 15173: 15148:(6): 45–77. 15145: 15141: 15133:Bibliography 15118: 15107:Trumper 2018 15102: 15090: 15078: 15066: 15054: 15042: 15035:Witczak 2012 15030: 15025:, p. 7. 15018: 15006: 14999:Bubenik 1997 14994: 14982: 14970: 14944:. Retrieved 14938: 14931: 14920:. Retrieved 14914: 14907: 14896:. Retrieved 14890: 14883: 14872:. Retrieved 14866: 14859: 14847: 14835: 14823: 14774: 14762: 14755:Rusakov 2017 14750: 14738: 14731:Rusakov 2017 14726: 14719:Fortson 2010 14714: 14707:Fortson 2010 14702: 14695:Fortson 2010 14690: 14685:, p. 65 14678: 14666: 14659:Rusakov 2017 14639: 14634:, p. 42 14627: 14622:, p. 27 14603: 14580: 14568: 14556: 14515:, p. 15 14508: 14496: 14444: 14417: 14388: 14383:, p. 23 14376: 14369:Demiraj 1997 14364: 14357:Demiraj 2006 14352: 14347:, p. 39 14321: 14291:Viereck 1993 14286: 14274: 14262: 14250: 14238: 14226: 14214: 14202: 14190: 14178: 14166: 14150: 14138: 14126: 14106: 14099:Leeming 2005 14094: 14087:Demiraj 2011 14082: 14075:Demiraj 2011 14070: 14063:Demiraj 2011 14058: 14051:Demiraj 2011 14046: 14024:Demiraj 2002 14019: 14008:Rusakov 2013 14003: 13991: 13984:Vermeer 1996 13980:Rusakov 2013 13975: 13968:Vermeer 1996 13964:Malcolm 1998 13956:Rusakov 2013 13947: 13940:Vermeer 1996 13936:Malcolm 1998 13928:Rusakov 2013 13916:Rusakov 2017 13911: 13889:Rusakov 2013 13869: 13862:Vermeer 1996 13830:Schmitt 2020 13825: 13814:Rusakov 2013 13810:Demiraj 2016 13805: 13790:Vermeer 2008 13786:Fortson 2010 13782:Rusakov 2013 13778:De Vaan 2018 13774:Demiraj 2020 13765: 13749: 13738:Rusakov 2013 13723:Rusakov 2013 13711:Rusakov 2017 13706: 13695:De Vaan 2018 13683:Fortson 2010 13674: 13659:Fortson 2010 13643:De Vaan 2018 13634: 13600:Demiraj 2016 13587: 13580:Rusakov 2013 13557:Rusakov 2017 13553:Rusakov 2013 13548: 13526:Vermeer 2008 13511:Witczak 2016 13506: 13491:Witczak 2016 13487:Crăciun 2023 13482: 13466: 13446: 13431:Crăciun 2023 13426: 13415:Trumper 2018 13406: 13399:Ismajli 2015 13386: 13365:Fortson 2010 13353:Parpola 2012 13324: 13302:Demiraj 2013 13297: 13285: 13276: 13272: 13268: 13264: 13260: 13257:Vermeer 2008 13252: 13240: 13228: 13221:Fortson 2010 13216: 13204: 13197:De Vaan 2018 13174:Demiraj 2004 13170:Ismajli 2015 13162:Trumper 2018 13145: 13095: 13091: 13088:De Vaan 2018 13081: 13077: 13073: 13069: 13065: 13062:Demiraj 2020 13043: 13039: 13006: 12997: 12989: 12981: 12977: 12969: 12965: 12960: 12941:South Slavic 12913:Upper Morava 12907: 12886: 12866: 12862: 12856: 12851: 12847: 12843: 12839: 12835: 12828: 12821: 12811: 12806: 12802: 12798: 12794: 12790: 12767: 12762: 12758: 12756: 12751: 12747: 12743: 12739: 12735: 12721:Theophrastus 12712: 12711:word σπίνος 12704: 12700: 12696: 12692: 12689: 12684: 12677: 12667:*gʰaid̯(-o)- 12666: 12662: 12655: 12649:pastoralists 12640: 12636: 12632: 12628: 12624: 12620: 12614: 12609: 12605: 12601: 12597: 12589: 12585: 12583: 12577: 12571: 12553: 12540: 12527: 12514: 12501: 12488: 12477: 12471: 12458: 12451: 12447: 12438: 12425: 12396: 12390: 12385: 12383: 12380:Vulgar Latin 12378: 12374: 12366: 12361: 12355: 12351: 12343: 12338: 12334: 12326: 12321: 12317: 12313: 12305: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12284: 12279: 12275: 12267: 12262: 12258: 12250: 12245: 12241: 12233: 12228: 12227:< *melh₂n 12224: 12216: 12211: 12207: 12203: 12195: 12190: 12186: 12182: 12178: 12174: 12166: 12160: 12156: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12143: 12139: 12119: 12115: 12111: 12107: 12104: 12099: 12095: 12091: 12087: 12083: 12079: 12076: 12064: 12060: 12059:< *(s)pàr 12056: 12051: 12048: 12042: 12035: 12031: 12030:< *(s)pàr 12027: 12022: 12019: 12013: 12006: 12002: 11998: 11997:< *(s)pàr 11994: 11989: 11986: 11980: 11972: 11968: 11967:< *(s)pàr 11964: 11957: 11953: 11952:< *(s)pàr 11949: 11943: 11937: 11933: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11913: 11909: 11903: 11884: 11874: 11870: 11866: 11861: 11858: 11852: 11845: 11841: 11837: 11832: 11829: 11823: 11816: 11812: 11808: 11804: 11799: 11796: 11790: 11783: 11779: 11775: 11768: 11764: 11760: 11754: 11747: 11741: 11737: 11733: 11729: 11723: 11717: 11713: 11709: 11706: 11702: 11696: 11677: 11664: 11662: 11657: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11643: 11638: 11634: 11630: 11628: 11616: 11612: 11606: 11602: 11598: 11592: 11585: 11581: 11575: 11571: 11567: 11561: 11554: 11546: 11543: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11523: 