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same study found that a critical justification for limited emotional development is a failing attachment to a primary caregiver, who becomes instrumental in foreshadowing their apathetic behaviour. In McFarland-Icke's study of nurses in Nazi
Germany, she concluded that the lack of resistance to perpetrators results from the bystanders’ inability to engage in higher-order processes such as deductive reasoning and logic.
373:
Bystanders are individuals who remain passive and silent when witnessing the ethnic cleansing of a target group. Bystanders have also been regarded as semi-active, as many freely accept the benefits of being a member of the in-group while actively avoiding the victims, such as companies firing Jewish
311:
The subsequent stage is that the perpetrators create an ideology emphasizing that a utopian state can become a reality in the near-term. They play on people's fears and highlight that the sole means to survive is to systematically eradicate the scapegoat. The leading perpetrators begin to construct a
382:
According to Zilmer and
Harrower, bystanders are characterised as ambient, which is defined as individuals who lack sufficient emotional development and must rely on others for guidance. They also have lower levels of moral development, which leads to a more compliant and submissive personality. The
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this leads to the introduction of a scapegoat, who is construed as the root source of their poor living standards and the in-group are depicted as victims. The selection of a scapegoat follows a process that results in the total domination of the in-group and the profound devaluation of the chosen
408:
Oliner's observations highlighted that the determining factor for the behaviour of rescuers is the role of the family. He found that mothers of rescuers transferred healthier moral competence and independence goals compared to mothers of non-rescuers. Rescuer families also embodied other codes of
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contends that obedience plays a significant role in transforming ordinary humans into transgressive perpetrators. His study measured the degree to which participants would administer shocks to learners just because the experimenter instructed them to do so. He found that, due to the effects of
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Rescuers are identified as having internalised empathy and moral values, which serve as a diametric contrast to the growing presence of the perpetrators’ ideologies. Theorists have also claimed that a strong sense of individuality is a critical force in driving rescuers’ behaviour. Historian
341:
is the most integral cause of perpetrators' violence. He concluded that the three integral components of authoritarianism are conventionalism, submission to authority, and aggression. Perpetrators also share the behaviour of killing without remorse, which enables them to repeat more violent
325:
Perpetrators are the individuals who carry out, facilitate, or instruct the annihilation of a specific group. Psychologists have historically debated whether dispositional or situational variables hold greater validity as explanations for the behaviour of perpetrators.
316:, for instance, showcased a myriad of films from 1933 to 1945 dehumanising Jews, portraying them as a lethal virus. Their political leaders aim to commandeer the moral consciousness of their society and force an illusion of unanimity to gain total state control.
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hypothesised that restorative processes could cause brutal behavior. Such homeostatic processes, which cause habituation may also bring about cruelty in response to aversive stimuli, which could explain perpetrators’ excessive torture and violence.
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probing by the experimenter, 65% of participants obeyed instructions to the highest level (450 volts). Therefore, Milgram concluded that the perpetrators’ inner moral conflicts may be moderated by precise situational arrangements.
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Pre-existing differences between the ingroup and the target group, such as ethnic or religious contrasts, radically shift to become immensely damaging to the livelihood of the in-group. For instance, the 2 million
342:
atrocities. Adorno's findings were derived from the 30 item F scale, which measured the extent to which participants agreed with authoritarian statements. One of the items is “
16:
20:
The psychology of genocide aims to explain how perpetrators can shoot innocent people, such as these Soviet civilians killed in a 1941 mass execution.
400:
Christopher
Browning discovered that an estimated 10-20% of Nazi soldiers evaded killing Jews due to their empathy and belief in individual choice.
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Rescuers are individuals who actively pursue helping genocide victims survive by providing shelter, protection, or a means of escape.
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ethics, such as valuing collective responsibility and egalitarianism, irrespective of one's ethnicity or beliefs.
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The psychology of genocide, massacres, and extreme violence : why "normal" people come to commit atrocities
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864:"Cracking the Code of Genocide: The Moral Psychology of Rescuers, Bystanders, and Nazis during the Holocaust"
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mythological explanation that aims to eliminate empathy and compassion directed towards the target group.
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The
Psychology of Genocide and Violent Oppression: A Study of Mass Cruelty from Nazi Germany to Rwanda
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Roth, Paul A. (2010). "Social
Psychology and Genocide". In Bloxham, Donald; Moses, A. Dirk (eds.).
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265:. Psychology of genocide aims to explain the preconditions of genocide and why some people become
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Glass, James M. (September 2008). "Group phantasy: its place in the psychology of genocide".
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Bryant, Emily; Schimke, Emily Brooke; Nyseth Brehm, Hollie; Uggen, Christopher (2017-07-29).
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The psychology of good and evil why children, adults, and groups help and harm others
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https://www.appstate.edu/~steelekm/classes/psy5300/Documents/Solomon1980_Opponent.pdf
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Psychologists have agreed that specific prerequisites stimulate the act of genocide:
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623:"Techniques of Neutralization and Identity Work Among Accused Genocide Perpetrators"
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Respect for authority is the most important virtue children should learn”
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The psychology of genocide : perpetrators, bystanders, and rescuers
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Understanding genocide : the social psychology of the
Holocaust
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Ethics in an Age of Terror and
Genocide: Identity and Moral Choice
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The Nazi
Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide
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Simpson, Kevin E. (20 March 2012). "Hitler's
Genocide".
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International
Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies
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The Holocaust and the Revival of Psychological History
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were marginalised for their belief in Christianity.
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742:Newman, Leonard S.; Erber, Ralph (2002-09-26).
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576:"Review Essay: The Psychology of Genocide"
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