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understood that these strategies would require community-wide participation, disease control began being viewed as a public responsibility. Various organizations and agencies were then created to implement these disease preventing strategies. As the U.S. expanded, the scope of the governmental health agency expanded. Most of the Public health activity in the United States took place at the municipal level before the mid-20th century. There was some activity at the national and state level as well.
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729:. These divisions often had overlapping scopes, which was seen as administratively unwieldy. Additionally, some of these had been created and specified through several pieces of legislation that were inconsistent in their scope, while some had been created internally by PHS or delegated from the parent Federal Security Agency.
1060:
syphilis, anemia, and fatigue. In truth, they did not receive the proper treatment needed to cure their illness. In exchange for taking part in the study, the men received free medical exams, free meals, and burial insurance. Although originally projected to last six months, the study actually went on for 40 years.
159:
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In the area of environmental protection and public health, a Public Health
Service 1969 community water survey that looked at more than a thousand drinking water systems across the United States drew two important conclusions that supported a growing demand for stronger protections that were adopted
354:
agencies and programs. The PHSCC includes officers drawn from many professions, including environmental and occupational health, medicine, nursing, dentistry, pharmacy, psychology, social work, hospital administration, health record administration, nutrition, engineering, science, veterinary, health
1022:
gave the Public Health
Service in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare the authority to take abatement action against industries if it could be demonstrated that they were polluting across state lines, or if a governor requested. Some of these actions involved the Ohio River Valley, New
541:
In 1899, internal divisions were formed for the first time, specifically the
Divisions of Marine Hospitals, Domestic Quarantine, Foreign Quarantine, Sanitary Reports and Statistics, Scientific Research, and Personnel and Accounts. These original divisions would remain through 1943, although there
342:
The mission of the U.S. Public Health
Service Commissioned Corps is to protect, promote, and advance the health and safety of the people of the United States. According to the PHSCC, this mission is achieved through rapid and effective response to public health needs, leadership and excellence in
806:
Between 1966 and 1973, a series of reorganizations and realignments led to the end of the bureau structure. The reorganization by 1968 replaced PHS's old bureau structure with two new operating agencies: the Health
Services and Mental Health Administration (HSMHA) and the Consumer Protection and
760:
The mid-20th century was a time of expansion for both NIH and the PHS environmental health programs. In 1948, NIH's name was changed to the plural
National Institutes of Health, and by the end of 1950 six new institutes had been created within it. The environmental health programs expanded from
487:
in uniforms, and instituting examinations for applicants. Woodworth created a cadre of mobile, career service physicians, who could be assigned as needed to the various Marine
Hospitals. The commissioned officer corps was formally established by legislation after the fact in 1889, and signed by
764:
However, the period was one of decline for the marine hospital system. In 1943, the hospital system had reached its peak of 30 hospitals. During 1944–1953, a wave of closings eliminated nine of the ten Marine
Hospitals that had not been upgraded since the 1920s, as well as three newer general
417:
Modern public health began developing in the 19th century, as a response to advances in science that led to the understanding of the source and spread of disease. As the knowledge of contagious diseases increased, means to control them and prevent infection were soon developed. Once it became
1059:
The study initially involved 600 black men—399 with syphilis, 201 who did not have the disease. The study was conducted without the benefit of patients' informed consent. Researchers told the men they were being treated for "bad blood", a local term referring to several ailments, including
752:
provided direct patient care through hospitals and clinics as well as foreign quarantine facilities, and the
National Institute of Health remained independent to perform laboratory research activities. Additionally, all of the laws affecting the functions of the public health agencies were
761:
water pollution into air, industrial, and chemical pollution and radiological health research during and after World War II, and in 1954 they moved across town from the former
Cincinnati Marine Hospital to the newly constructed Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center.
562:
Because the Service took on broader responsibilities, in 1902 it was renamed as the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service. In 1912, under new authorizing legislation, it was established as the Public Health Service (PHS) to express the enlarged scope of its work.