11515: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11496: 11492: 11486: 11479: 11473: 11469: 11465: 11462: 11458: 11454: 11448: 11442: 11438: 11434: 11431: 11425: 11406: 11396: 11395:< *dʰh₁il 11392: 11388: 11382: 11381:< *dʰeh₁l 11378: 11374: 11368: 11361: 11360:< *dʰh₁il 11357: 11353: 11347: 11343: 11339: 11333: 11326: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11308: 11304: 11300: 11294: 11286: 11285:< *dʰh₁il 11282: 11275: 11274:< *dʰh₁il 11271: 11267: 11261: 11254: 11248: 11244: 11240: 11237: 11231: 11225: 11221: 11217: 11213: 11207: 11188: 11178: 11174: 11170: 11164: 11160: 11156: 11150: 11142: 11138: 11134: 11130: 11126: 11122: 11116: 11112: 11108: 11102: 11094: 11090: 11086: 11082: 11078: 11074: 11070: 11066: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11046: 11038: 11034: 11030: 11023: 11019: 11013: 11006: 11000: 10996: 10992: 10989: 10985: 10979: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10962: 10956: 10937: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10912: 10910: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10881: 10877: 10875: 10870: 10866: 10862: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10820: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10803: 10799: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10781: 10771: 10767: 10764:Proto-Slavic 10762:) since, in 10743: 10741: 10737: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10716: 10714: 10696: 10683: 10670: 10657: 10644: 10636:*h₁ey + *ís 10631: 10618: 10605: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10558: 10551: 10547: 10543: 10539: 10533: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10512: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10491: 10484: 10480: 10476: 10472: 10466: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10429: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10393: 10386: 10382: 10376: 10369: 10365: 10361: 10355: 10348: 10344: 10338: 10331: 10327: 10323: 10317: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10292: 10272: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10248: 10235: 10231: 10225: 10217: 10213: 10207: 10199: 10198:< *weh₂dʰ 10195: 10191: 10187: 10181: 10173: 10172:< *weh₂dʰ 10169: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10151: 10143: 10142:< *weh₂dʰ 10139: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10121: 10113: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10076: 10072: 10069: 10063: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10013: 10000: 9987: 9974: 9961: 9948: 9931: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9842: 9830: 9824: 9817: 9811: 9804: 9798: 9791: 9785: 9778: 9772: 9765: 9761: 9755: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9720:< *(w)alk 9717: 9711: 9704: 9700: 9696: 9695:< *(w)alk 9692: 9686: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9670:< *(w)alk 9667: 9661: 9654: 9650: 9644: 9637: 9636:< *h₂wolk 9633: 9629: 9625: 9619: 9612: 9608: 9604: 9600: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9582: 9556: 9550: 9543: 9537: 9530: 9524: 9517: 9511: 9504: 9498: 9490: 9486: 9482: 9476: 9450: 9449:? < cōgit 9446: 9442: 9436: 9429: 9428:? < cōgit 9425: 9421: 9417: 9411: 9404: 9403:? < cōgit 9400: 9396: 9390: 9383: 9382:? < cōgit 9379: 9375: 9369: 9362: 9361:? < cōgit 9358: 9354: 9348: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9316: 9301: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9274:< PA *kap 9271: 9265: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9240: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9220:< PA *kap 9217: 9211: 9204: 9200: 9194: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9169: 9161: 9157: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9128: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9094:*h₂wolkéyeti 9093: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9018: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8995: 8991: 8989: 8984: 8980: 8978: 8973: 8972:> modern 8969: 8965: 8961: 8959: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8941:> modern 8938: 8934: 8930: 8927:Proto-Slavic 8924: 8918: 8916: 8911: 8909: 8904: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8884: 8878: 8876: 8870: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8859:> modern 8856: 8852: 8850: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8835: 8829: 8827: 8821: 8819: 8813: 8811: 8805: 8803: 8798: 8796: 8791: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8750:Vulgar Latin 8735: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8720: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8701: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8670: 8665: 8662:*-esi, *-eti 8661: 8659: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8607: 8604: 8589: 8587:consonants. 