342:
1768:
312:
1675:
3147:
298:
268:
1648:
1581:
802:, where the leaf segments are completely separated from one other, or pinnatifid (partially pinnate), where the leaf segments are still partially connected. When the fronds are branched more than once, it can also be a combination of the pinnatifid are pinnate shapes. If the leaf blades are divided twice, the plant has bipinnate fronds, and tripinnate fronds if they branch three times, and all the way to tetra- and pentapinnate fronds. In tree ferns, the main stalk that connects the leaf to the stem (known as the stipe), often has multiple leaflets. The leafy structures that grow from the stipe are known as pinnae and are often again divided into smaller pinnules.
1173:
775:
3186:
3171:
3379:
3708:
328:
365:
1748:
1203:
3597:
3357:
1233:
282:
3123:
1620:
1923:. They placed the lycopods into subclass Lycopodiidae and the ferns, keeping the term monilophytes, into five subclasses, Equisetidae, Ophioglossidae, Psilotidae, Marattiidae and Polypodiidae, by dividing Smith's Psilotopsida into its two orders and elevating them to subclass (Ophioglossidae and Psilotidae). Christenhusz et al. (2011) followed this use of subclasses but recombined Smith's Psilotopsida as Ophioglossidae, giving four subclasses of ferns again.
7862:
3107:
1253:
6605:
3135:
47:
9218:
1136:
is intermediate between the eusporangiate ferns and the leptosporangiate ferns. Rai and Graham (2010) broadly supported the primary groups, but queried their relationships, concluding that "at present perhaps the best that can be said about all relationships among the major lineages of monilophytes in current studies is that we do not understand them very well". Grewe et al. (2013) confirmed the inclusion of horsetails within ferns
252:
1470:
6617:
238:
1526:
3821:. These spots are protected by a spell that prevents anyone but the fern-seed holder from ever knowing their locations. In Wicca, ferns are thought to have magical properties such as a dried fern can be thrown into hot coals of a fire to exorcise evil spirits, or smoke from a burning fern is thought to drive away snakes and such creatures.
1135:
The leptosporangiate ferns are sometimes called "true ferns". This group includes most plants familiarly known as ferns. Modern research supports older ideas based on morphology that the
Osmundaceae diverged early in the evolutionary history of the leptosporangiate ferns; in certain ways this family
2953:
Ferns are widespread in their distribution, with the greatest richness in the tropics and least in arctic areas. The greatest diversity occurs in tropical rainforests. New
Zealand, for which the fern is a symbol, has about 230 species, distributed throughout the country. It is a common plant in
1131:
Molecular data, which remain poorly constrained for many parts of the plants' phylogeny, have been supplemented by morphological observations supporting the inclusion of
Equisetaceae in the ferns, notably relating to the construction of their sperm and peculiarities of their roots.
758:
In monomorphic ferns, the fertile and sterile leaves look morphologically the same, and both are able to photosynthesize. In hemidimorphic ferns, just a portion of the fertile leaf is different from the sterile leaves. In dimorphic (holomorphic) ferns, the two types of leaves are
1933:(2014) developed a new classification of ferns and lycopods. They used the term Polypodiophyta for the ferns, subdivided like Smith et al. into four groups (shown with equivalents in the Smith system), with 21 families, approximately 212 genera and 10,535 species;
1996:, publishing their first complete classification in November 2016. They recognise ferns as a class, the Polypodiopsida, with four subclasses as described by Christenhusz and Chase, and which are phylogenetically related as in this cladogram:
3489:, commonly known as water fern or mosquito ferns are very small, floating plants that do not resemble ferns. The mosquito ferns are used as a biological fertilizer in the rice paddies of southeast Asia, taking advantage of their ability to
6034:
Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schneider, Harald; Smith, Alan R.; Cranfill, Raymond; Wolf, Paul G.; Hunt, Jeffrey S.; Sipes, Sedonia D. (2001). "Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants".
2706:
In the
Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the Polypodiopsida consist of four subclasses, 11 orders, 48 families, 319 genera, and an estimated 10,578 species. Thus Polypodiopsida in the broad sense
6080:
Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Wolf, Paul G.; Schneider, Harald; Smith, Alan R.; Cranfill, Raymond (2004). "Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences".
2978:
rock faces, bodies of water or open fields. Ferns in general may be thought of as largely being specialists in marginal habitats, often succeeding in places where various environmental factors limit the success of
2940:
135 million years ago, nearly simultaneously with the trait's evolution in angiosperms. However, nectary-associated diversifications in ferns did not hit their stride until nearly 100 million years later, in the
627:, as ornamental plants, and for remediating contaminated soil. They have been the subject of research for their ability to remove some chemical pollutants from the atmosphere. Some fern species, such as bracken (
1140:, but also suggested that uncertainties remained in their precise placement. Other classifications have raised Ophioglossales to the rank of a fifth class, separating the whisk ferns and ophioglossoid ferns.
3290:
unpaired chromosomes, i.e. half the number of the sporophyte. The gametophyte of ferns is a free-living organism, whereas the gametophyte of the gymnosperms and angiosperms is dependent on the sporophyte.
4517:"Complete plastid genomes from Ophioglossum californicum, Psilotum nudum, and Equisetum hyemale reveal an ancestral land plant genome structure and resolve the position of Equisetales among monilophytes"
2727:) between the systems of the PPG on the one hand and Christenhusz and Chase on the other, respectively. In 2018, Christenhusz and Chase explicitly argued against recognizing as many genera as PPG I.
5575:
Species
Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas
3146:
1360:
In addition they defined 11 orders and 37 families. That system was a consensus of a number of studies, and was further refined. The phylogenetic relationships are shown in the following
6213:
Schuettpelz, Eric; Rouhan, Germinal; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Rothfels, Carl J.; Prado, Jefferson; Sundue, Michael A.; Windham, Michael D.; Moran, Robbin C.; Smith, Alan R. (1 June 2018).
883:: A green, photosynthetic structure that is one cell thick, usually heart or kidney shaped, 3–10 mm long and 2–8 mm broad. The prothallus produces gametes by means of:
7692:
1039:, the term fern allies should be abandoned, except in a historical context. More recent genetic studies demonstrated that the Lycopodiophyta are more distantly related to other
6280:
Stein, W. E.; Mannolini, F.; Hernick, L. V.; Landling, E.; Berry, C. M. (2007). "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa".
5220:
Shukla, Anoop Kumar; Upadhyay, Santosh Kumar; Mishra, Manisha; et al. (26 October 2016). "Expression of an insecticidal fern protein in cotton protects against whitefly".
4472:
Rai, Hardeep S. & Graham, Sean W. (2010). "Utility of a large, multigene plastid data set in inferring higher-order relationships in ferns and relatives (monilophytes)".
2993:) growing in tropical lakes, both species forming large aggressively spreading colonies. There are four particular types of habitats that ferns are found in: moist, shady
6177:
3403:
Ferns are not as important economically as seed plants, but have considerable importance in some societies. Some ferns are used for food, including the fiddleheads of
876:, whereas those of seed plants develop within the spore wall and are dependent on the parent sporophyte for their nutrition. A fern gametophyte typically consists of:
5646:
Synopsis filicum: earum genera et species systematice complectens: adjectis lycopodineis, et descriptionibus novarum et rariorum specierum: cum tabulis aeneis quinque
6492:
7697:
682:, and some are semi-evergreen depending on the climate. Like the sporophytes of seed plants, those of ferns consist of stems, leaves and roots. Ferns differ from
9980:
3378:
1767:
341:
3761:. The process, patented by the artist and publisher Henry Bradbury, impressed a specimen on to a soft lead plate. The first publication to demonstrate this was
3967:
leaves that somewhat resemble fern fronds. However, these plants have fully developed seeds contained in fruits, rather than the microscopic spores of ferns.
9817:
9663:
9633:
9410:
8929:
4625:"Complete plastome sequences of Equisetum arvense and Isoetes flaccida: implications for phylogeny and plastid genome evolution of early land plant lineages"
3498:
3185:
9843:
9823:
9811:
9585:
10049:
9998:
9883:
9857:
9837:
9751:
9657:
9540:
8917:
3895:. They are harvested, dried, dyed green, and then sold as a plant that can live on air. While it may look like a fern, it is merely the skeleton of this
5084:
The Ferns (Filicales): Volume 1, Analytical
Examination of the Criteria of Comparison: Treated Comparatively with a View to their Natural Classification
9877:
9865:
9851:
9639:
9627:
9609:
9591:
9552:
9546:
9396:
8923:
7830:
10038:
9986:
9946:
9871:
9781:
9775:
9763:
9757:
9651:
9645:
9621:
9558:
9769:
9669:
9597:
9483:
8733:
6013:
Melan, M. A.; Whittier, D. P. (1990). "Effects of
Inorganic Nitrogen Sources on Spore Germination and Gametophyte Growth in Botrychium Dissectum".
1007:; and the leptosporangiate ferns. The Marattiaceae are a primitive group of tropical ferns with large, fleshy rhizomes and are now thought to be a
6145:
Schneider, Harald; Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M. (1 July 2009). "Is
Morphology Really at Odds with Molecules in Estimating Fern Phylogeny?".
10457:
9424:
9368:
9362:
8935:
6422:
6328:
972:(vascular plants), Polypodiopsida, although this name sometimes only refers to leptosporangiate ferns. Traditionally, all of the spore producing
10113:
9418:
9356:
9065:
7898:
6572:
809:, even though they grow underground only in some of the species. Epiphytic species and many of the terrestrial ones have above-ground creeping
2899:, when many modern families of ferns first appeared. Ferns evolved to cope with low-light conditions present under the canopy of angiosperms.
10104:
9904:
9829:
9259:
698:
branching and producing many sporangia. Also unlike bryophytes, fern sporophytes are free-living and only briefly dependent on the maternal
9992:
9382:
8745:
7748:
6390:
1980:
This was a considerable reduction in the number of families from the 37 in the system of Smith et al., since the approach was more that of
740:
9376:
8861:
5194:
3482:, and the British Royal Horticultural Society has advised not to consume any species for health reasons of both humans and livestock.
538:
by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients, and in having life cycles in which the branched
5480:
9302:
7564:
5795:
6535:
6526:
5109:
10401:
2906:
neochrome in the two orders
Cyatheales and Polypodiales, integral to their adaptation to low-light conditions, was obtained via
686:
in that they reproduce by spores rather than having flowers and producing seeds. However, they also differ from spore-producing
4928:
3753:
3313:(a process of cell division which maintains the number of chromosomes). The gametophyte typically consists of a photosynthetic
6543:
6194:
5630:
5555:
5178:
4456:
4292:
4231:
4204:
4149:
3751:
The dried form of ferns was used in other arts, such as a stencil or directly inked for use in a design. The botanical work,
10406:
3549:). Perennial (also known as hardy) ferns planted in gardens in the northern hemisphere also have a considerable following.
1674:
311:
10452:
6484:
3093:
2895:, the first evidence of ferns related to several modern families appeared. The great fern radiation occurred in the late
7891:
3350:
Sometimes a gametophyte can give rise to sporophyte traits like roots or sporangia without the rest of the sporophyte.
3106:
9252:
7754:
5608:
5456:
5374:
3748:
structure is described by a mathematical function, applied repeatedly at different scales to create a frond pattern.
714:
130:
4942:"Convergent evolution of fern nectaries facilitated independent recruitment of ant-bodyguards from flowering plants"
4258:
3829:
Ferns are the national emblem of New
Zealand and feature on its passport and in the design of its national airline,
3807:
night will, by possession of it, be guided and be able to travel invisibly to the locations where eternally blazing
3356:
3170:
3016:
Especially the epiphytic ferns have turned out to be hosts of a huge diversity of invertebrates. It is assumed that
1647:
899:: A flask-shaped structure that produces a single egg at the bottom, reached by the sperm by swimming down the neck.
573:. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the
297:
7941:
6649:
6437:
3122:
1580:
267:
111:
3850:
Several non-fern plants (and even animals) are called ferns and are sometimes confused with ferns. These include:
991:
Traditionally, three discrete groups have been denominated ferns: two groups of eusporangiate ferns, the families
7936:
7088:
6621:
83:
3496:
Ferns have proved resistant to phytophagous insects. The gene that express the protein Tma12 in an edible fern,
911:-like structures (not true roots) that consist of single greatly elongated cells, that absorb water and mineral
7569:
4335:
3977:
763:. The fertile leaves are much narrower than the sterile leaves, and may have no green tissue at all, as in the
68:
9281:
8020:
8010:
7993:
7884:
7019:
6555:
90:
9307:
9297:
9245:
7738:
7325:
6840:
1989:
364:
6242:
Smith, Alan R.; Kathleen M. Pryer; Eric Schuettpelz; Petra Korall; Harald Schneider; Paul G. Wolf (2006).
4280:
3629:
is a specialist in the study of pteridophytes in a broader sense that includes the more distantly related
984:. This can be confusing because members of the division Pteridophyta were also denominated pteridophytes (
7820:
7574:
17:
5826:
7554:
5622:
5062:
3257:
1993:
865:
6467:
6351:
Underwood, L. M. (1903). "The early writers on ferns and their collections.— I. Linnaeus, 1707-1778".
2723:
Smith et al.) Classification of ferns remains unresolved and controversial with competing viewpoints (
1984:
rather than splitting. For instance a number of families were reduced to subfamilies. Subsequently, a
608:, consisting of the leptosporangiates and eusporangiates, is estimated to have originated in the late
97:
7704:
6445:
4223:
Making the Most of Shade: How to Plan, Plant, and Grow a Fabulous Garden that Lightens Up the Shadows
4259:
Understanding the contribution of LFY and PEBP flowering genes to fern leaf dimorphism - Botany 2019
4087:
Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022).
1172:
1075:
Smith et al. (2006) carried out the first higher-level pteridophyte classification published in the
1047:, while both the whisk ferns and horsetails are as closely related to leptosporangiate ferns as the
9292:
7876:
7842:
7687:
6737:
6353:
5569:
3719:
2907:
1908:
872:
of ferns, however, are very different from those of seed plants. They are free-living and resemble
821:, the scaly tree ferns). These can reach up to 20 meters (66 ft) tall in a few species (e.g.,
5666:
5644:
782:
of bracken. In this species the stems grow underground, allowing the plant to spread horizontally.
8025:
5390:
5263:
4269:
79:
57:
10419:
6414:
6398:
5573:
5340:
1011:
to the leptosporangiate ferns. Several other groups of species were considered fern allies: the
10369:
7672:
7596:
6609:
6590:
5974:
May, Lenore Wile (1978). "The economic uses and associated folklore of ferns and fern allies".