156:
1064:—which can be used to treat syphilis—was discovered in the 1940s. However, the study continued and treatment was never given to the subjects. Because of this, it has been called "arguably the most 'infamous' biomedical research study in U.S. history".
1084:, Guatemalan prisoners, soldiers, orphaned children, and others were deliberately infected with syphilis and other sexually-transmitted diseases from 1946 to 1948, in order to scientifically study the disease, in a project funded by a grant from the
158:
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era, a significant building campaign upgraded several marine hospitals into large, monumental buildings, in contrast with the smaller buildings common for the 19th-century buildings. PHS's headquarters were in the
819:, which traced its origins to 1862, became part of the PHS. The goal of the reorganizations was to coordinate the previously fragmented divisions to provide a holistic approach to large, overarching problems.
4056:
2872:
1015:. The survey concluded, first, that the state supervision programs were very uneven and often lax, and, second, that the bacteriological quality of the water, particularly among small systems, was of concern.
857:
The new agencies came to be seen as unwieldy and bureaucratic, and they would turn out to be short-lived. CPEHS was broken up in 1970, as much of it was transferred out of PHS to form the core of the new
222:
began a shift where PHS' divisions were promoted into departmental operating agencies. PHS was established as a thin layer of hierarchy above them rather than an operating agency in its own right.
2937:
514:
Given the prevalence of infectious disease among immigrants arriving from famine and war areas of Europe, the Marine Hospital Service was assigned to medically inspect immigrants at such sites as
2841:
919:
Breakup of the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration in 1992, with its research functions returning to the National Institutes of Health, and its services components becoming the
1874:
1660:
Rogers JR, Symons JM, Sorg TJ (May 28, 2013). "The History of Environmental Research in Cincinnati, Ohio: From the U.S. Public Health Service to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency".
2942:
335:
The United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (PHSCC) employs more than 6,000 uniformed public health professionals for the purpose of delivering public health promotion and
219:
2865:
1131:
1931:
495:
The scope of activities of the Marine Hospital Service began to expand well beyond the care of merchant seamen in the closing decades of the nineteenth century, into control of
2858:
883:
Since 1973, PHS has encompassed between six and ten operating agencies anchored by NIH, FDA, and CDC. The organizational changes in the 20th century after 1973 have been:
471:
This reorganization established the Marine Hospital Service as its own bureau within the Department of the Treasury. The position of Supervising Surgeon (later titled the
2915:
801:
339:
programs, and advancing public health science. Members of the Commissioned Corps often serve on the frontlines in the fight against disease and poor health conditions.
958:
318:
3033:
920:
278:
930:, the PHS hospital system was abolished in 1981, with the last eight hospitals transferred to other organizations: five to non-governmental entities, two to the
2979:
1370:
965:
330:
283:
193:
3006:
2881:
2845:
949:, eliminating PHS as an administrative level in the organizational hierarchy, although the agencies and offices are still legally designated as part of PHS.
863:
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603:
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and the PHSCC were established. As the system's scope grew to include quarantine authority and research, it was renamed the Public Health Service in 1912.
637:. In 1942, the Office of Malaria Control in War Areas was created, which in 1946 became the Communicable Disease Center, which would eventually become the
2906:
946:
226:
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York, and New Jersey. The service also began monitoring air pollution. the 1967 Clean Air Act redirected attention to larger air quality control regions.
3038:
2692:"Removing The Blinding Curse of the Mountains: How Dr. McMullen, of the Public Health Service Is Organizing ahe War against Trachoma in the Appalachians"
991:, M.D. established many programs to help the poor in New York City keep their infants healthy, leading teams of nurses into the crowded neighborhoods of
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is an example of the large hospital buildings constructed by PHS in the early 20th century. It was built adjacent to the smaller 19th-century hospital.
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239:
Ten of the thirteen operating agencies within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) are designated as part of the Public Health Service:
2996:
888:
263:
409:, active service in the PHSCC is considered active military service for the purposes of most veterans' benefits and for antidiscrimination laws.
