12714:) branches, the present stem is identical in 90% of cases, but the perfect in only 50% of cases. This is likely because the original PIE aorist merged with the perfective aspect after the Proto-Italic period. Thus, the discrepancy in the similarities of present versus perfect stems in the two groupings of the Italic clade is likely attributed to different preservations in each group. The new common perfect stem in Latino-Faliscan derives mostly from the PIE perfective, while the perfect stem in Osco-Umbrian derives mostly from the PIE aorist.
1912:
113:
2849:
Nouns could have one of three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. They declined for seven of the eight Proto-Indo-European cases: nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative and locative. The instrumental case had been lost. Nouns also declined for number in singular and plural.
2006:
from Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Italic follows. Because Latin is the only well-attested Italic language, it forms the main source for the reconstruction of Proto-Italic. It is therefore not always clear whether certain changes apply to all of Italic (a pre-PI change), or only to Latin (a post-PI
2491:
still present (hence assuming that the merger with was a later areal change that spread across all extant dialects, possibly occurring simultaneous with or after the loss of the corresponding voiced fricatives), or to reconstruct Proto-Italic with the phonemes' voiceless allophones merged into
2159:
that usually disappeared in late PIE, leaving coloring effects on adjacent vowels. Their disappearance left some distinctive sound combinations in Proto-Italic. In the changes below, the # follows standard practice in denoting a word boundary; that is, # at the beginning denotes word-initial. H
12756:
The aorist in Proto-Italic is characterized by the PIE secondary endings connected to the aorist stem by the appropriate thematic vowel. These endings are best attested in
Sabellic, where aorist endings generally ousted the perfect ones; Latin instead generalized the perfect endings to its
2874:
of Latin, basically divided into masculine and neuter nouns. It descends from the Proto-Indo-European thematic declension. Most nouns in this class were masculine or neuter, but there may have been some feminine nouns as well (e.g., names of plants such as Latin "papyrus").
7554:); this can be already seen in the Proto-Italic phase, where the subjunctive mood began to take secondary endings as opposed to the primary endings they exhibited in PIE (c.f. the Sabellian reflex of the PIt 3rd person singular imperfect subjunctive being -d and not *-t).
12717:
In the Proto-Italic period, the root aorist of PIE was no longer productive. However, other PIE perfect and aorist stems continued to be productive, such as the reduplicated perfect and lengthened-vowel perfect stems, as well as the sigmatic aorist stem (found in Latin
2065:. Word-initially, they become voiceless, while they are allophonically voiced word-medially. Judging from Oscan evidence, they apparently remained fricatives even after a nasal consonant. In most other Italic languages they developed into stops later in that position.
10025:
The bulk of Proto-Italic verbs were third-conjugation verbs, which were derived from Proto-Indo-European root thematic verbs. However, some are derived from other PIE verb classes, such as *linkʷō (PIE nasal-infix verbs) and *dikskō (PIE *sḱe-suffix verbs).
5449:
Adjectives followed the same inflectional classes of nouns. The largest were the o/ā-stem adjectives (which inflected as o-stems in the masculine and neuter, and as ā-stems in the feminine), and the i-stems. Present active participles of verbs (in
2482:
of each other. However, at some point in the Proto-Italic period, the allophony was somewhat disrupted by the loss of the voiceless allophones and , which merged with . Scholars disagree on whether to reconstruct Proto-Italic with the phonemes
2793:
and another consonant in the same syllable: VːRC > VRC. As the long diphthongs were also VːR sequences, they could only occur word-finally, and were shortened elsewhere. Long vowels were also shortened before word-final
5445:
Adjectives inflected much the same as nouns. Unlike nouns, adjectives did not have inherent genders. Instead, they inflected for all three genders, taking on the same gender-form as the noun they referred to.
5458:) inflected as consonant stems. There were also u-stem adjectives originally, but they had been converted to i-stems by adding i-stem endings onto the existing u-stem, thus giving the nominative singular
2835:
Furthermore, the persistence of Proto-Indo-European mobile accent is required in early Proto-Italic for Brent Vine's (2006) reformulation of
Thurneysen-Havet's law (where pre-tonic *ou > *au) to work.
2816:
Proto-Italic words may have had a fixed stress on the first syllable, a stress pattern which probably existed in most descendants in at least some periods. In Latin, initial stress is posited for the
12764:
The simple root aorist, formed by simply attaching aorist endings to an unsuffixed root. If ablaut is available for a root, the root is in the e-grade in the singular and zero-grade in the plural.
5369:
is found. It is unclear what the origin of this could be. It may be a remnant of a dual ending, considering that neuter u-stems were rare, and the few that survived tended to occur in pairs.
3537:, and contained mostly feminine nouns, and maybe a few masculines, such as names of jobs in Classical Latin, some of them being loanwords from Ancient Greek (e.g., incola, nauta, poeta).
12971:
is prefixed to the root. In Italic, Vine believes that the root either is in the zero grade or has the same vowel as the present stem, but De Vaan identified at least two perfects with
7526:
became the future suffix in Proto-Italic. The subjunctive of this desiderative-future, with a suffix of both -s- and a lengthening of the following vowel, was used to represent a
7534:
mood. Finally, while the subjunctive and the optative of PIE were still in principle different moods, the moods became merged in Post-PIt developments (E.g. PIt subjunctive
3818:
This class contained nouns with stems ending in a variety of consonants. They included root nouns, n-stems, r-stems, s-stems and t-stems among others. It corresponds to the
13990:
M. de Vaan, Etymological
Dictionary of Latin, 2008, Brill, p. 9; B. Vine, 2006: “On ‘Thurneysen-Havet’s Law’ in Latin and Italic”; Historische Sprachforschung 119, 211–249.
2682:
was perhaps not a true phoneme, but was inserted before consonants as a prop vowel. It can be reconstructed based on the outcome of the Proto-Indo-European syllabic nasals
13563:
to . *ɣ similarly becomes between vowels, but remains elsewhere. This change possibly took place within the Proto-Italic period. The result, whether or , was written
4401:
The dative (and ablative/locative?) plural ending would have originally been added directly to the stem, with no intervening vowel. In Latin, there is an intervening
1955:
Although an equation between archeological and linguistic evidence cannot be established with certainty, the Proto-Italic language is generally associated with the
13551:
Further changes occurred during the evolution of individual Italic languages. This section gives an overview of the most notable changes. For complete lists, see
13658:
Final *-ns (acc. pl. of various noun classes), *-nts (masc. nom. sg. of participles), and *-nt (neut. nom./acc. sg. of participles) developed in complex ways:
12960:
The other main type of perfective formation in Italic was the perfect, which was derived from the Proto-Indo-European stative and had its own set of endings.
2504:. Both of these sounds are relatively uncommon cross-linguistically, and eventually they were eliminated in all later languages, but differently in each.
4233:
Nouns in this class often had a somewhat irregular nominative singular form. This created several subtypes, based on the final consonant of the stem.
12125:
In addition to these conjugations, Proto-Italic also has some deponent verbs, such as *ōdai (Perfect-Present), as well as *gnāskōr (Passive-Active).
9207:
This conjugation pattern was derived from PIE *-éh₁ti (or the extended form *-eh₁yéti), and formed stative verbs (I.e. indicating a state of being).
3795:. However, a long vowel is found in the attested forms. This long vowel most likely arose by analogy with the other endings that have a long vowel.
8389:
This conjugation pattern was derived from PIE *-éyeti, and formed causative verbs (I.e. expressing a cause) from "basic" 3rd conjugation verbs.
4446:(c. AD 1). In Proto-Italic, as in the other Italic languages, i-stems were still very much a distinct type and showed no clear signs of merging.
13735:, during the Old Latin period. This merged many of the unstressed short vowels; most dramatically, all short vowels merged (usually to /i/) in
1898:
4241:
for masculine and feminine nouns. This ending would cause devoicing, delabialisation and/or hardening of the stem-final consonant, as seen in
1862:
1060:
14793:
1987:
13739:
medial syllables. Furthermore, all diphthongs became pure vowels except for *ai and *au (and occasionally *oi) in initial syllables.
5421:) would be expected. The ending is not attested in Osco-Umbrian or Old Latin, which might have otherwise given conclusive evidence.
4394:
as the ending, or lengthening of the vowel before the final consonant. Already in Italic, this was replaced with the o-stem ending
13798:
3805:
The genitive singular in -s, still used in Old Latin, went extinct in
Classical Latin except in the fixed expression "Pater famili
7488:
From Proto-Indo-European, the Proto-Italic present aspect changed in a couple of ways. Firstly, a new past indicative suffix of
14725:
14645:
14621:
14592:
14571:
14551:
14448:
14429:
13975:
13835:
13808:
1869:
1841:
14686:
5428:. Already in Italic, this was extended by adding the o-stem ending to it, like in the i-stems, thus culminating in either *
4430:). In Latin, the consonant stems gradually merged with this class. This process continued into the historical era; e.g. in
720:
13825:
1826:
13768:
11669:
Only a handful of verbs remained within this conjugation paradigm, derived from the original PIE Root
Athematic verbs.
5382:
1891:
1848:
779:
4449:
Masculine and feminine nouns declined alike, while neuters had different forms in the nominative/accusative/vocative.
3825:
Masculine and feminine nouns declined alike, while neuters had different forms in the nominative/accusative/vocative.
14667:
112:
2125:*j is lost between vowels. The resulting vowels in hiatus contract into a long vowel if the two vowels are the same.
2103:). The voiced allophones *ð and *ɣʷ remained distinct from *β in Latin and Venetic, but also merged in Osco-Umbrian.
1855:
619:
3444:
for pronominal forms. The distribution in Proto-Italic is unclear, but both endings certainly still existed. The
4368:
The genitive singular had two possible endings. Both are attested side by side in Old Latin, although the ending
130:
5372:
Like the i-stems, the u-stems had two possible types of genitive singular ending, with an unclear distribution.
3362:
is of unknown origin, but is found in both Italic and Celtic. It mostly ousted the older inherited genitive in
14786:
1711:
1486:
890:
4409:, while in Osco-Umbrian the ending is replaced altogether. It's not clear what the Proto-Italic situation was.
1884:
1456:
725:
662:
463:
349:
12646:
12526:
12402:
12278:
12157:
7067:
7054:
7041:
6795:
6782:
6544:
6531:
6518:
6278:
6256:
6121:
6061:
6048:
5646:
5534:
5520:
5506:
5076:
5043:
5002:
4983:
4586:
4553:
4534:
4515:
3942:
3926:
3910:
3891:
3694:
3600:
3584:
3397:
3010:
2991:
2960:
2941:
1971:
1944:
1144:
647:
458:
453:
448:
343:
14581:
Pocetti, Paolo (2017). "The
Phonology of Italic". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.).
14560:
Bossong, Georg (2017). "The
Evolution of Italic". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.).
12740:
In addition, there were some new innovations within the perfective aspect, with the -v- perfect (in Latin
10844:
This conjugation was derived from PIE *ye-suffix verbs, and went on to form most of Latin 3rd conjugation
2714:
2710:
2703:
2699:
2679:
2666:
2654:
2647:
2635:
2628:
2588:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2554:
2547:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2468:
2458:
2451:
2427:
2405:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2054:
Obstruent consonants become (unaspirated) voiceless before another voiceless consonant (usually *s or *t).
1461:
956:
657:
536:
522:
503:
14602:
Vine, Brent (2017). "The
Morphology of Italic". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.).
13951:
Meiser, Gerhard (2018). "The phonology of Italic". In Brian Joseph; Matthias Fritz; Jared Klein (eds.).
1986:
during the second half of the 2nd millennium BC. Linguistic evidence also points to early contacts with
4889:. Already in Italic, this was extended by adding the o-stem ending to it, thus culminating into either
2475:
2258:
2040:
799:
757:
357:
12725:
Sometimes, multiple perfective forms for each stem are attested. For example, De Vaan gives the forms
15047:
14810:
14779:
13323:
12975:-grade in the root syllable. Latin and Sabellic also both attest a tendency in which if a root has a
2789:
remained productive in Proto-Italic. This caused long vowels to shorten when they were followed by a
2205:
1501:
1466:
1139:
443:
4909:
of Latin. They were historically parallel to the i-stems, and still showed many similar forms, with
15052:
14957:
14676:
Silvestri, Domenico (1998), "The Italic
Languages", in Ramat, Anna Giacalone; Ramat, Paolo (eds.),
1761:
1651:
1471:
1002:
834:
785:
681:
483:
438:
433:
353:
14368:"Formations of the perfect in the Sabellic languages with the Italic and Indo-European background"
1991:
1656:
1383:
493:
488:
478:
122:
14856:
14840:
2695:
2163:
The simpler Italic developments of laryngeals are shared by many other Indo-European branches:
2058:
2051:
Labiovelars lose their labialisation before a consonant: *kʷC, *gʷC, *gʷʰC > *kC, *gC, *gʰC.
1936:
1646:
1618:
1402:
1304:
1070:
916:
540:
378:
270:
209:
164:
104:
96:
14915:
12967:
process where a copy syllable consisting of the first consonant of the verb root followed by
4290:
in the nom/voc/acc singular, while the stem of the remaining forms is unclear. An example is
2440:
2238:
2024:
1793:
1622:
530:
526:
507:
13337:
of difficult-to-trace origin was added in the evolution of Latin to the 2nd-person endings.
14905:
1739:
1704:
1017:
700:
652:
589:
559:
517:
497:
361:
215:
13732:
12710:
According to Rix, if a verb stem is present in both the Latino-Faliscan and Osco-Umbrian (
885:
8:
14963:
5401:
The masculine/feminine nominative/vocative plural is not securely reconstructable. Latin
2340:
1012:
1007:
903:
827:
792:
715:
705:
564:
265:
260:
229:
68:
14367:
14897:
13651:
Final -ā (fem. sg. nom., neut. pl. nom./acc.) > in Osco-Umbrian, but becomes short
13627:
7571:, and formed primarily denominative verbs (I.e. deriving from a noun or an adjective).
2829:
2243:
2233:
2181:
1960:
1940:
1718:
1669:
1603:
1587:
1212:
865:
604:
290:
195:
190:
13641:
in Osco-Umbrian. They are retained in Latino-Faliscan and
Venetic. In Latin, *gʷ >
15015:
14939:
14833:
14823:
14818:
14760:
14721:
14663:
14641:
14617:
14588:
14567:
14547:
14387:
13971:
13831:
13804:
2418:
2248:
1983:
1956:
1932:
1732:
1698:
1690:
1634:
1628:
1610:
1581:
1560:
1546:
1538:
1308:
1169:
1109:
1091:
1032:
1027:
1022:
989:
984:
813:
676:
325:
318:
311:
297:
283:
243:
222:
159:
151:
40:
2478:
with word-initial voiceless fricatives , , , and , and were thus originally simply
15007:
14978:
14974:
14934:
14929:
14923:
14802:
14752:
14655:
14609:
14379:
13552:
12734:
5361:
The neuter nominative/vocative/accusative singular must have originally been short
3376:
2786:
2144:
2089:
1967:
1924:
1726:
1676:
1493:
1299:
1187:
1127:
1104:
1047:
1042:
979:
966:
961:
951:
624:
237:
185:
177:
170:
30:
4376:
may also be from the i-stems (see below). In Osco-Umbrian, only the i-stem ending
4237:
For most consonant stem nouns, the ending of the nominative/vocative singular was
2850:
The dual number was no longer distinguished, although a few remnants (like Latin
15027:
15023:
14697:
14635:
14631:
14603:
14582:
14561:
13560:
2832:
which it is posited to explain are not found before the mid-first millennium BC.
2821:
2396:
2253:
2016:
2003:
1807:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1747:
1683:
1662:
1640:
1225:
1114:
1037:
946:
879:
820:
686:
418:
403:
393:
388:
304:
276:
14969:
7557:
The PIE dual person was also lost within PIt verbs just as it was in PIt nouns.
3383:
in classical Latin. It is also continued in some pronominal genitives, such as
15019:
14877:
14743:
Heidermanns, Frank (2002). "Nominal Composition In Sabellic And Proto–Italic".
13567:
in all Italic languages. Initial *xl, *xr are reflected (in Latin at least) as
12988:
4323:. The alternation in vowel length was lost in Latin, but is preserved in Oscan.
1552:
1419:
1294:
852:
806:
774:
710:
201:
14872:
14613:
14383:
12991:, both consonants appear in the copy syllable and the root syllable loses the
12733:, and the reduplicated perfect form <FHEFHAKED> is also attested on the
4854:
There were apparently two different forms for the genitive singular. The form
15041:
14887:
14764:
14391:
13736:
12964:
4434:'s time (c. 50 BC) the i-stems still had a distinct accusative plural ending
2825:
2611:
2530:
1975:
1812:
1276:
1192:
909:
767:
629:
383:
14882:
14756:
12128:
4866:. This could reflect the consonant-stem ending, but it could also come from
599:
13749:
7501:
within the Indo-European primary verb endings (E.g. PIE Present Indicative
1431:
1269:
743:
614:
413:
408:
398:
14910:
14867:
5424:
The original form of the neuter nominative/vocative/accusative plural was
4881:
The original form of the neuter nominative/vocative/accusative plural was
14260:
2694:, which appear in Latin as *em, *en or *im, *in, but also as *am, *an in
2623:
2606:
2542:
2525:
1407:
1393:
1357:
1065:
13648:*z > r in Classical Latin and Umbrian, but not in Old Latin or Oscan.
3822:
of Latin, which also includes the i-stems, originally a distinct class.
2824:" stress pattern. However, fixed initial stress may alternatively be an
1911:
594:
14544:
The Latin Dialect of the Ager Faliscus: 150 Years of Scholarship:Part I
13827:
Archaeology and Language I: Theoretical and Methodological Orientations
13577:*θ(e)r, *ð(e)r > *f(e)r, *β(e)r in all but Venetic. Compare Venetic
13326:, are derived from the original PIE stative endings, but with an extra
13288:
Another perfect with o-grade in the root syllable. Corresponding Latin
5376:
is found in Oscan, and it is also the origin of the usual Latin ending
2707:
2661:
2616:
2583:
2535:
2479:
2265:
2062:
1370:
1284:
1162:
927:
4390:
The neuter nominative/vocative/accusative plural originally had short
2180:
More characteristic of Italic are the interactions of laryngeals with
13609:
12976:
4917:. However, sound changes had made them somewhat different over time.
2817:
2642:
2561:
1573:
1350:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1314:
1182:
14892:
14845:
14771:
7495:
was created. This likely occurred due to the elision of word-final
4443:
2790:
1516:
1507:
1398:
1199:
1174:
1078:
569:
145:
3531:
of Latin. It derives primarily from Proto-Indo-European nouns in
3369:
in Latin. The older form is found in a few inscriptions, such as
13497:
3798:
The genitive plural ending was originally a pronominal form, PIE
3420:. In Osco-Umbrian, neither ending survives, being replaced with
2293:
1566:
1530:
1523:
1321:
941:
574:
14605:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
14584:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
14563:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
14378:(128). Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego: 103–126.
13953:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
13626:
in classical Latin, although still retained in the archaic (see
2702:
as a distinct sound. However, Meiser reconstructs a nasal vowel
14720:(2nd ed.). London, New York: Routledge. pp. 317–351.
14637:
Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages
4431:
1974:
dialects some time before 2500 BC. It was originally spoken by
1289:
1243:
762:
579:
4878:
attested in Old Latin, and may represent a parallel formation.
2862:) still preserved some form of the inherited dual inflection.