5685:
2997:; crevices in rock faces, especially when sheltered from the full sun; acid wetlands including
2921:
Due to the very large genome seen in most ferns, it was suspected they might have gone through
1882:
1076:
616:, the group that makes up 80% of living fern diversity, did not appear and diversify until the
35:
7401:
5083:
5043:
4221:
4194:
4139:
2945:. There is weak support for the rise of fern-feeding arthropods driving this diversification.
10414:
7988:
7837:
5686:"Fossilized Nuclei and Chromosomes Reveal 180 Million Years of Genomic Stasis in Royal Ferns"
3913:
3253:
3047:
2937:
2903:
1353:
1302:
774:
620:, contemporaneous with the rise of flowering plants that came to dominate the world's flora.
562:
64:
31:
9226:
10447:
9221:
8967:
7559:
7456:
7411:
7083:
6642:
6291:
6243:
6044:
5985:
5976:
5938:
5818:
5699:
5533:
5198:
4953:
4883:
4703:
4636:
4528:
3523:
3429:
3113:
2930:
2864:
2724:
2478:
2124:
1985:
1973:
1349:
1092:
927:(1753) originally recognized 15 genera of ferns and fern allies, classifying them in class
787:
578:
448:
7059:
3699:, a glazed cabinet that would exclude air pollutants and maintain the necessary humidity.
3455:. Fern tubers were used for food 30,000 years ago in Europe. Fern tubers were used by the
941:(mosses). By 1806 this had increased to 38 genera, and has progressively increased since (
844:
Roots are underground non-photosynthetic structures that take up water and nutrients from
8:
9603:
8386:
8369:
8279:
8127:
7729:
7274:
5537:
5484:
3808:
3017:
849:
732:
635:
629:
6295:
6048:
5989:
5703:
4984:
4957:
4941:
4887:
4707:
4640:
4532:
3795:
is thought to be guaranteed to be happy and rich for the rest of their life. Similarly,
3031:
fungi. Many ferns grow only within specific pH ranges; for instance, the climbing fern (
1364:(to the level of orders). This division into four major clades was then confirmed using
968:. The ferns are also referred to as Polypodiophyta or, when treated as a subdivision of
9404:
9287:
8662:
8413:
8396:
8238:
8122:
8117:
8005:
7983:
7971:
7946:
7667:
7532:
7310:
7002:
6788:
6684:
6461:
Mickel, John T.; Wagner, Warren H.; Gifford, Ernest M.; et al. (4 February 2019).
6370:
6315:
6268:
6164:
6133:
6068:
6026:
6001:
5921:
5894:
5770:
5723:
5245:
4906:
4871:
4726:
4691:
4667:
4624:
4559:
4516:
4115:
4088:
3930:
3566:
3390:
3162:
3080:
3071:
1875:
1333:
1048:
833:
691:
598:
582:
457:
359:
5127:
4296:
10301:
10240:
10079:
9458:
9452:
9128:
9029:
9017:
8840:
8554:
8374:
8305:
8295:
8225:
8015:
7978:
7966:
7956:
7825:
6674:
6669:
6362:
6307:
6147:
6098:
6060:
5926:
5809:
5790:
5715:
5690:
5671:
5626:
5604:
5584:
5551:
5452:
5370:
5237:
5174:
5153:
5150:
4989:
4971:
4911:
4731:
4672:
4654:
4564:
4546:
4489:
4452:
4331:
4227:
4200:
4175:
4145:
4120:
3982:
3869:
3860:
3783:
Ferns figure in folklore, for example in legends about mythical flowers or seeds. In
3490:
3475:
3033:
1083:
723:. New leaves typically expand by the unrolling of a tight spiral called a crozier or
646:
623:
Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are used for food, medicine, as
6168:
6137:
6005:
5727:
4872:"Horizontal transfer of an adaptive chimeric photoreceptor from bryophytes to ferns"
3707:
3695:
and memorials." The fashion for growing ferns indoors led to the development of the
674:
growth. When woody growth is present, it is found in the stem. Their foliage may be
10316:
10311:
10260:
10250:
10235:
10230:
10216:
9927:
9564:
9526:
9041:
9035:
8999:
8682:
8544:
8429:
8330:
7930:
7611:
7517:
7512:
7466:
7359:
7344:
7305:
7230:
7071:
6995:
6892:
6834:
6339:
6319:
6299:
6282:
6260:
6228:
6156:
6123:
6090:
6072:
6052:
6022:
5993:
5960:
5916:
5908:
5899:
5872:
5840:
5804:
5762:
5748:
5707:
5578:. Vol. 1. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. pp. 1061–1100, 1100–1130.
5506:
5229:
4979:
4961:
4901:
4891:
4721:
4711:
4662:
4644:
4554:
4536:
4481:
4319:
4110:
4100:
4008:
3998:
3896:
3737:
3580:
3561:
3443:
3134:
2933:
and other genetic elements that infect genomes and get copied over and over again.
1365:
768:
760:
7406:
5249:
2929:
has shown that their genome size is caused by the accumulation of mobile DNA like
786:
The anatomy of fern leaves can be anywhere from simple to highly divided, or even
104:
10392:
10306:
10296:
10162:
10156:
10089:
9919:
9721:
9534:
9520:
9497:
9390:
9133:
9116:
9023:
8549:
8532:
8315:
8274:
8142:
8132:
8112:
7865:
7847:
7709:
7538:
7488:
7476:
7438:
7374:
7201:
7169:
7130:
7103:
6932:
6927:
6818:
6754:
6635:
6559:
6251:
6219:
6190:
5951:
5786:
5753:
5616:
5545:
5448:
5168:
4716:
3952:
3935:
3918:
3830:
3788:
3784:
3758:
3745:
3648:
3534:
2980:
2922:
2513:
2159:
1900:
1642:
1408:
1102:
1095:
992:
949:
823:
724:
667:
594:
566:
303:
6343:
10442:
10245:
10183:
9956:
9713:
9491:
9436:
9347:
9053:
8993:
8867:
8834:
8792:
8705:
8633:
8628:
8576:
8046:
7961:
7908:
7759:
7724:
7677:
7659:
7623:
7379:
7206:
7184:
7150:
7125:
7108:
7098:
7093:
6975:
6793:
6778:
6732:
6727:
6496:
6160:
5845:
5740:
5736:
4966:
3904:
3791:
night. Although alleged to be exceedingly difficult to find, anyone who sees a
3688:
3656:
3571:
3464:
3306:(a process of cell division which reduces the number of chromosomes by a half).
3213:
2926:
2824:
2408:
2395:
2063:
2050:
1957:
1602:
1504:
1395:
1382:
1325:
1168:
1122:
1040:
1024:
973:
861:
828:
791:
710:
574:
511:
443:
389:
5877:
5858:
4324:
4193:
Fernández, Helena; Kumar, Ashwani; Revilla, Maria Angeles (11 November 2010).
1202:
10436:
10336:
10128:
10084:
9951:
9937:
9477:
9143:
8987:
8950:
8907:
8820:
8796:
8613:
8335:
8310:
8192:
8137:
7795:
7543:
7461:
7433:
7396:
7364:
7300:
7269:
7220:
7120:
6922:
6905:
6828:
6808:
6749:
6744:
6692:
6564:
6366:
5942:
5890:
5822:
5782:
5744:
5565:
5541:
5113:
4975:
4690:
Li, F-W; Kuo, L-Y; Rothfels, CJ; Ebihara, A; Chiou, W-L; et al. (2011).
4658:
4649:
4550:
4105:
3855:
3734:
3711:
3645:
3601:
3542:
3468:
3424:
3229:
3199:
3038:
2535:
2181:
1917:
1896:
1670:
1563:
1451:
1421:
1215:
1185:
1113:
924:
814:
683:
624:
317:
190:
5711:
5416:
4896:
2983:. Some ferns are among the world's most serious weed species, including the
1232:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10255:
10188:
10178:
10170:
10147:
10054:
10043:
10019:
10004:
9786:
9674:
9615:
9204:
9059:
9047:
8787:
8618:
8608:
8408:
8360:
8233:
7790:
7780:
7682:
7391:
6900:
6867:
6518:
6311:
6102:
6094:
6064:
5930:
5886:
5854:
5719:
5288:
5241:
4993:
4915:
4735:
4676:
4568:
4541:
4493:
4451:(3rd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. xxviii.
4124:
4003:
3696:
3641:
3596:
3510:
3479:
3416:
3366:
2579:
2262:
1967:
1945:
1926:
1903:
considered both lycopods and ferns as subclasses of a class Equisetopsida (
1763:
1491:
1155:
1148:
The ferns are related to other groups as shown in the following cladogram:
1086:
1064:
1052:
1032:
1008:
1004:
996:
977:
969:
965:
957:
613:
347:
5667:"The Middle Devonian plant collections of Francois Stockmans reconsidered"
5314:
4179:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
1747:
1619:
1307:
The classification of Smith et al. in 2006 treated ferns as four classes:
327:
281:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10204:
10198:
10133:
10123:
10118:
10094:
10029:
10014:
9971:
9961:
9909:
9742:
9703:
9576:
9011:
9005:
8800:
8781:
8739:
8689:
8496:
8439:
8380:
8325:
8258:
8208:
8178:
8160:
8152:
7606:
7591:
7586:
7522:
7384:
7164:
7135:
7034:
7029:
6877:
6717:
6712:
6697:
6513:
5912:
5859:"A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns"
5827:"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"
5640:
4444:
3993:
3813:
3792:
3529:
3448:
3271:
3249:
3028:
2844:
2802:
2616:
2557:
2466:
2460:
2383:
2377:
2225:
2203:
2112:
2106:
2031:
2025:
1963:
1937:
1904:
1719:
1697:
1576:
1464:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1315:
1311:
1028:
981:
928:
896:
886:
869:
838:
818:
764:
699:
650:
605:
590:
438:
433:
273:
257:
165:
6462:
6374:
6303:
6272:
5774:
5751:(1 August 2007). "Towards a Phylogenetic Nomenclature of Tracheophyta".
5341:"| Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants | University of Florida, IFAS"
4776:
4485:
3346:
and grows by mitosis into a diploid sporophyte (the typical fern plant).
1252:
10064:
10009:
9895:
9695:
9211:
9138:
9106:
9092:
9075:
8623:
8300:
8089:
8080:
7635:
7628:
7618:
7601:
7284:
7279:
7215:
7007:
6854:
6813:
6707:
6186:
5997:
5791:"A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III"
4086:
4056:
3988:
3939:
3834:
3762:
3715:
3692:
3652:
3609:
3518:
3370:
3314:
3279:
3264:
3237:
3233:
3021:
2896:
2888:
2601:
2491:
2423:
2247:
2137:
2078:
1930:
1912:
1742:
1615:
1520:
1248:
1228:
933:
880:
873:
736:
695:
617:
558:
554:
539:
333:
287:
243:
210:
175:
9237:
6128:
6111:
3158:
3020:
alone contain up to half the invertebrate biomass within a hectare of
1916:
to distinguish it from the narrower use to refer to horsetails alone,
1055:. In fact, the whisk ferns and ophioglossoid ferns are demonstrably a
1020:
8876:
8772:
8638:
8522:
8320:
8100:
8069:
7743:
7640:
7369:
7174:
7155:
7066:
6990:
6910:
6862:
6803:
6783:
6722:
6329:"Classification of Pteridophytes - Short classification of the ferns"
6264:
6056:
5863:
5831:
5766:
5233:
3956:
3888:
3804:
3684:
3630:
3584:), one of the world's worst aquatic weeds. The important fossil fuel
3336:
3217:
3153:
3085:
3052:
2915:
1950:
1941:
1361:
1319:
1060:
1036:
1016:
915:
over the whole structure. Rhizoids anchor the prothallus to the soil.
890:
799:
744:
687:
679:
675:
586:
550:
215:
10363:
7906:
6112:"A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns"
4692:"rbcL and matK Earn Two Thumbs Up as the Core DNA Barcode for Ferns"
817:), and many groups have above-ground erect semi-woody trunks (e.g.,
46:
10386:
9148:
8581:
8564:
8000:
7785:
7775:
7719:
7714:
7481:
7354:
7330:
7247:
6917:
6702:
6604:
6233:
6214:
5965:
5946:
4870:
Li, F.-W.; Villarreal, J. C.; Kelly, S.; et al. (6 May 2014).
3960:
3922:
3884:
3876:
3818:
3772:
3680:
3503:
3502:, has been transferred to cotton plants, which became resistant to
3493:
from the air into compounds that can then be used by other plants.
3456:
3176:
3067:
3010:
2971:
2942:
2911:
2892:
2884:
2879:
1043:, having radiated evolutionarily at the base of the vascular plant
1012:
1000:
795:
755:. The arrangement of the sporangia is important in classification.
752:
751:. The sporangia may be covered with a protective coating called an
609:
205:
200:
185:
180:
170:
159:
155:
6548:
735:. Leaves are divided into two types: sporophylls and tropophylls.
9101:
8804:
8603:
8060:
6970:
6965:
6882:
6872:
4759:
4757:
3964:
3796:
3730:
3672:
3660:
3514:
3471:
3452:
3408:
3385:
3321:
3310:
3303:
3268:
3261:
3225:
3063:
2984:
2967:
1981:
904:
806:
779:
220:
195:
4940:
Suissa, Jacob S.; Li, Fay-Wei; Moreau, Corrie S. (24 May 2024).
4404:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4373:
4371:
3339:
sperm fertilizes an egg that remains attached to the prothallus.
1469:
960:
or Filicophyta. Pteridophyta is no longer recognised as a valid
251:
7423:
7315:
7235:
7189:
7179:
7140:
7078:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
6658:
6616:
5650:
3880:
3854:
Asparagus fern—This may apply to one of several species of the
3438:
3343:
3241:
3192:
2994:
2989:
2975:
2955:
953:
852:
and are structurally very similar to the roots of seed plants.
810:
641:
531:
519:
8495:
6580:
4815:
4754:
4604:
3588:
consists of the remains of primitive plants, including ferns.
2987:
fern growing in the Scottish highlands, or the mosquito fern (
639:), are significant weeds worldwide. Some fern genera, such as
9334:
9328:
9087:
8500:
8198:
7912:
7647:
7581:
7503:
7471:
7428:
7320:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7240:
7225:
7194:
7115:
6773:
6764:
6079:
5547:
The Global Flora: Special Edition: GLOVAP Nomenclature Part 1
5391:"Fossils, Kentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky"
5128:"Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing".