2646:"Conserving The Nation's Man Power: How The Government Is Sanitating The Civil Zones Around Cantonment Areas. A Nationwide Campaign For Health"
1310:
859:
822:
Additionally, a second wave of hospital closings during 1965–1970 closed the three remaining general hospitals at inland locations along the
592:
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apologized to the Republic of Guatemala for this program in 2010, in light of the serious ethical lapses in moral judgement which occurred.
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The PHS hospital system had been the target of efforts to close the entire system since the mid-1970s. As the result of pressure from the
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2016:"LABORATORY research, field investigation, and training program of the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center at Cincinnati, Ohio"
1718:
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Environmental Health Service (CPEHS), with NIH remaining independent and less affected by the organization. In 1968, the position of
776:
In 1953 the Federal Security Agency was abolished and most of its functions, including the PHS, were transferred to the newly formed
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as the top leader of the Public Health Service, although the Surgeon General was retained in a subordinate role. Also in 1968, the
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2665:"The Mastery of Pellagra: How the Doctors of the United States Public Health Service Have Found a Way of Curing and Preventing It"
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in July 1920, which became its temporary headquarters after the Butler Building was closed for demolition. In May 1933, the new
351:
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181:
136:
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625:; in 1937, it absorbed the rest of the Division of Scientific Research, of which it was formerly part, and in 1938 it moved to
445:
1745:"The federal industrial hygiene agency: a history of the Division of Occupational Health, United States Public Health Service"
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In 1995, supervision of the agencies within PHS was shifted from the Assistant Secretary for Health to report directly to the
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17:
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was formed from two components within the Office of the Secretary and Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health in 2002.
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726:
686:
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472:
449:
212:
3670:
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2807:
2804: – World War II US women's service organizations (WAC, WAVES, ANC, NNC, USMCWR, PHS, SPARS, ARC and WASP)
1231:
931:
614:
303:
1972:
Walsh J (July 1964). "Environmental Health: Taft Center in Cincinnati Has Been the PHS Mainstay in Pollution Research".
613:
The Division of Venereal Diseases was established in 1918, and the Narcotics Division in 1929 (it eventually became the
522:. In 1878, an act of Congress enabled the Marine Hospital Service to collect data on communicable diseases and perform
463:
A reorganization in 1871 converted the loose network of locally controlled marine hospitals into a centrally controlled
3174:
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building was reopened as a Field Investigation Station for water pollution research. This was the beginning of the PHS
402:
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rather the Assistant Secretary for Health, eliminating PHS as an administrative level in the organizational hierarchy.
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and teaching mothers how to dress, feed, and bathe their babies. Another key pioneer of public health in the U.S. was
4164:
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3273:
3098:
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835:
394:
2379:"Records of the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration [ADAMHA] (Record Group 511), 1929–93"
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EPA Alumni Association: Senior EPA officials discuss early implementation of the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974,
499:, collection of health statistics, and basic science research. Following cholera epidemics in the US in 1873, the
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500:
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375:
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808:
702:
599:
588:
189:
123:
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3028:
1085:
1019:
618:
531:
243:
204:
3779:
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992:
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401:, service in the PHSCC after June 30, 1960, is considered military service for retirement purposes. Under
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3543:
3531:
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1911:. Commissioned Officers Association of the United States Public Health Service. pp. 327, 520–521.
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504:
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371:
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2513:"Global Health within a Domestic Agency: The Transformation of the Office of Global Affairs at HHS"
2122:
785:
741:
580:
508:
2645:
1638:"Clifton Hospital's Former Staff Holds Dinner for 10th Reunion Recalling Times at Public Health".