8550: 8537: 8532: 8530: 8526: 8506: 8505: 8499: 8497: 8491: 8489: 8465: 8460: 8458: 8452: 8450: 8430: 8429: 8425: 8419: 8417: 8391: 8390: 8386: 8380: 8378: 8362: 8360: 8354: 8352: 8346: 8344: 8324: 8323: 8317: 8315: 8309: 8307: 8301: 8299: 8273: 8272: 8268: 8262: 8260: 8244: 8242: 8236: 8234: 8228: 8226: 8206: 8205: 8199: 8197: 8191: 8189: 8165: 8159: 8158: 8154: 8148: 8146: 8129: 8128: 8122: 8120: 8114: 8112: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8059: 8058: 8052: 8050: 8044: 8042: 8018: 8012: 8011: 8005: 8003: 7997: 7995: 7975: 7974: 7968: 7966: 7960: 7958: 7952: 7950: 7932: 7926: 7925: 7919: 7917: 7911: 7909: 7883: 7881: 7875: 7873: 7868: 7866: 7846: 7845: 7839: 7837: 7831: 7829: 7823: 7811: 7805: 7803: 7797: 7795: 7789: 7787: 7781: 7766: 7765: 7759: 7757: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7746:"shoulder"; 7741: 7740: 7734: 7732: 7726: 7724: 7707: 7706: 7700: 7698: 7692: 7690: 7684: 7662: 7660: 7655: 7653: 7647: 7645: 7639: 7633: 7622: 7621: 7615: 7613: 7607: 7605: 7579: 7578: 7572: 7570: 7564: 7562: 7536: 7535: 7529: 7527: 7521: 7519: 7510: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7469: 7465: 7460: 7458: 7452: 7450: 7444: 7442: 7416: 7415: 7409: 7408: 7402: 7386: 7384: 7378: 7376: 7370: 7368: 7342: 7341: 7335: 7333: 7327: 7325: 7299: 7298: 7292: 7290: 7284: 7282: 7256: 7255: 7249: 7247: 7241: 7239: 7215: 7209: 7207: 7203: 7198: 7196: 7182: 7180: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7162: 7160: 7143: 7142: 7138: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7120: 7118: 7112: 7095: 7094: 7088: 7086: 7080: 7078: 7072: 7059: 7057: 7053: 7047: 7045: 7039: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7013: 7007: 7006: 7000: 6672: 6671:"man" (OAlb 6668: 6664: 6660: 6654: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6623: 6617: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6525: 6521: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6411: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6359: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6150: 6146: 6143:*h₁ln̥gʷʰtós 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6128: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6044: 6040: 6022: 6018: 6014: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5750:"brushwood" 5747: 5743: 5739: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5694:"to thrive" 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5393:, Gheg gjû) 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5226: 5222: 5221:"hell"; Lat 5218: 5214: 5196: 5192: 5174: 5170: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5133: 5129: 5111: 5107: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4947: 4943: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4619: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4445: 4444:"to grasp"; 4441: 4437: 4433: 4387: 4384: 4315: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4291: 4290:merged into 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4028: 4024: 4012: 4008: 3996: 3992: 3980: 3976: 3963: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3885: 3846: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3803: 3788: 3784: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3745: 3737: 3727: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3693: 3686:Dragoshtunjë 3685: 3675: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3589: 3556: 3545:Middle Greek 3542: 3534: 3520: 3516: 3506: 3496: 3492: 3428: 3424: 3354: 3350: 3260:Vulgar Latin 3232:pastoralists 3224: 3196: 3191: 3173: 3166: 3163:Roman Empire 3143: 3128: 3122: 3115: 3108: 3101: 3093: 3092: 3084: 3083: 3076: 3068: 3067: 3060: 3053: 3045: 3044: 3036: 3035: 2951: 2917: 2899: 2865: 2815: 2797: 2779: 2754: 2736: 2703:the rise of 2671: 2644: 2577:Old Albanian 2564:South Slavic 2560:Middle Greek 2380: 2352: 2332: 2310: 2303: 2240: 2225: 2211: 2194: 2156: 2141: 2106: 2056:Roman Empire 2048: 