5024:
4803:
4395:
4368:
3892:
3668:
3664:
3460:
3362:
3325:
3299:
3059:
3002:
1056:
1044:
961:
938:
912:
748:
728:
719:
706:
570:
523:
515:
376:
30:
This article is about a group of plants. For other uses, see
6109:
4929:
Genes for seeds arose early in plant evolution, ferns reveal
4791:
4071:
3286:
varies from species to species. The haploid gametophyte has
8591:
7498:
7493:
7145:
6985:
6960:
6955:
6939:
6512:
Pryer, Kathleen M.; Smith, Alan R.; Rothfels, Carl (2009).
6033:
5219:
5131:
4742:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4417:
3800:
3676:
3585:
3557:
3467:. Ferns are generally not known to be poisonous to humans.
3329:
3245:
3221:
3042:
3013:(something like a quarter to a third of all fern species).
3006:
1525:
1079:
era, and considered the ferns as monilophytes, as follows:
908:
845:
671:
546:
535:
527:
237:
8200:
6585:
5595:
Ferns and Fern Allies of Pennsylvania – Thomas Reeves Lord
5594:
4851:
4594:
4592:
4590:
2715:
PPG I) needs to be distinguished from the narrower usage (
649:
and make a significant input to the nitrogen nutrition of
7418:
6980:
6627:
6493:
Botanical Garden of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
6326:
5684:
Bomfleur, B.; McLoughlin, S.; Vajda, V. (20 March 2014).
5170:
Native American Food Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary
4869:
4575:
4046:
4044:
2998:
4414:
3309:
A spore grows into a free-living haploid gametophyte by
2731:
Comparison of fern subdivisions in some classifications
4587:
1907:) encompassing all land plants. This is referred to as
7914:
5735:
Cantino, Philip D.; Doyle, James A.; Graham, Sean W.;
4041:
4028:
President, International Association of Pteridologists
3787:, ferns are believed to bloom once a year, during the
3294:
The life cycle of a typical fern proceeds as follows:
4344:
4240:
4192:
3621:
The study of ferns and other pteridophytes is called
1125:(lycophytes) - less than 1% of extant vascular plants
6483:
Hassler, Michael; Schmitt, Bernd (2 November 2019).
6179:
The evolution and diversification of epiphytic ferns
5149:. Freedom and Liberty Foundation Press. p. 25.
4689:
4356:
4089:"An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life"
3564:. Further examples include Japanese climbing fern (
1966:(=Marattiopsida) - 1 monotypic order (Marattiales,
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8722:
5857:; Zhang, X. C.; Schneider, H. (18 February 2011).
5853:
5532:
4821:
4763:
4383:
4323:
2883:) first appear in the fossil record in the middle
8671:
8395:
6212:
5937:
5885:
4839:
4809:
4408:
4377:
1960:(=Psilotopsida) - 2 monotypic orders ~ 92 species
944:
10434:
8224:
6485:"Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World"
5817:
5615:Ranker, Tom A.; Haufler, Christopher H. (2008).
5417:"Pteridomania - the Victorian passion for ferns"
5147:The Official Pocket Edible Plant Survival Manual
5110:"Stone Age humans liked their burgers in a bun".
4827:
4797:
4777:"Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL"
4144:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 492.
4082:
4080:
3840:
3240:) in reproducing by means of spores and lacking
8903:
6423:University of California Museum of Paleontology
6144:
5461:
5012:
4876:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4748:
3051:), with an overlapping range, is found only on
1296:
980:, rendering the term synonymous with ferns and
8853:
8502:
6549:Watson, L. and M. J. Dallwitz (2004 onwards).
6528:A classification of the ferns and their allies
6482:
6110:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (November 2016).
5683:
5000:
4939:
4857:
3775:were popular in America in the 1970s and 80s.
948:). Ferns were traditionally classified in the
9253:
8044:
7892:
6643:
6012:
5734:
5618:Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes
5614:
5281:
4581:
4465:
4317:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4077:
3946:
2872:
7749:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
6566:Ferns and Pteridomania in Victorian Scotland
6551:The Ferns (Filicopsida) of the British Isles
6241:
5895:"Trends and concepts in fern classification"
5138:
5096:Indigenous Fermented Foods of Southeast Asia
4431:
4174:(2nd Revised ed.). Juta & Company.
3767:The Discovery of the Nature Printing-Process
3478:for their flavor. Some species of ferns are
3433:is also used in the tropics (for example in
3298:A diploid sporophyte phase produces haploid
653:. They also play certain roles in folklore.
6511:
6279:
6175:
5781:
5481:"Traditional Finnish Midsummer celebration"
5444:
5442:
5108:Van Gilder Cooke, Sonia (23 October 2010).
5030:
4610:
4598:
4196:Working with Ferns: Issues and Applications
4050:
3908:—a rose family shrub with fern-like leaves.
2948:
9741:
9260:
9246:
9217:
7899:
7885:
6650:
6636:
6388:
5511:Cunningham's Encyclopedia of Magical Herbs
5505:
5499:
5307:
4246:
4172:A Guide to the Flora of the Cape Peninsula
4158:
1070:
889:: Small spherical structures that produce
864:, the sporophyte is the dominant phase or
8771:
8520:
6591:International Equisetological Association
6350:
6232:
6127:
5964:
5920:
5876:
5844:
5808:
5063:"A mouse that eats ferns like a dinosaur"
4983:
4965:
4905:
4895:
4725:
4715:
4666:
4648:
4558:
4540:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4471:
4350:
4114:
4104:
3867:Sweetfern—A flowering shrub of the genus
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
7693:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
5796:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
5564:
5439:
5126:Revedin, Anna et al. (18 October 2010).
4362:
4141:Botany: an Introduction to Plant Biology
3706:
3612:, Vienna: Imperial Printing Office, 1853
3595:
3128:Fern bed under a forest canopy, Virginia
2005:Nitta et al. 2022 and Fern Tree of life
1398:(club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts)
773:
577:, comprising both the leptosporangiate (
9267:
5166:
4623:Karol, Kenneth G.; et al. (2010).
4219:
4137:
3799:tradition holds that one who finds the
3757:, is a notable example of this type of
3045:soils, while the bulblet bladder fern (
3027:Many ferns depend on associations with
2966:Fern species live in a wide variety of
731:. This uncurling of the leaf is termed
14:
10458:Extant Late Devonian first appearances
10435:
5653:: Impensis Bibliopolii novi academici.
5639:
5167:Moerman, Daniel E. (27 October 2010).
5144:
5060:
4501:
4443:
4389:
4169:
3754:The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland
3447:(king fern) are a traditional food in
3388:) and sporophyte (ascendant frond) of
3078:) has been found to eat the spores of
10368:
10367:
9241:
8494:
7880:
6631:
6176:Schuettpelz, Eric (2007). "Table 1".
5947:"PPG recognises too many fern genera"
5664:
5591:Ferns and Fern Allies of Pennsylvania
5364:
5264:"Ferns: A Classic Shade Garden Plant"
4845:
4622:
4514:
3702:
3070:, so some vertebrates eat these. The
2745:Christenhusz & Chase (2014, 2018)
2711:) as used by the PPG (Polypodiopsida
6413:
6389:McCausland, Jim (22 February 2019).
6116:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
5451:, Boston, MA: Academic Press, 1993,
5415:Boyd, Peter D. A. (2 January 2002).
5414:
4833:
4138:Mauseth, James D. (September 2008).
3342:The fertilized egg is now a diploid
3274:phases. The diploid sporophyte has 2
805:Fern stems are often loosely called
747:which are usually clustered to form
690:in that, like seed plants, they are
612:period 423.2 million years ago, but
69:adding citations to reliable sources
40:
6438:"Classifying and identifying ferns"
6436:
6244:"A classification for extant ferns"
5973:
5658:
5467:
5018:
3740:who first described it in his book
3552:Several ferns, such as bracken and
3441:) as food. Tubers from the "para",
3332:on the same prothallus) by mitosis.
3094:New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat
3041:will grow only in moist, intensely
2820: Subclass Ophioglossidae
2817: Subclass Ophioglossidae
2812: Subclass Ophioglossidae
717:and in ferns, it is often called a
713:part of the plant is technically a
24:
6460:
6327:Radoslaw Janusz Walkowiak (2017).
6027:10.1111/j.1365-3040.1990.tb01325.x
5006:
4515:Grewe, Felix; et al. (2013).
3474:were chewed by the natives of the
2719:) of Smith et al. (Polypodiopsida
1089:(tracheophytes) - vascular plants
25:
10469:
7698:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
6597:
6397:. Sunset Magazine. Archived from
6215:"Are there too many fern genera?"
5061:Walker, Matt (19 February 2010).
4220:Hodgson, Larry (1 January 2005).
4072:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group 2016
3527:) and other members of the genus
2860: Subclass Polypodiidae
2857: Subclass Polypodiidae
2854: Subclass Polypodiidae
743:do not. Fern spores are borne in
9216:
7861:
7860:
6615:
6603:
5810:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
5593:. Indiana, PA: Pinelands Press.
3377:
3355:
3184:
3169:
3145:
3133:
3121:
3105:
2840: Subclass Marattiidae
2837: Subclass Marattiidae
2834: Subclass Marattiidae
2798: Subclass Equisetidae
2795: Subclass Equisetidae
2792: Subclass Equisetidae
1766:
1746:
1673:
1646:
1618:
1579:
1524:
1468:
1251:
1231:
1201:
1171:
976:were informally denominated the
363:
340:
326:
310:
296:
280:
266:
250:
236:
163:
45:
6544:Register of fossil Pteridophyta
6532:(Australian National Herbarium)
5520:
5483:. Saunalahti.fi. Archived from
5473:
5408:
5383:
5358:
5333:
5256:
5213:
5187:
5160:
5120:
5102:
5088:
5077:
5054:
5036:
4933:
4922:
4863:
4769:
4683:
4616:
4437:
4311:
4295:. Basic Biology. Archived from
4285:
4281:Fern Structure - Forest Service
4274:
4270:Fern Structure - Forest Service
4263:
4022:
3636:
3260:, characterized by alternating
2814: Subclass Psilotidae
1116:- seed plants, ~260,000 species
553:that are more complex than the
414:Cronquist, Takht. & W.Zimm.
56:needs additional citations for
9227:Current definitions of Plantae
6586:British Pteridological Society
5839:(3). Magnolia Press: 201–217.
5603:. Portland, OR: Timber Press.
4449:New Flora of the British Isles
4252:
4213:
4186:
4131:
3978:British Pteridological Society
3887:that are distantly related to
3824:
3687:"appearing on everything from
3616:
3541:) is also popular, as are the
3521:, especially the Boston fern (
3224:(megaphylls), which are often
1970:, 2 subfamilies) ~ 130 species
855:
656:
13:
1:
6415:"Pteridopsida: Fossil Record"
5173:. Timber Press. p. 190.
4810:Christenhusz & Chase 2018
4409:Christenhusz & Chase 2014
4035:
3864:, which are flowering plants.
3841:Organisms confused with ferns
3833:, and of its rugby team, the
3207:
2936:Ferns appear to have evolved
931:in two groups, Filices (e.g.
661:
585:, the latter group including
7739:History of plant systematics
7326:Thorns, spines, and prickles
5570:"Cryptogamia: Filices Musci"
4798:Christenhusz & Byng 2016
4717:10.1371/journal.pone.0026597
3845:
2002:Christenhusz and Chase 2014
1990:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group
1976:(=Polypodiopsida) - 7 orders
1297:Nomenclature and subdivision
1143:
1067:are arguably another clade.
866:generation in the life cycle
666:Extant ferns are herbaceous
569:that uncoil and expand into
7:
6382:
6344:10.13140/RG.2.2.29934.20809
6015:Plant, Cell and Environment
5939:Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.
5887:Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.
5819:Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.
5534:Christenhusz, Maarten M. J.
3970:
3778:
1373:
956:of the Plant Kingdom named
919:
483:Cantino & Donoghue 2007
10:
10474:
10453:Non-timber forest products
7555:Alternation of generations
6657:
6161:10.1600/036364409789271209
6083:American Journal of Botany
5846:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
5623:Cambridge University Press
5601:A Natural History of Ferns
5367:A Natural History of Ferns
5044:"Ferns Brimming With Life"
4967:10.1038/s41467-024-48646-x
4474:American Journal of Botany
4093:Frontiers in Plant Science
3947:Fern-like flowering plants
3905:Chamaebatiaria millefolium
3591:
3258:alternation of generations
2961:
2873:Evolution and biogeography
2742:Christenhusz et al. (2011)
1994:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
1954:) horsetails ~ 20 species)
1300:
29:
10376:
10289:
10223:
10211:
10197:
10169:
10155:
10146:
10103:
10072:
10063:
10028:
9970:
9936:
9918:
9894:
9806:
9799:
9734:
9712:
9694:
9687:
9575:
9515:
9508:
9469:
9444:
9435:
9345:
9320:
9316:
9276:
9199:
9115:
9074:
8963:
8948:
8899:
8890:
8849:
8829:
8818:
8767:
8758:
8718:
8703:
8699:
8659:
8655:
8590:
8563:
8531:
8516:
8512:
8490:
8438:
8422:
8404:
8358:
8354:
8288:
8267:
8255:
8251:
8220:
8191:
8169:
8151:
8099:
8079:
8059:
8055:
8040:
7924:
7856:
7804:
7768:
7705:Cultivated plant taxonomy
7668:Biological classification
7658:
7531:
7447:
7343:
7293:
7018:
6948:
6891:
6853:
6827:
6763:
6683:
6665:
6573:Non-seed plant images at
6446:The University of Waikato
5878:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2
5599:Moran, Robbin C. (2004).
5513:. Llewellyn. p. 102.
5321:. CAB International. 2018
5295:. CAB International. 2018
4199:. Springer. p. 175.
3606:Blätter des Manns Walfarn
3513:as landscape plants, for
3413:Matteuccia struthiopteris
3320:The gametophyte produces
3009:, where many species are
2923:whole genome duplications
2739:Chase & Reveal (2009)
2614:
2599:
2592:
2577:
2570:
2555:
2548:
2533:
2526:
2511:
2504:
2489:
2482:
2464:
2454:
2421:
2406:
2399:
2381:
2371:
2364:
2260:
2245:
2238:
2223:
2216:
2201:
2194:
2179:
2172:
2157:
2150:
2135:
2128:
2110:
2100:
2076:
2061:
2054:
2044:
2029:
2019:
2004:
2001:
1761:
1740:
1733:
1717:
1710:
1695:
1688:
1668:
1661:
1640:
1633:
1613:
1606:
1574:
1567:
1557:
1518:
1502:
1495:
1462:
1455:
1445:
1438:
1419:
1412:
1393:
1386:
1246:
1226:
1219:
1196:
1189:
1166:
1159:
1035:. Since this grouping is
798:). The divided forms are
463:
456:
424:
419:
360:Scientific classification
358:
230:
147:
27:Class of vascular plants
7565:Evolutionary development
6575:bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
6537:A fern book bibliography
5739:; Olmstead, Richard G.;
5589:Lord, Thomas R. (2006).