2698:
alongside *em, *en. Thus, it appears necessary to reconstruct
15011:
14828:
14250:
14248:
2020:
1928:
1388:
1262:
1256:
1238:
609:
584:
2496:, and their voiced allophones becoming independent phonemes
13800:
The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors
2808:
in, for example, the endings of the ā-stems or of ā-verbs.
1979:
1780:
14417:
14372:
Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis
14308:
14296:
14245:
14185:
14101:
14089:
13968:
Outline of the historical and comparative grammar of Latin
13615:*ɣʷ > *gʷ in Latin, which then develops as below. >
3791:
originally, due to shortening of long vowels before final
14221:
14161:
14149:
14113:
14077:
14053:
13993:
13555:
and other articles relating to the individual languages.
13322:
The perfect endings in Italic, which only survive in the
13255:
13209:
13174:
13132:
13114:
13067:
13056:
13021:
12760:
The following stem formations for the aorist are known:
12129:
Some examples of verb derivation from PIE in Proto-Italic
7565:
This conjugation pattern was derived from the PIE suffix
13886:
13780:
13778:
1970:
has argued that Proto-Italic split off from the western
14455:
13934:
13932:
13930:
13928:
4438:, but this was replaced with the consonant-stem ending
3493:
In Old Latin, the genitive plural was still generally
1935:. It is not directly attested in writing, but has been
14716:
Wallace, Rex (2017). "Italic". In Mate Kapović (ed.).
14436:
14332:
14320:
14284:
14272:
14233:
14173:
14137:
14125:
14017:
13608:(probably voiced) for both. In Faliscan, *β remains a
10848:-variant verbs as well as some 4th conjugation verbs.
3451:
ending was replaced altogether in Latin in favour of
3413:
added by analogy with the consonant stem genitive in
2801:. This is the cause of the many occurrences of short
2176:
Laryngeals are lost word-initially before a consonant.
2082:*s was also allophonically voiced to *z word-medially.
14479:
14467:
14209:
14197:
14065:
14041:
14029:
14005:
13824:
Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (September 2, 2003).
13775:
4345:
in some masculine/feminine nouns) in the other forms.
2048:*p...kʷ > *kʷ...kʷ, a change also found in Celtic.
13925:
13859:
13109:
in the root syllable is taken from the present stem
7566:
7521:
7515:
7502:
7496:
4356:
in the nominative/vocative/accusative singular, but
3532:
2689:
2683:
2188:#HRC > #aRC and CHRC > CaRC, but #HRV > #RV
2184:. Here, R represents a sonorant, and C a consonant.
14405:
14349:
14347:
13504:from the present endings. Replaced by short-vowel
13455:
13435:
13400:
13380:
13360:
13280:
13272:
13264:
13234:
13226:
13218:
13199:
13191:
13183:
13157:
13149:
13141:
13121:
13093:
13085:
13077:
13047:
13039:
13031:
12944:
12936:
12928:
12887:
12879:
12871:
12858:
12850:
12842:
12829:
12821:
12813:
12114:
12086:
12052:
12035:
12023:
12008:
12000:
11992:
11984:
11976:
11968:
11955:
11947:
11939:
11931:
11923:
11915:
11902:
11894:
11886:
11878:
11870:
11862:
11849:
11841:
11833:
11825:
11817:
11809:
11796:
11788:
11780:
11772:
11764:
11756:
11743:
11735:
11727:
11719:
11711:
11703:
11653:
11645:
11621:
11613:
11579:
11556:
11539:
11527:
11512:
11504:
11496:
11488:
11480:
11472:
11459:
11451:
11443:
11435:
11427:
11419:
11406:
11398:
11390:
11382:
11374:
11366:
11353:
11345:
11337:
11329:
11321:
11313:
11300:
11292:
11284:
11276:
11268:
11260:
11247:
11239:
11231:
11223:
11215:
11207:
11194:
11186:
11178:
11170:
11162:
11154:
11141:
11133:
11125:
11117:
11109:
11101:
11088:
11080:
11072:
11064:
11056:
11048:
11035:
11027:
11019:
11011:
11003:
10995:
10982:
10974:
10966:
10958:
10950:
10942:
10929:
10921:
10913:
10905:
10897:
10889:
10828:
10820:
10796:
10788:
10754:
10731:
10714:
10702:
10687:
10679:
10671:
10663:
10655:
10647:
10634:
10626:
10618:
10610:
10602:
10594:
10581:
10573:
10565:
10557:
10549:
10541:
10528:
10520:
10512:
10504:
10496:
10488:
10475:
10467:
10459:
10451:
10443:
10435:
10422:
10414:
10406:
10398:
10390:
10382:
10369:
10361:
10353:
10345:
10337:
10329:
10316:
10308:
10300:
10292:
10284:
10276:
10263:
10255:
10247:
10239:
10231:
10223:
10210:
10202:
10194:
10186:
10178:
10170:
10157:
10149:
10141:
10133:
10125:
10117:
10104:
10096:
10088:
10080:
10072:
10064:
10009:
10001:
9977:
9969:
9935:
9912:
9895:
9883:
9868:
9860:
9852:
9844:
9836:
9828:
9815:
9807:
9799:
9791:
9783:
9775:
9762:
9754:
9746:
9738:
9730:
9722:
9709:
9701:
9693:
9685:
9677:
9669:
9656:
9648:
9640:
9632:
9624:
9616:
9603:
9595:
9587:
9579:
9571:
9563:
9550:
9542:
9534:
9526:
9518:
9510:
9497:
9489:
9481:
9473:
9465:
9457:
9444:
9436:
9428:
9420:
9412:
9404:
9391:
9383:
9375:
9367:
9359:
9351:
9338:
9330:
9322:
9314:
9306:
9298:
9285:
9277:
9269:
9261:
9253:
9245:
9191:
9183:
9159:
9151:
9117:
9094:
9077:
9065:
9050:
9042:
9034:
9026:
9018:
9010:
8997:
8989:
8981:
8973:
8965:
8957:
8944:
8936:
8928:
8920:
8912:
8904:
8891:
8883:
8875:
8867:
8859:
8851:
8838:
8830:
8822:
8814:
8806:
8798:
8785:
8777:
8769:
8761:
8753:
8745:
8732:
8724:
8716:
8708:
8700:
8692:
8679:
8671:
8663:
8655:
8647:
8639:
8626:
8618:
8610:
8602:
8594:
8586:
8573:
8565:
8557:
8549:
8541:
8533:
8520:
8512:
8504:
8496:
8488:
8480:
8467:
8459:
8451:
8443:
8435:
8427:
8373:
8365:
8341:
8333:
8299:
8276:
8259:
8247:
8232:
8224:
8216:
8208:
8200:
8192:
8179:
8171:
8163:
8155:
8147:
8139:
8126:
8118:
8110:
8102:
8094:
8086:
8073:
8065:
8057:
8049:
8041:
8033:
8020:
8012:
8004:
7996:
7988:
7980:
7967:
7959:
7951:
7943:
7935:
7927:
7914:
7906:
7898:
7890:
7882:
7874:
7861:
7853:
7845:
7837:
7829:
7821:
7808:
7800:
7792:
7784:
7776:
7768:
7755:
7747:
7739:
7731:
7723:
7715:
7702:
7694:
7686:
7678:
7670:
7662:
7649:
7641:
7633:
7625:
7617:
7609:
7542:
7535:
7508:
7489:
7281:
7272:
7258:
7249:
7235:
7226:
7212:
7203:
7194:
7187:
7145:
7136:
7122:
7115:
7101:
7087:
7078:
7060:
7047:
7034:
7005:
6980:
6966:
6959:
6945:
6931:
6924:
6915:
6873:
6864:
6855:
6841:
6834:
6820:
6806:
6788:
6775:
6731:
6718:
6710:
6697:
6689:
6676:
6668:
6661:
6653:
6646:
6604:
6595:
6581:
6574:
6560:
6537:
6524:
6511:
6479:
6467:
6458:
6449:
6436:
6423:
6414:
6405:
6392:
6385:
6376:
6367:
6354:
6347:
6338:
6329:
6312:
6303:
6271:
6262:
6249:
6235:
6226:
6217:
6203:
6194:
6185:
6171:
6164:
6155:
6148:
6139:
6132:
6114:
6107:
6098:
6091:
6082:
6075:
6054:
6041:
5340:
5320:
5300:
5285:
5265:
5250:
5235:
5220:
5195:
5160:
5149:
5139:
5125:
5105:
5090:
5062:
5052:
5033:
5023:
5010:
4992:
4973:
4941:
4928:
4862:appears in early Latin, while there is no sign of
4835:
4820:
4800:
4785:
4765:
4750:
4735:
4720:
4700:
4689:
4675:
4660:
4649:
4635:
4615:
4600:
4572:
4562:
4543:
4524:
4505:
4473:
4460:
4242:
4215:
4200:
4183:
4168:
4156:
4141:
4121:
4106:
4091:
4076:
4056:
4045:
4031:
4016:
4005:
3991:
3971:
3956:
3932:
3919:
3900:
3881:
3849:
3836:
3768:
3748:
3727:
3712:
3684:
3669:
3649:
3634:
3614:
3590:
3574:
3506:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3390:
3363:
3356:
3336:
3322:
3307:
3293:
3273:
3258:
3237:
3222:
3206:
3191:
3171:
3160:
3146:
3131:
3120:
3106:
3086:
3071:
3054:
3039:
3024:
3000:
2981:
2969:
2950:
2931:
2899:
2886:
2802:
2795:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
13533:from the aorist endings to form the usual ending
13520:Ending reshaped after the present active endings.
13062:resolves as non-syllabic when preceding a vowel.
10839:
8384:
6478:Note: For the third person pronoun, Proto-Italic
4418:This class corresponds to the nouns of the Latin
3505:. It was then reformed based on the ā-stem form
2007:change), because of lack of conclusive evidence.
15039:
3464:. In Osco-Umbrian, the reverse happened, where
14344:
13915:
13913:
13055:Widely attested across Italic. Zero-grade root
12983:in the copy syllable. If a verb root begins in
9202:
4387:(with a long vowel) was taken from the i-stems.
3787:The accusative singular ending would have been
14680:, Taylor & Francis Group, pp. 322–344
13876:
13874:
13849:
13847:
5454:) and the comparative forms of adjectives (in
4352:were a small group of neuter nouns. These had
2122:*m̥, *n̥ > *əm, *ən (see below on "Vowels")
14787:
13970:. Ann Arbor: Beech Stave Press. p. 109.
13823:
12955:
4383:The Latin masculine nominative plural ending
3485:
2039:Sequences of palatovelars and *w merged with
1915:Distribution of Italic languages in antiquity
1892:
13910:
12751:
16:Ancestor of Latin and other Italic languages
14742:
14365:
13871:
13844:
13546:
13534:
13463:
13443:
13423:
13408:
13388:
13368:
13299:
13289:
13105:in the copy syllable. Vine claims that the
11672:Example Conjugation: *ezom (copula, to be)
7549:
3513:
3500:
3494:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3459:
3384:
3370:
2857:
2851:
2721:Proto-Italic had the following diphthongs:
14794:
14780:
14687:"Towards a reconstruction of Proto-Italic"
14660:New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
14447:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDe_Vaan2008 (
14428:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDe_Vaan2008 (
13508:derived from the aorist endings otherwise.
2474:The voiced fricatives , , , and were in
1943:. Proto-Italic descended from the earlier
1899:
1885:
1863:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
14675:
13919:
13880:
13853:
13113:; but this is unnecessary, as zero-grade
14745:Transactions of the Philological Society
13294:has the copy syllable vowel replaced by
12748:) being later innovations, for example.
12705:
7520:). Secondly, the desiderative suffix of
2820:period, after which it gave way to the "
2170:*eh₁ > *ē, *eh₂ > *ā, *eh₃ > *ō
2167:*h₁e > *e, *h₂e > *a, *h₃e > *o
2147:are a class of hypothetical PIE sounds *
1910:
14715:
14630:
14580:
14559:
14442:
14423:
14338:
14326:
14314:
14302:
14290:
14278:
14266:
14254:
14239:
14191:
14179:
14143:
14131:
14107:
14095:
14023:
14011:
13938:
13797:Baumer, Christoph (December 11, 2012).
13784:
13771:. CUP Archive – via Google Books.
13516:
13514:
13480:
13478:
12979:in the middle, this semivowel replaces
7548:which became Latin present subjunctive
2113:
15040:
14654:
14546:, Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam,
14541:
14524:
14485:
14473:
14359:
14227:
14215:
14203:
14167:
14155:
14119:
14083:
14071:
14059:
14047:
14035:
13999:
13950:
13904:
13892:
13865:
13796:
7002:Declension of Demonstrative Pronouns:
6752:Declension of Interrogative Pronouns:
3430:The nominative plural was originally
14775:
13965:
13523:
13341:Perfect conjugations in Proto-Italic
7483:
7271:
6979:
6730:
2160:denotes any of the three laryngeals.
1870:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1842:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
14801:
14601:
14523:in the native Umbrian alphabet. See
14461:
14411:
13511:
13475:
12780:Aorist conjugations in Proto-Italic
12767:The s-aorist, where the root in the
10020:
7560:
4422:that had the genitive plural ending
4337:(for neuters). This alternated with
2043:: *ḱw, *ǵw, *ǵʰw > *kʷ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ
14684:
14353:
4858:is found in Osco-Umbrian. However,
2828:postdating Proto-Italic, since the
2208:, with only a few relics remaining.
1827:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
13:
14736:
14608:. Vol. 2. Walter de Gruyter.
14587:. Vol. 2. Walter de Gruyter.
14566:. Vol. 2. Walter de Gruyter.
14515:in the native Oscan alphabet, and
13490:
11664:
5383:Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus
4333:(for masculines and feminines) or
4248:above. Neuter nouns had no ending.
3813:
2191:CRHC > CRāC, but CRHV > CaRV
1849:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
14:
15064:
14269:, p. 284, 310, 323–324, 426.
13246:in the copy syllable, but oddly,
12999:Perfect stem formation in Italic
6488:Declension of Relative Pronouns:
6018:Declension of Personal Pronouns:
5398:) is also found in a few sources.
4286:. On the other hand, neuters had
2131:*o > *a before labials and *l.
1982:before they moved south into the
14694:Program in Indo-European Studies
13604:. In Osco-Umbrian the result is
4266:) in the other cases; e.g., PIt
1856:Journal of Indo-European Studies
620:Bible translations into Armenian
111:
14542:Bakkum, Gabriël C.L.M. (2009),
14534:
14501:
13984:
13959:
13944:
12963:Perfect stems are created by a
7514:, but also PIE Past Indicative
3437:for nouns and adjectives, and
2706:as this prop vowel, citing how
2194:CiHC and probably CHiC > CīC
131:List of Indo-European languages
14981:, transitional or independent)
13898:
13817:
13790:
13761:
10840:Third conjugation (jō-variant)
8385:Second conjugation (causative)
4905:This class corresponds to the
3527:This class corresponds to the
2870:This class corresponds to the
2211:Loss of the instrumental case.
1997:
1:
14366:Piwowarczyk, Dariusz (2011).
13755:
13250:-grade in the root syllable.
5440:
2220:
2198:
2173:*H > *a between obstruents
2138:
2010:
1457:Proto-Indo-European mythology
726:Paleolithic continuity theory
50:
14494:
11257:Present Passive Subjunctive
10432:Present Passive Subjunctive
9613:Present Passive Subjunctive
9203:Second conjugation (stative)
8795:Present Passive Subjunctive
7977:Present Passive Subjunctive
2215:
2077:*gʷʰ > *xʷ (medially *ɣʷ)
1945:Proto-Indo-European language
1145:Northern Black Polished Ware
344:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
15022:; Latin is still used as a
14718:The Indo-European Languages
14678:The Indo-European languages
14662:, Oxford University Press,
14511:in the Latin alphabet, but
13769:"Immigrants from the North"
13743:
13484:Extended by mystery suffix
11859:Present Active Subjunctive
11204:Present Active Subjunctive
10939:Present Passive Indicative
10379:Present Active Subjunctive
10114:Present Passive Indicative
9560:Present Active Subjunctive
9295:Present Passive Indicative
8742:Present Active Subjunctive
8477:Present Passive Indicative
7924:Present Active Subjunctive
7659:Present Passive Indicative
6259:*mewos? *meyos? < *h₁mós
6013:
2106:*tl > *kl word-medially.
1966:On the other hand, work in
1939:to some degree through the
1462:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
76:Lower-order reconstructions
10:
15069:
15014:(and its descendants, the
13966:Weiss, Michael L. (2009).
13955:. De Gruyter. p. 747.
13457:
13437:
13402:
13382:
13362:
13330:added after most of them.
13282:
13274:
13266:
13236:
13228:
13220:
13201:
13193:
13185:
13159:
13151:
13143:
13095:
13087:
13079:
13049:
13041:
13033:
12956:Conjugation of the perfect
12946:
12938:
12930:
12889:
12881:
12873:
12860:
12852:
12844:
12831:
12823:
12815:
12757:aorist-derived perfects.