2036:phonological 2014:between the 2009: 1956:language of 1949: 1948: 1906: 1899: 1892: 1885: 1878: 1872:Publications 1871: 1857: 1838: 1792: 1675: 1669: 1663: 1657:Paleo-Balkan 1647: 1646: 1634: 1633: 1575: 1574: 1530: 1529: 1517: 1487: 1470:Greater Iran 1463: 1462: 1451: 1450: 1414: 1413: 1401: 1400: 1343:Paleo-Balkan 1308:Celtiberians 1287: 1286: 1269: 1268: 1256: 1255: 1243: 1242: 1171: 1170: 1158: 1157: 1135: 1134: 1122: 1121: 1091: 1090: 1033: 1032: 1010: 1009: 972: 971: 934: 933: 909: 908: 896: 895: 883: 882: 824:Bug–Dniester 788: 787: 653:Gothic Bible 569:Proto-Baltic 565:Proto-Slavic 550:Proto-Italic 546:Proto-Celtic 516: 509: 464: 452:Italo-Celtic 447:Indo-Hittite 437:Graeco-Aryan 410:Hypothetical 409: 374: 309:Paleo-Balkan 291: 248:Indo-Iranian 203:Balto-Slavic 176: 16870:: 591–608. 16259:: 252–266. 15981:: 123–131. 15023:Joseph 2013 15011:Thorsø 2019 14563:, p. 3 14501:Totoni 1964 14424:, p. 7 14316:, p. 1 14111:Curtis 2012 13874:Millar 2010 13847:Curtis 2012 13687:Millar 2010 13663:Millar 2010 13604:Curtis 2012 13541:Joseph 2016 13419:Yntema 2017 13359:Beekes 2011 13333:, pp. 13317:Thorsø 2019 13211:, p. 6 13166:Yntema 2017 13121:, pp. 13092:Uralbanisch 12927:, northern 12923:, northern 12854:("light"). 12736:*k̑witn̥Hos 12532:*(h₁)oḱtṓw 12337:< *méǵh₂ 12295:< *štšal 12261:< *weh₁r 12244:< *sth₂n 11510:) < *źak 11177:< *dm̥h₂ 11163:< *dm̥h₂ 11137:) < *dm̥ 11129:) < *dam 11115:< *dm̥h₂ 11073:) < *dam 11059:< *dm̥h₂ 11037:< *dm̥h₂ 11022:< *dm̥h₂ 10919:, from PIE 10577:h₃(e)(s)nti 10525:< *h₁e-d 10504:< *h₁e-d 10492:He, she, it 10483:< *h₁e-d 10339:He, she, it 10152:He, she, it 9962:He, she, it 9891:< Latin 9867:< Latin 9786:He, she, it 9645:He, she, it 9512:He, she, it 9445:< *kugit 9420:< *kugit 9399:< *kugit 9378:< *kugit 9370:He, she, it 9357:< *kugit 9336:< *kugit 9328:< ) kujt 9195:He, she, it 8915:< Latin 8826:Late Latin 8795:< Latin 8527:*h₁widʰéwh₂ 8511:"to dress" 8211:"to bring" 7754:eh₂ dh₂itéy 7666:"to throw" 7494:*srobʰéyeti 7261:"to throw" 6630:*h₂ewksneh₂ 6118:"to throw" 6047:"squirrel" 5993:"darkness" 5439:"hip", Lat 5314:*rinja > 5154:) > Alb 5036:/ie/ + /i/ 4950:"to sleep" 4908:"to bring" 4762:"thing" or 4459:*n̥bʰ(u)los 4454:"capable"; 3926:Uralbanisch 3868:Eqrem Çabej 3768:(Lushnjë), 3734:Gjirokastër 3710:(Elbasan), 3072:(mountains) 2731:Koine Greek 2663:Koine Greek 2651:Doric Greek 2509:innovations 2463:Koine Greek 2455:Doric Greek 2367:place names 2359:Doric Greek 2040:Doric Greek 1750:Continental 1743:Anglo-Saxon 1446:Middle Ages 1396:Middle Ages 1251:Indo-Aryans 1244:Indo-Aryans 1051:Bell Beaker 1046:Corded ware 942:Corded ware 831:Sredny Stog 776:Archaeology 556:Proto-Greek 536:Proto-Norse 17422:Categories 17218:Arvanitika 16920:: 153–168. 16648:2020-01-23 16555:"Armenian" 16348:: 75–102. 16342:Filologija 16235:0195156692 15987:2115/47633 15904:"Albanian" 15363:2024-03-10 15109:, p. 14946:2024-08-09 14922:2024-08-09 14898:2024-08-09 14874:2024-08-09 13960:Tomić 2006 13932:Tomić 2006 13371:Holst 2009 13158:Majer 2019 12933:Montenegro 12931:, eastern 12873:References 12820:isogloss, 12770:isoglosses 12612:("grab"). 12590:*spor-eh2- 12558:*déḱm̥(t) 12299:< *skol 12278:< *weh₁ 12206:< *blōr 12112:*ō(d) < 12090:(< PIE 12063:< *spor 12034:< *spor 11971:< *spor 11956:< *spor 11873:< *kerp 11869:< *karp 11844:< *kerp 11840:< *karp 11807:< *karp 11782:< *kerp 11778:< *karp 11767:< *kerp 11763:< *karp 11605:< *sokʷ 11574:< *sokʷ 11549:North Gheg 11536:< *sokʷ 11514:< *sokʷ 11495:< *sokʷ 11430:gjak < 11236:djem < 10756:Macedonian 10731:< PIE 10527:h₃(e)(s)me 10022:, perhaps 9845:*esmi < 9589:early Tosk 9587:hjek < 9340:< cōgit 9203:< *kh₂p 9186:< *kh₂p 9151:dialectal 9102:< verb 9054:*kugitānja 9048:, earlier 9044:(Old Gheg 8746:Late Latin 8553:two groups 8366:"to burn" 8283:*gʷ, *gʷʰ 8248:"to bake" 8064:"to have" 7685:<th> 7640:<dh> 7627:"to burn" 7504:"to gulp" 7113:<th> 7073:<sh> 7040:<sh> 7001:<gj> 6891:Fricative 6875:Affricate 6748:Fricative 6740:*t͡ʃ *d͡ʒ 6682:Consonants 6554:*méh₂treh₂ 6482:*λ (-ri)? 6464:*meyh₁reh₂ 6226:*dl̥h₁gʰós 5542:*bʰloh₁ros 5472:*méh₂treh₂ 5417:"against" 5310:*h₃rinéHti 5223:commercium 4766:"things") 4764:sene/sende 4722:"without" 4636:*bʰóləteh₂ 4598:*skandneh₂ 4560:"twenty"; 4535:"barley"; 3864:vocabulary 3789:Oh(ë)r(id) 3713:Shishtavec 3603:, western 3601:Montenegro 3599:, eastern 3488:Balk. Rom. 3479:Balk. Rom. 3398:Comm. Rom. 3148:since the 3129:Oh(ë)r(id) 3127:. 