5526:
5423:. Revised: web version.
4650:10.1186/1471-2148-10-321
4629:BMC Evolutionary Biology
4521:BMC Evolutionary Biology
4106:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768
4015:
3817:mark the spot of hidden
3733:named after the British
3720:Iterated function system
3578:) and Giant water fern (
3509:Many ferns are grown in
3437:, a traditional dish of
3421:Osmundastrum cinnamomeum
3157:hart's tongue fern in a
3100:) also eat fern spores.
2949:Distribution and habitat
2908:horizontal gene transfer
1992:(PPG), analogous to the
1352:(Filicopsida) 7 orders (
1031:; and the horsetails of
952:Filices, and later in a
945:Schuettpelz et al (2018)
761:morphologically distinct
7216:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
6468:Encyclopædia Britannica
5712:10.1126/science.1249884
5145:Pelton, Robert (2011).
4897:10.1073/pnas.1319929111
4822:Christenhusz et al 2018
4764:Christenhusz et al 2011
4599:Chase & Reveal 2009
4226:. Rodale. p. 329.
3398:
3058:The spores are rich in
1314:(Sphenopsida) 1 order,
1289:(vascular plants)
1071:Molecular phylogenetics
1003:, and grape ferns) and
542:is the dominant phase.
7831:by author abbreviation
7755:Plant taxonomy systems
7673:Botanical nomenclature
6095:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1582
5855:Christenhusz, M. J. M.
5365:Moran, Robbin (2004).
4542:10.1186/1471-2148-13-8
4378:Schuettpelz et al 2018
4170:Levyns, M. R. (1966).
3803:of a fern in bloom on
3722:
3613:
3196:duckweed fern covering
2775:ferns (Polypodiophyta)
1988:group was formed, the
1354:leptosporangiate ferns
1077:molecular phylogenetic
783:
778:Croziers, fronds, and
565:. They produce coiled
563:leptosporangiate ferns
36:Ferns (disambiguation)
10415:Paleobiology Database
9981:Acrostichopteridaceae
7838:Botanical expeditions
6581:American Fern Society
5665:Berry, Chris (2009).
5550:. Plant Gateway Ltd.
5268:extension.sdstate.edu
4946:Nature Communications
3914:Jacaranda mimosifolia
3710:
3599:
3112:In undergrowth below
3098:Mystacina tuberculata
3048:Cystopteris bulbifera
2938:extrafloral nectaries
2887:period, ca. 390
1303:List of fern families
1301:Further information:
1027:; the whisk ferns of
777:
522:) that reproduce via
32:Fern (disambiguation)
9222:List of plant orders
9102:Pinopsida (conifers)
9088:Cycadopsida (cycads)
9080:(living gymnosperms)
8577:Leiosporocerotopsida
8296:Nephroselmidophyceae
7570:Evolutionary history
7560:Double fertilization
7412:Cellular respiration
6624:at Wikimedia Commons
6558:3 March 2016 at the
6442:Science Learning Hub
6419:Plants: Pteridopsida
5977:The Botanical Review
5749:Donoghue, Michael J.
5487:on 19 September 2011
5222:Nature Biotechnology
4749:Schneider et al 2009
3651:which involved fern
3556:species are noxious
3524:Nephrolepis exaltata
3430:Diplazium esculentum
2851:Class Polypodiopsida
2783:Class Polypodiopsida
2768:ferns (monilophytes)
2725:splitting vs lumping
65:improve this article
9818:Anachoropteridaceae
9664:Gondwanostachyaceae
9634:Manchurostachyaceae
9604:Archaeocalamitaceae
9411:Pseudosporochnaceae
8930:Archaeopteridopsida
8663:Polysporangiophytes
8387:Klebsormidiophyceae
8370:Mesostigmatophyceae
8316:Chlorodendrophyceae
8280:Pyramimonadophyceae
8234:Prasinodermophyceae
8128:Compsopogonophyceae
6789:Non-vascular plants
6499:on 2 September 2017
6304:10.1038/nature05705
6296:2007Natur.446..904S
6049:2001Natur.409..618S
5990:1978BotRv..44..491M
5704:2014Sci...343.1376B
5698:(6177): 1376–1377.
5449:Fractals Everywhere
5345:plants.ifas.ufl.edu
5317:Azolla filiculoides
5291:Pteridium aquilinum
5201:on 11 November 2011
5048:Science | AAAS
4958:2024NatCo..15.4392S
4888:2014PNAS..111.6672L
4858:Bomfleur et al 2014
4779:. FTOL v1.3.0. 2022
4708:2011PLoSO...626597L
4641:2010BMCEE..10..321K
4533:2013BMCEE..13....8G
4486:10.3732/ajb.0900305
3959:and members of the
3742:Fractals Everywhere
3655:and fern motifs in
3499:Tectaria macrodonta
3485:Ferns of the genus
3405:Pteridium aquilinum
3228:. They differ from
3202:, Western Australia
3076:Apodemus sylvaticus
2974:elevations, to dry
2831:Class Marattiopsida
2789:Class Equisetopsida
2736:Smith et al. (2006)
2732:
1940:(=Equisetopsida) -
1334:ophioglossoid ferns
1270:(seed plants)
1049:ophioglossoid ferns
733:circinate vernation
692:polysporangiophytes
636:Azolla filiculoides
630:Pteridium aquilinum
599:ophioglossoid ferns
583:eusporangiate ferns
545:Ferns have complex
534:. They differ from
10236:Rhachidosoridaceae
9844:Botryopteridiaceae
9824:Psalixochlaenaceae
9812:Anachoropteridales
9586:Asterocalamitaceae
9405:Pseudosporochnales
9121:(flowering plants)
9042:Lyginopteridopsida
8835:Eophyllophytopsida
8788:Zosterophyllopsida
8726:Paratracheophytes*
8504:sensu strictissimo
8414:Coleochaetophyceae
8397:Phragmoplastophyta
8239:Palmophyllophyceae
8161:Glaucocystophyceae
8123:Stylonematophyceae
8118:Porphyridiophyceae
7907:Classification of
7294:Surface structures
7089:Flower development
6448:. 3 September 2018
6401:on 30 October 2021
6391:"Rediscover ferns"
5998:10.1007/BF02860848
5913:10.1093/aob/mct299
5741:Soltis, Douglas E.
5421:Antique Collecting
5195:"Dol Sot Bibimbap"
4582:Cantino et al 2007
3931:Filicium decipiens
3723:
3703:Other applications
3614:
3576:Onoclea sensibilis
3567:Lygodium japonicum
3391:Onoclea sensibilis
3163:limestone pavement
3081:Culcita macrocarpa
3072:European woodmouse
2809:Class Psilotopsida
2730:
1507:(grapeferns etc.)
848:. They are always
834:Cyathea medullaris
784:
633:) and water fern (
10430:
10429:
10370:Taxon identifiers
10361:
10360:
10357:
10356:
10353:
10352:
10349:
10348:
10345:
10344:
10302:Didymochlaenaceae
10241:Diplaziopsidaceae
10142:
10141:
10080:Thyrsopteridaceae
10073:Thyrsopteridineae
10050:Hydropteridiaceae
9999:Stachypteridaceae
9884:Urnatopteridaceae
9858:Senftenbergiaceae
9838:Botryopteridiales
9795:
9794:
9752:Knorripteridaceae
9730:
9729:
9683:
9682:
9658:Echinostachyaceae
9541:Aspidostachyaceae
9459:Stauropteridaceae
9445:†Stauropterididae
9235:
9234:
9195:
9194:
9191:
9190:
9187:
9186:
9183:
9182:
9179:
9178:
9175:
9174:
9171:
9170:
9167:
9166:
9163:
9162:
9159:
9158:
9129:Basal angiosperms
9030:Gigantopteridales
8979:seed plant groups
8977:and other extinct
8944:
8943:
8918:Noeggerathiopsida
8886:
8885:
8841:Trimerophytopsida
8814:
8813:
8754:
8753:
8710:(vascular plants)
8675:Protracheophytes*
8651:
8650:
8647:
8646:
8614:Andreaeobryopsida
8555:Jungermanniopsida
8486:
8485:
8482:
8481:
8478:
8477:
8474:
8473:
8470:
8469:
8466:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8458:
8457:
8375:Chlorokybophyceae
8350:
8349:
8346:
8345:
8306:Chloropicophyceae
8247:
8246:
8226:Prasinodermophyta
8187:
8186:
7874:
7873:
7513:Herbaceous plants
7339:
7338:
6620:Media related to
6290:(7138): 904–907.
6148:Systematic Botany
6129:10.1111/jse.12229
6089:(10): 1582–1598.
6043:(6820): 618–622.
5745:Soltis, Pamela S.
5672:Geologica Belgica
5632:978-0-521-87411-3
5585:Species Plantarum
5557:978-0-9929993-6-0
5507:Cunningham, Scott
5228:(10): 1046–1051.
5180:978-1-60469-189-4
4882:(18): 6672–6677.
4458:978-0-521-70772-5
4320:Braggins, John E.
4233:978-1-57954-966-4
4206:978-1-4419-7162-3
4151:978-1-4496-4720-9
3983:Chirosia betuleti
3809:Will o' the wisps
3476:Pacific Northwest
3034:Lygodium palmatum
3018:bird's-nest ferns
2870:
2869:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2680:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2635:
2627:
2626:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2433:
2354:
2353:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2290:
2282:
2281:
2273:
2272:
2089:
2088:
1892:
1891:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1592:
1591:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1481:
1480:
1356:) ~ 9,000 species
1293:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1098:(euphyllophytes)
561:. Most ferns are
526:and have neither
510:) are a group of
496:
495:
490:
484:
478:
469:
427:†Stauropterididae
415:
141:
140:
133:
115:
16:(Redirected from
10465:
10423:
10422:
10410:
10409:
10397:
10396:
10395:
10365:
10364:
10317:Nephrolepidaceae
10312:Lomariopsidaceae
10261:Thelypteridaceae
10251:Desmophlebiaceae
10231:Cystopteridaceae
10217:Dennstaedtiaceae
10212:Dennstaedtiineae
10153:
10152:
10070:
10069:
9928:Hymenophyllaceae
9878:Discopteridaceae
9866:Urnatopteridales
9852:Senftenbergiales
9804:
9803:
9739:
9738:
9692:
9691:
9640:Notocalamitaceae
9628:Konnostachyaceae
9610:Paracalamitaceae
9592:Autophyllitaceae
9565:Sphenophyllaceae
9553:Boegendorfiaceae
9547:Boegendorfiaceae
9527:Pseudoborniaceae
9513:
9512:
9453:Stauropteridales
9442:
9441:
9397:Iridopteridaceae
9318:
9317:
9303:Acrogymnospermae
9262:
9255:
9248:
9239:
9238:
9220:
9219:
9134:Core angiosperms
9122:
9081:
9076:Acrogymnospermae
9054:Peltaspermopsida
9036:Glossopteridales
9018:Corystospermales
9000:Callistophytales
8980:
8972:
8966:
8961:
8960:
8957:
8956:
8924:Aneurophytopsida
8906:
8901:
8900:
8897:
8896:
8893:
8851:
8850:
8827:
8826:
8823:
8782:Barinophytopsida
8769:
8768:
8765:
8764:
8761:
8725:
8720:
8719:
8716:
8715:
8712:
8711:
8701:
8700:
8683:Horneophytopsida
8674:
8669:
8668:
8665:
8657:
8656:
8597:
8582:Anthocerotopsida
8570:
8565:Anthocerotophyta
8545:Haplomitriopsida
8538:
8529:
8528:
8525:
8518:
8517:
8514:
8513:
8506:
8492:
8491:
8445:
8436:
8435:
8430:Zygnematophyceae
8420:
8419:
8402:
8401:
8393:
8392:
8363:
8356:
8355:
8331:Trebouxiophyceae
8301:Picocystophyceae
8265:
8264:
8261:
8253:
8252:
8222:
8221:
8218:
8217:
8214:
8204:
8106:
8057:
8056:
8053:
8052:
8049:
8042:
8041:
7953:
7933:
7918:
7901:
7894:
7887:
7878:
7877:
7864:
7863:
7843:Individual trees
7518:Secondary growth
7489:Succulent plants
7477:Prostrate shrubs
7360:Apical dominance
7345:Plant physiology
7306:Epicuticular wax
6851:
6850:
6844:
6835:Plant morphology
6652:
6645:
6638:
6629:
6628:
6619:
6608:Data related to
6607:
6523:
6514:"Polypodiopsida"
6508:
6506:
6504:
6495:. Archived from
6479:
6477:
6475:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6378:
6347:
6333:
6323:
6276:
6265:10.2307/25065646
6248:
6238:
6236:
6209:
6207:
6205:
6199:
6193:. Archived from
6184:
6172:
6141:
6131:
6106:
6076:
6057:10.1038/35054555
6030:
6009:
5970:
5968:
5934:
5924:
5900:Annals of Botany
5882:
5880:
5850:
5848:
5814:
5812:
5787:Reveal, James L.
5778:
5767:10.2307/25065865
5731:
5680:
5659:Journal articles
5654:
5636:
5579:
5561:
5515:
5514:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5477:
5471:
5465:
5459:
5446:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5369:. Timber Press.
5362:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5234:10.1038/nbt.3665
5217:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5197:. Archived from
5191:
5185:
5184:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5142:
5136:
5124:
5118:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5092:
5086:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5065:. BBC Earth News
5058:
5052:
5051:
5040:
5034:
5031:Schuettpelz 2007
5028:
5022:
5016:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4987:
4969:
4937:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4909:
4899:
4867:
4861:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4729:
4719:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4670:
4652:
4620:
4614:
4611:Schuettpelz 2007
4608:
4602:
4596:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4562:
4544:
4512:
4499:
4497:
4480:(9): 1444–1456.
4469:
4463:
4462:
4441:
4435:
4432:Smith et al.2006
4429:
4412:
4406:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4366:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4330:. Timber Press.