12116:
12088:
12054:
12037:
12025:
12018:Present Active Imperative
12010:
12002:
11994:
11986:
11978:
11970:
11957:
11949:
11941:
11933:
11925:
11917:
11904:
11896:
11888:
11880:
11872:
11864:
11851:
11843:
11835:
11827:
11819:
11811:
11798:
11790:
11782:
11774:
11766:
11758:
11745:
11737:
11729:
11721:
11713:
11705:
11700:Present Active Indicative
11655:
11647:
11623:
11615:
11581:
11558:
11551:Passive Active Imperative
11541:
11529:
11522:Present Active Imperative
11514:
11506:
11498:
11490:
11482:
11474:
11461:
11453:
11445:
11437:
11429:
11421:
11408:
11400:
11392:
11384:
11376:
11368:
11355:
11347:
11339:
11331:
11323:
11315:
11302:
11294:
11286:
11278:
11270:
11262:
11249:
11241:
11233:
11225:
11217:
11209:
11196:
11188:
11180:
11172:
11164:
11156:
11151:Future Passive Indicative
11143:
11135:
11127:
11119:
11111:
11103:
11090:
11082:
11074:
11066:
11058:
11050:
11037:
11029:
11021:
11013:
11005:
10997:
10984:
10976:
10968:
10960:
10952:
10944:
10931:
10923:
10915:
10907:
10899:
10891:
10886:Present Active Indicative
10830:
10822:
10798:
10790:
10756:
10733:
10726:Passive Active Imperative
10716:
10704:
10697:Present Active Imperative
10689:
10681:
10673:
10665:
10657:
10649:
10636:
10628:
10620:
10612:
10604:
10596:
10583:
10575:
10567:
10559:
10551:
10543:
10530:
10522:
10514:
10506:
10498:
10490:
10477:
10469:
10461:
10453:
10445:
10437:
10424:
10416:
10408:
10400:
10392:
10384:
10371:
10363:
10355:
10347:
10339:
10331:
10326:Future Passive Indicative
10318:
10310:
10302:
10294:
10286:
10278:
10265:
10257:
10249:
10241:
10233:
10225:
10212:
10204:
10196:
10188:
10180:
10172:
10159:
10151:
10143:
10135:
10127:
10119:
10106:
10098:
10090:
10082:
10074:
10066:
10061:Present Active Indicative
10011:
10003:
9979:
9971:
9937:
9914:
9907:Passive Active Imperative
9897:
9885:
9878:Present Active Imperative
9870:
9862:
9854:
9846:
9838:
9830:
9817:
9809:
9801:
9793:
9785:
9777:
9764:
9756:
9748:
9740:
9732:
9724:
9711:
9703:
9695:
9687:
9679:
9671:
9658:
9650:
9642:
9634:
9626:
9618:
9605:
9597:
9589:
9581:
9573:
9565:
9552:
9544:
9536:
9528:
9520:
9512:
9507:Future Passive Indicative
9499:
9491:
9483:
9475:
9467:
9459:
9446:
9438:
9430:
9422:
9414:
9406:
9393:
9385:
9377:
9369:
9361:
9353:
9340:
9332:
9324:
9316:
9308:
9300:
9287:
9279:
9271:
9263:
9255:
9247:
9242:Present Active Indicative
9193:
9185:
9161:
9153:
9119:
9096:
9089:Passive Active Imperative
9079:
9067:
9060:Present Active Imperative
9052:
9044:
9036:
9028:
9020:
9012:
8999:
8991:
8983:
8975:
8967:
8959:
8946:
8938:
8930:
8922:
8914:
8906:
8893:
8885:
8877:
8869:
8861:
8853:
8840:
8832:
8824:
8816:
8808:
8800:
8787:
8779:
8771:
8763:
8755:
8747:
8734:
8726:
8718:
8710:
8702:
8694:
8689:Future Passive Indicative
8681:
8673:
8665:
8657:
8649:
8641:
8628:
8620:
8612:
8604:
8596:
8588:
8575:
8567:
8559:
8551:
8543:
8535:
8522:
8514:
8506:
8498:
8490:
8482:
8469:
8461:
8453:
8445:
8437:
8429:
8424:Present Active Indicative
8375:
8367:
8343:
8335:
8301:
8278:
8271:Passive Active Imperative
8261:
8249:
8242:Present Active Imperative
8234:
8226:
8218:
8210:
8202:
8194:
8181:
8173:
8165:
8157:
8149:
8141:
8128:
8120:
8112:
8104:
8096:
8088:
8075:
8067:
8059:
8051:
8043:
8035:
8022:
8014:
8006:
7998:
7990:
7982:
7969:
7961:
7953:
7945:
7937:
7929:
7916:
7908:
7900:
7892:
7884:
7876:
7871:Future Passive Indicative
7863:
7855:
7847:
7839:
7831:
7823:
7810:
7802:
7794:
7786:
7778:
7770:
7757:
7749:
7741:
7733:
7725:
7717:
7704:
7696:
7688:
7680:
7672:
7664:
7651:
7643:
7635:
7627:
7619:
7611:
7606:Present Active Indicative
7567:
7522:
7516:
7503:
7497:
7491:
7312:
7283:
7274:
7260:
7251:
7237:
7228:
7214:
7205:
7196:
7189:
7147:
7138:
7124:
7117:
7103:
7089:
7080:
7062:
7049:
7036:
6982:
6968:
6961:
6947:
6933:
6926:
6917:
6875:
6866:
6857:
6843:
6836:
6822:
6808:
6790:
6777:
6733:
6720:
6712:
6699:
6691:
6678:
6670:
6663:
6655:
6648:
6606:
6597:
6583:
6576:
6562:
6539:
6526:
6513:
6469:
6460:
6451:
6438:
6425:
6416:
6407:
6394:
6387:
6378:
6369:
6356:
6349:
6340:
6331:
6314:
6305:
6273:
6268:< PIE *tewos < *twos
6264:
6251:
6237:
6228:
6219:
6205:
6196:
6187:
6173:
6166:
6157:
6150:
6141:
6134:
6116:
6109:
6100:
6093:
6084:
6077:
6056:
6043:
5342:
5322:
5302:
5287:
5267:
5252:
5237:
5222:
5197:
5162:
5151:
5141:
5127:
5107:
5092:
5064:
5054:
5035:
5025:
5012:
4994:
4975:
4943:
4930:
4900:
4837:
4822:
4802:
4787:
4767:
4752:
4737:
4722:
4702:
4691:
4677:
4662:
4651:
4637:
4617:
4602:
4574:
4564:
4545:
4526:
4507:
4475:
4462:
4413:
4217:
4202:
4185:
4170:
4158:
4143:
4123:
4108:
4093:
4078:
4058:
4047:
4033:
4018:
4007:
3993:
3973:
3958:
3934:
3921:
3902:
3883:
3851:
3838:
3829:Consonant stem declension
3770:
3750:
3729:
3714:
3686:
3671:
3651:
3636:
3616:
3592:
3576:
3533:
3522:
3355:The genitive singular in
3338:
3324:
3309:
3295:
3275:
3260:
3239:
3224:
3208:
3193:
3173:
3162:
3148:
3133:
3122:
3108:
3088:
3073:
3056:
3041:
3026:
3002:
2983:
2971:
2952:
2933:
2901:
2888:
2865:
2839:
2811:
2690:
2684:
2476:complementary distribution
2088:*θ, *xʷ > *f. Found in
1950:
758:Domestication of the horse
15004:
14988:
14950:
14855:
14809:
14614:10.1515/9783110523874-003
14384:10.2478/v10148-011-0017-1
13840:– via Google Books.
13813:– via Google Books.
13710:
13707:
13693:
13690:
13687:
13324:Latino-Faliscan languages
13164:
12752:Conjugation of the aorist
12051:
12047:Future Active Imperative
11806:Future Active Indicative
11578:
11574:Future Active Imperative
11363:Past Passive Subjunctive
11098:Future Active Indicative
10753:
10749:Future Active Imperative
10538:Past Passive Subjunctive
10273:Future Active Indicative
9934:
9930:Future Active Imperative
9719:Past Passive Subjunctive
9454:Future Active Indicative
9116:
9112:Future Active Imperative
8901:Past Passive Subjunctive
8636:Future Active Indicative
8298:
8294:Future Active Imperative
8083:Past Passive Subjunctive
7818:Future Active Indicative
7280:
7248:
7202:
7135:
7114:
7100:
7046:
6958:
6944:
6923:
6914:
6833:
6819:
6805:
6787:
6774:
6709:
6660:
6594:
6573:
6559:
6536:
6523:
6510:
6413:
6404:
5365:, but in Latin only long
5264:
5234:
5051:
5022:
4940:
4927:
4925:
4764:
4734:
4561:
4542:
4472:
4459:
4457:
4254:generally had the ending
4120:
4090:
3931:
3918:
3848:
3835:
3833:
3726:
3589:
3547:
3545:
3236:
3205:
2999:
2980:
2898:
2885:
2883:
2713:evolved to modern French
2665:
2587:
2508:
2471:before a velar consonant.
2074:*gʰ > *x (medially *ɣ)
2071:*dʰ > *θ (medially *ð)
2068:*bʰ > *f (medially *β)
1931:and its descendants, the
1467:Historical Vedic religion
744:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
75:
59:
46:
36:
26:
21:
13547:Post-Italic developments
13298:by analogy with present
12775:to make the aorist stem.
12771:-grade is suffixed with
11912:Past Active Subjunctive
11310:Past Active Subjunctive
11045:Past Passive Indicative
10855:(to come), from earlier
10485:Past Active Subjunctive
10220:Past Passive Indicative
9666:Past Active Subjunctive
9401:Past Passive Indicative
8848:Past Active Subjunctive
8583:Past Passive Indicative
8030:Past Active Subjunctive
7765:Past Passive Indicative
7478:
3512:, giving the classical
3458:, whence the classical
2844:
2226:Proto-Italic consonants
1472:Ancient Iranian religion
835:Novotitarovskaya culture
682:Indo-European migrations
14848:? (possibly not Italic)
14757:10.1111/1467-968X.00096
13257:
13211:
13176:
13134:
13123:
13116:
13069:
13058:
13023:
12744:) and the -u- perfect (
12729:for the aorist stem of
12679:*(e)somos < *h₁smós
12134:*portāō (to bring), I°
11753:Past Active Indicative
10992:Past Active Indicative
10167:Past Active Indicative
9348:Past Active Indicative
8530:Past Active Indicative
7712:Past Active Indicative
7544:
7537:
7510:
7128:< *ésyeh₂ey, *ésmey
7007:
6481:
5467:*alβos, -ā, -om (white)
4360:in the remaining forms.
4244:
3508:
3486:
3480:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3392:
3365:
3358:
2804:
2797:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2085:*sr, *zr > *θr, *ðr.
1923:is the ancestor of the
973:Northern/Eastern Steppe
14696:. UCLA. Archived from
13535:
13464:
13444:
13424:
13409:
13389:
13369:
13300:
13290:
13169:in the copy syllable.
12255:*moneō (to warn), II°
7550:
6485:would have been used.
4874:of the u-stems, which
3548:*farβā (< earlier *
3514:
3501:
3495:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3385:
3371:
2858:
2852:
2119:*l̥, *r̥ > *ol, *or
1916:
1444:Religion and mythology
1403:Medieval Scandinavians
694:Alternative and fringe
27:Reconstruction of
14996:Proto-Italic language
13733:Latin vowel reduction
13333:An additional suffix
13165:Semivowel instead of
12706:Perfective formations
12689:*(e)stes < *h₁sté
10851:Example Conjugation:
10029:Example Conjugation:
9210:Example Conjugation:
8392:Example Conjugation:
7574:Example Conjugation:
3379:, likely rendered as
1921:Proto-Italic language
1914:
1794:Indo-European studies
1157:Peoples and societies
81:Proto-Latino-Faliscan
14685:Rix, Helmut (2002).
12699:*sent < *h₁sénti
5386:inscription attests
4970:Nominative-Vocative
4913:being replaced with
4502:Nominative-Vocative
3878:Nominative-Vocative
3427:, the i-stem ending.
3372:popliosio valesiosio
2467:was an allophone of
2204:General loss of the
2114:Vowels and sonorants
701:Anatolian hypothesis
653:Proto-Indo-Europeans
560:Hittite inscriptions
105:Indo-European topics
15024:liturgical language
14966:? (possibly Celtic)
14703:on 13 November 2017
14464:, pp. 792–793.
14426:, pp. 445–446.
14230:, pp. 325–326.
14170:, pp. 319–327.
14158:, pp. 316–317.
14122:, pp. 315–319.
14086:, pp. 283–286.
14062:, pp. 266–272.
14002:, pp. 256–265.
13895:, pp. 205–206.
13342:
13242:Reduplication with
13101:Reduplication with
13000:
12781:
12628:
12504:
12500:*gʷəmjō (to come),
12380:
12256:
12135:
7367:*trejes > *trēs
7318:
5469:
4922:
4454:
4319:, alternating with
3830:
3542:
3471:was replaced with
2880:
2600:
2519:
2227:
2182:sonorant consonants
2109:Final *t became *d
1972:Proto-Indo-European
1961:Villanovan cultures
1959:(1700–1150 BC) and
957:Multi-cordoned ware
828:Mikhaylovka culture
716:Indigenous Aryanism
706:Armenian hypothesis
565:Hieroglyphic Luwian
69:Proto-Indo-European
14317:, p. 185-186.
14305:, p. 651-652.
14257:, p. 507-508.
14194:, p. 136-137.
14110:, p. 134-135.
14098:, p. 409-410.
13628:Duenos inscription
13500:, remodelled with
13340:
12998:
12785:Person and number
12779:
12669:*est < *h₁ésti
12623:
12499:
12375:
12254:
12133:
7484:Present formations
7317:
6382:? < *yus(er)o-?
6373:? < *n̥s(er)o-?
6281:*sewós < *swós
5465:
4920:
4452:
3828:
3541:ā-stem declension
3540:
2879:o-stem declension
2878:
2598:
2517:
2225:
2023:, a change termed
2019:merged with plain
2002:A list of regular
1941:comparative method
1917:
537:Proto-Indo-Iranian
523:Proto-Balto-Slavic
504:Proto-Italo-Celtic
15035:
15034:
15016:Romance languages
14834:Romance languages
14727:978-1-315-67855-9
14656:Sihler, Andrew L.
14647:978-90-04-16797-1
14623:978-3-11-054243-1
14594:978-3-11-054243-1
14573:978-3-11-054243-1
14553:978-90-5629-562-2
13977:978-0-9747927-5-0
13907:, pp. 58–61.
13837:978-1-134-82877-7
13810:978-1-78076-060-5
13729:
13728:
13596:*β, *ð> Latin
13471:
13470:
13320:
13319:
13074:"to bring forth"
12953:
12952:
12703:
12702:
12621:
12620:
12497:
12496:
12373:
12372:
12252:
12251:
12123:
12122:
12067:
12066:
11950:fuzetes, *essetes
11942:fuzomos, *essomos
11662:
11661:
11594:
11593:
11469:Passive Optative
10837:
10836:
10769:
10768:
10644:Passive Optative
10021:Third Conjugation
10018:
10017:
9950:
9949:
9825:Passive Optative
9200:
9199:
9132:
9131:
9007:Passive Optative
8382:
8381:
8314:
8313:
8189:Passive Optative
7561:First conjugation
7476:
7475:
7310:
7309:
7000:
6999:
6750:
6749:
6476:
6475:
6177:< *soy, *séwe
6011:
6010:
5405:seems to reflect
5390:, and the ending
5358:
5357:
4907:fourth declension
4851:
4850:
4278:derives from PIE
4258:, with the infix
4231:
4230:
3784:
3783:
3352:
3351:
2872:second declension
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2594:
2593:
2464:
2463:
2134:*-mj- > -*nj-
1984:Italian Peninsula
1933:Romance languages
1909:
1908:
1170:Anatolian peoples
1140:Painted Grey Ware
1028:Nordic Bronze Age
677:Kurgan hypothesis
630:Old Irish glosses
595:Gaulish epigraphy
90:
89:
41:Italian Peninsula
15060:
15048:Italic languages
15008:Italic languages
14803:Italic languages
14796:
14789:
14782:
14773:
14772:
14768:
14731:
14712:
14710:
14708:
14702:
14691:
14681:
14672:
14651:
14632:de Vaan, Michiel
14627:
14598:
14577:
14556:
14528:
14505:
14489:
14483:
14477:
14471:
14465:
14459:
14453:
14452:
14440:
14434:
14433:
14421:
14415:
14409:
14403:
14402:
14400:
14398:
14363:
14357:
14351:
14342:
14336:
14330:
14324:
14318:
14312:
14306:
14300:
14294:
14288:
14282:
14276:
14270:
14264:
14258:
14252:
14243:
14237:
14231:
14225:
14219:
14213:
14207:
14201:
14195:
14189:
14183:
14177:
14171:
14165:
14159:
14153:
14147:
14141:
14135:
14129:
14123:
14117:
14111:
14105:
14099:
14093:
14087:
14081:
14075:
14069:
14063:
14057:
14051:
14045:
14039:
14033:
14027:
14021:
14015:
14009:
14003:
13997:
13991:
13988:
13982:
13981:
13963:
13957:
13956:
13948:
13942:
13936:
13923:
13917:
13908:
13902:
13896:
13890:
13884:
13878:
13869:
13863:
13857:
13851:
13842:
13841:
13821:
13815:
13814:
13794:
13788:
13782:
13773:
13772:
13765:
13662:
13661:
13645:except after *n.
13619:in Osco-Umbrian.