12 3120:; 11 3113:; 10 3033:): 0 2682:phonologic 2678:structural 2529:Proto-Tosk 2524:Proto-Gheg 2322:after the 2314:and other 2080:See also: 2032:structural 1987:after the 1979:and other 1858:Institutes 1778:Lithuanian 1532:Indo-Aryan 1518:Historical 1452:Indo-Aryan 1409:Tocharians 1323:Cimmerians 1201:Bronze Age 1092:South Asia 966:Bronze Age 904:Afanasievo 708:Mainstream 472:Vocabulary 392:Sound laws 254:Indo-Aryan 17169:Varieties 17105:Formation 17067:Genealogy 16876:0169-0124 16762:224981491 16679:0355-0230 16613:. Brill. 16592:. Brill. 16464:2280-4250 16362:0449-363X 16354:1848-8919 16265:2521-3687 16210:251843620 16116:1932-6203 16073:0355-0230 15805:186020548 15704:0080-3588 15690:: 13–24. 15610:0585-5047 15604:: 33–40. 15453:(2006b). 15342:0563-5780 15326:: 77–83. 15194:0080-3588 15180:: 41–46. 15162:1824-484X 15123:Orel 2000 15095:Orel 2000 15083:Orel 2000 15059:Orel 2000 15047:Orel 2000 14852:Orel 2000 14840:Orel 2000 14828:Orel 2000 14816:Orel 2000 14683:Orel 2000 14671:Orel 2000 14644:Orel 2000 14632:Orel 2000 14620:Orel 2000 14585:Orel 2000 14573:Orel 2000 14561:Orel 2000 14549:Orel 2000 14534:Orel 2000 14513:Orel 2000 14470:Orel 2000 14449:Orel 2000 14437:Orel 2000 14410:Orel 2000 14326:Orel 2000 14314:Orel 2000 14279:Ylli 2000 14267:Ylli 2000 14255:Ylli 2000 14243:Ylli 2000 14231:Ylli 2000 14219:Ylli 2000 14207:Ylli 2000 14195:Ylli 2000 14183:Ylli 2000 14171:Ylli 2000 14159:Orel 2000 14155:Ylli 1997 14143:Orel 2000 13754:Hamp 2002 13596:Lafe 2022 13499:Huld 1984 13495:Huld 1986 13475:Huld 1984 13471:Huld 1986 13459:Lafe 2022 13455:Huld 1984 13451:Huld 1986 13439:Huld 1984 13435:Huld 1986 13018:Citations 12978:Bushtricë 12929:Macedonia 12859:Tocharian 12717:Aristotle 12637:*aidzijɑ̄ 12615:A common 12548:*neunti- 12545:*h₁néwn̥ 12528:Eight (8) 12522:*septati 12515:Seven (7) 12480:*kʷétur- 12459:Three (3) 12430:*h₁óynos 12320:< *per 12316:< *par 12120:*ē- ~ *ō- 12116:*ēd ~ *ōd 11895:Singular 11688:Singular 11601:< *źak 11570:< *źak 11532:< *źak 11417:Singular 11391:< *del 11356:< *del 11342:< *del 11317:< *del 11303:< *del 11270:< *del 11199:Singular 11173:< *dam 11159:< *dàm 11111:< *dàm 11055:< *dàm 11033:< *dàm 10961:dem < 10948:Singular 10760:Bulgarian 10704:*atā(s) 10701:*h₁ey + 10697:They (f.) 10688:*h₁ey + 10684:They (m.) 10671:You (all) 10406:< ekap 10402:< ekap 10385:< ekap 10368:< ekap 10364:< ekap 10347:< ekàp 10330:< ekap 10326:< ekap 10301:< ekap 10208:You (all) 10168:< *wad 10160:< *vet 10138:< *wad 10024:*weh₂dʰmi 9988:You (all) 9881:*kh₂pyóh₂ 9879:< PIE 9812:You (all) 9687:You (all) 9605:dialectal 9603:? < ( 9426:ānje(s)ju 9412:You (all) 9401:ānjame(s) 9332:< kult 9296:kujtonj ( 9286:< *kap 9257:< *kap 9249:< *kap 9241:You (all) 9232:< *kap 9160:( < *- 9133:kap < 9106:< PA * 9090:*(w)alkja 9070:< PIE 9012:*kh₂pyéti 9010:< PIE 9006:< *PA 8955:*mъdьliti 8953:< PSL 8776:āre and - 8536:> Alb 8529:> EPA 8504:> Alb 8496:> EPA 8479:*w (#_V) 8464:> Alb 8457:> EPA 8435:"bridle" 8428:> Alb 8424:> EPA 8407:*z (#_V) 8389:> Alb 8359:> Alb 8351:> EPA 8329:"bowels" 8322:> Alb 8271:> Alb 8267:> EPA 8241:> Alb 8204:> Alb 8157:> Alb 8153:> EPA 8127:> Alb 8119:> EPA 8083:> Alb 8057:> Alb 8010:> Alb 8002:> EPA 7973:> Alb 7957:> EPA 7940:*dz ~ d? 7924:> Alb 7916:> EPA 7896:*ǵ (*ɟ?) 7880:> Alb 7872:> EPA 7844:> Alb 7824:<ç> 7802:> Alb 7782:<c> 7764:> Alb 7739:> Alb 7712:"lentil" 7705:> Alb 7677:>*t͡s 7674:*ḱ (*c?) 7671:*ḱ (*c?) 7659:> Alb 7620:> Alb 7612:> EPA 7577:> Alb 7569:> EPA 7534:> Alb 7526:> EPA 7500:> Alb 7457:> Alb 7414:> Alb 7383:> Alb 7375:> EPA 7340:> Alb 7332:> EPA 7297:> Alb 7289:> EPA 7254:> Alb 7214:> Alb 7202:> EPA 7187:"tongue" 7179:> Alb 7167:> EPA 7141:> Alb 7137:> LPA 7093:> Alb 7085:> EPA 7056:> Alb 7052:> EPA 7016:> Alb 6999:ɟ ~ d͡ʒ 6982:Examples 6827:Alveolar 6700:Alveolar 6667:> Alb 6636:> Alb 6632:> EPA 6602:> Alb 6564:"sister" 6560:> Alb 6524:> Alb 6508:*r: (#_) 6499:> Alb 6479:*r (V_V) 6470:> Alb 6450:*r (V_V) 6437:"skewer" 6433:> Alb 6429:> EPA 6404:*ɫ (V_V) 6391:> Alb 6379:> Alb 6371:> EPA 6343:> Alb 6232:> Alb 6207:> Alb 6145:> EPA 6137:> Alb 6114:> Alb 6108:*skéwdeti 6084:> Alb 6066:<ë> 6043:> Alb 6021:> Alb 6017:> EPA 5989:> Alb 5985:> EPA 5983:*h₂ewsros 5963:> Alb 5959:> EPA 5938:> Alb 5920:<ë> 5875:> Alb 5840:> Alb 5836:> EPA 5834:*ḱleytéh₂ 5817:> Alb 5813:> EPA 5811:*h₂éydʰos 5787:> Alb 5783:> EPA 5769:<ë> 5746:> Alb 5720:> Alb 5716:> LPA 5712:> EPA 