4329:
4318:Large, Mark F.;
4315:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4299:on 19 April 2015
4289:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4267:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4167:
4156:
4155:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4118:
4108:
4084:
4075:
4069:
4054:
4051:Stein et al 2007
4048:
4029:
4026:
4009:Silver fern flag
3999:Paisley (design)
3953:flowering plants
3738:Michael Barnsley
3714:created using a
3581:Salvinia molesta
3562:invasive species
3535:bird's nest fern
3444:Ptisana salicina
3381:
3359:
3188:
3173:
3149:
3137:
3125:
3109:
2981:flowering plants
2902:Remarkably, the
2877:Fern-like taxa (
2733:
2729:
2595:
2594:
2573:
2572:
2551:
2550:
2529:
2528:
2507:
2506:
2485:
2484:
2457:
2456:
2402:
2401:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2241:
2240:
2219:
2218:
2197:
2196:
2175:
2174:
2153:
2152:
2131:
2130:
2103:
2102:
2057:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2022:
2021:
2012:
2011:
1999:
1998:
1883:Leptosporangiate
1770:
1750:
1736:
1735:
1722:(heterosporous)
1713:
1712:
1691:
1690:
1677:
1664:
1663:
1650:
1636:
1635:
1622:
1609:
1608:
1583:
1570:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1528:
1498:
1497:
1472:
1458:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1415:
1414:
1389:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1255:
1235:
1222:
1221:
1205:
1192:
1191:
1175:
1162:
1161:
1152:
1151:
769:Lomariopsidaceae
739:produce spores;
595:marattioid ferns
488:
482:
476:
467:
413:
368:
367:
344:
330:
314:
300:
284:
270:
254:
240:
225:
162:
151:Temporal range:
145:
144:
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
114:
73:
49:
41:
21:
10473:
10472:
10468:
10467:
10466:
10464:
10463:
10462:
10433:
10432:
10431:
10426:
10418:
10413:
10405:
10400:
10391:
10390:
10385:
10372:
10362:
10341:
10307:Dryopteridaceae
10297:Hypodematiaceae
10285:
10219:
10207:
10193:
10165:
10163:Saccolomataceae
10157:Saccolomatineae
10138:
10099:
10090:Plagiogyriaceae
10059:
10039:Heroleandraceae
10024:
9987:Cynepteridaceae
9966:
9947:Oligocarpiaceae
9932:
9920:Hymenophyllales
9914:
9890:
9872:Crossothecaceae
9791:
9782:Danaeopsidaceae
9776:Asterothecaceae
9764:Ptychocarpaceae
9758:Pecopteridaceae
9726:
9722:Ophioglossaceae
9708:
9679:
9652:Sorocaulinaceae
9646:Schizoneuraceae
9622:Apocalamitaceae
9571:
9559:Eviostachyaceae
9535:Sphenophyllales
9521:Pseudoborniales
9504:
9498:Zygopteridaceae
9470:†Zygopterididae
9465:
9431:
9391:Iridopteridales
9341:
9312:
9293:Marchantiophyta
9272:
9266:
9236:
9231:
9155:
9120:
9119:
9111:
9079:
9078:
9070:
9024:Czekanowskiales
8978:
8976:
8974:
8973:
8970:
8964:
8954:
8953:
8949:
8940:
8904:
8891:
8882:
8854:Moniliformopses
8845:
8819:
8810:
8760:Eutracheophytes
8759:
8750:
8723:
8709:
8708:
8704:
8695:
8672:
8660:
8643:
8634:Polytrichopsida
8629:Tetraphidopsida
8595:
8594:
8586:
8568:
8567:
8559:
8550:Marchantiopsida
8536:
8535:
8533:Marchantiophyta
8521:
8508:
8454:
8443:
8442:
8434:
8418:
8391:
8359:
8342:
8284:
8275:Mamiellophyceae
8256:
8243:
8212:
8206:
8196:
8195:
8183:
8165:
8147:
8143:Florideophyceae
8133:Rhodellophyceae
8113:Cyanidiophyceae
8104:
8103:
8095:
8075:
8045:
8036:
8035:
7951:
7929:
7920:
7905:
7875:
7870:
7852:
7821:Botanical terms
7814:
7800:
7764:
7710:Citrus taxonomy
7688:Author citation
7654:
7548:
7527:
7449:
7443:
7439:Turgor pressure
7347:
7335:
7289:
7104:Floral symmetry
7022:
7014:
6944:
6933:Vascular bundle
6928:Vascular tissue
6887:
6847:
6838:
6837:
6823:
6794:Vascular plants
6759:
6755:Plant pathology
6679:
6661:
6656:
6600:
6595:
6560:Wayback Machine
6502:
6500:
6473:
6471:
6451:
6449:
6427:
6425:
6404:
6402:
6385:
6361:(10): 145–150.
6331:
6246:
6203:
6201:
6200:on 20 June 2010
6197:
6191:Duke University
6182:
5945:(1 June 2018).
5737:Judd, Walter S.
5661:
5633:
5558:
5529:
5523:
5518:
5504:
5500:
5490:
5488:
5479:
5478:
5474:
5466:
5462:
5447:
5440:
5430:
5428:
5413:
5409:
5399:
5397:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5377:
5363:
5359:
5349:
5347:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5324:
5322:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5298:
5296:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5272:
5270:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5218:
5214:
5204:
5202:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5181:
5165:
5161:
5143:
5139:
5125:
5121:
5107:
5103:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5078:
5068:
5066:
5059:
5055:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5029:
5025:
5017:
5013:
5005:
5001:
4938:
4934:
4927:
4923:
4868:
4864:
4856:
4852:
4844:
4840:
4832:
4828:
4820:
4816:
4808:
4804:
4796:
4792:
4782:
4780:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4762:
4755:
4747:
4743:
4688:
4684:
4621:
4617:
4609:
4605:
4597:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4513:
4502:
4470:
4466:
4459:
4442:
4438:
4430:
4415:
4407:
4396:
4388:
4384:
4376:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4349:
4345:
4338:
4316:
4312:
4302:
4300:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4253:
4247:McCausland 2019
4245:
4241:
4234:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4191:
4187:
4168:
4159:
4152:
4136:
4132:
4085:
4078:
4070:
4057:
4049:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4013:
3973:
3949:
3936:ornamental tree
3928:Fern leaf tree—
3919:ornamental tree
3897:colonial animal
3848:
3843:
3831:Air New Zealand
3827:
3785:Slavic folklore
3781:
3759:nature printing
3705:
3639:
3619:
3594:
3539:Asplenium nidus
3401:
3394:
3382:
3373:
3360:
3256:referred to as
3220:by having true
3216:differing from
3214:vascular plants
3210:
3203:
3197:
3189:
3180:
3174:
3165:
3150:
3141:
3138:
3129:
3126:
3117:
3110:
3090:Pyrrhula murina
3005:; and tropical
2964:
2951:
2875:
2863: Subclass
2843: Subclass
2823: Subclass
2813:
2801: Subclass
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2673:
2664:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2628:
2514:Hymenophyllales
2444:
2435:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2160:Hymenophyllales
2090:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1643:Hymenophyllales
1593:
1547:
1538:
1482:
1396:Lycopodiophytes
1371:
1305:
1299:
1294:
1284:
1275:
1265:
1146:
1103:Moniliformopses
1096:Euphyllophytina
1073:
1041:vascular plants
997:adder's tongues
993:Ophioglossaceae
974:vascular plants
922:
862:vascular plants
858:
824:Cyathea brownii
664:
659:
512:vascular plants
430:†Zygopterididae
412:
362:
354:
353:
352:
351:
350:
345:
337:
336:
331:
322:
321:
320:
315:
307:
306:
304:Hymenophyllales
301:
292:
291:
290:
285:
277:
276:
271:
262:
261:
260:
255:
247:
246:
241:
226:
224:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
153:
152:
149:
137:
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
62:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10471:
10461:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10445:
10428:
10427:
10425:
10424:
10411:
10398:
10382:
10380:
10378:Polypodiophyta
10374:
10373:
10359:
10358:
10355:
10354:
10351:
10350:
10347:
10346:
10343:
10342:
10340:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10293:
10291:
10287:
10286:
10284:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10246:Hemidictyaceae
10243:
10238:
10233:
10227:
10225:
10221:
10220:
10215:
10213:
10209:
10208:
10203:
10201:
10195:
10194:
10192:
10191:
10186:
10184:Lonchitidaceae
10181:
10175:
10173:
10167:
10166:
10161:
10159:
10150:
10144:
10143:
10140:
10139:
10137:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10121:
10116:
10109:
10107:
10101:
10100:
10098:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10076:
10074:
10067:
10061:
10060:
10058:
10057:
10052:
10046:
10041:
10034:
10032:
10026:
10025:
10023:
10022:
10017:
10012:
10007:
10001:
9995:
9989:
9983:
9976:
9974:
9968:
9967:
9965:
9964:
9959:
9957:Gleicheniaceae
9954:
9949:
9942:
9940:
9934:
9933:
9931:
9930:
9924:
9922:
9916:
9915:
9913:
9912:
9907:
9900:
9898:
9892:
9891:
9889:
9888:
9887:
9886:
9880:
9874:
9862:
9861:
9860:
9848:
9847:
9846:
9834:
9833:
9832:
9826:
9820:
9807:
9801:
9797:
9796:
9793:
9792:
9790:
9789:
9784:
9778:
9772:
9770:Weichseliaceae
9766:
9760:
9754:
9747:
9745:
9736:
9732:
9731:
9728:
9727:
9725:
9724:
9718:
9716:
9714:Ophioglossales
9710:
9709:
9707:
9706:
9700:
9698:
9689:
9688:Ophioglossidae
9685:
9684:
9681:
9680:
9678:
9677:
9672:
9670:Tchernoviaceae
9666:
9660:
9654:
9648:
9642:
9636:
9630:
9624:
9618:
9612:
9606:
9600:
9598:Honseleriaceae
9594:
9588:
9581:
9579:
9573:
9572:
9570:
9569:
9568:
9567:
9561:
9555:
9549:
9543:
9531:
9530:
9529:
9516:
9510:
9506:
9505:
9503:
9502:
9501:
9500:
9492:Zygopteridales
9488:
9487:
9486:
9484:Rhacophytaceae
9473:
9471:
9467:
9466:
9464:
9463:
9462:
9461:
9448:
9446:
9439:
9437:Polypodiopsida
9433:
9432:
9430:
9429:
9428:
9427:
9415:
9414:
9413:
9401:
9400:
9399:
9387:
9386:
9385:
9373:
9372:
9371:
9365:
9352:
9350:
9348:Cladoxylopsida
9343:
9342:
9340:
9339:
9338:
9337:
9324:
9322:
9314:
9313:
9311:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9298:Polypodiophyta
9295:
9290:
9285:
9277:
9274:
9273:
9271:classification
9265:
9264:
9257:
9250:
9242:
9233:
9232:
9230:
9229:
9224:
9214:
9208:
9200:
9197:
9196:
9193:
9192:
9189:
9188:
9185:
9184:
9181:
9180:
9177:
9176:
9173:
9172:
9169:
9168:
9165:
9164:
9161:
9160:
9157:
9156:
9154:
9153:
9152:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9131:
9125:
9123:
9113:
9112:
9110:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9090:
9084:
9082:
9072:
9071:
9069:
9068:
9062:
9060:Pentoxylopsida
9056:
9050:
9044:
9038:
9032:
9026:
9020:
9014:
9008:
9002:
8996:
8994:Calamopityales
8990:
8983:
8981:
8958:
8951:Spermatophytes
8946:
8945:
8942:
8941:
8939:
8938:
8932:
8926:
8920:
8913:
8911:
8908:Progymnosperms
8894:
8888:
8887:
8884:
8883:
8881:
8880:
8873:Polypodiopsida
8870:
8868:Cladoxylopsida
8864:
8857:
8855:
8847:
8846:
8844:
8843:
8837:
8830:
8824:
8821:Euphyllophytes
8816:
8815:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8808:
8793:Lycopodiopsida
8790:
8784:
8777:
8775:
8762:
8756:
8755:
8752:
8751:
8749:
8748:
8742:
8736:
8734:Cooksoniopsida
8729:
8727:
8713:
8697:
8696:
8694:
8693:
8685:
8678:
8676:
8666:
8653:
8652:
8649:
8648:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8624:Oedipodiopsida
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8600:
8598:
8588:
8587:
8585:
8584:
8579:
8573:
8571:
8561:
8560:
8558:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8541:
8539:
8526:
8510:
8509:
8488:
8487:
8484:
8483:
8480:
8479:
8476:
8475:
8472:
8471:
8468:
8467:
8464:
8463:
8460:
8459:
8456:
8455:
8453:
8452:
8448:
8446:
8433:
8432:
8426:
8424:
8417:
8416:
8411:
8405:
8399:
8390:
8389:
8384:
8377:
8372:
8366:
8364:
8352:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8340:
8339:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8292:
8290:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8282:
8277:
8271:
8269:
8268:Prasinophytina
8262:
8249:
8248:
8245:
8244:
8242:
8241:
8236:
8230:
8228:
8215:
8189:
8188:
8185:
8184:
8182:
8181:
8175:
8173:
8171:incertae sedis
8167:
8166:
8164:
8163:
8157:
8155:
8149:
8148:
8146:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8109:
8107:
8097:
8096:
8094:
8093:
8085:
8083:
8077:
8076:
8074:
8073:
8065:
8063:
8050:
8047:Archaeplastida
8038:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8032:
8031:
8030:
8029:
8026:Mesomycetozoea
8023:
8018:
8008:
7998:
7997:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7975:
7974:
7962:Diaphoretickes
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7926:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7909:Archaeplastida
7904:
7903:
7896:
7889:
7881:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7868:
7857:
7854:
7853:
7851:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7834:
7833:
7823:
7817:
7815:
7813:
7812:
7811:Related topics
7809:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7772:
7770:
7766:
7765:
7763:
7762:
7760:Taxonomic rank
7757:
7752:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7735:
7734:
7733:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7712:
7702:
7701:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7678:Botanical name
7670:
7664:
7662:
7660:Plant taxonomy
7656:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7645:
7644:
7643:
7636:Megasporangium
7633:
7632:
7631:
7624:Microsporangia
7616:
7615:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7578:
7577:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7551:
7549:
7547:
7546:
7541:
7535:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7509:
7508:
7507:
7506:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7485:
7484:
7479:
7469:
7464:
7462:Cushion plants
7453:
7451:
7445:
7444:
7442:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7415:
7414:
7409:
7399:
7397:Plant hormones
7394:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7380:Photosynthesis
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7351:
7349:
7341:
7340:
7337:
7336:
7334:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7297:
7295:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7266:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7245:
7244:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7218:
7213:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7198:
7197:
7192:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7161:
7160:
7159:
7158:
7153:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7113:
7112:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7099:Floral formula
7096:
7094:Floral diagram
7091:
7086:
7076:
7075:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7063:
7062:
7057:
7047:
7037:
7032:
7026:
7024:
7023:(incl. Flower)
7016:
7015:
7013:
7012:
7011:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6999:
6998:
6993:
6983:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6952:
6950:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6942:
6937:
6936:
6935:
6925:
6923:Storage organs
6920:
6915:
6914:
6913:
6903:
6897:
6895:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6859:
6857:
6848:
6846:
6845:
6831:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6809:Spermatophytes
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6779:Archaeplastida
6776:
6770:
6768:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6741:
6740:
6733:Phytogeography
6730:
6728:Phytochemistry
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6689:
6687:
6685:Subdisciplines
6681:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6672:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6655:
6654:
6647:
6640:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6622:Polypodiopsida
6613:
6612:at Wikispecies
6599:
6598:External links
6596:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6570:
6562:
6546:
6541:
6533:
6524:
6509:
6480:
6458:
6434:
6411:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6348:
6324:
6277:
6259:(3): 705–731.