13553:History of Latin
13540:
13538:
13527:
13521:
13518:
13509:
13494:
13488:
13482:
13467:
13460:
13459:
13447:
13440:
13439:
13427:
13412:
13405:
13404:
13392:
13385:
13384:
13372:
13365:
13364:
13343:
13339:
13303:
13293:
13285:
13284:
13277:
13276:
13269:
13268:
13260:
13239:
13238:
13231:
13230:
13223:
13222:
13214:
13204:
13203:
13196:
13195:
13188:
13187:
13179:
13162:
13161:
13154:
13153:
13146:
13145:
13137:
13126:
13119:
13098:
13097:
13090:
13089:
13082:
13081:
13072:
13061:
13052:
13051:
13044:
13043:
13036:
13035:
13026:
13001:
12997:
12949:
12948:
12941:
12940:
12933:
12932:
12892:
12891:
12884:
12883:
12876:
12875:
12863:
12862:
12855:
12854:
12847:
12846:
12834:
12833:
12826:
12825:
12818:
12817:
12782:
12778:
12735:Praeneste fibula
12659:*es < *h₁ési
12629:
12622:
12505:
12498:
12381:
12376:*agō (to lead),
12374:
12257:
12253:
12136:
12132:
12119:
12118:
12091:
12090:
12069:
12068:
12057:
12056:
12040:
12039:
12028:
12027:
12013:
12012:
12005:
12004:
11997:
11996:
11989:
11988:
11981:
11980:
11973:
11972:
11965:Active Optative
11960:
11959:
11952:
11951:
11944:
11943:
11936:
11935:
11928:
11927:
11920:
11919:
11907:
11906:
11899:
11898:
11891:
11890:
11883:
11882:
11875:
11874:
11867:
11866:
11854:
11853:
11846:
11845:
11838:
11837:
11830:
11829:
11822:
11821:
11814:
11813:
11801:
11800:
11793:
11792:
11785:
11784:
11777:
11776:
11769:
11768:
11761:
11760:
11748:
11747:
11740:
11739:
11732:
11731:
11724:
11723:
11716:
11715:
11708:
11707:
11675:
11674:
11658:
11657:
11650:
11649:
11626:
11625:
11618:
11617:
11596:
11595:
11584:
11583:
11561:
11560:
11544:
11543:
11532:
11531:
11517:
11516:
11509:
11508:
11501:
11500:
11493:
11492:
11485:
11484:
11477:
11476:
11464:
11463:
11456:
11455:
11448:
11447:
11440:
11439:
11432:
11431:
11424:
11423:
11416:Active Optative
11411:
11410:
11403:
11402:
11395:
11394:
11387:
11386:
11379:
11378:
11371:
11370:
11358:
11357:
11350:
11349:
11342:
11341:
11334:
11333:
11326:
11325:
11318:
11317:
11305:
11304:
11297:
11296:
11289:
11288:
11281:
11280:
11273:
11272:
11265:
11264:
11252:
11251:
11244:
11243:
11236:
11235:
11228:
11227:
11220:
11219:
11212:
11211:
11199:
11198:
11191:
11190:
11183:
11182:
11175:
11174:
11167:
11166:
11159:
11158:
11146:
11145:
11138:
11137:
11130:
11129:
11122:
11121:
11114:
11113:
11106:
11105:
11093:
11092:
11085:
11084:
11077:
11076:
11069:
11068:
11061:
11060:
11053:
11052:
11040:
11039:
11032:
11031:
11024:
11023:
11016:
11015:
11008:
11007:
11000:
10999:
10987:
10986:
10979:
10978:
10971:
10970:
10963:
10962:
10955:
10954:
10947:
10946:
10934:
10933:
10926:
10925:
10918:
10917:
10910:
10909:
10902:
10901:
10894:
10893:
10861:
10860:
10833:
10832:
10825:
10824:
10801:
10800:
10793:
10792:
10771:
10770:
10759:
10758:
10736:
10735:
10719:
10718:
10707:
10706:
10692:
10691:
10684:
10683:
10676:
10675:
10668:
10667:
10660:
10659:
10652:
10651:
10639:
10638:
10631:
10630:
10623:
10622:
10615:
10614:
10607:
10606:
10599:
10598:
10591:Active Optative
10586:
10585:
10578:
10577:
10570:
10569:
10562:
10561:
10554:
10553:
10546:
10545:
10533:
10532:
10525:
10524:
10517:
10516:
10509:
10508:
10501:
10500:
10493:
10492:
10480:
10479:
10472:
10471:
10464:
10463:
10456:
10455:
10448:
10447:
10440:
10439:
10427:
10426:
10419:
10418:
10411:
10410:
10403:
10402:
10395:
10394:
10387:
10386:
10374:
10373:
10366:
10365:
10358:
10357:
10350:
10349:
10342:
10341:
10334:
10333:
10321:
10320:
10313:
10312:
10305:
10304:
10297:
10296:
10289:
10288:
10281:
10280:
10268:
10267:
10260:
10259:
10252:
10251:
10244:
10243:
10236:
10235:
10228:
10227:
10215:
10214:
10207:
10206:
10199:
10198:
10191:
10190:
10183:
10182:
10175:
10174:
10162:
10161:
10154:
10153:
10146:
10145:
10138:
10137:
10130:
10129:
10122:
10121:
10109:
10108:
10101:
10100:
10093:
10092:
10085:
10084:
10077:
10076:
10069:
10068:
10036:
10035:
10014:
10013:
10006:
10005:
9982:
9981:
9974:
9973:
9952:
9951:
9940:
9939:
9917:
9916:
9900:
9899:
9888:
9887:
9873:
9872:
9865:
9864:
9857:
9856:
9849:
9848:
9841:
9840:
9833:
9832:
9820:
9819:
9812:
9811:
9804:
9803:
9796:
9795:
9788:
9787:
9780:
9779:
9772:Active Optative
9767:
9766:
9759:
9758:
9751:
9750:
9743:
9742:
9735:
9734:
9727:
9726:
9714:
9713:
9706:
9705:
9698:
9697:
9690:
9689:
9682:
9681:
9674:
9673:
9661:
9660:
9653:
9652:
9645:
9644:
9637:
9636:
9629:
9628:
9621:
9620:
9608:
9607:
9600:
9599:
9592:
9591:
9584:
9583:
9576:
9575:
9568:
9567:
9555:
9554:
9547:
9546:
9539:
9538:
9531:
9530:
9523:
9522:
9515:
9514:
9502:
9501:
9494:
9493:
9486:
9485:
9478:
9477:
9470:
9469:
9462:
9461:
9449:
9448:
9441:
9440:
9433:
9432:
9425:
9424:
9417:
9416:
9409:
9408:
9396:
9395:
9388:
9387:
9380:
9379:
9372:
9371:
9364:
9363:
9356:
9355:
9343:
9342:
9335:
9334:
9327:
9326:
9319:
9318:
9311:
9310:
9303:
9302:
9290:
9289:
9282:
9281:
9274:
9273:
9266:
9265:
9258:
9257:
9250:
9249:
9217:
9216:
9196:
9195:
9188:
9187:
9164:
9163:
9156:
9155:
9134:
9133:
9122:
9121:
9099:
9098:
9082:
9081:
9070:
9069:
9055:
9054:
9047:
9046:
9039:
9038:
9031:
9030:
9023:
9022:
9015:
9014:
9002:
9001:
8994:
8993:
8986:
8985:
8978:
8977:
8970:
8969:
8962:
8961:
8954:Active Optative
8949:
8948:
8941:
8940:
8933:
8932:
8925:
8924:
8917:
8916:
8909:
8908:
8896:
8895:
8888:
8887:
8880:
8879:
8872:
8871:
8864:
8863:
8856:
8855:
8843:
8842:
8835:
8834:
8827:
8826:
8819:
8818:
8811:
8810:
8803:
8802:
8790:
8789:
8782:
8781:
8774:
8773:
8766:
8765:
8758:
8757:
8750:
8749:
8737:
8736:
8729:
8728:
8721:
8720:
8713:
8712:
8705:
8704:
8697:
8696:
8684:
8683:
8676:
8675:
8668:
8667:
8660:
8659:
8652:
8651:
8644:
8643:
8631:
8630:
8623:
8622:
8615:
8614:
8607:
8606:
8599:
8598:
8591:
8590:
8578:
8577:
8570:
8569:
8562:
8561:
8554:
8553:
8546:
8545:
8538:
8537:
8525:
8524:
8517:
8516:
8509:
8508:
8501:
8500:
8493:
8492:
8485:
8484:
8472:
8471:
8464:
8463:
8456:
8455:
8448:
8447:
8440:
8439:
8432:
8431:
8399:
8398:
8378:
8377:
8370:
8369:
8346:
8345:
8338:
8337:
8316:
8315:
8304:
8303:
8281:
8280:
8264:
8263:
8252:
8251:
8237:
8236:
8229:
8228:
8221:
8220:
8213:
8212:
8205:
8204:
8197:
8196:
8184:
8183:
8176:
8175:
8168:
8167:
8160:
8159:
8152:
8151:
8144:
8143:
8136:Active Optative
8131:
8130:
8123:
8122:
8115:
8114:
8107:
8106:
8099:
8098:
8091:
8090:
8078:
8077:
8070:
8069:
8062:
8061:
8054:
8053:
8046:
8045:
8038:
8037:
8025:
8024:
8017:
8016:
8009:
8008:
8001:
8000:
7993:
7992:
7985:
7984:
7972:
7971:
7964:
7963:
7956:
7955:
7948:
7947:
7940:
7939:
7932:
7931:
7919:
7918:
7911:
7910:
7903:
7902:
7895:
7894:
7887:
7886:
7879:
7878:
7866:
7865:
7858:
7857:
7850:
7849:
7842:
7841:
7834:
7833:
7826:
7825:
7813:
7812:
7805:
7804:
7797:
7796:
7789:
7788:
7781:
7780:
7773:
7772:
7760:
7759:
7752:
7751:
7744:
7743:
7736:
7735:
7728:
7727:
7720:
7719:
7707:
7706:
7699:
7698:
7691:
7690:
7683:
7682:
7675:
7674:
7667:
7666:
7654:
7653:
7646:
7645:
7638:
7637:
7630:
7629:
7622:
7621:
7614:
7613:
7581:
7580:
7570:
7569:
7553:
7547:
7540:
7525:
7524:
7519:
7518:
7513:
7506:
7505:
7500:
7499:
7494:
7493:
7388:< *kʷetwóres
7319:
7316:
7286:
7285:
7277:
7276:
7263:
7262:
7254:
7253:
7240:
7239:
7231:
7230:
7217:
7216:
7208:
7207:
7199:
7198:
7192:
7191:
7150:
7149:
7141:
7140:
7127:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7106:
7105:
7092:
7091:
7083:
7082:
7065:
7064:
7052:
7051:
7039:
7038:
7014:
7013:
7010:
6985:
6984:
6972:? < *kʷéysom
6971:
6970:
6964:
6963:
6950:
6949:
6936:
6935:
6929:
6928:
6920:
6919:
6878:
6877:
6869:
6868:
6860:
6859:
6846:
6845:
6839:
6838:
6825:
6824:
6811:
6810:
6793:
6792:
6780:
6779:
6755:
6754:
6736:
6735:
6723:
6722:
6715:
6714:
6702:
6701:
6694:
6693:
6681:
6680:
6673:
6672:
6666:
6665:
6658:
6657:
6651:
6650:
6609:
6608:
6600:
6599:
6586:
6585:
6579:
6578:
6565:
6564:
6542:
6541:
6529:
6528:
6516:
6515:
6491:
6490:
6484:
6472:
6471:
6463:
6462:
6454:
6453:
6441:
6440:
6428:
6427:
6419:
6418:
6410:
6409:
6397:
6396:
6390:
6389:
6381:
6380:
6372:
6371:
6359:
6358:
6352:
6351:
6343:
6342:
6334:
6333:
6317:
6316:
6308:
6307:
6276:
6275:
6267:
6266:
6254:
6253:
6240:
6239:
6231:
6230:
6222:
6221:
6208:
6207:
6199:
6198:
6190:
6189:
6176:
6175:
6169:
6168:
6161:< *toy, *téwe
6160:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6144:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6119:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6103:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6087:
6086:
6080:
6079:
6059:
6058:
6046:
6045:
6021:
6020:
5796:*alβā < *albʰ
5485:Masculine (pl.)
5470:
5464:
5349:
5348:
5335:*pekou? < *pḱ
5328:
5327:
5308:
5307:
5293:
5292:
5273:
5272:
5258:
5257:
5243:
5242:
5228:
5227:
5208:
5207:
5168:
5167:
5157:
5156:
5147:
5146:
5133:
5132:
5113:
5112:
5098:
5097:
5070:
5069:
5060:
5059:
5041:
5040:
5031:
5030:
5018:
5017:
5000:
4999:
4981:
4980:
4946:
4945:
4938:"harbour, port"
4933:
4932:
4923:
4919:
4843:
4842:
4828:
4827:
4808:
4807:
4793:
4792:
4773:
4772:
4758:
4757:
4743:
4742:
4728:
4727:
4708:
4707:
4697:
4696:
4683:
4682:
4668:
4667:
4657:
4656:
4643:
4642:
4623:
4622:
4608:
4607:
4580:
4579:
4570:
4569:
4551:
4550:
4532:
4531:
4513:
4512:
4478:
4477:
4465:
4464:
4455:
4451:
4420:third declension
4247:
4223:
4222:
4208:
4207:
4191:
4190:
4176:
4175:
4164:
4163:
4149:
4148:
4129:
4128:
4114:
4113:
4099:
4098:
4084:
4083:
4064:
4063:
4053:
4052:
4039:
4038:
4024:
4023:
4013:
4012:
3999:
3998:
3979:
3978:
3964:
3963:
3940:
3939:
3924:
3923:
3908:
3907:
3889:
3888:
3854:
3853:
3841:
3840:
3831:
3827:
3820:third declension
3776:
3775:
3756:
3755:
3735:
3734:
3720:
3719:
3692:
3691:
3677:
3676:
3657:
3656:
3642:
3641:
3622:
3621:
3598:
3597:
3582:
3581:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3529:first declension
3517:
3511:
3504:
3498:
3489:
3483:
3478:, whence Oscan
3477:
3470:
3463:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3395:
3388:
3377:Lapis Satricanus
3374:
3368:
3361:
3344:
3343:
3330:
3329:
3315:
3314:
3301:
3300:
3281:
3280:
3266:
3265:
3245:
3244:
3230:
3229:
3214:
3213:
3199:
3198:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3167:
3154:
3153:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3127:
3114:
3113:
3094:
3093:
3079:
3078:
3062:
3061:
3047:
3046:
3032:
3031:
3008:
3007:
2989:
2988:
2977:
2976:
2958:
2957:
2939:
2938:
2904:
2903:
2891:
2890:
2881:
2877:
2861:
2855:
2830:vowel reductions
2807:
2800:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2668:
2656:
2649:
2637:
2630:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2556:
2549:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2470:
2460:
2453:
2429:
2407:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2228:
2224:
2004:phonetic changes
1968:glottochronology
1925:Italic languages
1901:
1894:
1887:
1742:
1735:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1590:
1576:
1569:
1555:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1510:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1300:Germanic peoples
1290:Hellenic peoples
1279:
1272:
1265:
1188:Mycenaean Greeks
1177:
1105:Thraco-Cimmerian
1003:Globular Amphora
980:Abashevo culture
919:
912:
882:
837:
830:
823:
816:
809:
802:
795:
788:
625:Tocharian script
328:
321:
314:
307:
300:
293:
286:
279:
246:
232:
225:
218:
204:
180:
173:
154:
115:
92:
91:
55:
52:
31:Italic languages
19:
18:
15068:
15067:
15063:
15062:
15061:
15059:
15058:
15057:
15053:Proto-languages
15038:
15037:
15036:
15031:
15028:Catholic Church
15000:
14984:
14958:Ancient Belgian
14946:
14851:
14811:Latino-Faliscan
14805:
14800:
14739:
14737:Further reading
14734:
14728:
14706:
14704:
14700:
14689:
14670:
14648:
14624:
14595:
14574:
14554:
14537:
14532:
14531:
14506:
14502:
14497:
14492:
14484:
14480:
14472:
14468:
14460:
14456:
14446:
14441:
14437:
14427:
14422:
14418:
14410:
14406:
14396:
14394:
14364:
14360:
14352:
14345:
14337:
14333:
14325:
14321:
14313:
14309:
14301:
14297:
14289:
14285:
14277:
14273:
14265:
14261:
14253:
14246:
14238:
14234:
14226:
14222:
14214:
14210:
14202:
14198:
14190:
14186:
14178:
14174:
14166:
14162:
14154:
14150:
14142:
14138:
14130:
14126:
14118:
14114:
14106:
14102:
14094:
14090:
14082:
14078:
14070:
14066:
14058:
14054:
14046:
14042:
14034:
14030:
14022:
14018:
14010:
14006:
13998:
13994:
13989:
13985:
13978:
13964:
13960:
13949:
13945:
13937:
13926:
13918:
13911:
13903:
13899:
13891:
13887:
13879:
13872:
13864:
13860:
13852:
13845:
13838:
13822:
13818:
13811:
13795:
13791:
13783:
13776:
13767:
13766:
13762:
13758:
13746:
13549:
13544:
13543:
13528:
13524:
13519:
13512:
13495:
13491:
13483:
13476:
13261:"to take (in)"
13073:
13027:
12958:
12801:
12796:
12792:
12754:
12708:
12635:Verb (present)
12624:*esom (to be),
12511:Verb (present)
12387:Verb (present)
12263:Verb (present)
12142:Verb (present)
12131:
11958:fuzond, *essond
11667:
11665:Athematic verbs
10842:
10023:
9214:(to be strong)
9205:
8387:
7563:
7486:
7481:
7315:
6893:? < *kʷésmi
6104:< *twé ~ *te
6016:
5488:Feminine (pl.)
5443:
5409:, but from PIE
5380:. However, the
5148:
5138:
4950:
4937:
4903:
4870:. Compare also
4688:
4648:
4482:
4469:
4442:by the time of
4416:
4181:
4154:
4044:
4004:
3858:
3845:
3816:
3814:Consonant stems
3525:
3335:
3306:
3159:
3119:
3052:
2967:
2908:
2895:
2868:
2847:
2842:
2814:
2511:
2223:
2218:
2201:
2141:
2116:
2099:(compare Latin
2013:
2000:
1953:
1927:, most notably
1905:
1876:
1875:
1808:Marija Gimbutas
1796:
1786:
1785:
1777:Winter solstice
1767:Horse sacrifice
1738:
1731:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1614:
1599:
1586:
1572:
1565:
1551:
1542:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1476:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1379:
1366:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1252:
1234:
1221:
1208:
1179:
1173:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1123:
1100:
1087:
1075:
1056:
998:
975:
937:
930:
924:
915:
908:
899:
897:Northern Europe
878:
874:
861:
848:
833:
826:
819:
812:
805:
798:
791:
784:
780:Steppe cultures
753:
746:
739:
731:
730:
721:Baltic homeland
695:
691:
687:Eurasian nomads
671:
667:
643:
635:
634:
605:Runic epigraphy
600:Latin epigraphy
555:
547:
546:
484:Proto-Anatolian
468:
423:
419:Thraco-Illyrian
404:Graeco-Phrygian
394:Graeco-Armenian
389:Graeco-Albanian
368:
346:
333:
324:
317:
310:
303:
296:
289:
282:
275:
242:
228:
221:
214:
200:
176:
169:
150:
135:
127:
125:
71:
64:
62:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
15066:
15056:
15055:
15050:
15033:
15032:
15005:
15002:
15001:
14999:
14998:
14992:
14990:
14986:
14985:
14983:
14982:
14972:
14967:
14961:
14954:
14952:
14948:
14947:
14945:
14944:
14943:
14942:
14937:
14932:
14927:
14920:Umbrian group
14918:
14913:
14908:
14903:
14902:
14901:
14895:
14890:
14885:
14880:
14875:
14870:
14861:
14859:
14853:
14852:
14850:
14849:
14843:
14838:
14837:
14836:
14826:
14821:
14815:
14813:
14807:
14806:
14799:
14798:
14791:
14784:
14776:
14770:
14769:
14751:(2): 185–202.
14738:
14735:
14733:
14732:
14726:
14713:
14682:
14673:
14668:
14652:
14646:
14628:
14622:
14599:
14593:
14578:
14572:
14557:
14552:
14538:
14536:
14533:
14530:
14529:
14499:
14498:
14496:
14493:
14491:
14490:
14488:, p. 230.
14478:
14476:, p. 266.
14466:
14454:
14445:, p. 172.
14435:
14416:
14414:, p. 789.
14404:
14358:
14343:
14341:, p. 599.
14331:
14329:, p. 661.
14319:
14307:
14295:
14293:, p. 387.
14283:
14281:, p. 179.
14271:
14259:
14244:
14242:, p. 187.
14232:
14220:
14218:, p. 324.
14208:
14206:, p. 323.
14196:
14184:
14182:, p. 482.
14172:
14160:
14148:
14146:, p. 365.
14136:
14134:, p. 372.
14124:
14112:
14100:
14088:
14076:
14074:, p. 268.
14064:
14052:
14050:, p. 387.
14040:
14038:, p. 259.
14028:
14026:, p. 314.
14016:
14004:
13992:
13983:
13976:
13958:
13943:
13924:
13920:Silvestri 1998
13909:
13897:
13885:
13881:Silvestri 1998
13870:
13868:, p. 228.
13858:
13854:Silvestri 1998
13843:
13836:
13816:
13809:
13803:. I.B.Tauris.
13789:
13787:, p. 859.
13774:
13759:
13757:
13754:
13753:
13752:
13745:
13742:
13741:
13740:
13727:
13726:
13723:
13720:
13717:
13713:
13712:
13709:
13706:
13702:
13701:
13698:
13695:
13692:
13689:
13686:
13682:
13681:
13678:
13675:
13672:
13669:
13666:
13660:
13659:
13656:
13649:
13646:
13633:*kʷ, *gʷ >
13631:
13620:
13613:
13594:
13575:
13548:
13545:
13542:
13541:
13522:
13510:
13489:
13473:
13472:
13469:
13468:
13461:
13453:
13449:
13448:
13441:
13433:
13429:
13428:
13421:
13418:
13414:
13413:
13406:
13398:
13394:
13393:
13386:
13378:
13374:
13373:
13366:
13358:
13354:
13353:
13352:Latin endings
13350:
13347:
13318:
13317:
13315:
13313:
13311:
13309:
13306:
13305:
13286:
13278:
13270:
13262:
13252:
13251:
13240:
13232:
13224:
13216:
13206:
13205:
13197:
13189:
13181:
13171:
13170:
13163:
13155:
13147:
13139:
13129:
13128:
13099:
13091:
13083:
13075:
13064:
13063:
13053:
13045:
13037:
13029:
13018:
13017:
13014:
13011:
13010:Root syllable
13008:
13007:Copy syllable
13005:
12989:stop consonant
12987:followed by a
12957:
12954:
12951:
12950:
12942:
12934:
12926:
12922:
12921:
12918:
12915:
12912:
12908:
12907:
12904:
12901:
12898:
12894:
12893:
12885:
12877:
12869:
12865:
12864:
12856:
12848:
12840:
12836:
12835:
12827:
12819:
12811:
12807:
12806:
12798:
12789:
12786:
12777:
12776:
12765:
12753:
12750:
12737:in Old Latin.