5710:*kroupeh₂ 5690:> Alb 5660:> Alb 5656:> LPA 5622:> EPA 5587:> Alb 5552:> Alb 5544:> EPA 5513:> Alb 5509:> LPA 5507:*meh₁ kʷe 5482:"sister" 5478:> Alb 5447:"wheel" 5385:> Alb 5381:> LPA 5379:*g(a)nuna 5359:"smooth" 5355:> Alb 5351:> EPA 5349:*bʰugʰtos 5271:> Alb 5259:> Alb 5251:> Alb 5247:> EPA 5225:> Alb 5217:> Alb 5195:> Alb 5193:dēbitūram 5177:"saddle" 5173:> Alb 5132:> Alb 5130:conventum 5110:> Alb 5082:> Alb 5078:> EPA 5053:> Alb 5049:> EPA 5047:*gʷediyos 5028:> Alb 5024:> EPA 4999:> Alb 4995:> EPA 4969:> Alb 4965:> EPA 4946:> Alb 4944:*awa-leja 4927:> Alb 4923:> EPA 4904:> Alb 4898:*bʰéryeti 4873:> Alb 4869:> EPA 4847:> Alb 4812:> Alb 4798:> Alb 4794:> EPA 4750:> Alb 4732:<ë> 4718:> Alb 4686:> Alb 4682:> EPA 4680:*dʰeh₁los 4642:> Alb 4638:> EPA 4618:> Alb 4604:> Alb 4600:> EPA 4586:<ë> 4571:> Alb 4567:> EPA 4556:> Alb 4552:> EPA 4550:*wídḱm̥ti 4545:"green"; 4527:> EPA 4525:*h₂élbʰit 4480:> Alb 4476:> EPA 4465:> Alb 4461:> EPA 4450:> Alb 3943:Phonology 3860:phonetics 3837:rhotacism 3833:*Olbanьja 3829:*Labanьja 3801:rhotacism 3785:Lychnidus 3772:(Lezhë), 3747:Veleshnjë 3667:Bushtricë 3590:When the 3514:rhotacism 3470:Tosk Alb. 3389:Tosk Alb. 3380:Gheg Alb. 3183:Christian 3158:Illyrians 3106:; 9 3099:; 8 3090:; 7 3081:; 6 3074:; 5 3065:; 4 3058:; 3 3051:; 2 3042:; 1 2200:(extinct) 2162:(extinct) 2028:loanwords 1793:Practices 1612:Yarsanism 1422:Albanians 1402:East Asia 1389:Scythians 1381:Phrygians 1374:Paeonians 1367:Illyrians 1353:Thracians 1270:East Asia 1221:Armenians 1148:Hallstatt 1130:Chernoles 1071:Terramare 1061:Trzciniec 1028:Sintashta 1023:Andronovo 924:Cernavodă 897:East Asia 852:Khvalynsk 592:Philology 502:Particles 388:Phonology 329:Liburnian 304:Tocharian 299:Anatolian 268:Nuristani 161:Languages 75:ancestors 17407:Thracian 17397:Phrygian 17392:Paeonian 17387:Messapic 17382:Illyrian 17377:Hellenic 17319:Category 17296:Veso Bey 17281:Vithkuqi 17241:Arbanasi 17206:Arbëresh 17191:Standard 17143:Contacts 17132:Thracian 17122:Illyrian 17091:Albanoid 16884:40997529 16505:(2010). 16298:(1997). 16220:(2005). 16202:36007055 16193:10064553 16134:36223379 16086:PLOS ONE 15969:(2011). 15941:(1999). 15874:40848841 15836:(1984). 15576:Bassania 15572:Bassania 15525:(2011). 15517:: 23–41. 15502:(2002). 15374:(2018). 15204:(2011). 12970:Bistricë 12937:Bulgaria 12896:Albanoid 12774:Germanic 12740:shpâ(ni) 12709:Thracian 12675:Akkadian 12621:*aiğ(i)- 12574:Messapic 12554:Ten (10) 12541:Nine (9) 12519:*septḿ̥ 12509:*seksti 12493:*pénkʷe 12489:Five (5) 12472:Four (4) 12463:*tréyes 12251:Standing 12133:Meaning 12108:i, e, të 12003:Late PIE 11914:Early PA 11813:Late PIE 11734:Early PA 11323:Late PIE 11218:Early PA 11083:Late PIE 10902:*-éh₂wōm 10896:> PA 10855:*-ō/*-ai 10843:*-ō/*-ai 10833:, while 10823:*-ō/*-ai 10675:*yū́(s) 10594:Pronoun 10475:< *ed 10460:h₃(e)smi 10456:Late PIE 10421:Pronoun 10307:pre-Alb. 10284:Pronoun 10192:Early PA 10130:< *ve 10100:Early PA 10055:Pronoun 10046:*vemte ( 10020:*weh₂dʰ- 9940:*h₁ésmi 9926:Comment 9920:Pronoun 9913:Old Gheg 9889:*tsānsmi 9875:< PA 9747:Pronoun 9740:Old Gheg 9738:përkas ( 9630:Pre-Alb. 9607:*h₂wolké 9597:Pre-Alb. 9574:Pronoun 9567:Old Gheg 9485:< *dī 9468:Pronoun 9461:Old Gheg 9308:Pronoun 9302:cōgitāre 9298:Old Gheg 9280:pre-Alb. 9226:pre-Alb. 9180:pre-Alb. 9143:pre-Alb. 9120:Pronoun 9072:*dʰeyh₂- 9066:< PA 9025:< PA 8985:-is, -it 8951:*melitja 8949:< PA 8820:shëmbëll 8585:sibilant 8561:guttural 8540:"widow" 8516:Ø (V_V) 8468:"three" 8440:Ø (V_V) 8134:"fence" 8096:*g, *gʰ 8081:*klaunja 7943:*ð ~ d? 7888:"beard" 7814:"tart") 7771:"today" 7680:> *θ 7589:*d, *dʰ 7584:"three" 7477:*b, *bʰ 7108:> *θ 7014:*serpena 6996:> *j 6928:Lateral 6855:Plosive 6830:Palatal 6780:Lateral 6737:*ts *dz 6728:Plosive 6703:Palatal 6618:n (-n-) 6606:"night" 6584:r (-n-) 6369:*gl̥seh₂ 6347:"troop" 6211:"seven" 6205:*septati 6183:Example 6131:*ǵʰh₂éns 6078:*h₁néwn̥ 5936:*draunjā 5873:*deimena 5869:*ǵʰéymn̥ 5821:"fever" 5556:"green" 5517:"don't" 5409:"monk", 5403:monachum 5275:"brave" 5257:parentem 5245:*h₂m̥bʰi 5215:īnfernum 5150:(or EPA 5148:hebdomam 5119:>/e/ 5114:"verse" 5076:*semǵʰos 5057:"black" 4931:"beard" 4867:*lenteh₂ 4851:"thing" 4841:*h₁sónts 4820:"burn") 4806:*kʷəpnós 4792:*ǵʰóryos 4760:sen/send 4744:*h₁sónts 4646:"swamp" 4616:canticam 4602:*ksandnā 4554:*wīdžatī 4539:galbinum 4484:"seven" 4478:*septati 4434:*kapyéti 4412:Example 4332:Central 4103:Nucleus 4050:Central 