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was appointed as the first incumbent in 1871. He moved quickly to reform the system and adopted a
53:
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The Office of Public Health Emergency Preparedness was created in 2002, which in 2022 became the
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2574:"The Tuskegee Legacy Project: willingness of minorities to participate in biomedical research"
2123:""If You Knew the Conditions..." Health Care to Native Americans: Indian Health Service Today"
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555:
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336:
268:
39:
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633:. In 1939, PHS as a whole was transferred from the Department of the Treasury into the new
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3831:
3797:
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3570:
3565:
3511:
3467:
3357:
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2572:
Katz RV, Kegeles SS, Kressin NR, Green BL, Wang MQ, James SA, et al. (November 2006).
2554:"Early Implementation of the Clean Air Act of 1970 in California." EPA Alumni Association.
1981:
1710:
1284:
1157:
988:
894:
Merging of the Health Resources Administration and Health Services Administration into the
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1327:
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee for the Study of the Future of Public Health (1988).
526:
of the incidence and distribution of diseases; these programs would eventually become the
8:
4192:
4187:
3961:
3760:
3750:
3585:
3194:
1472:
1073:
1045:
770:
27:
Division of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services concerned with public health
2759:
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2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2727:
2717:
1985:
542:
were minor name changes throughout this time, and a few new divisions would be created.
3814:
3397:
3246:
2598:
2573:
2277:"The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1971–1996: A Brief History"
2032:
2015:
1956:
1519:
1494:
1399:
1089:
690:
630:
496:
367:
359:
732:
In 1943, PHS's divisions were collected into three operating agencies by law (57
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3622:
3602:
3590:
3550:
3521:
3489:
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3300:
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2464:
2437:
2037:
1997:
1673:
1567:
1557:
1524:
1410:
1349:
1126:
847:
823:
350:, the PHS Commissioned Corps fills public health leadership and service roles within
4141:
3894:
3853:
3665:
3640:
3452:
3382:
3226:
2829:
2784:
2593:
2585:
2489:
2427:
2027:
1989:
1665:
1549:
1514:
1506:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1141:
843:
576:
489:
468:
105:
2276:
2081:
697:
448:, so too were marine hospitals. The Marine Hospital Service was placed under the
4202:
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3707:
3700:
3635:
3575:
3457:
3447:
3377:
3350:
3335:
3290:
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3231:
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2731:
2696:
2669:
1118:
1098:
650:
519:
406:
398:
2816:
2300:
1993:
1543:
1328:
1246:
769:. However, PHS funded construction of hospitals by the states through the 1946
507:, this authority was temporarily shared with the U.S. Army and Navy through the
3889:
3675:
3612:
3597:
3580:
3538:
3340:
3221:
2902:
2432:
2415:
1847:
1821:
1669:
436:, Congress authorized the creation of hospitals for mariners through the 1798
362:
with special PHSCC insignia, and the Corps uses the same commissioned officer
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3735:
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3372:
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3241:
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2468:
1371:"Congress Passes Socialized Medicine and Mandates Health Insurance – In 1798"
1174:
670:
662:
534:, began as a single-room laboratory for bacteriological investigation at the
379:
363:
196:(PHSCC) is the federal uniformed service of the PHS, and is one of the eight
185:
119:
2153:"Records of the Health Resources and Services Administration [HRSA]"
4217:
3645:
3494:
3484:
3462:
3392:
3285:
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2041:
2001:
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1007:
was a significant organization for bringing health care to the urban poor.
996:
766:
622:
515:
2589:
2441:
1510:
1223:
1178:
610:. Both of these offices were within the Division of Scientific Research.
188:, containing nine out of the department's twelve operating divisions. The
4212:
3909:
3607:
3516:
3479:
2911:
2880:
2111:. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 1957. pp. 4–19.
1052:
in hopes of justifying treatment programs for blacks. It was titled the
1031:
827:
324:
1545:
Toward a National Health Care Survey: A Data System for the 21st Century
617:). In 1930, the Hygienic Laboratory was redesignated as the (singular)
3838:
3560:
1144:, first superintendent of the U. S. Public Health Service Nursing Corps
1061:
745:
737:
706:
433:
2623:"Syphilis Experiment Is Revealed, Prompting U.S. Apology to Guatemala"
1699:. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. pp. 295–298.