12707:
12704:
12701:
12700:
12697:
12691:
12690:
12687:
12681:
12680:
12677:
12671:
12670:
12667:
12661:
12660:
12657:
12651:
12650:
12643:
12637:
12636:
12633:
12619:
12618:
12608:
12602:
12601:
12591:
12585:
12584:
12574:
12568:
12567:
12557:
12551:
12550:
12540:
12534:
12533:
12519:
12513:
12512:
12509:
12495:
12494:
12484:
12478:
12477:
12467:
12461:
12460:
12450:
12444:
12443:
12433:
12427:
12426:
12416:
12410:
12409:
12395:
12389:
12388:
12385:
12371:
12370:
12360:
12354:
12353:
12343:
12337:
12336:
12326:
12320:
12319:
12309:
12303:
12302:
12292:
12286:
12285:
12271:
12265:
12264:
12261:
12250:
12249:
12239:
12233:
12232:
12222:
12216:
12215:
12205:
12199:
12198:
12188:
12182:
12181:
12171:
12165:
12164:
12150:
12144:
12143:
12140:
12130:
12127:
12121:
12120:
12112:
12110:
12106:
12105:
12102:
12099:
12095:
12094:
12092:
12084:
12080:
12079:
12076:
12073:
12065:
12064:
12062:
12060:
12058:
12050:
12048:
12044:
12043:
12041:
12033:
12031:
12029:
12021:
12019:
12015:
12014:
12006:
11998:
11990:
11982:
11974:
11966:
11962:
11961:
11953:
11945:
11937:
11929:
11921:
11913:
11909:
11908:
11900:
11892:
11884:
11876:
11868:
11860:
11856:
11855:
11847:
11839:
11831:
11823:
11815:
11807:
11803:
11802:
11794:
11786:
11778:
11770:
11762:
11754:
11750:
11749:
11741:
11733:
11725:
11717:
11709:
11701:
11697:
11696:
11693:
11690:
11687:
11684:
11681:
11678:
11666:
11663:
11660:
11659:
11651:
11643:
11639:
11638:
11635:
11632:
11628:
11627:
11619:
11611:
11607:
11606:
11603:
11600:
11592:
11591:
11589:
11587:
11585:
11577:
11575:
11571:
11570:
11568:
11566:
11564:
11562:
11554:
11552:
11548:
11547:
11545:
11537:
11535:
11533:
11525:
11523:
11519:
11518:
11510:
11502:
11494:
11486:
11478:
11470:
11466:
11465:
11457:
11449:
11441:
11433:
11425:
11417:
11413:
11412:
11404:
11401:gʷenjesе̄menai
11396:
11388:
11380:
11372:
11364:
11360:
11359:
11351:
11343:
11335:
11327:
11319:
11311:
11307:
11306:
11298:
11290:
11282:
11274:
11266:
11258:
11254:
11253:
11245:
11237:
11229:
11221:
11213:
11205:
11201:
11200:
11192:
11184:
11176:
11168:
11160:
11152:
11148:
11147:
11139:
11131:
11123:
11115:
11107:
11099:
11095:
11094:
11086:
11078:
11070:
11062:
11054:
11046:
11042:
11041:
11033:
11025:
11017:
11009:
11001:
10993:
10989:
10988:
10980:
10972:
10964:
10956:
10948:
10940:
10936:
10935:
10927:
10919:
10911:
10903:
10895:
10887:
10883:
10882:
10879:
10876:
10873:
10870:
10867:
10864:
10841:
10838:
10835:
10834:
10826:
10818:
10814:
10813:
10810:
10807:
10803:
10802:
10794:
10786:
10782:
10781:
10778:
10775:
10767:
10766:
10764:
10762:
10760:
10752:
10750:
10746:
10745:
10743:
10741:
10739:
10737:
10729:
10727:
10723:
10722:
10720:
10712:
10710:
10708:
10700:
10698:
10694:
10693:
10685:
10677:
10669:
10661:
10653:
10645:
10641:
10640:
10632:
10624:
10616:
10608:
10600:
10592:
10588:
10587:
10579:
10571:
10563:
10555:
10547:
10539:
10535:
10534:
10526:
10518:
10510:
10502:
10494:
10486:
10482:
10481:
10473:
10465:
10457:
10449:
10441:
10433:
10429:
10428:
10420:
10412:
10404:
10396:
10388:
10380:
10376:
10375:
10367:
10359:
10351:
10343:
10335:
10327:
10323:
10322:
10314:
10306:
10298:
10290:
10282:
10274:
10270:
10269:
10261:
10253:
10245:
10237:
10229:
10221:
10217:
10216:
10208:
10200:
10192:
10184:
10176:
10168:
10164:
10163:
10155:
10147:
10139:
10131:
10123:
10115:
10111:
10110:
10102:
10094:
10086:
10078:
10070:
10062:
10058:
10057:
10054:
10051:
10048:
10045:
10042:
10039:
10022:
10019:
10016:
10015:
10007:
9999:
9995:
9994:
9991:
9988:
9984:
9983:
9975:
9967:
9963:
9962:
9959:
9956:
9948:
9947:
9945:
9943:
9941:
9933:
9931:
9927:
9926:
9924:
9922:
9920:
9918:
9910:
9908:
9904:
9903:
9901:
9893:
9891:
9889:
9881:
9879:
9875:
9874:
9866:
9858:
9850:
9842:
9834:
9826:
9822:
9821:
9813:
9805:
9797:
9789:
9781:
9773:
9769:
9768:
9760:
9752:
9744:
9736:
9728:
9720:
9716:
9715:
9707:
9699:
9691:
9683:
9675:
9667:
9663:
9662:
9654:
9646:
9638:
9630:
9622:
9614:
9610:
9609:
9601:
9593:
9585:
9577:
9569:
9561:
9557:
9556:
9548:
9540:
9532:
9524:
9516:
9508:
9504:
9503:
9495:
9487:
9479:
9471:
9463:
9455:
9451:
9450:
9442:
9434:
9426:
9418:
9410:
9402:
9398:
9397:
9389:
9381:
9373:
9365:
9357:
9349:
9345:
9344:
9336:
9328:
9320:
9312:
9304:
9296:
9292:
9291:
9283:
9275:
9267:
9259:
9251:
9243:
9239:
9238:
9235:
9232:
9229:
9226:
9223:
9220:
9204:
9201:
9198:
9197:
9189:
9181:
9177:
9176:
9173:
9170:
9166:
9165:
9157:
9149:
9145:
9144:
9141:
9138:
9130:
9129:
9127:
9125:
9123:
9115:
9113:
9109:
9108:
9106:
9104:
9102:
9100:
9092:
9090:
9086:
9085:
9083:
9075:
9073:
9071:
9063:
9061:
9057:
9056:
9048:
9040:
9032:
9024:
9016:
9008:
9004:
9003:
8995:
8987:
8979:
8971:
8963:
8955:
8951:
8950:
8942:
8934:
8926:
8918:
8910:
8902:
8898:
8897:
8889:
8881:
8873:
8865:
8857:
8849:
8845:
8844:
8836:
8828:
8820:
8812:
8804:
8796:
8792:
8791:
8783:
8775:
8767:
8759:
8751:
8743:
8739:
8738:
8730:
8722:
8714:
8706:
8698:
8690:
8686:
8685:
8677:
8669:
8661:
8653:
8645:
8637:
8633:
8632:
8624:
8616:
8608:
8600:
8592:
8584:
8580:
8579:
8571:
8563:
8555:
8547:
8539:
8531:
8527:
8526:
8518:
8510:
8502:
8494:
8486:
8478:
8474:
8473:
8465:
8457:
8449:
8441:
8433:
8425:
8421:
8420:
8417:
8414:
8411:
8408:
8405:
8402:
8386:
8383:
8380:
8379:
8371:
8363:
8359:
8358:
8355:
8352:
8348:
8347:
8339:
8331:
8327:
8326:
8323:
8320:
8312:
8311:
8309:
8307:
8305:
8297:
8295:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8286:
8284:
8282:
8274:
8272:
8268:
8267:
8265:
8257:
8255:
8253:
8245:
8243:
8239:
8238:
8230:
8222:
8214:
8206:
8198:
8190:
8186:
8185:
8177:
8169:
8161:
8153:
8145:
8137:
8133:
8132:
8124:
8116:
8108:
8100:
8092:
8084:
8080:
8079:
8071:
8063:
8055:
8047:
8039:
8031:
8027:
8026:
8018:
8010:
8002:
7994:
7986:
7978:
7974:
7973:
7965:
7957:
7949:
7941:
7933:
7925:
7921:
7920:
7912:
7904:
7896:
7888:
7880:
7872:
7868:
7867:
7859:
7851:
7843:
7835:
7827:
7819:
7815:
7814:
7806:
7798:
7790:
7782:
7774:
7766:
7762:
7761:
7753:
7745:
7737:
7729:
7721:
7713:
7709:
7708:
7700:
7692:
7684:
7676:
7668:
7660:
7656:
7655:
7647:
7639:
7631:
7623:
7615:
7607:
7603:
7602:
7599:
7596:
7593:
7590:
7587:
7584:
7562:
7559:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7474:
7473:
7470:
7467:
7460:
7459:
7456:
7453:
7446:
7445:
7442:
7439:
7432:
7431:
7428:
7425:
7418:
7417:
7414:
7411:
7404:
7403:
7400:
7397:
7390:
7389:
7382:
7379:
7372:
7371:
7368:
7365:
7358:
7357:
7354:
7351:
7344:
7343:
7340:
7337:
7330:
7329:
7326:
7323:
7314:
7311:
7308:
7307:
7306:? < *íh₂su
7304:
7301:
7298:
7294:
7293:
7289:
7288:
7287:< *íh₂mos?
7279:
7270:
7266:
7265:
7264:< *éysoHom
7256:
7247:
7243:
7242:
7233:
7224:
7220:
7219:
7210:
7201:
7185:
7181:
7180:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7167:
7166:
7163:
7160:
7157:
7153:
7152:
7143:
7134:
7130:
7129:
7113:
7109:
7108:
7099:
7095:
7094:
7085:
7076:
7072:
7071:
7058:
7045:
7032:
7028:
7027:
7024:
7021:
7018:
6998:
6997:
6993:
6992:
6988:
6987:
6978:
6974:
6973:
6957:
6953:
6952:
6943:
6939:
6938:
6922:
6913:
6909:
6908:
6905:
6902:
6899:
6895:
6894:
6891:
6890:? < *kʷésmi
6888:
6887:? < *kʷésmi
6885:
6881:
6880:
6871:
6862:
6853:
6849:
6848:
6847:< *kʷésmey
6832:
6828:
6827:
6818:
6814:
6813:
6804:
6800:
6799:
6786:
6773:
6769:
6768:
6765:
6762:
6759:
6748:
6747:
6743:
6742:
6738:
6737:
6729:
6725:
6724:
6716:
6708:
6704:
6703:
6695:
6687:
6683:
6682:
6674:
6659:
6644:
6640:
6639:
6636:
6633:
6630:
6626:
6625:
6622:
6621:? < *kʷósmi
6619:
6618:? < *kʷósmi
6616:
6612:
6611:
6602:
6601:< *kʷósmōd?
6593:
6589:
6588:
6587:< *kʷósmey
6572:
6568:
6567:
6558:
6554:
6553:
6549:
6548:
6535:
6522:
6509:
6505:
6504:
6501:
6498:
6495:
6474:
6473:
6465:
6464:< *usteros?
6456:
6455:< *nsteros?
6447:
6443:
6442:
6434:
6430:
6429:
6421:
6412:
6403:
6399:
6398:
6383:
6374:
6365:
6361:
6360:
6345:
6336:
6327:
6323:
6322:
6319:
6310:
6301:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6287:
6283:
6282:
6269:
6260:
6247:
6243:
6242:
6233:
6224:
6215:
6211:
6210:
6201:
6192:
6183:
6179:
6178:
6162:
6146:
6130:
6126:
6125:
6105:
6089:
6073:
6069:
6068:
6065:
6052:
6039:
6035:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6008:
5998:
5988:
5978:
5968:
5958:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5931:
5921:
5911:
5901:
5891:
5881:
5875:
5874:
5864:
5854:
5837:
5827:
5817:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5794:
5784:
5774:
5764:
5754:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5727:
5717:
5707:
5697:
5687:
5677:
5671:
5670:
5660:
5639:
5629:
5612:
5602:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5568:
5558:
5541:
5527:
5513:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5422:
5399:
5370:
5356:
5355:
5333:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5298:
5283:
5279:
5278:
5263:
5248:
5233:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5193:
5173:
5158:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5103:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5050:
5021:
4990:
4971:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4952:
4939:
4926:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4879:
4849:
4848:
4833:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4798:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4763:
4748:
4733:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4698:
4673:
4658:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4613:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4560:
4541:
4522:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4471:
4458:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4399:
4388:
4381:
4362:
4361:
4346:
4324:
4310:
4306:is related to
4249:
4229:
4228:
4213:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4166:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4119:
4104:
4089:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4054:
4029:
4014:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3969:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3930:
3917:
3898:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3847:
3834:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3782:
3781:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3725:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3682:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3647:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3588:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3546:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3491:
3428:
3381:Publii Valerii
3350:
3349:
3320:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3271:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3235:
3220:
3204:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3169:
3144:
3129:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3084:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3037:
3022:
3018:
3017:
2998:
2979:
2948:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2897:
2884:
2867:
2864:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2813:
2810:
2784:
2783:
2760:
2719:
2718:
2717:as a parallel.
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2472:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2382:
2373:
2371:
2362:
2352:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2012:
2009:
1999:
1996:
1992:Proto-Germanic
1963:(900–700 BC).
1952:
1949:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1762:Fire sacrifice
1758:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1607:
1606:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1553:Zoroastrianism
1535:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1423:
1422:
1420:Medieval India
1411:
1410:
1405:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1374:
1373:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1302:
1297:
1295:Italic peoples
1292:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1229:
1228:
1216:
1215:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1131:
1130:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1095:
1094:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1073:
1071:Gandhara grave
1068:
1063:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
993:
992:
987:
982:
970:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
932:
931:
923:
922:
921:
920:
917:Middle Dnieper
913:
894:
893:
888:
883:
872:Eastern Europe
869:
868:
856:
855:
843:
842:
841:
840:
839:
838:
831:
817:
810:
803:
800:Dnieper–Donets
796:
789:
777:
775:Kurgan culture
772:
771:
770:
760:
748:
747:
740:
737:
736:
733:
732:
729:
728:
723:
718:
713:
711:Beech argument
708:
703:
697:
696:
690:
689:
684:
679:
673:
672:
666:
665:
660:
655:
650:
644:
641:
640:
637:
636:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
556:
553:
552:
549:
548:
545:
544:
534:
520:
515:
501:
494:Proto-Germanic
491:
489:Proto-Armenian
486:
481:
479:Proto-Albanian
475:
474:
467:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
430:
429:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
375:
374:
367:
366:
365:
364:
340:
339:
332:
331:
330:
329:
322:
315:
308:
301:
294:
287:
280:
268:
263:
257:
256:
250:
249:
248:
247:
235:
234:
233:
226:
219:
207:
206:
205:
193:
188:
183:
182:
181:
174:
162:
157:
156:
155:
142:
141:
134:
133:
126:
121:
120:
117:
116:
108:
107:
101:
100:
88:
87:
86:
85:
84:Proto-Sabellic
82:
77:
73:
72:
67:
65:
60:
57:
56:
54: 1000 BC
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15065:
15054:
15051:
15049:
15046:
15045:
15043:
15029:
15025:
15021:
15017:
15013:
15009:
15003:
14997:
14994:
14993:
14991:
14989:Reconstructed
14987:
14980:
14976:
14973:
14971:
14968:
14965:
14962:
14959:
14956:
14955:
14953:
14949:
14941:
14938:
14936:
14933:
14931:
14928:
14925:
14922:
14921:
14919:
14917:
14914:
14912:
14909:
14907:
14904:
14899:
14896:
14894:
14891:
14889:
14886:
14884:
14881:
14879:
14876:
14874:
14871:
14869:
14866:
14865:
14863:
14862:
14860:
14858:
14854:
14847:
14844:
14842:
14841:Praenestinian
14839:
14835:
14832:
14831:
14830:
14827:
14825:
14822:
14820:
14817:
14816:
14814:
14812:
14808:
14804:
14797:
14792:
14790:
14785:
14783:
14778:
14777:
14774:
14766:
14762:
14758:
14754:
14750:
14746:
14741:
14740:
14729:
14723:
14719:
14714:
14699:
14695:
14688:
14683:
14679:
14674:
14671:
14669:0-19-508345-8
14665:
14661:
14657:
14653:
14649:
14643:
14639:
14638:
14633:
14629:
14625:
14619:
14615:
14611:
14607:
14606:
14600:
14596:
14590:
14586:
14585:
14579:
14575:
14569:
14565:
14564:
14558:
14555:
14549:
14545:
14540:
14539:
14526:
14522:
14519:or sometimes
14518:
14514:
14510:
14504:
14500:
14487:
14482:
14475:
14470:
14463:
14458:
14450:
14444:
14439:
14431:
14425:
14420:
14413:
14408:
14393:
14389:
14385:
14381:
14377:
14373:
14369:
14362:
14355:
14350:
14348:
14340:
14335:
14328:
14323:
14316:
14311:
14304:
14299:
14292:
14287:
14280:
14275:
14268:
14263:
14256:
14251:
14249:
14241:
14236:
14229:
14224:
14217:
14212:
14205:
14200:
14193:
14188:
14181:
14176:
14169:
14164:
14157:
14152:
14145:
14140:
14133:
14128:
14121:
14116:
14109:
14104:
14097:
14092:
14085:
14080:
14073:
14068:
14061:
14056:
14049:
14044:
14037:
14032:
14025:
14020:
14014:, p. 29.
14013:
14008:
14001:
13996:
13987:
13979:
13973:
13969:
13962:
13954:
13947:
13940:
13935:
13933:
13931:
13929:
13922:, p. 332
13921:
13916:
13914:
13906:
13901:
13894:
13889:
13883:, p. 325
13882:
13877:
13875:
13867:
13862:
13856:, p. 326
13855:
13850:
13848:
13839:
13833:
13830:. Routledge.