3765:Ardenicë 3758:(before 3677:Dishnica 3613:pastoral 3570:and the 3530:Shkumbin 3509:Dardania 3491:without 3215:Shkumbin 3203:Dardania 2712:plosives 2382:Albanian 2340:Messapic 2312:Albanoid 2213:Albanian 2196:Messapic 2158:Phrygian 2108:Armenian 2095:Balkanic 2076:Albanoid 1997:Messapic 1993:Illyrian 1977:Albanoid 1958:Albanian 1839:Scholars 1737:Germanic 1708:Scottish 1673:Thracian 1667:Illyrian 1661:Albanian 1649:European 1642:Armenian 1626:Ossetian 1620:Scythian 1605:Yazidism 1555:Buddhism 1546:Hinduism 1437:Norsemen 1347:Anatolia 1264:Iranians 1257:Iranians 1238:Iron Age 1213:Hittites 1166:Colchian 1159:Caucasus 1117:Iron Age 1086:Lusatian 1081:Urnfield 1005:Srubnaya 1000:Poltavka 990:Catacomb 929:Cucuteni 884:Caucasus 701:Religion 686:Homeland 628:Behistun 608:Linear B 497:Numerals 492:Pronouns 417:Balkanic 364:Thracian 357:Phrygian 350:Paeonian 336:Messapic 322:Illyrian 234:Hellenic 229:Germanic 198:Armenian 190:Albanian 184:Albanoid 135:a series 133:Part of 119:Albanoid 46:dialects 42:Albanian 17286:Vellara 17276:Elbasan 17264:Scripts 17246:Istrian 17060:History 16444:Palaver 16170:Science 16125:9555676 16094:Bibcode 15977:(pdf). 15719:(ed.). 15664:Phoenix 15578:]. 15511:Studime 15322:(1–2). 15208:(ed.). 13335:189–231 13123:189–231 13074:medicus 12990:Shelcan 12986:Këlcyrë 12974:Sarandë 12925:Albania 12803:amorbos 12799:*murkaz 12682:Aramaic 12578:Illyric 12561:*detsa 12506:*swéḱs 12502:Six (6) 12496:*penče 12483:*kátur 12466:*treje 12450:*duwai 12443:*dwóh₁ 12439:Two (2) 12433:*ainja 12426:One (1) 12414:Number 12391:viridis 12373:i verdh 12285:Twisted 12177:< zë 12151:e bardh 12138:i bardh 11916:*(s)pàr 11898:Plural 11691:Plural 11461:) < 11420:Plural 11325:*dʰh₁il 11253:*dʰh₁il 11230:*dʰh₁il 11202:Plural 11141:(*dm̥h₂ 11085:*dm̥éh₂ 11081:) < 10951:Plural 10733:*nókʷts 10569:a(s)nti 10567:< ed 10552:h₃(e)te 10542:< ed 10521:< ed 10506:h₃(e)st 10500:< ed 10485:h₃(e)ss 10479:< ed 10440:Late PA 10164:< *v 10134:< *v 10112:*weh₂dʰ 10084:Late PA 10032:*tek(u) 9849:*h₁ésmi 9699:/(w)alk 9676:jome(s) 9672:jame(s) 9632:*(w)alk 9628:? < 9599:*(w)alk 9591:*(w)alk 9447:ānjanti 9422:ānjesnū 9359:ānje(s) 9058:cōgitō, 9050:kultonj 9046:kujtonj 8844:and PA 8396:"leaf" 8387:*gwazdi 8155:*gadnja 7980:"hand" 7851:"prop" 7610:égʷʰeti 7421:"more" 7347:"path" 7304:"seed" 7100:"rain" 7083:uh₂seh₂ 7025:gjarpën 7010:erpenos 6824:Dental 6821:Labial 6697:Dental 6694:Labial 6634:*auksnā 6596:*nókʷts 6503:"sons" 6474:"good" 6427:*skōlos 6387:); Lat 6306:ur, ru 6290:ir, ri 6269:ul, lu 6253:il, li 6236:"long" 6230:*dlakta 6201:*septḿ̥ 6112:*skeuda 6082:*neunti 6015:*powyos 5967:"dawn" 5957:*h₂ewg- 5838:*klaitā 5785:*laidna 5781:*leh₁d- 5744:*drūnjā 5724:"salt" 5718:*kruipa 5620:*suHsós 5199:"duty" 5158:"week" 5112:vjershë 5080:*semdza 5051:džedija 5001:gjashtë 4997:*seksti 4963:*h₁ésmi 4925:*smekrā 4921:*sméḱru 4802:"pig"; 4622:"song" 4543:gjelbër 4474:*septḿ̥ 4089:*a *aː 4074:*e *eː 4066:*u *uː 4061:*i *iː 4027:modern 4020:dwáigāi 4011:modern 3770:Berzanë 3752:Skrapar 3729:Shtëpëz 3707:Shelcan 3698:Leshnjë 3694:Leshnjë 3690:Elbasan 3638:Shkodër 3597:Albania 3558:de jure 3111:(river) 3104:(river) 3085:L(j)esh 3054:Shkodër 3040:(river) 2700:Greek); 2606:Balkans 2320:Balkans 2183:Illyric 2070:History 1985:Balkans 1771:Latvian 1729:Cornish 1599:Kurdish 1585:Persian 1577:Iranian 1569:Sikhism 1562:Jainism 1525:Hittite 1464:Iranian 1360:Dacians 1153:Jastorf 1076:Tumulus 1056:Únětice 985:Yamnaya 980:Chariot 918:Usatovo 859:Yamnaya 696:Society 680:Origins 613:Rigveda 465:Grammar 292:Extinct 282:Romance 261:Iranian 17372:Dacian 17301:Elifba 17291:Todhri 17271:Modern 17010: 16985: 16956: 16901: 16882: 16874: 16851: 16830: 16800: 16779: 16760: 16750: 16721: 16677: 16667: 16617: 16596: 16575: 16515: 16491: 16462: 16419: 16398: 16360: 16352: 16329: 16308: 16280: 16263: 16255:(38). 