6239:
6234:10.12705/673.1
6227:(3): 473–480.
6210:
6173:
6155:(3): 455–475.
6142:
6122:(6): 563–603.
6107:
6077:
6031:
6010:
5984:(4): 491–528.
5971:
5966:10.12705/673.2
5959:(3): 481–487.
5943:Chase, Mark W.
5935:
5907:(4): 571–594.
5891:Chase, Mark W.
5883:
5851:
5815:
5803:(2): 122–127.
5783:Chase, Mark W.
5779:
5732:
5681:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5637:
5631:
5612:
5597:
5587:
5566:Linnaeus, Carl
5562:
5556:
5542:Byng, James W.
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5498:
5472:
5460:
5438:
5407:
5382:
5375:
5357:
5332:
5306:
5280:
5255:
5212:
5186:
5179:
5159:
5137:
5119:
5101:
5087:
5076:
5053:
5050:. 2 June 2004.
5035:
5023:
5011:
4999:
4932:
4921:
4862:
4850:
4838:
4826:
4814:
4802:
4790:
4768:
4753:
4741:
4702:(10): e26597.
4682:
4635:(1): 321–336.
4615:
4603:
4586:
4574:
4500:
4464:
4457:
4436:
4413:
4394:
4382:
4367:
4355:
4351:Underwood 1903
4343:
4336:
4310:
4284:
4273:
4262:
4251:
4239:
4232:
4212:
4205:
4185:
4157:
4150:
4130:
4076:
4055:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3926:
3909:
3900:
3874:
3865:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3826:
3823:
3780:
3777:
3704:
3701:
3657:decorative art
3638:
3635:
3618:
3615:
3593:
3590:
3572:sensitive fern
3543:staghorn ferns
3506:infestations.
3465:Canary Islands
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3383:
3376:
3374:
3361:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3318:
3307:
3252:, they have a
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3190:
3183:
3181:
3179:ferns in India
3175:
3168:
3166:
3151:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3120:
3118:
3114:coast redwoods
3111:
3104:
2970:, from remote
2963:
2960:
2950:
2947:
2927:DNA sequencing
2874:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2825:Ophioglossidae
2821:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2409:Ophioglossales
2405:
2400:
2398:
2396:Ophioglossidae
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2064:Ophioglossales
2060:
2055:
2053:
2051:Ophioglossidae
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2020:
2018:
2016:Polypodiopsida
2010:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1961:
1958:Ophioglossidae
1955:
1944:(Equisetales,
1895:Subsequently,
1890:
1889:
1881:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1645:(filmy ferns)
1639:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1603:Polypodiopsida
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1523:(whisk ferns)
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1505:Ophioglossales
1501:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:(seed plants)
1422:Spermatophytes
1418:
1413:
1411:
1409:Euphyllophytes
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1377:
1358:
1357:
1350:Polypodiopsida
1347:
1337:
1323:
1322:) ~ 15 species
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:Lycopodiophyta
1119:
1118:
1117:
1112:Infradivision
1110:
1101:Infradivision
1072:
1069:
1025:Lycopodiophyta
964:because it is
921:
918:
917:
916:
902:
901:
900:
894:
857:
854:
829:Norfolk Island
792:Gleicheniaceae
711:photosynthetic
684:spermatophytes
670:and most lack
663:
660:
658:
655:
575:Polypodiopsida
508:Polypodiophyta
504:Polypodiopsida
494:
493:
492:
491:
485:
479:
477:Endlicher 1836
473:
470:
461:
460:
454:
453:
452:
451:
446:
444:Ophioglossidae
441:
436:
431:
428:
422:
421:
417:
416:
410:Polypodiopsida
407:
403:
402:
400:Polypodiophyta
397:
393:
392:
387:
380:
379:
374:
370:
369:
356:
355:
346:
339:
338:
332:
325:
324:
323:
316:
309:
308:
302:
295:
294:
293:
286:
279:
278:
272:
265:
264:
263:
256:
249:
248:
242:
235:
234:
233:
232:
231:
228:
227:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
150:
139:
138:
53:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10470:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10446:
10444:
10441:
10440:
10438:
10421:
10416:
10412:
10408:
10403:
10399:
10394:
10388:
10384:
10383:
10381:
10379:
10375:
10371:
10366:
10338:
10337:Polypodiaceae
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10294:
10292:
10290:Polypodiineae
10288:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10228:
10226:
10222:
10218:
10214:
10210:
10206:
10202:
10200:
10196:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10176:
10174:
10172:
10168:
10164:
10160:
10158:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10145:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10129:Dicksoniaceae
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10111:
10110:
10108:
10106:
10102:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10085:Loxsomataceae
10083:
10081:
10078:
10077:
10075:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10062:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10036:
10035:
10033:
10031:
10027:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10002:
10000:
9996:
9994:
9990:
9988:
9984:
9982:
9978:
9977:
9975:
9973:
9969:
9963:
9960:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9952:Dipteridaceae
9950:
9948:
9944:
9943:
9941:
9939:
9938:Gleicheniales
9935:
9929:
9926:
9925:
9923:
9921:
9917:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9902:
9901:
9899:
9897:
9893:
9885:
9881:
9879:
9875:
9873:
9869:
9868:
9867:
9863:
9859:
9855:
9854:
9853:
9849:
9845:
9841:
9840:
9839:
9835:
9831:
9827:
9825:
9821:
9819:
9815:
9814:
9813:
9809:
9808:
9805:
9802:
9798:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9779:
9777:
9773:
9771:
9767:
9765:
9761:
9759:
9755:
9753:
9749:
9748:
9746:
9744:
9740:
9737:
9733:
9723:
9720:
9719:
9717:
9715:
9711:
9705:
9702:
9701:
9699:
9697:
9693:
9690:
9686:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9667:
9665:
9661:
9659:
9655:
9653:
9649:
9647:
9643:
9641:
9637:
9635:
9631:
9629:
9625:
9623:
9619:
9617:
9613:
9611:
9607:
9605:
9601:
9599:
9595:
9593:
9589:
9587:
9583:
9582:
9580:
9578:
9574:
9566:
9562:
9560:
9556:
9554:
9550:
9548:
9544:
9542:
9538:
9537:
9536:
9532:
9528:
9524:
9523:
9522:
9518:
9517:
9514:
9511:
9507:
9499:
9495:
9494:
9493:
9489:
9485:
9481:
9480:
9479:
9478:Rhacophytales
9475:
9474:
9472:
9468:
9460:
9456:
9455:
9454:
9450:
9449:
9447:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9434:
9426:
9425:Steloxylaceae
9422:
9421:
9420:
9416:
9412:
9408:
9407:
9406:
9402:
9398:
9394:
9393:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9380:
9379:
9378:
9374:
9370:
9369:Voelkeliaceae
9366:
9364:
9363:Cladoxylaceae
9360:
9359:
9358:
9354:
9353:
9351:
9349:
9344:
9336:
9332:
9331:
9330:
9326:
9325:
9323:
9319:
9315:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9283:
9279:
9278:
9275:
9270:
9263:
9258:
9256:
9251:
9249:
9244:
9243:
9240:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9215:
9213:
9209:
9206:
9202:
9201:
9198:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9136:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9126:
9124:
9118:
9114:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9096:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9085:
9083:
9077:
9073:
9067:
9063:
9061:
9057:
9055:
9051:
9049:
9045:
9043:
9039:
9037:
9033:
9031:
9027:
9025:
9021:
9019:
9015:
9013:
9009:
9007:
9003:
9001:
8997:
8995:
8991:
8989:
8988:Bennettitales
8985:
8984:
8982:
8969:
8968:Pteridosperms
8962:
8959:
8955:(seed plants)
8952:
8947:
8937:
8936:Protopityales
8933:
8931:
8927:
8925:
8921:
8919:
8915:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8902:
8898:
8895:
8889:
8878:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8865:
8863:
8859:
8858:
8856:
8852:
8848:
8842:
8838:
8836:
8832:
8831:
8828:
8825:
8822:
8817:
8806:
8802:
8798:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8785:
8783:
8779:
8778:
8776:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8763:
8757:
8747:
8743:
8741:
8737:
8735:
8731:
8730:
8728:
8721:
8717:
8714:
8707:
8706:Tracheophytes
8702:
8698:
8692:
8691:
8686:
8684:
8680:
8679:
8677:
8670:
8667:
8664:
8658:
8654:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8619:Andreaeopsida
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8599:
8593:
8589:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8574:
8572:
8566:
8562:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8542:
8540:
8534:
8530:
8527:
8524:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8507:
8505:
8498:
8493:
8489:
8450:
8449:
8447:
8444:(land plants)
8441:
8437:
8431:
8428:
8427:
8425:
8421:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8406:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8394:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8382:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8357:
8353:
8337:
8336:Chlorophyceae
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8323:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8311:Pedinophyceae
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8293:
8291:
8289:Chlorophytina
8287:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8272:
8270:
8266:
8263:
8260:
8254:
8250:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8216:
8210:
8205:
8203:
8194:
8193:Viridiplantae
8190:
8180:
8177:
8176:
8174:
8172:
8168:
8162:
8159:
8158:
8156:
8154:
8150:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8138:Bangiophyceae
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8110:
8108:
8102:
8098:
8092:
8091:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8082:
8078:
8072:
8071:
8067:
8066:
8064:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8051:
8048:
8043:
8039:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8013:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8003:
8002:
7999:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7989:Stramenopiles
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7973:
7970:
7969:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7952:(major groups
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7932:
7928:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7917:
7910:
7902:
7897:
7895:
7890:
7888:
7883:
7882:
7879:
7867:
7859:
7858:
7855:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7818:
7816:
7810:
7807:
7806:
7803:
7797:
7796:Phytochemical
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7767:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7717:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7707:
7706:
7703:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7665:
7663:
7661:
7657:
7649:
7646:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7637:
7634:
7630:
7627:
7626:
7625:
7622:
7621:
7620:
7617:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7530:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7505:
7502:
7501:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7474:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7459:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7446:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7434:Transpiration
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7292:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7250:
7249:
7246:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7222:
7221:Inflorescence
7219:
7217:
7214:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7186:
7183:
7182:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7117:
7114:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7077:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7052:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6988:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6947:
6941:
6938:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6907:
6906:Ground tissue
6904:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6894:
6890:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6852:
6849:
6842:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6829:Plant anatomy
6826:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6762:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6750:Plant ecology
6748:
6746:
6745:Plant anatomy
6743:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6693:Archaeobotany
6691:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6682:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6664:
6660:
6653:
6648:
6646:
6641:
6639:
6634:
6633:
6630:
6623:
6618:
6614:
6611:
6606:
6602:
6601:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6561:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6538:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6481:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6400:
6396:
6395:Garden plants
6392:
6387:
6386:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6355:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6330:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6284:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6253:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6181:
6180:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6149:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6021:(5): 477–82.
6020:
6016:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5978:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5865:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5679:(1–2): 25–30.