13829:
13828:
13820:
13812:
13806:
13802:
13801:
13793:
13786:
13781:
13779:
13770:
13764:
13760:
13751:
13748:
13747:
13738:
13734:
13731:
13730:
13724:
13721:
13718:
13715:
13714:
13704:
13703:
13699:
13696:
13684:
13683:
13679:
13676:
13673:
13670:
13667:
13664:
13663:
13657:
13654:
13650:
13647:
13644:
13640:
13636:
13632:
13629:
13625:
13621:
13618:
13614:
13611:
13607:
13603:
13599:
13595:
13592:
13588:
13584:
13580:
13576:
13574:
13570:
13566:
13562:
13558:
13557:
13556:
13554:
13537:
13532:
13526:
13517:
13515:
13507:
13503:
13499:
13493:
13487:
13481:
13479:
13474:
13466:
13462:
13454:
13451:
13450:
13446:
13442:
13434:
13431:
13430:
13426:
13422:
13419:
13416:
13415:
13411:
13407:
13399:
13396:
13395:
13391:
13387:
13379:
13376:
13375:
13371:
13367:
13359:
13356:
13355:
13351:
13348:
13345:
13344:
13338:
13336:
13331:
13329:
13325:
13316:
13314:
13312:
13310:
13308:
13307:
13302:
13297:
13292:
13287:
13279:
13271:
13263:
13259:
13254:
13253:
13249:
13245:
13241:
13233:
13225:
13217:
13213:
13208:
13207:
13198:
13190:
13182:
13178:
13173:
13172:
13168:
13156:
13148:
13140:
13136:
13131:
13130:
13125:
13118:
13112:
13108:
13104:
13100:
13092:
13084:
13076:
13071:
13066:
13065:
13060:
13054:
13046:
13038:
13030:
13025:
13020:
13019:
13015:
13013:Perfect stem
13012:
13009:
13006:
13003:
13002:
12996:
12994:
12990:
12986:
12982:
12978:
12974:
12970:
12966:
12965:reduplication
12961:
12943:
12935:
12927:
12924:
12923:
12919:
12916:
12913:
12910:
12909:
12905:
12902:
12899:
12896:
12895:
12886:
12878:
12870:
12867:
12866:
12857:
12849:
12841:
12838:
12837:
12828:
12820:
12812:
12809:
12808:
12804:
12799:
12795:
12790:
12787:
12784:
12783:
12774:
12770:
12766:
12763:
12762:
12761:
12758:
12749:
12747:
12743:
12738:
12736:
12732:
12728:
12723:
12721:
12715:
12713:
12698:
12696:
12693:
12692:
12688:
12686:
12683:
12682:
12678:
12676:
12673:
12672:
12668:
12666:
12663:
12662:
12658:
12656:
12653:
12652:
12648:
12644:
12642:
12639:
12638:
12634:
12631:
12630:
12627:
12617:
12613:
12609:
12607:
12604:
12603:
12600:
12596:
12592:
12590:
12587:
12586:
12583:
12579:
12575:
12573:
12570:
12569:
12566:
12562:
12558:
12556:
12553:
12552:
12549:
12545:
12541:
12539:
12536:
12535:
12532:
12528:
12524:
12520:
12518:
12515:
12514:
12510:
12507:
12506:
12503:
12493:
12489:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12479:
12476:
12472:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12462:
12459:
12455:
12451:
12449:
12446:
12445:
12442:
12438:
12434:
12432:
12429:
12428:
12425:
12421:
12417:
12415:
12412:
12411:
12408:
12404:
12400:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12390:
12386:
12383:
12382:
12379:
12369:
12365:
12361:
12359:
12356:
12355:
12352:
12348:
12344:
12342:
12339:
12338:
12335:
12331:
12327:
12325:
12322:
12321:
12318:
12314:
12310:
12308:
12305:
12304:
12301:
12297:
12293:
12291:
12288:
12287:
12284:
12280:
12276:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12266:
12262:
12259:
12258:
12248:
12244:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12234:
12231:
12227:
12223:
12221:
12218:
12217:
12214:
12210:
12206:
12204:
12201:
12200:
12197:
12193:
12189:
12187:
12184:
12183:
12180:
12176:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12166:
12163:
12159:
12155:
12151:
12149:
12146:
12145:
12141:
12138:
12137:
12126:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12107:
12104:s-derivative
12103:
12101:tu-derivative
12100:
12097:
12096:
12093:
12085:
12082:
12081:
12077:
12074:
12071:
12070:
12063:
12061:
12059:
12049:
12046:
12045:
12042:
12034:
12032:
12030:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12016:
12007:
11999:
11991:
11983:
11975:
11967:
11964:
11963:
11954:
11946:
11938:
11934:fuzed, *essed
11930:
11926:fuzes, *esses
11922:
11918:fuzom, *essom
11914:
11911:
11910:
11901:
11893:
11885:
11877:
11869:
11861:
11858:
11857:
11848:
11840:
11832:
11824:
11816:
11808:
11805:
11804:
11795:
11787:
11779:
11771:
11763:
11755:
11752:
11751:
11742:
11734:
11726:
11718:
11710:
11702:
11699:
11698:
11694:
11691:
11688:
11685:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11676:
11673:
11670:
11652:
11644:
11641:
11640:
11637:s-derivative
11636:
11634:tu-derivative
11633:
11630:
11629:
11620:
11612:
11609:
11608:
11604:
11601:
11598:
11597:
11590:
11588:
11586:
11576:
11573:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11565:
11563:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11549:
11546:
11538:
11536:
11534:
11526:
11524:
11521:
11520:
11511:
11507:gʷenjojamenai
11503:
11495:
11487:
11479:
11471:
11468:
11467:
11458:
11450:
11442:
11434:
11426:
11418:
11415:
11414:
11405:
11397:
11389:
11381:
11373:
11365:
11362:
11361:
11352:
11344:
11336:
11328:
11320:
11312:
11309:
11308:
11299:
11291:
11283:
11275:
11267:
11259:
11256:
11255:
11246:
11238:
11230:
11222:
11214:
11206:
11203:
11202:
11193:
11189:gʷenjesemenai
11185:
11177:
11169:
11161:
11153:
11150:
11149:
11140:
11132:
11124:
11116:
11108:
11100:
11097:
11096:
11087:
11083:gʷenjoβamenai
11079:
11071:
11063:
11055:
11047:
11044:
11043:
11034:
11026:
11018:
11010:
11002:
10994:
10991:
10990:
10981:
10973:
10965:
10957:
10949:
10941:
10938:
10937:
10928:
10920:
10912:
10904:
10896:
10888:
10885:
10884:
10880:
10877:
10874:
10871:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10862:
10859:
10858:
10854:
10849:
10847:
10827:
10819:
10816:
10815:
10812:s-derivative
10811:
10809:tu-derivative
10808:
10805:
10804:
10795:
10787:
10784:
10783:
10779:
10776:
10773:
10772:
10765:
10763:
10761:
10751:
10748:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10740:
10738:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10724:
10721:
10713:
10711:
10709:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10695:
10686:
10678:
10670:
10662:
10654:
10646:
10643:
10642:
10633:
10625:
10617:
10609:
10601:
10593:
10590:
10589:
10580:
10572:
10564:
10556:
10548:
10540:
10537:
10536:
10527:
10519:
10511:
10503:
10495:
10487:
10484:
10483:
10474:
10466:
10458:
10450:
10442:
10434:
10431:
10430:
10421:
10413:
10405:
10397:
10389:
10381:
10378:
10377:
10368:
10360:
10352:
10344:
10336:
10328:
10325:
10324:
10315:
10307:
10299:
10291:
10283:
10275:
10272:
10271:
10262:
10254:
10246:
10238:
10230:
10222:
10219:
10218:
10209:
10201:
10193:
10185:
10177:
10169:
10166:
10165:
10156:
10148:
10140:
10132:
10124:
10116:
10113:
10112:
10103:
10095:
10087:
10079:
10071:
10063:
10060:
10059:
10055:
10052:
10049:
10046:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10027:
10008:
10000:
9997:
9996:
9993:s-derivative
9992:
9990:tu-derivative
9989:
9986:
9985:
9976:
9968:
9965:
9964:
9960:
9957:
9954:
9953:
9946:
9944:
9942:
9932:
9929:
9928:
9925:
9923:
9921:
9919:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9905:
9902:
9894:
9892:
9890:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9876:
9867:
9859:
9851:
9843:
9835:
9827:
9824:
9823:
9814:
9806:
9798:
9790:
9782:
9774:
9771:
9770:
9761:
9753:
9745:
9737:
9729:
9721:
9718:
9717:
9708:
9700:
9692:
9684:
9676:
9668:
9665:
9664:
9655:
9647:
9639:
9631:
9623:
9615:
9612:
9611:
9602:
9594:
9586:
9578:
9570:
9562:
9559:
9558:
9549:
9541:
9533:
9525:
9517:
9509:
9506:
9505:
9496:
9488:
9480:
9472:
9464:
9456:
9453:
9452:
9443:
9435:
9427:
9419:
9411:
9403:
9400:
9399:
9390:
9382:
9374:
9366:
9358:
9350:
9347:
9346:
9337:
9329:
9321:
9313:
9305:
9297:
9294:
9293:
9284:
9276:
9268:
9260:
9252:
9244:
9241:
9240:
9236:
9233:
9230:
9227:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9208:
9190:
9182:
9179:
9178:
9175:s-derivative
9174:
9172:tu-derivative
9171:
9168:
9167:
9158:
9150:
9147:
9146:
9142:
9139:
9136:
9135:
9128:
9126:
9124:
9114:
9111:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9103:
9101:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9087:
9084:
9076:
9074:
9072:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9058:
9049:
9041:
9033:
9025:
9017:
9009:
9006:
9005:
8996:
8988:
8980:
8972:
8964:
8956:
8953:
8952:
8943:
8935:
8927:
8919:
8911:
8903:
8900:
8899:
8890:
8882:
8874:
8866:
8858:
8850:
8847:
8846:
8837:
8829:
8821:
8813:
8805:
8797:
8794:
8793:
8784:
8776:
8768:
8760:
8752:
8744:
8741:
8740:
8731:
8723:
8715:
8707:
8699:
8691:
8688:
8687:
8678:
8670:
8662:
8654:
8646:
8638:
8635:
8634:
8625:
8617:
8609:
8601:
8593:
8585:
8582:
8581:
8572:
8564:
8556:
8548:
8540:
8532:
8529:
8528:
8519:
8511:
8503:
8495:
8487:
8479:
8476:
8475:
8466:
8458:
8450:
8442:
8434:
8426:
8423:
8422:
8418:
8415:
8412:
8409:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8390:
8372:
8364:
8361:
8360:
8357:s-derivative
8356:
8354:tu-derivative
8353:
8350:
8349:
8340:
8332:
8329:
8328:
8324:
8321:
8318:
8317:
8310:
8308:
8306:
8296:
8293:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8285:
8283:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8269:
8266:
8258:
8256:
8254:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8240:
8231:
8223:
8215:
8207:
8199:
8191:
8188:
8187:
8178:
8170:
8162:
8154:
8146:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8125:
8117:
8109:
8101:
8093:
8085:
8082:
8081:
8072:
8064:
8056:
8048:
8040:
8032:
8029:
8028:
8019:
8011:
8003:
7995:
7987:
7979:
7976:
7975:
7966:
7958:
7950:
7942:
7934:
7926:
7923:
7922:
7913:
7905:
7897:
7889:
7881:
7873:
7870:
7869:
7860:
7852:
7844:
7836:
7828:
7820:
7817:
7816:
7807:
7799:
7791:
7783:
7775:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7754:
7746:
7738:
7730:
7722:
7714:
7711:
7710:
7701:
7693:
7685:
7677:
7669:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7648:
7640:
7632:
7624:
7616:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7600:
7597:
7594:
7591:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7572:
7558:
7555:
7552:
7546:
7539:
7533:
7529:
7512:
7471:
7468:
7465:
7462:
7461:
7457:
7454:
7451:
7448:
7447:
7443:
7440:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7429:
7426:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7415:
7412:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7401:
7398:
7395:
7392:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7380:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7369:
7366:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7355:
7352:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7341:
7338:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7327:
7324:
7321:
7320:
7305:
7302:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7291:
7290:
7268:
7267:
7257:
7245:
7244:
7234:
7225:
7222:
7221:
7211:
7186:
7183:
7182:
7178:
7175:
7172:
7169:
7168:
7164:
7161:
7158:
7155:
7154:
7144:
7132:
7131:
7111:
7110:
7097:
7096:
7086:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7069:
7059:
7056:
7043:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7025:
7022:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7012:
7011:"this, that"
7009:
7003:
6995:
6994:
6990:
6989:
6986:< kʷeybʰ-
6976:
6975:
6955:
6954:
6941:
6940:
6911:
6910:
6906:
6903:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6892:
6889:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6872:
6863:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6830:
6829:
6826:< *kʷésyo
6816:
6815:
6802:
6801:
6797:
6784:
6771:
6770:
6766:
6763:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6753:
6745:
6744:
6740:
6739:
6727:
6726:
6717:
6706:
6705:
6696:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6675:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6637:
6634:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6623:
6620:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6603:
6591:
6590:
6570:
6569:
6566:< *kʷósyo
6556:
6555:
6551:
6550:
6546:
6533:
6520:
6507:
6506:
6502:
6499:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6489:
6486:
6483:
6466:
6457:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6422:
6401:
6400:
6384:
6375:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6346:
6337:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6320:
6311:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6291:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6280:
6270:
6261:
6258:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6234:
6225:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6209:< *sébʰye
6202:
6193:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6163:
6147:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6106:
6090:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6066:
6063:
6053:
6050:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6019:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5799:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5491:Neuter (pl.)
5490:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5447:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5353:
5346:
5338:
5334:
5332:
5326:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5306:
5299:
5297:
5291:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5271:
5262:
5256:
5249:
5247:
5241:
5232:
5226:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5212:
5205:
5201:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5172:
5166:
5159:
5155:
5145:
5137:
5131:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5111:
5104:
5102:
5096:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5058:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5029:
5020:
5016:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4936:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4834:
4832:
4826:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4806:
4799:
4797:
4791:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4771:
4762:
4756:
4749:
4747:
4741:
4732:
4726:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4706:
4699:
4695:
4687:
4681:
4674:
4672:
4666:
4659:
4655:
4647:
4641:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4621:
4614:
4612:
4606:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4578:
4568:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4540:
4536:
4530:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4468:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4426:(rather than
4425:
4421:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4364:Other notes:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4296:, *kreimənVs,
4295:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4271:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4227:
4221:
4214:
4212:
4209:< *snéygʷʰ
4206:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4189:
4180:
4174:
4167:
4162:
4153:
4147:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4127:
4118:
4112:
4105:
4103:
4097:
4088:
4082:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4062:
4055:
4051:
4043:
4037:
4030:
4028:
4022:
4015:
4011:
4003:
3997:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3980:< *snéygʷʰ
3977:
3970:
3968:
3965:< *snéygʷʰ
3962:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3928:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3844:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3774:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3754:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3733:
3724:
3718:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3683:
3681:
3675:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3655:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3620:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3586:
3580:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3538:
3530:
3516:
3510:
3503:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3334:
3328:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3305:
3302:? < *h₂éǵr
3299:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3279:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3234:
3228:
3221:
3218:
3212:
3203:
3197:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3177:
3170:
3166:
3158:
3152:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3130:
3126:
3118:
3112:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3092:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3060:
3051:
3045:
3038:
3036:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3006:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2975:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2894:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2863:
2860:
2854:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2826:areal feature
2823:
2819:
2809:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2788:
2787:Osthoff's law
2781:
2774:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2709:
2697:
2678:
2677:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2518:Short vowels
2515:
2514:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2465:
2457:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2387:?
2383:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2357:?
2353:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2328:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2133:
2130:
2128:*ew > *ow.
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:centumization
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:Celtic tribes
1985:
1981:
1978:north of the
1977:
1976:Italic tribes
1973:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:reconstructed
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:J. P. Mallory
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:Reconstructed
1448:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1277:Insular Celts
1274:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:Indo-Iranians
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
997:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
976:
974:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
938:
936:
935:Pontic Steppe
929:
926:
925:
918:
914:
911:
907:
906:
905:
902:
901:
900:
898:
892:
889:
887:
884:
881:
877:
876:
875:
873:
867:
864:
863:
862:
860:
854:
851:
850:
849:
847:
836:
832:
829:
825:
824:
822:
818:
815:
811:
808:
804:
801:
797:
794:
790:
787:
783:
782:
781:
778:
776:
773:
769:
768:Kurgan stelae
766:
765:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
754:
752:
751:Pontic Steppe
745:
742:
741:
735:
734:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
693:
692:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
669:
668:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
639:
638:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
551:
550:
542:
541:Proto-Iranian
538:
535:
532:
528:
524:
521:
519:
516:
513:
509:
505:
502:
499:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
473:
470:
469:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
431:
428:
425:
424:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
384:Daco-Thracian
382:
380:
377:
376:
373:
370:
369:
363:
359:
355:
351:
348:
347:
345:
342:
341:
338:
337:Reconstructed
335:
334:
327:
323:
320:
316:
313:
309:
306:
302:
299:
295:
292:
288:
285:
281:
278:
274:
273:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
255:
252:
251:
245:
241:
240:
239:
236:
231:
227:
224:
220:
217:
213:
212:
211:
208:
203:
199:
198:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
179:
175:
172:
168:
167:
166:
163:
161:
158:
153:
149:
148:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
136:
132:
129:
128:
124:
119:
118:
114:
110:
109:
106:
103:
102:
98:
94:
93:
83:
80:
79:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:Reconstructed
58:
49:
45:
42:
39:
35:
32:
29:
25:
20:
14995:
14977:? (possibly
14916:South Picene
14864:Oscan group
14857:Osco-Umbrian
14748:
14744:
14717:
14705:. Retrieved
14698:the original
14693:
14677:
14659:
14636:
14604:
14583:
14562:
14543:
14535:Bibliography
14520:
14516:
14512:
14508:
14503:
14481:
14469:
14457:
14443:De Vaan 2008
14438:
14424:De Vaan 2008
14419:
14407:
14395:. Retrieved
14375:
14371:
14361:
14339:de Vaan 2008
14334:
14327:de Vaan 2008
14322:
14315:de Vaan 2008
14310:
14303:de Vaan 2008
14298:
14291:de Vaan 2008
14286:
14279:de Vaan 2008
14274:
14267:de Vaan 2008
14262:
14255:de Vaan 2008
14240:de Vaan 2008
14235:
14223:
14211:
14199:
14192:de Vaan 2008
14187:
14180:de Vaan 2008
14175:
14163:
14151:
14144:de Vaan 2008
14139:
14132:de Vaan 2008
14127:
14115:
14108:de Vaan 2008
14103:
14096:de Vaan 2008
14091:
14079:
14067:
14055:
14043:
14031:
14024:de Vaan 2008
14019:
14012:de Vaan 2008
14007:
13995:
13986:
13967:
13961:
13952:
13946:
13941:, p. 6.
13939:de Vaan 2008
13900:
13888:
13861:
13826:
13819:
13799:
13792:
13785:Bossong 2017
13763:
13750:Italo-Celtic
13652:
13642:
13638:
13634:
13623:
13616:
13605:
13601:
13597:
13590:
13586:
13582:
13578:
13572:
13568:
13564:
13561:debuccalises
13550:
13530:
13529:Extended by
13525:
13505:
13501:
13492:
13485:
13334:
13332:
13327:
13321:
13295:
13247:
13243:
13166:
13120:would yield
13110:
13106:
13102:
12992:
12984:
12980:
12972:
12968:
12962:
12959:
12802:
12797:"did, made"
12793:
12772:
12768:
12759:
12755:
12746:moneō, monuī
12745:
12741:
12739:
12730:
12727:*fēk-, *fak-
12726:
12724:
12719:
12716:
12711:
12709:
12694:
12684:
12674:
12664:
12654:
12640:
12625:
12615:
12611:
12605:
12598:
12594:
12588:
12581:
12577:
12571:
12564:
12560:
12554:
12547:
12543:
12537:
12530:
12522:
12516:
12502:III°-variant
12501:
12491:
12487:
12481:
12474:
12470:
12464:
12457:
12453:
12447:
12440:
12436:
12430:
12423:
12419:
12413:
12406:
12398:
12392:
12377:
12367:
12363:
12357:
12350:
12346:
12340:
12333:
12329:
12323:
12316:
12312:
12306:
12299:
12295:
12289:
12282:
12274:
12268:
12246:
12242:
12236:
12229:
12225:
12219:
12212:
12208:
12202:
12195:
12191:
12185:
12178:
12174:
12168:
12161:
12153:
12147:
12124:
12098:Verbal Nouns
11671:
11668:
11631:Verbal Nouns
11515:gʷenjojantor
11409:gʷenjesōntor
11385:gʷenjesе̄tor
11348:gʷenjesе̄tes
11295:gʷenjе̄menai
11197:gʷenjesontor
11091:gʷenjoβantor
10856:
10853:*gʷen-jo/je-
10852:
10850:
10845:
10843:
10806:Verbal Nouns
10030:
10028:
10024:
9987:Verbal Nouns
9863:walēojamenai
9757:walēsе̄menai
9211:
9209:
9206:
9169:Verbal Nouns
9045:moneojamenai
8939:monesе̄menai
8393:
8391:
8388:
8351:Verbal Nouns
8227:dōnāojamenai
7575:
7573:
7564:
7556:
7541:vs optative
7531:
7527:
7487:
7463:
7449:
7435:
7421:
7407:
7393:
7386:(gen. plur.)