16232: 16208: 16200: 16190: 16153: 16132: 16122: 16114: 16071: 16061: 16040: 16019: 15955: 15914: 15891: 15872: 15846: 15822: 15803: 15781: 15754: 15729: 15702: 15688:LXVIII 15648: 15627: 15608: 15488: 15467: 15439: 15418: 15386: 15340: 15266: 15241: 15222: 15192: 15160: 13610:; Sh. 13066:mоkёrё 12982:Selcan 12921:Kosovo 12917:Serbia 12829:flōrus 12822:blertë 12818:Celtic 12814:Italic 12807:*mergъ 12795:margas 12782:Slavic 12778:Baltic 12763:ëndërr 12744:*k̑w- 12713:spínos 12705:hurdhë 12701:hudhër 12663:haedus 12653:Gothic 12629:*aidza 12610:márptō 12535:*aktṓ 12446:*duwō 12397:Yellow 12389:(nom. 12367:Strong 12350:i fort 12223:*melan 12202:i bler 12036:éh₂wōm 12007:éh₂wōm 11973:éh₂m̥s 11846:éh₂wōm 11817:éh₂wōm 11784:éh₂m̥s 11665:*-éh₂- 11650:*-éh₂s 11639:*-éh₂i 11139:éh₂wōm 11093:*dm̥h₂ 11005:*dm̥h₂ 10978:*dm̥h₂ 10921:*-oysu 10917:*-aisu 10906:*-éh₂- 10729:*naktā 10623:*túh₂ 10610:*éǵh₂ 10523:a(s)me 10458:*h₁e-d 10080:(Gheg) 10073:(Tosk) 10016:vete(m 9893:cēnseō 9883:, and 9865:*kapmi 9857:*-enti 9730:éyonti 9701:e(s)ju 9680:éyomos 9565:hjek ( 9443:onjënë 9424:/kugit 9255:e(s)ju 9230:ome(s) 9222:ame(s) 9100:përkas 9042:kujtoj 9033:(Gheg 8981:*-itj- 8970:*-atja 8966:*-atj- 8939:*-itja 8935:*-itj- 8891:*-inj- 8857:*-ānj- 8846:*-enj- 8812:~*kand 8782:*-enj- 8762:*-ānja 8758:*-ānj- 8712:*-Vnj- 8708:*-Cnj- 8557:dorsal 8494:séyeti 8117:órdʰos 8077:*ḱlew- 7955:ēsreh₂ 7914:ómbʰos 7834:entrom 7498:*serba 7403:sh> 7401:ʃ < 7352:*sd * 7330:óygʰos 7244:éwdeti 7169:*gulsā 7148:"pig" 7063:"ram" 7054:*dauša 6944:Trill 6911:Glide 6900:*s *z 6897:*θ *ð 6870:*k *g 6861:*t *d 6858:*p *b 6838:Nasal 6833:Velar 6796:Trill 6763:Glide 6755:*s *z 6743:*k *g 6734:*t *d 6731:*p *b 6711:Nasal 6706:Velar 6661:*h₂nḗr 6526:rrjedh 6522:*redza 6493:*birai 6468:*meirā 6431:*skōla 6385:gljuhë 6377:*gluxa 6373:*gulsā 6337:*logʰ- 6209:shtatë 6147:*lekta 6041:*gaura 6019:*pauja 5987:*ausra 5940:drënjë 5932:*drew- 5748:drinjë 5714:*krūpā 5688:*būnja 5680:*bʰuH- 5664:"pig" 5581:*peh₃- 5554:blertë 5476:*mātrā 5437:kofshë 5415:kundër 5411:contrā 5383:*glûna 5353:*bukta 5269:*trima 5227:kumerq 5197:detyrë 5171:sellam 5134:kuvend 5108:versum 5086:"all" 5084:gjithë 5030:brenda 5003:"six" 4989:*swéḱs 4929:mjekër 4902:*berja 4871:*lentā 4810:*kapna 4796:*darja 4712:*h₂epó 4690:"boy" 4640:*baltā 4482:shtatë 4463:*abula 4343:*i *y 4329:Front 4282:, and 4189:*a *å 4156:Front 4047:Front 4035:Vowels 4004:dwáigā 3988:dáusai 3972:dáusas 3960:Stress 3932:" or " 3856:syntax 3824:Labëri 3774:Gërdec 3742:Iballë 3738:Shopël 3726:) and 3724:Devoll 3682:Përmet 3609:Kosovo 3607:, and 3317:Balkan 3125:(city) 3118:(city) 3116:Durrës 3097:(city) 3088:(city) 3079:(city) 3063:(city) 3056:(city) 3049:(city) 2723:prefix 2714:after 2624:, and 2614:Turkey 2461:, and 2348:Apulia 2044:Slavic 1786:Slavic 1765:Baltic 1715:Breton 1695:Celtic 1679:Dacian 1635:Others 1415:Europe 1288:Europe 1282:Yuezhi 1136:Europe 1123:Steppe 1034:Europe 891:Maykop 845:Samara 801:Kurgan 618:Avesta 400:Ablaut 396:Accent 343:Mysian 315:Dacian 276:Italic 224:Celtic 216:Slavic 209:Baltic 177:Extant 104:Proto- 98:Proto- 53:Region 16880:JSTOR 16758:S2CID 16702:[ 16642:(PDF) 16635:(PDF) 16460:eISSN 16435:(PDF) 16374:(PDF) 16350:eISSN 16247:[ 16206:S2CID 15929:[ 15870:JSTOR 15779:JSTOR 15680:(PDF) 15600:(2). 15582:[ 15556:rrush 15552:rrush 15530:(PDF) 15507:(PDF) 15406:[ 15178:LXXII 13598:; B. 13273:vatër 12878:Notes 12852:dritë 12833:Irish 12826:Latin 12729:Doric 12725:Attic 12697:xstor 12693:sxtor 12685:gaδiā 12673:(cf. 12660:Latin 12656:gaits 12619:root 12598:*mər- 12448:(m.); 12384:virid 12377:< 12357:Latin 12354:< 12327:First 12312:i par 12291:i çal 12240:*stan 12217:Green 12196:Black 12191:(y)os 12167:White 12092:*-éh₂ 12065:éh₂su 12005:*spor 12001:< 11926:*spor 11920:< 11912:< 11892:Case 11875:éh₂su 11815:*kerp 11811:< 11748:éh₂es 11746:*kerp 11740:< 11736:*karp 11732:< 11722:*kerp 11716:< 11712:*karp 11707:Early 11705:< 11685:Case 11615:< 11584:< 11553:< 11506:(gjak 11478:*sokʷ 11472:< 11463:Early 11457:(gjak 11447:*sokʷ 11441:< 11432:Early 11414:Case 11321:< 11247:< 11238:Early 11224:< 11216:< 11196:Case 11133:(*dam 11077:(*dam 10999:< 10990:Early 10988:< 10972:< 10963:Early 10945:Case 10894:*-wōm 10772:*-éh₂ 10721:*-éh₂ 10717:*-os, 10678:*jus 10665:*nōs 10575:h₁e-d 10571:< 10550:h₁e-d 10546:< 10454:< 10446:< 10442:*(e)ð 10438:< 10305:< 10106:< 10098:< 10090:< 10082:< 10058:Verb 9911:jam ( 9905:*eimi 9901:*eika 9877:*kapa 9869:capiō 9831:asënë 9818:itëni 9726:jonti 9722:janti 9705:éyote 9697:jesnū 9655:éyeti 9638:éyesi 9626:je(s) 9613:éyoh₂ 9595:< 9380:ānjet 9288:yónti 9278:< 9234:yómos 9224:< 9178:< 9156:*kh₂p 9149:< 9141:< 9108:praka 9068:*dīja 9035:dhanë 9031:dhënë 9008:*kapa 8962:*-ati 8947:molis 8931:*-iti 8925:Most 8865:-ej-. 8828:simil 8804:*kand 8738:Latin 8736:Most 8716:*-nja 8697:*jus, 8639:*-oh₂ 8573:Greek 8426:*jama 8383:osdis 8314:> 8286:*gʷ? 8176:*kʷ? 8089:klanj 7965:> 7933:dhamb 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