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is not new to the listener, but that is considered traditional and already known. The speaker is not instructing the listener, but rather reminding. Other formal characteristics include compliments for already adhering to what is exhorted, encouragement to continue in the same fashion, an example (often delineated antithetically and usually a family member, particularly the speaker's father).
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Malherbe defines paraenesis as being "broader in scope than protrepsis", and as "moral exhortation in which someone is advised to pursue or abstain from something". Its formal characteristics include the occurrence of phrases such as "as you know", indicating that the speaker is covering ground that
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In other words, the distinction often employed by modern writers is that protrepsis is conversion literature, where a philosopher aims to convert outsiders to following a particular philosophical path, whereas paraenesis is aimed at those who already follow that path, giving them advice on how best
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protrepsis is the philosopher's proper mode of exhortation. Together with refutation and reproof, which exposes the human condition , and teaching, protrepsis does not make an oratorical display but reveals the inner inconsistency in the philosopher's hearers and brings them to
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to follow it. This is not a universally-held distinction. Swancutt, observing
Stowers' recognition that the two ideas were not formally distinguished in this way by classical philosophers, argues, for example, that the modern distinction is a
49:. While there is a widely accepted distinction between the two that is employed by modern writers, classical philosophers did not make a clear distinction between the two, and even used them interchangeably.
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for advice and exhortation to continue in a certain way of life. The terms however were used this way only sometimes and not consistently in antiquity.
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The modern distinction between the two ideas, as generally used in modern scholarship, is explained by
Stanley Stowers thus:
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Diana M. Swancutt (2006). "Paraenesis in Light of
Protrepsis". In James Starr and Troels Engberg-Pedersen (ed.).
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Classical writers' perspectives differed from the modern view. For example: Malherbe's explanation of
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in reference to hortatory literature that calls the audience to a new and different way of life, and
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There have been many writers of protreptics in the ancient world, including:
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De
Exhortationum a Graecis Romanisque scriptarum historia et indole
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Stanley K. Stowers (1986). "Letters of
Exhortation and Advice".
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Aristotle's
Protrepticus and the Sources of its Reconstruction
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The following list has been taken from: Rabinowitz, W. G.,
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differentiated between protrepsis and paraenesis in his
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138:' view of protrepsis (as set out in the third of his
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16:Two related rhetorical styles of moral exhortation
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312:. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 121–127.
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41:(παραίνεσις) are two closely related styles of
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365:Letter Writing in Greco-Roman Antiquity
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116:Letter Writing in Greco-Roman Antiquity
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340:Early Christian Paraenesis in Context
127:that originated with Paul Hartlich's
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342:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 113.
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561:Concepts in ancient Greek ethics
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78:Paraenetic Address to the Greeks
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101:In this discussion I will use
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75:'s protrepsis is entitled an
509:. You can help Knowledge by
452:. You can help Knowledge by
391:Annemaré Kotzé (2004). "The
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399:. BRILL. pp. 56–57.
395:and its first readers".
271:Protrepticus (Aristotle)
397:Augustine's Confessions
448:-related article is a
276:Protrepticus (Clement)
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556:Rhetorical techniques
253:Clement of Alexandria
154:Abraham J. Malherbe,
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131:, published in 1889.
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87:Paraenesis didascalia
83:Magnus Felix Ennodius
63:Clement of Alexandria
45:that are employed by
248:Lesbonax of Mytilene
501:This article about
281:Hortensius (Cicero)
213:Chrysippus of Soli
203:Persaeus of Citium
47:moral philosophers
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310:Moral Exhortation
156:Moral Exhortation
114:Stanley Stowers,
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93:In modernity
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393:Confessions
188:Antisthenes
149:conversion.
53:Differences
43:exhortation
550:Categories
287:References
258:Themistius
218:Posidonius
141:Discourses
107:paraenesis
103:protreptic
68:Paedagogus
39:paraenesis
25:protrepsis
238:Epictetus
198:Cleanthes
136:Epictetus
34:πρότρεψις
446:rhetoric
265:See also
223:Augustus
208:Epicurus
152:—
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21:rhetoric
503:ethics
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228:Seneca
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243:Galen
29:Greek
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81:and
19:In
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