5678:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5662:
5652:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5619:
5613:
5610:
5609:0-88192-667-1
5606:
5602:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5530:
5512:
5508:
5502:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5469:
5464:
5458:
5457:0-12-079062-9
5454:
5450:
5445:
5443:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5411:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5378:
5376:0-88192-667-1
5372:
5368:
5361:
5346:
5342:
5336:
5320:
5319:(water fern)"
5318:
5310:
5294:
5292:
5284:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5216:
5200:
5196:
5190:
5182:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5163:
5155:
5154:2940013382145
5152:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5116:
5115:
5114:New Scientist
5111:
5105:
5097:
5091:
5085:
5080:
5064:
5057:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5032:
5027:
5020:
5015:
5008:
5003:
4995:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4930:
4925:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4854:
4847:
4842:
4835:
4830:
4823:
4818:
4811:
4806:
4799:
4794:
4778:
4772:
4765:
4760:
4758:
4750:
4745:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4686:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4607:
4600:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4583:
4578:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4468:
4460:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4391:
4386:
4379:
4374:
4372:
4364:
4363:Linnaeus 1753
4359:
4352:
4347:
4339:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4321:
4314:
4298:
4294:
4293:"Fern Fronds"
4288:
4282:
4277:
4271:
4266:
4260:
4255:
4248:
4243:
4235:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4189:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4153:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4081:
4073:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4052:
4047:
4045:
4040:
4025:
4021:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3961:carrot family
3958:
3954:
3941:
3938:of the order
3937:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3924:
3921:of the order
3920:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3735:mathematician
3732:
3728:
3727:Barnsley fern
3721:
3718:, through an
3717:
3713:
3712:Barnsley fern
3709:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3681:printed paper
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3646:Victorian era
3643:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3627:pteridologist
3624:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3602:Victorian era
3600:Ferns in the
3598:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3469:Licorice fern
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3453:South Pacific
3450:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3425:cinnamon fern
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3384:Gametophyte (
3380:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3201:
3200:Canning River
3195:
3194:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3131:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3039:North America
3037:) of eastern
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2904:photoreceptor
2900:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2748:PPG I (2016)
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2717:sensu stricto
2714:
2710:
2695:
2694:
2686:
2685:
2677:
2676:
2668:
2667:
2659:
2658:
2650:
2649:
2641:
2640:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:Gleicheniales
2531:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2323:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2305:
2304:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:Gleicheniales
2177:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1921:sensu stricto
1919:
1918:Equisetopsida
1915:
1914:
1910:
1909:Equisetopsida
1906:
1902:
1898:
1886:
1879:
1876:Eusporangiate
1872:
1865:
1864:
1856:
1855:
1847:
1846:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1810:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1745:(tree ferns)
1744:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1671:Gleicheniales
1666:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1564:Marattiopsida
1562:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1467:(horsetails)
1466:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1452:Equisetopsida
1450:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1346:~ 150 species
1345:
1341:
1340:Marattiopsida
1338:
1336:) ~92 species
1335:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:Equisetopsida
1310:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1278:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1216:Spermatophyta
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1186:Euphyllophyta
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1114:Spermatophyta
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:sibling taxon
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
987:
986:sensu stricto
983:
979:
978:pteridophytes
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:
940:
936:
935:
930:
926:
925:Carl Linnaeus
914:
910:
906:
903:
898:
895:
892:
888:
885:
884:
882:
879:
878:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
853:
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
835:
830:
826:
825:
820:
816:
815:Polypodiaceae
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:indeterminate
781:
776:
772:
770:
766:
762:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
654:
652:
648:
644:
643:
638:
637:
632:
631:
626:
625:biofertilizer
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
514:(plants with
513:
509:
505:
501:
487:Pteridopsida
486:
480:
474:
471:
468:Kubitski 1990
465:
464:
462:
459:
455:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
429:
426:
425:
423:
418:
411:
408:
405:
404:
401:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:Tracheophytes
388:
385:
382:
381:
378:
375:
372:
371:
366:
361:
357:
349:
343:
335:
329:
319:
318:Gleicheniales
313:
305:
299:
289:
283:
275:
269:
259:
253:
245:
239:
229:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
161:
157:
146:
143:
135:
132:
124:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
10377:
10332:Davalliaceae
10327:Oleandraceae
10322:Tectariaceae
10256:Aspleniaceae
10224:Aspleniineae
10189:Lindsaeaceae
10179:Cystodiaceae
10171:Lindsaeineae
10148:Polypodiales
10114:Tanydoraceae
10055:Salviniaceae
10044:Marsileaceae
10020:Schizaeaceae
10005:Tempskyaceae
9800:Polypodiidae
9787:Marattiaceae
9675:Equisetaceae
9616:Calamitaceae
9419:Steloxylales
9357:Cladoxylales
9308:Angiospermae
9268:
9205:paraphyletic
9117:Angiospermae
9094:
9093:Ginkgoales (
9066:Petriellales
9048:Medullosales
8975:(seed ferns)
8872:
8688:
8609:Sphagnopsida
8604:Takakiopsida
8537:(liverworts)
8503:
8497:Embryophytes
8451:(see below↓)
8409:Charophyceae
8379:
8361:Streptophyta
8213:land plants)
8201:
8170:
8088:
8081:Rhodelphidia
8068:
8011:Opisthokonta
7915:
7791:Horticulture
7781:Floriculture
7683:Correct name
7533:Reproduction
7523:Woody plants
7448:Plant growth
7407:Gas Exchange
7392:Phytomelanin
7270:Plant embryo
7020:Reproductive
6868:Phragmoplast
6798:
6610:Pteridophyta
6574:
6565:
6550:
6536:
6527:
6519:Tree of Life
6517:
6501:. Retrieved
6497:the original
6488:
6472:. Retrieved
6466:
6450:. Retrieved
6441:
6426:. Retrieved
6418:
6403:. Retrieved
6399:the original
6394:
6358:
6352:
6335:
6287:
6281:
6256:
6250:
6224:
6218:
6202:. Retrieved
6195:the original
6178:
6152:
6146:
6119:
6115:
6086:
6082:
6040:
6036:
6018:
6014:
5981:
5975:
5956:
5950:
5904:
5898:
5868:
5862:
5836:
5830:
5800:
5794:
5758:
5752:
5695:
5689:
5676:
5670:
5645:
5641:Swartz, Olof
5617:
5600:
5590:
5581:
5574:
5546:
5538:Fay, Michael
5521:Bibliography
5510:
5501:
5489:. Retrieved
5485:the original
5475:
5463:
5429:. Retrieved
5424:
5420:
5410:
5398:. Retrieved
5394:
5385:
5366:
5360:
5348:. Retrieved
5344:
5335:
5323:. Retrieved
5316:
5315:"Datasheet:
5309:
5297:. Retrieved
5290:
5289:"Datasheet:
5283:
5271:. Retrieved
5267:
5258:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5203:. Retrieved
5199:the original
5189:
5169:
5162:
5146:
5140:
5130:
5122:
5112:
5104:
5095:
5090:
5079:
5067:. Retrieved
5056:
5047:
5038:
5026:
5014:
5002:
4949:
4945:
4935:
4924:
4879:
4875:
4865:
4853:
4841:
4829:
4817:
4805:
4793:
4781:. Retrieved
4771:
4744:
4699:
4695:
4685:
4632:
4628:
4618:
4606:
4577:
4524:
4520:
4477:
4473:
4467:
4448:
4445:Stace, Clive
4439:
4385:
4358:
4346:
4325:
4313:
4301:. Retrieved
4297:the original
4287:
4276:
4265:
4254:
4242:
4222:
4215:
4195:
4188:
4171:
4140:
4133:
4096:
4092:
4024:
4004:Pteridophyte
3950:
3929:
3912:
3903:
3879:—A group of
3868:
3859:
3849:
3828:
3812:
3782:
3771:
3766:
3752:
3750:
3746:self-similar
3741:
3726:
3724:
3697:Wardian case
3691:presents to
3642:Pteridomania
3640:
3637:Pteridomania
3626:
3622:
3620:
3605:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3553:
3551:
3546:
3538:
3528:
3522:
3511:horticulture
3508:
3497:
3495:
3491:fix nitrogen
3486:
3484:
3480:carcinogenic
3442:
3434:
3428:
3420:
3417:ostrich fern
3412:
3404:
3402:
3389:
3367:monarch fern
3349:
3324:(often both
3293:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3272:gametophytic
3211:
3191:
3152:
3116:, California
3097:
3089:
3079:
3075:
3057:
3046:
3032:
3026:
3015:
2988:
2965:
2952:
2935:
2920:
2901:
2878:
2876:
2865:Polypodiidae
2782:
2774:
2767:
2761:monilophytes
2760:
2753:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2615:
2600:
2580:Polypodiales
2578:
2556:
2534:
2512:
2490:
2479:Polypodiidae
2465:
2422:
2407:
2382:
2263:Polypodiales
2261:
2246:
2224:
2202:
2180:
2158:
2136:
2125:Polypodiidae
2111:
2077:
2062:
2030:
2015:
1979:
1974:Polypodiidae
1968:Marattiaceae
1949:
1946:Equisetaceae
1927:Christenhusz
1925:
1920:
1911:
1893:
1764:Polypodiales
1762:
1741:
1718:
1696:
1669:
1641:
1614:
1575:
1519:
1503:
1492:Psilotopsida
1463:
1434:
1420:
1394:
1383:Tracheophyta
1370:
1359:
1326:Psilotopsida
1306:
1247:
1227:
1198:
1197:
1167:
1156:Tracheophyta
1147:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1121:Subdivision
1107:monilophytes
1106:
1093:Sub division
1087:Tracheophyta
1074:
1065:Marattiaceae
1053:Marattiaceae
1037:polyphyletic
1033:Equisetaceae
1005:Marattiaceae
990:
985:
970:Tracheophyta
966:paraphyletic
958:Pteridophyta
942:
932:
923:
870:gametophytes
859:
843:
832:
822:
804:
785:
757:
718:
704:
665:
651:rice paddies
647:fix nitrogen
640:
634:
628:
622:
614:Polypodiales
603:
579:Polypodiidae
544:
507:
503:
499:
497:
481:Monilophyta
475:Filicophyta
449:Polypodiidae
409:
399:
383:
348:Polypodiales
142:
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
10448:Fern florae
10281:Athyriaceae
10276:Blechnaceae
10271:Onocleaceae
10266:Woodsiaceae
10205:Pteridaceae
10199:Pteridineae
10134:Cyatheaceae
10124:Cibotiaceae
10119:Metaxyaceae
10105:Cyatheineae
10095:Culcitaceae
10030:Salviniales
10015:Lygodiaceae
9972:Schizaeales
9962:Matoniaceae
9910:Osmundaceae
9905:Guaireaceae
9830:Sermayaceae
9743:Marattiales
9735:Marattiidae
9704:Psilotaceae
9577:Equisetales
9509:Equisetidae
9321:Basal clade
9280:Supergroup
9012:Cordaitales
9006:Caytoniales
8892:Lignophytes
8875:(ferns and
8801:spikemosses
8740:Rhyniopsida
8690:Aglaophyton
8569:(hornworts)
8440:Embryophyta
8423:Anydrophyta
8381:Spirotaenia
8326:Ulvophyceae
8259:Chlorophyta
8209:green algae
8179:Algospongia
8153:Glaucophyta
8105:(red algae)
7607:Pollen tube
7602:Pollinators
7592:Pollination
7587:Germination
7402:Respiration
7385:Chlorophyll
7231:Pedicellate
7165:Gametophyte
7084:Aestivation
7035:Antheridium
7030:Archegonium
6878:Plasmodesma
6855:Plant cells
6718:Paleobotany
6713:Ethnobotany
6698:Astrobotany
6503:25 November
6489:World Ferns
6474:24 November
6452:24 November
6428:23 November
6405:22 November
6204:11 December
5823:Byng, J. W.
5491:7 September
5395:www.uky.edu
5325:11 February
5299:11 February
5205:19 December
5069:20 February
4952:(1): 4392.
4783:12 December
4527:(1): 1–16.
4390:Swartz 1806
3994:Fern sports
3985:- Fern gall
3825:New Zealand
3814:aarnivalkea
3793:fern flower
3789:Ivan Kupala
3693:gravestones
3689:christening
3623:pteridology
3617:Pteridology
3547:Platycerium
3530:Nephrolepis
3519:houseplants
3515:cut foliage
3449:New Zealand
3280:chromosomes
3265:sporophytic
3250:land plants
3248:. Like all
3238:angiosperms
3234:gymnosperms
3230:seed plants
3029:mycorrhizal
2931:transposons
2845:Marattiidae
2803:Equisetidae
2617:Salviniales
2558:Schizaeales
2467:Marattiales
2461:Marattiidae
2384:Equisetales
2378:Equisetidae
2226:Salviniales
2204:Schizaeales
2113:Marattiales
2107:Marattiidae
2032:Equisetales
2026:Equisetidae
1964:Marattiidae
1938:Equisetidae
1905:Embryophyta
1720:Salviniales
1698:Schizaeales
1577:Marattiales
1465:Equisetales
1344:Marattiales
1330:whisk ferns
1316:Equisetales
1249:Angiosperms
1229:Gymnosperms
1029:Psilotaceae
1017:spikemosses
982:fern allies
929:Cryptogamia
856:Gametophyte
839:New Zealand
819:Cyatheaceae
796:Lygodiaceae
765:Blechnaceae
741:tropophylls
737:Sporophylls
700:gametophyte
696:sporophytes
657:Description
606:crown group
591:whisk ferns
567:fiddleheads
555:microphylls
489:Ritgen 1828
439:Marattiidae
434:Equisetidae
420:Subclasses
274:Marattiales
258:Equisetales
121:August 2023
18:Pteridology
10437:Categories
10065:Cyatheales
10010:Anemiaceae
9993:Klukiaceae
9896:Osmundales
9696:Psilotales
9383:Hyeniaceae
9139:Magnoliids
9107:Gnetopsida
8877:horsetails
8805:quillworts
8797:clubmosses
8773:Lycophytes
8746:Renaliales
8523:Bryophytes
8101:Rhodophyta
8090:Rhodelphis
7629:Microspore
7619:Sporangium
7597:Artificial
7285:Sporophyte
7280:Sporophyll
7275:Receptacle
7170:Gynandrium
7040:Androecium
6949:Vegetative
6819:Angiosperm
6814:Gymnosperm
6708:Dendrology
6187:PhD thesis
5761:(3): 822.
5293:(bracken)"
4846:Berry 2009
4613:, Table I.
4337:0881926302
4326:Tree Ferns
4303:6 December
4099:: 909768.
4036:References
3989:Fern spike
3940:Sapindales
3911:Fern tree—
3902:Fern bush—
3885:hydrozoans
3835:All Blacks
3763:Alois Auer
3716:chaos game
3659:including
3653:collecting
3631:lycophytes
3610:Alois Auer
3435:budu pakis
3371:sporangium
3337:flagellate
3335:A mobile,
3315:prothallus
3254:life cycle
3218:lycophytes
3212:Ferns are
3208:Life cycle
3092:) and the
3084:, and the
3022:rainforest
2897:Cretaceous
2709:sensu lato
2602:Cyatheales
2492:Osmundales
2424:Psilotales
2248:Cyatheales
2138:Osmundales
2079:Psilotales
1913:sensu lato
1743:Cyatheales
1616:Osmundales
1521:Psilotales
1366:morphology
1328:2 orders (
1320:Horsetails
1169:Lycophytes
1138:sensu lato
1061:horsetails
1059:, and the
1021:quillworts
1013:clubmosses
934:Polypodium
897:Archegonia
891:flagellate
887:Antheridia
881:Prothallus
874:liverworts
860:As in all
725:fiddlehead
688:bryophytes
668:perennials
662:Sporophyte
618:Cretaceous
587:horsetails
559:clubmosses
551:megaphylls
540:sporophyte
466:Filicatae
396:Division:
334:Cyatheales
288:Osmundales
244:Psilotales
91:newspapers
10393:Q98522578
9377:Hyeniales
9335:Ibykaceae
9288:Bryophyta
8639:Bryopsida
8592:Bryophyta
8321:UTC clade
8070:Picomonas
8006:Amoebozoa
7984:Alveolata
7972:Cryptista
7947:Eukaryota
7826:Botanists
7744:Herbarium
7641:Megaspore
7539:Evolution
7482:Subshrubs
7450:and habit
7375:Nutrition
7370:Cellulose
7365:Bulk flow
7348:Materials
7311:Epidermis
7175:Gynoecium
7156:Endosperm
7151:Dispersal
7067:Staminode
7003:Sessility
6991:Cataphyll
6911:Mesophyll
6863:Cell wall
6804:Lycophyte
6784:Bryophyte
6738:Geobotany
6723:Phycology
6367:0096-3844
6336:IEA Paper
5864:Phytotaxa
5832:Phytotaxa
5431:2 October
5427:(6): 9–12
5117:, p. 18.
5033:, Part I.
4976:2041-1723
4834:UCMP 2019
4659:1471-2148
4551:1471-2148
4498:, p. 1450
4447:(2010b).
3889:jellyfish
3870:Comptonia
3861:Asparagus
3846:Misnomers
3805:Midsummer
3773:Fern bars
3685:sculpture
3177:Epiphytic
3154:Asplenium
3140:On a wall
3086:bullfinch
3053:limestone
3011:epiphytes
2958:forests.
2918:lineage.