1224:"Public Health Service Agencies: Overview and Funding (FY2010–FY2016)"
503:
vested quarantine authority to the Marine Hospital Service. Under the
3936:
3755:
3325:
3206:
2774:
2183:"For America's Public Health Officers, Questions of Duty and Purpose"
2053:
2051:
1081:
1048:
in Tuskegee, Alabama, began a study to record the natural history of
935:
484:
2943:
Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology
1443:"Images From the History of the Public Health Service: Introduction"
866:
was created out of the former Division of Industrial Hygiene by the
3802:
3555:
3189:
3159:
1132:
Commissioned Officers Association of the U.S. Public Health Service
1072:
A USPHS physician who took part in the 1932–1972 Tuskegee program,
1049:
645:
480:
432:
In the administration of the second president of the United States
343:
public health practices, and advancement of public health science.
2790:
2048:
1553:
1397:
Gostin LO (2008). "Box 8: The Federal Presence in Public Health".
207:
that originated in 1798. In 1871 these were consolidated into the
3474:
1620:"Top 100 Historical Events in Staten Island, Richmond County, NY"
1173:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3114:
2801:
713:
By 1943, PHS contained eight administrative divisions, plus the
657:, from 1891 until April 1929. It expanded into office space in
3769:
2811:
1696:
A Profile of the United States Public Health Service, 1798–1948
1595:"Records of the Public Health Service [PHS], 1912–1968"
1401:
Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint, Revised and Expanded
1375:
830:, as well as the 19th-century Savannah hospital. In addition,
2250:"Records of the Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]"
355:
information technology, and other health-related occupations.
309:
The Public Health Service also encompasses two staff offices:
3931:
2082:"United States. Public Health Service. Division of Hospitals"
870:. HSMHA was broken up into four successor agencies in 1973.
579:) expanded the agency's mission from communicable to include
225:
In 1995, PHS agencies were shifted to report directly to the
2490:"History of the National Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) Program"
1922:
1920:
1918:
530:. In 1887, the Hygienic Laboratory, the predecessor of the
358:
Officers of the Corps wear uniforms similar to those of the
4057:
Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
3863:
2934:
Office of the Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services
2416:"What happened to the U.S. Public Health Service Hospital?"
2353:"Records of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research"
1928:"Reorganization and functions of the Public Health Service"
545:
2147:
2145:
2143:
1961:. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 1957.
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
784:
was established upon transfer of these functions from the
146:
3034:
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
2719:
Annual Report of the Surgeon General of the Public Health
1915:
1752:
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
1499:
American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health
921:
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
846:
hospital was replaced with one acquired by PHS in nearby
279:
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
2108:
Executive Reference Book (Public Health Service Portion)
1958:
Executive Reference Book (Public Health Service Portion)
1782:
The President's Report on Occupational Safety and Health
1469:"20 Things You Didn't Know About... The Surgeon General"
1405:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. p.
2571:
2140:
1578:
802:
U.S. Public Health Service reorganizations of 1966–1973
644:
Beginning in the late 1920s and continuing through the
2238:. U.S. House of Representatives. 1972. pp. 4, 10.
2206:
1054:
Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male
1033:
Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male
966:
Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response
331:
United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps
325:
United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps
284:
Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response
3007:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2882:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
2846:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
2826:
Works by or about United States Public Health Service
2722:. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1911.
1711:"Andrew W. Breidenbach Environmental Research Center"
1662:
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2013
1044:
In 1932, the Public Health Service, working with the
864:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
604:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2931:
Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services
1346:
The sanitarians: a history of American public health
1197:
Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service
1108:
3039:
Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality
2578:
Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved
2457:"U.S. Seamen's Hospitals Still Open in Many Cities"
1794:
1792:
2492:. HHS-Health Resources and Services Administration
1908:The United States Public Health Service, 1798–1950
1785:. Commerce Clearing House. 1972. pp. 153–154.