7385:
7375:
7361:
7347:
7333:
7303:? < *éysu
7300:? < *éysu
7278:< *éymos?
7241:< *íh₂ms
7218:< *íh₂es
7162:? < *ésmi
7159:? < *ésmi
7004:
7001:
6951:< *kʷíms
6937:< *kʷíh₂
6921:< *kʷéyes
6879:< *kʷéd?
6751:
6610:< ?
6487:
6477:
6411:< *n̥smey
6200:< *tébʰye
6191:< *méǵʰye
6017:
6005:
6001:
5995:
5991:
5985:
5981:
5975:
5971:
5965:
5961:
5955:
5951:
5945:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5914:
5908:
5904:
5898:
5894:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5871:
5867:
5861:
5857:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5830:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5810:
5804:
5797:
5791:
5787:
5781:
5777:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5757:
5751:
5747:
5741:
5734:
5730:
5724:
5720:
5714:
5710:
5704:
5700:
5694:
5690:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5667:
5663:
5655:
5654:( < *albʰ
5653:
5650:
5642:
5636:
5632:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5615:
5609:
5605:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5582:
5575:
5571:
5565:
5561:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5538:
5530:
5524:
5516:
5510:
5502:
5496:
5466:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5366:
5362:
5351:
5344:
5339:
5336:
5330:
5329:? < *pr̥t
5324:
5310:
5304:
5295:
5289:
5275:
5269:
5260:
5254:
5245:
5239:
5230:
5224:
5210:
5203:
5199:
5189:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5170:
5164:
5153:
5143:
5135:
5129:
5115:
5109:
5100:
5094:
5080:
5072:
5071:?) < *pek
5066:
5056:
5047:
5037:
5027:
5014:
5009:
5006:
4996:
4987:
4977:
4947:
4934:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4904:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4845:
4839:
4830:
4824:
4810:
4804:
4795:
4789:
4775:
4769:
4760:
4754:
4745:
4739:
4730:
4724:
4710:
4704:
4693:
4685:
4679:
4670:
4664:
4653:
4645:
4639:
4625:
4619:
4610:
4604:
4590:
4582:
4581:?) < *mar
4576:
4566:
4557:
4547:
4538:
4528:
4519:
4509:
4483:"sea, lake"
4479:
4466:
4448:
4439:
4435:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4268:*sermō, serm
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4238:
4232:
4225:
4219:
4210:
4204:
4187:
4178:
4172:
4160:
4151:
4150:< *snigʷʰ
4145:
4131:
4125:
4116:
4110:
4101:
4100:< *snigʷʰ
4095:
4086:
4085:< *snigʷʰ
4080:
4066:
4060:
4049:
4041:
4035:
4026:
4025:< *snigʷʰ
4020:
4009:
4001:
4000:< *snigʷʰ
3995:
3981:
3975:
3966:
3960:
3946:
3936:
3914:
3904:
3895:
3885:
3855:
3842:
3824:
3819:
3817:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3788:
3778:
3777:< *bʰardʰ
3772:
3758:
3757:< *bʰardʰ
3752:
3737:
3736:< *bʰardʰ
3731:
3722:
3716:
3702:
3701:< *bʰardʰ
3698:
3688:
3679:
3678:< *bʰardʰ
3673:
3659:
3658:< *bʰardʰ
3653:
3644:
3643:< *bʰardʰ
3638:
3624:
3623:< *bʰardʰ
3618:
3604:
3594:
3578:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3528:
3526:
3380:
3346:
3340:
3332:
3326:
3317:
3316:? < h₂éǵr
3311:
3303:
3297:
3283:
3277:
3268:
3262:
3247:
3241:
3232:
3226:
3216:
3210:
3201:
3195:
3181:
3175:
3164:
3156:
3150:
3141:
3135:
3124:
3116:
3110:
3096:
3090:
3081:
3075:
3058:
3049:
3043:
3034:
3028:
3014:
3004:
2995:
2985:
2973:
2964:
2954:
2945:
2935:
2905:
2892:
2871:
2869:
2848:
2834:
2815:
2785:
2720:
2696:Osco-Umbrian
2599:Long vowels
2378:
2367:
2348:
2332:
2323:
2310:
2301:
2259:Labial–velar
2179:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2036:*ǵʰ > *gʰ
2017:Palatovelars
2001:
1965:
1954:
1920:
1918:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1834:Publications
1833:
1819:
1800:
1754:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:Paleo-Balkan
1609:
1608:
1596:
1595:
1537:
1536:
1492:
1491:
1479:
1449:
1432:Greater Iran
1425:
1424:
1413:
1412:
1376:
1375:
1363:
1362:
1305:Paleo-Balkan
1270:Celtiberians
1249:
1248:
1231:
1230:
1218:
1217:
1205:
1204:
1133:
1132:
1120:
1119:
1097:
1096:
1084:
1083:
1053:
1052:
995:
994:
972:
971:
934:
933:
896:
895:
871:
870:
858:
857:
845:
844:
786:Bug–Dniester
750:
749:
615:Gothic Bible
531:Proto-Baltic
527:Proto-Slavic
512:Proto-Italic
511:
508:Proto-Celtic
471:
426:
414:Italo-Celtic
409:Indo-Hittite
399:Graeco-Aryan
372:Hypothetical
371:
336:
271:Paleo-Balkan
253:
210:Indo-Iranian
165:Balto-Slavic
138:
22:Proto-Italic
14906:Pre-Samnite
14873:Marrucinian
14525:Sihler 1995
14486:Sihler 1995
14474:Sihler 1995
14228:Sihler 1995
14216:Sihler 1995
14204:Sihler 1995
14168:Sihler 1995
14156:Sihler 1995
14120:Sihler 1995
14084:Sihler 1995
14072:Sihler 1995
14060:Sihler 1995
14048:Sihler 1995
14036:Sihler 1995
14000:Sihler 1995
13905:Bakkum 2009
13893:Sihler 1995
13866:Sihler 1995
13585:, Faliscan
13579:louder-obos
13496:Appears in
13304:"I learn".
13138:"to prick"
12794:*fēk-/*fak-
12791:Root aorist
12665:He, she, it
12645:*ezom <
12555:He, she, it
12431:He, she, it
12307:He, she, it
12186:He, she, it
12072:Participles
11695:3rd. Plur.
11599:Participles
11499:gʷenjojamor
11491:gʷenjojator
11454:gʷenjojates
11446:gʷenjojamos
11393:gʷenjesōmor
11377:gʷenjesе̄zo
11340:gʷenjesōmos
11181:gʷenjesomor
11128:gʷenjesomos
11075:gʷenjoβamor
11067:gʷenjoβator
11030:gʷenjoβates
11022:gʷenjoβamos
10977:gʷenjemenai
10881:3rd. Plur.
10774:Participles
10576:edesе̄menai
10056:3rd. Plur.
9955:Participles
9871:walēojantor
9545:walēsemenai
9439:walēβamenai
9237:3rd. Plur.
9137:Participles
9053:moneojantor
8727:monēsemenai
8621:monēβamenai
8419:3rd. Plur.
8319:Participles
8235:dōnāojantor
8121:dōnāsēmenai
7909:dōnāsemenai
7803:dōnāβamenai
7601:3rd. Plur.
7568:*-eh₂-yé-ti
7528:potentialis
7255:< *éysom
7151:< *ésyo
7142:< *ésmod
7107:< *ésyo
7093:< *íh₂m
6870:< *kʷéd?
6861:< *kʷéd?
6812:< *kʷím
6552:Accusative
6521:*kʷós?*kʷó?
6420:< *usmey
6241:< *swét
6223:< *h₁med
6124:*swé ~ *se
5087:Accusative
4597:Accusative
4302:, in which
4274:, in which
3953:Accusative
3800:*-eh₂-soHom
3721:< bʰardʰ
3631:Accusative
3587:*bʰardʰéh₂
3571:Nominative
3484:, Umbrian
3345:? < *yug
3331:? < *yug
3267:< *h₂éǵr
3215:< *h₂éǵr
3200:< *h₂éǵr
3140:< *h₂éǵr
3115:< *h₂éǵr
3095:< *h₂éǵr
3080:< *h₂éǵr
3068:Accusative
3048:< *h₂éǵr
3033:< *h₂éǵr
2928:Nominative
2441:Approximant
2041:labiovelars
1998:Development
1712:Continental
1705:Anglo-Saxon
1408:Middle Ages
1358:Middle Ages
1213:Indo-Aryans
1206:Indo-Aryans
1013:Bell Beaker
1008:Corded ware
904:Corded ware
793:Sredny Stog
738:Archaeology
518:Proto-Greek
498:Proto-Norse
15042:Categories
15018:) are now
14964:Lusitanian
14883:Paelignian
13756:References
13215:"to bear"
13180:"to form"
13028:"to give"
12925:3rd Plur.
12911:2nd Plur.
12897:1st Plur.
12868:3rd Sing.
12839:2nd Sing.
12810:1st Sing.
12742:amō, amāvī
12720:dīcō, dīxī
12614:< *gʷm̥
12597:< *gʷm̥
12563:< *gʷm̥
12546:< *gʷm̥
12490:< *h₂éǵ
12473:< *h₂éǵ
12456:< *h₂éǵ
12439:< *h₂éǵ
12422:< *h₂éǵ
12245:< *pr̥t
12228:< *pr̥t
12211:< *pr̥t
12194:< *pr̥t
12177:< *pr̥t
11692:2nd. Plur.
11689:1st. Plur.
11686:3rd. Sing.
11683:2nd. Sing.
11680:1st. Sing.
11483:gʷenjojazo
11462:gʷenjojand
11356:gʷenjesōnd
11332:gʷenjesе̄d
11324:gʷenjesе̄s
11303:gʷenjōntor
11279:gʷenjе̄tor
11242:gʷenjе̄tes
11173:gʷenjestor
11165:gʷenjesezo
11144:gʷenjesont
11136:gʷenjestes
11059:gʷenjoβazo
11038:gʷenjoβand
10985:gʷenjontor
10878:2nd. Plur.
10875:1st. Plur.
10872:3rd. Sing.
10869:2nd. Sing.
10866:1st. Sing.
10682:edojamenai
10364:edesemenai
10258:edoβamenai
10053:2nd. Plur.
10050:1st. Plur.
10047:3rd. Sing.
10044:2nd. Sing.
10041:1st. Sing.
9855:walēojamor
9847:walēojator
9810:walēojates
9802:walēojamos
9765:walēsōntor
9741:walēsе̄tor
9704:walēsе̄tes
9651:walēēmenai
9553:walēsontor
9447:walēβantor
9234:2nd. Plur.
9231:1st. Plur.
9228:3rd. Sing.
9225:2nd. Sing.
9222:1st. Sing.
9037:moneojamor
9029:moneojator
8992:moneojates
8984:moneojamos
8947:monesōntor
8923:monesе̄tor
8886:monesе̄tes
8833:moneēmenai
8735:monēsontor
8629:monēβantor
8416:2nd. Plur.
8413:1st. Plur.
8410:3rd. Sing.
8407:2nd. Sing.
8404:1st. Sing.
8396:(to warn)
8219:dōnāojamor
8211:dōnāojator
8174:dōnāojates
8166:dōnāojamos
8129:dōnāsōntor
8015:dōnāēmenai
7917:dōnāsontor
7811:dōnāβantor
7598:2nd. Plur.
7595:1st. Plur.
7592:3rd. Sing.
7589:2nd. Sing.
7586:1st. Sing.
7578:(to give)
7381:*kʷettwōr
7223:Accusative
7200:< *éyes
7184:Nominative
7075:Accusative
7031:Nominative
6942:Accusative
6912:Nominative
6803:Accusative
6772:Nominative
6686:Accusative
6643:Nominative
6508:Nominative
6446:Possessive
6326:Accusative
6300:Nominative
6295:Reflexive
6292:2nd Person
6289:1st Person
6246:Possessive
6232:< *twét
6072:Accusative
6038:Nominative
6033:Reflexive
6030:2nd Person
6027:1st Person
6004:< *albʰ
5994:< *albʰ
5984:< *albʰ
5974:< *albʰ
5964:< *albʰ
5954:< *albʰ
5937:< *albʰ
5927:< *albʰ
5917:< *albʰ
5907:< *albʰ
5897:< *albʰ
5887:< *albʰ
5870:< *albʰ
5860:< *albʰ
5843:< *albʰ
5833:< *albʰ
5823:< *albʰ
5813:< *albʰ
5790:< *albʰ
5780:< *albʰ
5770:< *albʰ
5760:< *albʰ
5750:< *albʰ
5733:< *albʰ
5723:< *albʰ
5713:< *albʰ
5703:< *albʰ
5693:< *albʰ
5683:< *albʰ
5666:< *albʰ
5635:< *albʰ
5618:< *albʰ
5608:< *albʰ
5591:< *albʰ
5574:< *albʰ
5564:< *albʰ
5547:< *albʰ
5476:Masculine
5441:Adjectives
5294:< *pr̥t
5244:< *pr̥t
5229:< *pr̥t
5169:< *pr̥t
5134:< *pr̥t
5114:< *pért
5099:< *pért
4829:< *mn̥t
4794:< *mn̥t
4744:< *mn̥t
4729:< *mn̥t
4669:< *mn̥t
4644:< *mn̥t
4624:< *mént
4609:< *mént
4341:(or maybe
4262:(or maybe
4224:< *ḱérd
4177:< *ḱr̥d
4130:< *ḱr̥d
4115:< *ḱr̥d
4065:< *ḱr̥d
4040:< *ḱr̥d
2708:Old French
2480:allophones
2221:Consonants
2199:Morphology
2145:laryngeals
2139:Laryngeals
2063:fricatives
2033:*ǵ > *g
2030:*ḱ > *k
2011:Obstruents
1994:speakers.
1820:Institutes
1740:Lithuanian
1494:Indo-Aryan
1480:Historical
1414:Indo-Aryan
1371:Tocharians
1285:Cimmerians
1163:Bronze Age
1054:South Asia
928:Bronze Age
866:Afanasievo
670:Mainstream
434:Vocabulary
354:Sound laws
216:Indo-Aryan
14970:Oenotrian
14898:Vestinian
14765:0079-1636
14640:. Brill.
14495:Footnotes
14462:Vine 2017
14412:Vine 2017
14392:1897-1059
13677:Pre-Latin
13655:in Latin.
13622:*dw >
13610:fricative
13587:loifir-ta
13581:to Latin
13452:3rd Plur.
13432:2nd Plur.
13417:1st Plur.
13397:3rd Sing.
13377:2nd Sing.
13357:1st Sing.
12977:semivowel
12712:Sabellian
12685:You (all)
12626:athematic
12589:You (all)
12465:You (all)
12366:< *mon
12349:< *mon
12332:< *mon
12315:< *mon
12298:< *mon
12220:You (all)
11616:gʷenjents
11582:gʷenjetōd
11475:gʷenjojar
11438:gʷenjojad
11430:gʷenjojas
11422:gʷenjojam
11369:gʷenjesōr
11316:gʷenjesōm
11287:gʷenjōmor
11271:gʷenjе̄zo
11234:gʷenjōmos
11157:gʷenjesor
11112:gʷenjeses
11051:gʷenjoβar
11014:gʷenjoβad
11006:gʷenjoβas
10998:gʷenjoβam
10969:gʷenjomor
10961:gʷenjetor
10924:gʷenjetes
10916:gʷenjomos
10690:edojantor
10584:edesōntor
10560:edesе̄tor
10523:edesе̄tes
10470:edе̄menai
10372:edesontor
10266:edoβantor
10033:(to eat)
9839:walēojazo
9818:walēojand
9749:walēsōmor
9733:walēsе̄zo
9696:walēsōmos
9659:walēōntor
9537:walēsomor
9484:walēsomos
9431:walēβamor
9423:walēβator
9386:walēβates
9378:walēβamos
9333:walēmenai
9021:moneojazo
9000:moneojand
8931:monesōmor
8915:monesе̄zo
8878:monesōmos
8841:moneōntor
8719:monēsomor
8666:monēsomos
8613:monēβamor
8605:monēβator
8568:monēβates
8560:monēβamos
8523:moneontor
8515:monēmenai
8203:dōnāojazo
8182:dōnāojand
8113:dōnāsōmor
8105:dōnāsētor
8068:dōnāsētes
8060:dōnāsōmos
8023:dōnāōntor
7901:dōnāsomor
7848:dōnāsomos
7795:dōnāβamor
7787:dōnāβator
7750:dōnāβates
7742:dōnāβamos
7697:dōnāmenai
7523:*-s-/-so-
7507:> PIt
7458:*h₁néwn̥
7399:*kʷenkʷe
7384:*kʷetwṓr
7342:*h₁óynos
7292:Ablative
7232:< *íns
7209:< *íh₂
7179:Feminine
7173:Masculine
7026:Feminine
7020:Masculine
6996:Locative
6991:Ablative
6901:Masculine
6761:Masculine
6746:Locative
6741:Ablative
6638:Feminine
6632:Masculine
6503:Feminine
6497:Masculine
6344:< *wos
6335:< *nos
6318:< *wos
6309:< *nos
6145:< *moy
5479:Feminine
5413:the form
5317:Locative
5282:Ablative
5122:Genitive
4962:Singular
4956:Singular
4951:"cattle"
4885:from PIE
4844:< *m̥r
4817:Locative
4809:< *m̥r
4782:Ablative
4774:< *m̥r
4759:< *m̥r
4709:< *m̥r
4684:< *m̥r
4632:Genitive
4494:Singular
4488:Singular
4380:is found.
4350:r/n-stems
4298:from PIE
4197:Locative
4138:Ablative
3988:Genitive
3870:Singular
3864:Singular
3765:Locative
3745:Ablative
3666:Genitive
3611:Vocative
3563:Singular
3499:, later
3290:Locative
3282:< *yug
3255:Ablative
3246:< *yug
3231:< *yug
3180:< *yug
3155:< *yug
3103:Genitive
3021:Vocative
2920:Singular
2914:Singular
2822:Classical
2818:Old Latin
2341:Fricative
2216:Phonology
2059:aspirates
1957:Terramare
1755:Practices
1574:Yarsanism
1384:Albanians
1364:East Asia
1351:Scythians
1343:Phrygians
1336:Paeonians
1329:Illyrians
1315:Thracians
1232:East Asia
1183:Armenians
1110:Hallstatt
1092:Chernoles
1033:Terramare
1023:Trzciniec
990:Sintashta
985:Andronovo
886:Cernavodă
859:East Asia
814:Khvalynsk
554:Philology
464:Particles
350:Phonology
291:Liburnian
266:Tocharian
261:Anatolian
230:Nuristani
123:Languages
14940:Volscian
14893:Sidicini
14868:Hernican
14846:Siculian
14824:Lanuvian
14819:Faliscan
14658:(1995),
14634:(2008).
14507:Written
14354:Rix 2002
13744:See also
13591:lúvfreis
13589:, Oscan
13127:anyhow.