2916:bryophyte
2912:hornworts
2891:. By the
2778:(no rank)
2771:(no rank)
2764:(no rank)
2757:(no rank)
1986:consensus
1951:Equisetum
1942:monotypic
1362:cladogram
1342:1 order,
1144:Phylogeny
1001:moonworts
745:sporangia
715:megaphyll
680:evergreen
676:deciduous
604:The fern
373:Kingdom:
10387:Wikidata
9329:Ibykales
9149:Eudicots
9144:Monocots
8862:Ibykales
8596:(mosses)
8501:Plantae
8199:Plantae
8001:Amorphea
7979:Rhizaria
7967:Hacrobia
7957:Excavata
7942:Bacteria
7913:Plantae
7866:Category
7786:Forestry
7776:Agronomy
7769:Practice
7720:Cultivar
7715:Cultigen
7575:timeline
7467:Rosettes
7355:Aleurone
7331:Trichome
7248:Perianth
7060:Filament
6918:Meristem
6841:glossary
6703:Bryology
6556:Archived
6383:Websites
6375:40594126
6312:17443185
6273:25065646
6169:85855934
6138:39980610
6103:21652310
6065:11214320
6006:42101599
5931:24532607
5893:(2014).
5871:(1): 7.
5825:(2016).
5789:(2009).
5775:25065865
5728:38248823
5720:24653037
5643:(1806).
5582:see also
5568:(1753).
5544:(2018).
5509:(1999).
5468:May 1978
5242:27598229
5019:SLH 2018
4994:38789437
4985:11126701
4916:24733898
4736:22028918
4696:PLOS ONE
4677:20969798
4569:23311954
4494:21616899
4322:(2004).
4125:36092417
3971:See also
3955:such as
3923:Lamiales
3877:Air fern
3819:treasure
3779:Folklore
3673:textiles
3504:whitefly
3472:rhizomes
3459:to make
3457:Guanches
3451:and the
3282:, where
3068:calories
3024:canopy.
2972:mountain
2968:habitats
2956:European
2943:Cenozoic
2893:Triassic
2885:Devonian
2880:Wattieza
1084:Division
954:Division
920:Taxonomy
905:Rhizoids
807:rhizomes
780:rhizomes
753:indusium
694:, their
610:Silurian
458:Synonyms
156:Devonian
9212:extinct
8061:Picozoa
8016:Animals
7937:Archaea
7544:Ecology
7301:Cuticle
7131:Capsule
7121:Anatomy
7072:Tapetum
6996:Petiole
6971:Rhizome
6966:Rhizoid
6893:Tissues
6883:Vacuole
6873:Plastid
6675:Outline
6670:History
6354:Torreya
6320:2575688
6292:Bibcode
6073:4367248
6045:Bibcode
5986:Bibcode
5922:3936591
5700:Bibcode
5691:Science
5098:. 2015.
5007:EB 2019
4954:Bibcode
4907:4020063
4884:Bibcode
4727:3197659
4704:Bibcode
4668:3087542
4637:Bibcode
4560:3553075
4529:Bibcode
4116:9449725
3965:pinnate
3883:called
3881:animals
3856:monocot
3811:called
3797:Finnish
3731:fractal
3661:pottery
3592:Culture
3545:(genus
3517:and as
3463:in the
3419:), and
3409:bracken
3386:thallus
3369:, with
3322:gametes
3311:mitosis
3304:meiosis
3278:paired
3269:haploid
3262:diploid
3242:flowers
3226:pinnate
3064:protein
2995:forests
2985:bracken
2962:Ecology
1982:lumping
1368:alone.
850:fibrous
813:(e.g.,
811:stolons
800:pinnate
549:called
532:flowers
472:Filices
406:Class:
377:Plantae
160:Present
154:Middle
105:scholar
10420:263732
10407:500003
9207:groups
9095:Ginkgo
8803:&
8661:
8257:
7994:Plants
7931:Domain
7848:Plants
7751:(IAPT)
7504:Lianas
7472:Shrubs
7424:Starch
7316:Nectar
7236:Raceme
7202:Stigma
7190:Locule
7180:Carpel
7141:Pyrena
7079:Flower
7055:Anther
7050:Stamen
7045:Pollen
6767:groups
6659:Botany
6463:"Fern"
6373:
6365:
6318:
6310:
6283:Nature
6271:
6167:
6136:
6101:
6071:
6063:
6037:Nature
6004:
5929:
5919:
5821:&
5785:&
5773:
5726:
5718:
5651:Kiliae
5629:
5607:
5554:
5455:
5400:30 May
5373:
5350:30 May
5273:30 May
5250:384923
5248:
5240:
5177:
4992:
4982:
4974:
4914:
4904:
4734:
4724:
4675:
4665:
4657:
4567:
4557:
4549:
4492:
4455:
4334:
4230:
4203:
4180:621340
4178:
4148:
4123:
4113:
3893:corals
3858:genus
3683:, and
3669:metals
3644:was a
3554:Azolla
3533:. The
3487:Azolla
3439:Brunei
3344:zygote
3300:spores
3222:leaves
3193:Azolla
3060:lipids
3003:swamps
2990:Azolla
2976:desert
2925:, but
2781:
1901:Reveal
1019:, and
937:) and
893:sperm.
868:. The
790:(e.g.
729:fronds
645:, can
642:Azolla
597:, and
581:) and
571:fronds
547:leaves
536:mosses
524:spores
520:phloem
107:
100:
93:
86:
80:"Fern"
78:
10443:Ferns
9282:Plant
8211:&
8021:Fungi
7808:Lists
7725:Group
7648:Spore
7582:Flora
7499:Vines
7494:Trees
7457:Habit
7429:Sugar
7321:Stoma
7263:Sepal
7258:Petal
7253:Tepal
7241:Umbel
7226:Bract
7207:Style
7195:Ovule
7185:Ovary
7126:Berry
7116:Fruit
7109:Whorl
6976:Shoot
6774:Algae
6765:Plant
6371:JSTOR
6332:(PDF)
6316:S2CID
6269:JSTOR
6252:Taxon
6247:(PDF)
6220:Taxon
6198:(PDF)
6183:(PDF)
6165:S2CID
6134:S2CID
6069:S2CID
6002:S2CID
5952:Taxon
5771:JSTOR
5754:Taxon
5724:S2CID
5527:Books
5246:S2CID
4016:Notes
3963:have
3957:palms
3951:Some
3729:is a
3665:glass
3649:craze
3558:weeds
3461:gofio
3363:Sorus
3326:sperm
3246:seeds
3159:gryke
3007:trees
2910:from
2754:ferns
2721:sensu
2713:sensu
1931:Chase
1897:Chase
1885:Ferns
1878:Ferns
1435:Ferns
1199:Ferns
1057:clade
1045:clade
962:taxon
950:class
939:Musci
913:salts
727:into
720:frond
707:green
672:woody
528:seeds
516:xylem
500:ferns
384:Clade
148:Ferns
112:JSTOR
98:books
10402:ITIS
9269:Fern
9210:† =
8202:s.s.
7916:s.l.
7730:Grex
7612:Self
7146:Seed
7008:Stem
6986:Leaf
6961:Root
6956:Bulb
6940:Wood
6901:Cork
6799:Fern
6505:2019
6476:2019
6454:2019
6430:2019
6407:2019
6363:ISSN
6308:PMID
6206:2009
6099:PMID
6061:PMID
5927:PMID
5716:PMID
5627:ISBN
5605:ISBN
5552:ISBN
5493:2013
5453:ISBN
5433:2007
5402:2023
5371:ISBN
5352:2023
5327:2019
5301:2019
5275:2023
5238:PMID
5207:2011
5175:ISBN
5151:BNID
5132:PNAS
5071:2010
4990:PMID
4972:ISSN
4912:PMID
4785:2022
4732:PMID
4673:PMID
4655:ISSN
4565:PMID
4547:ISSN
4490:PMID
4453:ISBN
4332:ISBN
4305:2014
4228:ISBN
4201:ISBN
4176:OCLC
4146:ISBN
4121:PMID
3934:—an
3917:—an
3891:and
3801:seed
3744:. A
3725:The
3677:wood
3625:. A
3586:coal
3399:Uses
3330:eggs
3328:and
3267:and
3244:and
3236:and
3198:the
3066:and
3043:acid
3001:and
2999:bogs
2914:, a
1929:and
1899:and
1332:and
1063:and
1051:and
943:see
909:root
846:soil
831:and
767:and
749:sori
705:The
530:nor
518:and
498:The
166:PreꞒ
84:news
34:and
8499:or
8197:or
7911:or
7419:Sap
7136:Nut
6981:Bud
6340:doi
6300:doi
6288:446
6261:doi
6229:doi
6189:).
6157:doi
6124:doi
6091:doi
6053:doi
6041:409
6023:doi
5994:doi
5961:doi
5917:PMC
5909:doi
5905:113
5873:doi
5841:doi
5837:261
5805:doi
5801:161
5763:doi
5708:doi
5696:343
5230:doi
4980:PMC
4962:doi
4902:PMC
4892:doi
4880:111
4722:PMC
4712:doi
4663:PMC
4645:doi
4555:PMC
4537:doi
4482:doi
4111:PMC
4101:doi
3765:'s
3608:by
3570:),
3560:or
3427:).
3411:),
3365:of
3302:by
3161:in
2889:Mya
1023:in
988:).
841:).
837:in
827:on
678:or
557:of
506:or
67:by
10439::
10417::
10404::
10389::
8799:,
6516:.
6491:.
6487:.
6465:.
6444:.
6440:.
6421:.
6417:.
6393:.
6369:.
6357:.
6338:.
6334:.
6314:.
6306:.
6298:.
6286:.
6267:.
6257:55
6255:.
6249:.
6225:67
6223:.
6217:.
6163:.
6153:34
6151:.
6132:.
6120:54
6118:.
6114:.
6097:.
6087:91
6085:.
6067:.
6059:.
6051:.
6039:.
6019:13
6017:.
6000:.
5992:.
5982:44
5980:.
5957:67
5955:.
5949:.
5941:;
5925:.
5915:.
5903:.
5897:.
5889:;
5869:19
5867:.
5861:.
5835:.
5829:.
5799:.
5793:.
5769:.
5759:56
5757:.
5747:;
5743:;
5722:.
5714:.
5706:.
5694:.
5688:.
5677:12
5675:.
5669:.
5649:.
5625:.
5621:.
5580:,
5572:.
5540:;
5536:;
5441:^
5425:28
5419:.
5393:.
5343:.
5266:.
5244:.
5236:.
5226:34
5224:.
5046:.
4988:.
4978:.
4970:.
4960:.
4950:15
4948:.
4944:.
4910:.
4900:.
4890:.
4878:.
4874:.
4756:^
4730:.
4720:.
4710:.
4698:.
4694:.
4671:.
4661:.
4653:.
4643:.
4633:10
4631:.
4627:.
4589:^
4563:.
4553:.
4545:.
4535:.
4525:13
4523:.
4519:.
4503:^
4488:.
4478:97
4476:.
4416:^
4397:^
4370:^
4160:^
4119:.
4109:.
4097:13
4095:.
4091:.
4079:^
4058:^
4043:^
3837:.
3769:.
3679:,
3675:,
3671:,
3667:,
3663:,
3633:.
3604::
3062:,
3055:.
1948:,
1015:,
999:,
907::
794:,
771:.
709:,
702:.
601:.
593:,
589:,
386::
216:Pg
10112:†
10048:†
10037:†
10003:†
9997:†
9991:†
9985:†
9979:†
9945:†
9903:†
9882:†
9876:†
9870:†
9864:†
9856:†
9850:†
9842:†
9836:†
9828:†
9822:†
9816:†
9810:†
9780:†
9774:†
9768:†
9762:†
9756:†
9750:†
9668:†
9662:†
9656:†
9650:†
9644:†
9638:†
9632:†
9626:†
9620:†
9614:†
9608:†
9602:†
9596:†
9590:†
9584:†
9563:†
9557:†
9551:†
9545:†
9539:†
9533:†
9525:†
9519:†
9496:†
9490:†
9482:†
9476:†
9457:†
9451:†
9423:†
9417:†
9409:†
9403:†
9395:†
9389:†
9381:†
9375:†
9367:†
9361:†
9355:†
9346:†
9333:†
9327:†
9284::
9261:e
9254:t
9247:v
9203:*
9097:)
9064:†
9058:†
9052:†
9046:†
9040:†
9034:†
9028:†
9022:†
9016:†
9010:†
9004:†
8998:†
8992:†
8986:†
8971:*
8965:†
8934:†
8928:†
8922:†
8916:†
8910:*
8905:†
8879:)
8866:†
8860:†
8839:†
8833:†
8807:)
8795:(
8786:†
8780:†
8744:†
8738:†
8732:†
8724:†
8687:†
8681:†
8673:†
8207:(
8028:)
7900:e
7893:t
7886:v
6843:)
6839:(
6651:e
6644:t
6637:v
6568:.
6553:.
6539:.
6530:.
6522:.
6507:.
6478:.
6456:.
6432:.
6409:.
6377:.
6359:3
6346:.
6342::
6322:.
6302::
6294::
6275:.
6263::
6237:.
6231::
6208:.
6185:(
6171:.
6159::
6140:.
6126::
6105:.
6093::
6075:.
6055::
6047::
6029:.
6025::
6008:.
5996::
5988::
5969:.
5963::
5933:.
5911::
5881:.
5875::
5849:.
5843::
5813:.
5807::
5777:.
5765::
5730:.
5710::
5702::
5635:.
5611:.
5560:.
5495:.
5470:.
5435:.
5404:.
5379:.
5354:.
5329:.
5303:.
5277:.
5252:.
5232::
5209:.
5183:.
5156:.
5135:.
5073:.
5021:.
5009:.
4996:.
4964::
4956::
4918:.
4894::
4886::
4860:.
4848:.
4836:.
4824:.
4812:.
4800:.
4787:.
4766:.
4751:.
4738:.
4714::
4706::
4700:6
4679:.
4647::
4639::
4601:.
4584:.
4571:.
4539::
4531::
4496:.
4484::
4461:.
4434:.
4411:.
4392:.
4380:.
4365:.
4353:.
4340:.
4307:.
4249:.
4236:.
4209:.
4182:.
4154:.
4127:.
4103::
4074:.
4053:.
3942:.
3925:.
3899:.
3873:.
3574:(
3537:(
3423:(
3415:(
3407:(
3317:.
3288:n
3284:n
3276:n
3232:(
3096:(
3088:(
3074:(
2707:(
1318:(
1109:)
1105:(
995:(
502:(
221:N
211:K
206:J
201:T
196:P
191:C
186:D
181:S
176:O
171:Ꞓ
158:—
134:)
128:(
123:)
119:(
109:·
102:·
95:·
88:·
61:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