1398:
568:
3002:National Center for Injury Prevention and Control
2387:U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
2209:"FDA's Evolving Regulatory Powers – FDA's Origin"
2063:. U.S. House of Representatives. 1965. p. 3.
1806:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNIH_Almanac2011 (
653:, a converted mansion across the street from the
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2997:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2517:Center for Strategic & International Studies
2409:
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2405:
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1900:
1898:
1789:
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1221:
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889:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
748:through technical and financial assistance, the
705:' Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center in
264:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2176:
2174:
1822:"Message to Congress on the Reorganization Act"
2802:PHS history and WWII women's uniforms in color
1664:. American Society of Civil Engineers: 33–37.
1655:
1653:
1651:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1217:
1215:
1213:
850:. This left eight general hospitals plus the
438:Act for the Relief of Sick and Disabled Seamen
3130:
2916:Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services
2866:
2796:Office of the Public Health Service Historian
2400:
1895:
1738:
1736:
938:. PHS would however continue to operate the
765:hospitals and the tuberculosis sanatorium at
475:) was created to administer the Service, and
3083:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
3019:Health Resources and Services Administration
2970:Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health
2817:Works by United States Public Health Service
2798:(part of the National Institutes for Health)
2775:Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health
2371:
2171:
1930:. United States Senate. 1943. pp. 4–6.
1601:. August 15, 2016. Sections 90.3, 90.7, 90.8
1289:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
1263:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
1222:Redhead CS, Dabrowska A (October 13, 2015).
973:Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health
914:Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health
896:Health Resources and Services Administration
842:were transferred to other agencies, and the
314:Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health
289:Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health
259:Health Resources and Services Administration
1798:
1648:
1466:
1430:
1210:
778:Department of Health, Education and Welfare
600:Office of Industrial Hygiene and Sanitation
4092:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3137:
3123:
2992:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2987:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
2873:
2859:
1733:
1390:
1311:"Title 42 – The Public Health and Welfare"
1137:Human experimentation in the United States
910:Agency for Health Care Policy and Research
868:Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
639:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
421:
296:Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
274:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
254:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4052:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
4042:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
2697:"The World's Work: A History of Our Time"
2620:
2597:
2431:
2031:
1518:
1076:, was in charge of the U.S. government's
538:, and moved to Washington, D.C. in 1891.
483:model for his medical staff; putting his
440:. They were initially located along the
211:, and shortly afterwards the position of
4302:History of medicine in the United States
3057:Administration for Children and Families
2980:Public Health Service Commissioned Corps
2662:
2482:
2413:
1904:
1495:"The National Board of Health 1879-1883"
1486:
1348:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
696:
680:
549:
546:Development as the Public Health Service
300:Administration for Children and Families
194:Public Health Service Commissioned Corps
4097:Health departments in the United States
2670:The World's Work: A History of Our Time
2454:
2301:"Background and Congressional Mandates"
2235:Public Health Service Hospital Closings
2180:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2060:Public Health Service Hospital Closings
1848:"Our History – Our Story | About | CDC"
1492:
753:consolidated for the first time in the
198:uniformed services of the United States
182:Department of Health and Human Services
137:Department of Health and Human Services
92:Federal government of the United States
14:
4289:
4102:Council on Education for Public Health
2907:Secretary of Health and Human Services
2327:"Records of the Indian Health Service"
2274:
1937:from the original on September 9, 2020
1875:"Designation Report: 210 State Street"
1692:
1396:
1179:History of the Commissioned Corps, PHS
947:Secretary of Health and Human Services
227:Secretary of Health and Human Services
220:series of reorganizations in 1966–1973
58:Flag of the U.S. Public Health Service
4160:Professional degrees of public health
4067:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
3118:
2854:
2689:
2510:
1971:
1872:
1761:from the original on October 13, 2021
1742:
1368:
1343:
1330:A History of the Public Health System
977:Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022
795:
744:administered cooperative services to
528:National Center for Health Statistics
180:) is a collection of agencies of the
83:(reorganized/renamed: 1871/1902/1912)
4257:
4150:Bachelor of Science in Public Health
2643:
2067:
1803:History: Chronology of Events: 1800–
1715:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1193:"Public Health Service March Lyrics"
1190:
878:
725:under the direct supervision of the
687:National Institutes of Health campus
4297:United States Public Health Service
4269:
3418:Workers' right to access the toilet
3259:Human right to water and sanitation
3071:Administration for Community Living
3061:Administration for Native Americans
1721:from the original on April 21, 2021
1548:. National Research Council. 1992.