12947:deiksond
12800:s-aorist
12788:Endings
12649:*h₁ésmi
12632:Pronoun
12508:Pronoun
12384:Pronoun
12260:Pronoun
12247:eh₂yónti
12213:eh₂yómos
12139:Pronoun
11730:(e)somos
11656:gʷenjezi
11559:gʷenjezo
11542:gʷenjete
11250:gʷenjōnd
11226:gʷenjе̄d
11218:gʷenjе̄s
11120:gʷenjest
11104:gʷenjesō
10953:gʷenjezo
10932:gʷenjont
10674:edojamor
10666:edojator
10629:edojates
10621:edojamos
10568:edesōmor
10552:edesе̄zo
10515:edesōmos
10356:edesomor
10303:edesomos
10250:edoβamor
10242:edoβator
10205:edoβates
10197:edoβamos
10152:edemenai
10031:*ed-e/o-
9831:walēojar
9794:walēojad
9786:walēojas
9778:walēojam
9712:walēsōnd
9688:walēsе̄d
9680:walēsе̄s
9643:walēōmor
9635:walēētor
9598:walēētes
9590:walēōmos
9529:walēstor
9521:walēsezo
9500:walēsont
9492:walēstes
9415:walēβazo
9394:walēβand
9341:walēntor
9013:moneojar
8976:moneojad
8968:moneojas
8960:moneojam
8894:monesōnd
8870:monesе̄d
8862:monesе̄s
8825:moneōmor
8817:moneētor
8780:moneētes
8772:moneōmos
8711:monēstor
8703:monēsezo
8682:monēsont
8674:monēstes
8597:monēβazo
8576:monēβand
8195:dōnāojar
8158:dōnāojad
8150:dōnāojas
8142:dōnāojam
8097:dōnāsēzo
8076:dōnāsōnd
8007:dōnāōmor
7999:dōnāētor
7962:dōnāētes
7954:dōnāōmos
7893:dōnāstor
7885:dōnāsezo
7864:dōnāsont
7856:dōnāstes
7779:dōnāβazo
7758:dōnāβand
7705:dōnāntor
7532:irrealis
7472:*déḱm̥t
7430:*septḿ̥
7427:*septem
7402:*pénkʷe
7370:*tréyes
7297:Locative
7246:Genitive
7156:Locative
7133:Ablative
7098:Genitive
7084:< *ím
7017:Singular
6956:Genitive
6904:Feminine
6884:Locative
6852:Ablative
6817:Genitive
6764:Feminine
6758:Singular
6707:Genitive
6615:Locative
6592:Ablative
6557:Genitive
6494:Singular
6461:westeros
6452:nosteros
6433:Ablative
6379:westerom
6370:nosterom
6364:Genitive
6214:Ablative
6129:Genitive
6088:< *me
6024:Singular
6014:Pronouns
5651:éh₂soHom
5388:senatvos
5350:< *pḱ
5309:< *pḱ
5274:< *pḱ
5259:< *pḱ
5209:< *pḱ
5179:< *pḱ
5042:?) <
4921:Endings
4453:Endings
4444:Augustus
4308:**-mons.
4300:*kréymn̥
3913:*snéygʷʰ
3894:*snéygʷʰ
3859:"heart"
3699:éh₂soHom
3406:, with
3393:kʷojjo-s
2896:"field"
2791:sonorant
2244:Alveolar
2234:Bilabial
1801:Scholars
1699:Germanic
1670:Scottish
1635:Thracian
1629:Illyrian
1623:Albanian
1611:European
1604:Armenian
1588:Ossetian
1582:Scythian
1567:Yazidism
1517:Buddhism
1508:Hinduism
1399:Norsemen
1309:Anatolia
1226:Iranians
1219:Iranians
1200:Iron Age
1175:Hittites
1128:Colchian
1121:Caucasus
1079:Iron Age
1048:Lusatian
1043:Urnfield
967:Srubnaya
962:Poltavka
952:Catacomb
891:Cucuteni
846:Caucasus
663:Religion
648:Homeland
590:Behistun
570:Linear B
459:Numerals
454:Pronouns
379:Balkanic
326:Thracian
319:Phrygian
312:Paeonian
298:Messapic
284:Illyrian
196:Hellenic
191:Germanic
160:Armenian
152:Albanian
146:Albanoid
97:a series
95:Part of
63:ancestor
15026:of the
15020:extinct
15010:except
14975:Venetic
14951:Unknown
14935:Umbrian
14930:Marsian
14924:Aequian
14888:Samnite
14707:24 June
14397:20 June
13674:Umbrian
13668:Pre-O-U
13498:Plautus
13349:Endings
13346:Perfect
13177:dʰeyǵʰ-
12890:deiksed
12861:deikses
12832:deiksom
12805:"said"
12803:*deiks-
12230:eh₂yéte
12196:eh₂yéti
12179:eh₂yési
12162:eh₂yóh₂
12075:Present
11836:fuzomos
11791:fuβates
11783:fuβamos
11738:(e)stes
11648:gʷentum
11624:gʷentos
11602:Present
11263:gʷenjōr
11210:gʷenjōm
10945:gʷenjor
10908:gʷenjet
10900:gʷenjes
10857:*gʷəmjō
10777:Present
10658:edojazo
10637:edojand
10531:edesōnd
10507:edesе̄d
10499:edesе̄s
10478:edōntor
10454:edе̄tor
10417:edе̄tes
10348:edestor
10340:edesezo
10319:edesont
10311:edestes
10234:edoβazo
10213:edoβand
10160:edontor
10004:walatum
9980:walatos
9972:walēnts
9958:Present
9938:walētōd
9725:walēsōr
9672:walēsōm
9627:walēēzo
9606:walēōnd
9513:walēsor
9468:walēses
9407:walēβar
9370:walēβad
9362:walēβas
9354:walēβam
9325:walēmor
9317:walētor
9280:walētes
9272:walēmos
9186:monetum
9162:monetos
9154:monēnts
9140:Present
9120:monētōd
8907:monesōr
8854:monesōm
8809:moneēzo
8788:moneōnd
8695:monēsor
8650:monēses
8589:monēβar
8552:monēβad
8544:monēβas
8536:monēβam
8507:monēmor
8499:monētor
8470:moneont
8462:monētes
8454:monēmos
8368:dōnātum
8344:dōnātos
8336:dōnānts
8322:Present
8302:dōnātōd
8089:dōnāsōr
8052:dōnāsēd
8044:dōnāsēs
8036:dōnāsōm
7991:dōnāēzo
7970:dōnāōnd
7877:dōnāsor
7832:dōnāses
7771:dōnāβar
7734:dōnāβad
7726:dōnāβas
7718:dōnāβam
7689:dōnāmor
7681:dōnātor
7644:dōnātes
7636:dōnāmos
7504:*h₁ésti
7469:*dekem
7455:*nowem
7444:*oḱtṓw
7416:*swéḱs
7356:*dwóh₁
7339:*oinos
7322:Number
7313:Numbers
6962:kʷejzom
6907:Neuter
6844:kʷezmoi
6837:kʷejjei
6823:kʷejjos
6767:Neuter
6584:kʷozmoi
6577:kʷojjei
6563:kʷojjos
6547:*kʷéh₂
5656:éh₂oHom
5482:Neuter
5417:(Latin
5217:Dative
5001:? <
4965:Plural
4959:Plural
4901:u-stems
4717:Dative
4497:Plural
4491:Plural
4470:"mind"
4414:i-stems
4358:*-(e)n-
4327:s-stems
4321:*-(e)r-
4313:r-stems
4284:**-mons
4252:n-stems
4126:(V?)βos
4096:(V?)βos
4073:Dative
3873:Plural
3867:Plural
3846:"snow"
3709:Dative
3703:éh₂oHom
3697:*bʰardʰ
3603:*bʰardʰ
3566:Plural
3523:ā-stems
3375:on the
3188:Dative
2923:Plural
2917:Plural
2909:"yoke"
2866:o-stems
2840:Grammar
2812:Prosody
2725:Short:
2612:Central
2531:Central
2489:/xʷ~ɣʷ/
2419:Lateral
2294:Plosive
2249:Palatal
2097:hvagsto
2093:vhagsto
2090:Venetic
2061:become
2057:Voiced
1951:History
1733:Latvian
1691:Cornish
1561:Kurdish
1547:Persian
1539:Iranian
1531:Sikhism
1524:Jainism
1487:Hittite
1426:Iranian
1322:Dacians
1115:Jastorf
1038:Tumulus
1018:Únětice
947:Yamnaya
942:Chariot
880:Usatovo
821:Yamnaya
658:Society
642:Origins
575:Rigveda
427:Grammar
254:Extinct
244:Romance
223:Iranian
14979:Celtic
14911:Sabine
14763:
14724:
14666:
14644:
14620:
14591:
14570:
14550:
14390:
13974:
13834:
13807:
13705:*-nts
13680:Latin
13536:-ērunt
13445:-istis
13291:didicī
13283:dedok-
13237:tetol-
13212:telh₂-
13202:θiθiɣ-
13160:pupug-
13117:-prh₃-
13111:*parj-
13096:pepar-
13070:perh₃-
13016:Notes
12939:fakond
12731:*fakiō
12368:éyonti
12334:éyomos
11897:ezetes
11889:ezomos
11852:fuzent
11844:fustes
11799:fuβand
11530:gʷenje
10892:gʷenjō
10791:edents
10757:edetōd
10650:edojar
10613:edojad
10605:edojas
10597:edojam
10544:edesōr
10491:edesōm
10462:edōmor
10446:edе̄zo
10409:edōmos
10332:edesor
10287:edeses
10226:edoβar
10189:edoβad
10181:edoβas
10173:edoβam
10144:edomor
10136:edetor
10099:edetes
10091:edomos
10012:walēzi
9915:walēzo
9898:walēte
9619:walēōr
9582:walēēd
9574:walēēs
9566:walēōm
9476:walēst
9460:walēsō
9309:walēzo
9301:walēor
9288:walēnt
9212:*walē-
9194:monēzi
9097:monēzo
9080:monēte
8801:moneōr
8764:moneēd
8756:moneēs
8748:moneōm
8658:monēst
8642:monēsō
8491:monēzo
8483:moneor
8394:*mone-
8376:dōnāzi
8279:dōnāzo
8262:dōnāte
7983:dōnāōr
7946:dōnāēd
7938:dōnāēs
7930:dōnāōm
7840:dōnāst
7824:dōnāsō
7673:dōnāzo
7665:dōnāor
7652:dōnānt
7576:*dōnā-
7517:*h₁ést
7466:(10)
7441:*oktō
7413:*seks
7269:Dative
7261:ejazom
7252:ejozom
7176:Neuter
7170:Plural
7112:Dative
7023:Neuter
6983:kʷiβos
6977:Dative
6969:kʷozom
6898:Plural
6831:Dative
6798:*kʷíd
6728:Dative
6721:kʷazom
6713:kʷozom
6635:Neuter
6629:Plural
6571:Dative
6500:Neuter
6402:Dative
6286:Plural
6182:Dative
5792:éh₂m̥s
5415:*-owes
5411:*-ewes
5394:(from
5211:éwoHom
5171:éwoHom
4931:portus
4711:éyoHom
4671:éyoHom
4463:mentis
4432:Caesar
4292:*kreim
3929:*ḱr̥d
3660:éh₂m̥s
3557:beard
3534:*-eh₂-
3403:kʷosjo
3396:<
3389:<
2963:*h₂éǵr
2944:*h₂éǵr
2762:Long:
2509:Vowels
2239:Dental
2021:velars
1748:Slavic
1727:Baltic
1677:Breton
1657:Celtic
1641:Dacian
1597:Others
1377:Europe
1250:Europe
1244:Yuezhi
1098:Europe
1085:Steppe
996:Europe
853:Maykop
807:Samara
763:Kurgan
580:Avesta
362:Ablaut
358:Accent
305:Mysian
277:Dacian
238:Italic
186:Celtic
178:Slavic
171:Baltic
139:Extant
37:Region
15012:Latin
14878:Oscan
14829:Latin
14701:(PDF)
14690:(PDF)
14527::266.
13719:*-nts
13716:*-nt
13708:*-nts
13685:*-ns
13671:Oscan
13665:PItal
13583:līber
13531:*-ond
13456:*
13436:*
13425:-imus
13401:*
13390:-istī
13381:*
13361:*
13301:discō
13281:*
13273:*
13265:*
13256:*
13235:*
13227:*
13219:*
13210:*
13200:*
13192:*
13184:*
13175:*
13158:*
13150:*
13142:*
13135:pewǵ-
13133:*
13124:-par-
13122:*
13115:*
13094:*
13086:*
13078:*
13068:*
13059:-dh₃-
13057:*
13048:*
13040:*
13032:*
13024:deh₃-
13022:*
13004:Root
12945:*
12937:*
12929:*
12888:*
12882:fēked
12880:*
12872:*
12859:*
12853:fēkes
12851:*
12843:*
12830:*
12824:fēkom
12822:*
12814:*
12616:yónti
12610:*gʷəm
12593:*gʷəm
12582:yomos
12580:*gʷm̥
12578:jomos
12576:*gʷəm
12559:*gʷəm
12542:*gʷəm
12529:*gʷm̥
12525:<
12521:*gʷəm
12405:*h₂éǵ
12401:<
12351:éyete
12317:éyeti
12300:éyesi
12283:éyoh₂
12277:<
12241:*port
12224:*port
12207:*port
12190:*port
12173:*port
12160:*pr̥t
12156:<
12152:*port
12115:*
12089:sēnts
12087:*
12083:Tense
12078:Past
12055:estōd
12053:*
12036:*
12024:*
12009:*
12003:sītes
12001:*
11995:sīmos
11993:*
11985:*
11977:*
11969:*
11956:*
11948:*
11940:*
11932:*
11924:*
11916:*
11905:ezond
11903:*
11895:*
11887:*
11879:*
11871:*
11863:*
11850:*
11842:*
11834:*
11826:*
11818:*
11812:fuzom
11810:*
11797:*
11789:*
11781:*
11775:fuβad
11773:*
11767:fuβas
11765:*
11759:fuβam
11757:*
11744:*
11736:*
11728:*
11720:*
11712:*
11704:*
11654:*
11646:*
11622:*
11614:*
11610:Tense
11605:Past
11580:*
11557:*
11540:*
11528:*
11513:*
11505:*
11497:*
11489:*
11481:*
11473:*
11460:*
11452:*
11444:*
11436:*
11428:*
11420:*
11407:*
11399:*
11391:*
11383:*
11375:*
11367:*
11354:*
11346:*
11338:*
11330:*
11322:*
11314:*
11301:*
11293:*
11285:*
11277:*
11269:*
11261:*
11248:*
11240:*
11232:*
11224:*
11216:*
11208:*
11195:*
11187:*
11179:*
11171:*
11163:*
11155:*
11142:*
11134:*
11126:*
11118:*
11110:*
11102:*
11089:*
11081:*
11073:*
11065:*
11057:*
11049:*
11036:*
11028:*
11020:*
11012:*
11004:*
10996:*
10983:*
10975:*
10967:*
10959:*
10951:*
10943:*
10930:*
10922:*
10914:*
10906:*
10898:*
10890:*
10831:edezi
10829:*
10823:essum
10821:*
10799:essos
10797:*
10789:*
10785:Tense
10780:Past
10755:*
10734:edezo
10732:*
10717:edete
10715:*
10703:*
10688:*
10680:*
10672:*
10664:*
10656:*
10648:*
10635:*
10627:*
10619:*
10611:*
10603:*
10595:*
10582:*
10574:*
10566:*
10558:*
10550:*
10542:*
10529:*
10521:*
10513:*
10505:*
10497:*
10489:*
10476:*
10468:*
10460:*
10452:*
10444:*
10436:*
10425:edōnd
10423:*
10415:*
10407:*
10401:edе̄d
10399:*
10393:edе̄s
10391:*
10383:*
10370:*
10362:*
10354:*
10346:*
10338:*
10330:*
10317:*
10309:*
10301:*
10295:edest
10293:*
10285:*
10279:edesō
10277:*
10264:*
10256:*
10248:*
10240:*
10232:*
10224:*
10211:*
10203:*
10195:*
10187:*
10179:*
10171:*
10158:*
10150:*
10142:*
10134:*
10128:edezo
10126:*
10118:*
10107:edont
10105:*
10097:*
10089:*
10081:*
10073:*
10065:*
10010:*
10002:*
9978:*
9970:*
9966:Tense
9961:Past
9936:*
9913:*
9896:*
9884:*
9869:*
9861:*
9853:*
9845:*
9837:*
9829:*
9816:*
9808:*
9800:*
9792:*
9784:*
9776:*
9763:*
9755:*
9747:*
9739:*
9731:*
9723:*
9710:*
9702:*
9694:*
9686:*
9678:*
9670:*
9657:*
9649:*
9641:*
9633:*
9625:*
9617:*
9604:*
9596:*
9588:*
9580:*
9572:*
9564:*
9551:*
9543:*
9535:*
9527:*
9519:*
9511:*
9498:*
9490:*
9482:*
9474:*
9466:*
9458:*
9445:*
9437:*
9429:*
9421:*
9413:*
9405:*
9392:*
9384:*
9376:*
9368:*
9360:*
9352:*
9339:*
9331:*
9323:*
9315:*
9307:*
9299:*
9286:*
9278:*
9270:*
9264:walēt
9262:*
9256:walēs
9254:*
9248:walēō
9246:*
9192:*
9184:*
9160:*
9152:*
9148:Tense
9143:Past
9118:*
9095:*
9078:*
9066:*
9051:*
9043:*
9035:*
9027:*
9019:*
9011:*
8998:*
8990:*
8982:*
8974:*
8966:*
8958:*
8945:*
8937:*
8929:*
8921:*
8913:*
8905:*
8892:*
8884:*
8876:*
8868:*
8860:*
8852:*
8839:*
8831:*
8823:*
8815:*
8807:*
8799:*
8786:*
8778:*
8770:*
8762:*
8754:*
8746:*
8733:*
8725:*
8717:*
8709:*
8701:*
8693:*
8680:*
8672:*
8664:*
8656:*
8648:*
8640:*
8627:*
8619:*
8611:*
8603:*
8595:*
8587:*
8574:*
8566:*
8558:*
8550:*
8542:*
8534:*
8521:*
8513:*
8505:*
8497:*
8489:*
8481:*
8468:*
8460:*
8452:*
8446:monēt
8444:*
8438:monēs
8436:*
8430:moneō
8428:*
8374:*
8366:*
8342:*
8334:*
8330:Tense
8325:Past
8300:*
8277:*
8260:*
8248:*
8233:*
8225:*
8217:*
8209:*
8201:*
8193:*
8180:*
8172:*
8164:*
8156:*
8148:*
8140:*
8127:*
8119:*
8111:*
8103:*
8095:*
8087:*
8074:*
8066:*
8058:*
8050:*
8042:*
8034:*
8021:*
8013:*
8005:*
7997:*
7989:*
7981:*
7968:*
7960:*
7952:*
7944:*
7936:*
7928:*
7915:*
7907:*
7899:*
7891:*
7883:*
7875:*
7862:*
7854:*
7846:*
7838:*
7830:*
7822:*
7809:*
7801:*
7793:*
7785:*
7777:*
7769:*
7756:*
7748:*
7740:*
7732:*
7724:*
7716:*
7703:*
7695:*
7687:*
7679:*
7671:*
7663:*
7650:*
7642:*
7634:*
7628:dōnāt
7626:*
7620:dōnās
7618:*
7612:dōnāō
7610:*
7543:*
7536:*
7509:*
7490:*
7479:Verbs
7452:(9)
7438:(8)
7436:Eight
7424:(7)
7422:Seven
7410:(6)
7396:(5)
7378:(4)
7364:(3)
7362:Three
7353:*duō
7350:(2)
7336:(1)
7284:ejais
7282:*
7275:ejois
7273:*
7259:*
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4887:*-ih₂
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3728:*
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3509:-āzom
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3366:-osjo
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2803:*
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2494:/ɸ~β/
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2206:dual
2143:The
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1919:The
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