1232:U.S. Congressional Research Service
1080:, in which in the Central American
676:
615:National Institute of Mental Health
304:Administration for Community Living
170:United States Public Health Service
33:United States Public Health Service
24:
2844:from websites or documents of the
2636:
1005:Visiting Nurse Service of New York
573:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
346:As one of the United States eight
25:
4313:
3691:Commercial determinants of health
3144:
3099:Child Welfare Information Gateway
2768:
1467:Christopher D (October 5, 2007).
1078:syphilis experiments in Guatemala
834:and the psychiatric hospitals at
755:Public Health Service Act of 1944
452:(a forerunner of the present-day
294:The other three agencies are the
4268:
4256:
4245:
4244:
3274:National public health institute
2951:
2840: This article incorporates
2835:
2621:McNeil Jr DG (October 1, 2010).
2256:. August 15, 2016. Section 412.2
2159:. August 15, 2016. Section 512.2
1333:. National Academies Press (US).
1316:. US Government Printing Office.
1168:
1111:
1026:
873:
602:, the direct predecessor of the
154:
52:
38:
3671:Open-source healthcare software
3413:Sociology of health and illness
2614:
2565:
2548:
2531:
2504:
2448:
2345:
2319:
2293:
2268:
2242:
2226:
2200:
2115:
2099:
2008:
1965:
1949:
1866:
1840:
1826:The American Presidency Project
1814:
1773:
1717:. April 1, 1990. pp. 2–3.
1703:
1686:
1631:
1613:
1542:"Federal Health Data Sources".
1535:
1460:
952:
860:Environmental Protection Agency
593:Environmental Protection Agency
501:National Quarantine Act of 1878
444:, and as the boundaries of the
390:O-1 through O-10 respectively.
376:NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps
232:
4032:Caribbean Public Health Agency
3844:Sexually transmitted infection
3741:Statistical hypothesis testing
3502:Occupational safety and health
3403:Sexual and reproductive health
3316:Occupational safety and health
3065:Office of Refugee Resettlement
2455:Herbers J (October 27, 1981).
1362:
1337:
1320:
1303:
1277:
1184:
862:. Around the same time, the
809:Assistant Secretary for Health
703:Environmental Health Divisions
667:Public Health Service Building
589:Environmental Health Divisions
205:the system of marine hospitals
190:Assistant Secretary for Health
124:Assistant Secretary for Health
13:
1:
3686:Social determinants of health
3029:National Institutes of Health
2975:Office of the Surgeon General
2791:Office of the Surgeon General
2414:Driscoll RS (February 1986).
1945:– via Internet Archive.
1163:
1086:National Institutes of Health
1068:Syphilis studies in Guatemala
982:
905:being split from HRSA in 1988
811:was created, supplanting the
536:Staten Island Marine Hospital
532:National Institutes of Health
388:uniformed services pay grades
244:National Institutes of Health
233:
153:"Public Health Service March"
3746:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
3507:Human factors and ergonomics
3014:Food and Drug Administration
2651:National Geographic Magazine
2511:Bliss KE (January 1, 2014).
2207:Office of the Commissioner.
1369:Ungar R (January 17, 2011).
1040:Tuskegee syphilis experiment
817:Food and Drug Administration
619:National Institute of Health
249:Food and Drug Administration
73:; 226 years ago
7:
3927:Good manufacturing practice
3731:Randomized controlled trial
3104:National Toxicology Program
2938:Office of Inspector General
2895:Hubert H. Humphrey Building
2181:Landman K (June 24, 2019).
1994:10.1126/science.145.3627.31
1104:
467:, with its headquarters in
102:Hubert H. Humphrey Building
10:
4318:
3997:Theory of planned behavior
3922:Good agricultural practice
3827:Public health surveillance
3719:epidemiological statistics
3363:Public health intervention
2663:Hendrick BJ (April 1916).
1493:Smillie WG (August 1943).
1148:Narcotic Farms Act of 1929
1037:
934:, and one to the State of
799:
790:Department of the Interior
750:Bureau of Medical Services
608:Pittsburgh Marine Hospital
585:Cincinnati Marine Hospital
556:Staten Island PHS Hospital
458:Department of the Treasury
425:
412:
328:
4240:
4175:
4134:
4119:World Toilet Organization
4114:World Health Organization
4021:
4010:
3947:
3872:
3788:
3716:
3681:Public health informatics
3621:
3426:
3388:Right to rest and leisure
3217:Globalization and disease
3152:
3091:
3049:
2960:
2949:
2925:Secretariat staff offices
2924:
2888:
2644:Blue R (September 1917).
1873:Burke ES (May 22, 2015).
1670:10.1061/9780784412947.004
1153:Public Health Service Act
782:Division of Indian Health
715:National Cancer Institute
581:non-communicable diseases
505:Public Health Act of 1879
152:
142:
132:
111:
97:
87:
67:
62:
51:
44:Logo of the United States
37:
4165:Schools of public health
3957:Diffusion of innovations
3656:Health impact assessment
3368:Public health laboratory
3264:Management of depression
2690:Leupp CD (August 1914).
2562:(see p1). July 12, 2016.
2433:10.1093/milmed/151.2.128
2026:(5): 507–512. May 1954.
1259:"HHS Organization Chart"
1088:of the United States in
959:Office of Global Affairs
786:Bureau of Indian Affairs
742:Bureau of State Services
509:National Board of Health
319:Office of Global Affairs
4228:Social hygiene movement
4155:Doctor of Public Health
3987:Social cognitive theory
3789:Infectious and epidemic
3571:Fecal–oral transmission
3076:Administration on Aging
3050:Human services agencies
1285:"Public Health Offices"
1013:Safe Drinking Water Act
1003:house in New York. The
1001:Henry Street Settlement
832:St. Elizabeths Hospital
719:St. Elizabeths Hospital
635:Federal Security Agency
583:. In 1913, the former
465:Marine Hospital Service
428:Marine Hospital Service
422:Marine Hospital Service
209:Marine Hospital Service
203:PHS had its origins in
147:https://www.hhs.gov/ash
4223:Germ theory of disease
4002:Transtheoretical model
2842:public domain material
2808:The V.D. Radio Project
710:
694:
559:
477:John Maynard Woodworth
450:Revenue Marine Service
446:United States expanded
192:oversees the PHS. The
4107:Public Health Service
3992:Social norms approach
3982:PRECEDE–PROCEED model
3428:Preventive healthcare
3321:Pharmaceutical policy
3170:Chief Medical Officer
3024:Indian Health Service
2962:Public Health Service
2780:Public Health Service
2590:10.1353/hpu.2006.0126
2020:Public Health Reports
1641:Staten Island Advance
1625:Staten Island Advance
1511:10.2105/ajph.33.8.925
1082:Republic of Guatemala
987:Public health worker
932:Department of Defense
928:Reagan administration
912:being split from the
903:Indian Health Service
700:
684:
655:United States Capitol
606:, was founded at the
591:, a precursor to the
553:
269:Indian Health Service
46:Public Health Service
18:Public Health Service
4183:Sara Josephine Baker
4082:Public Health Agency
3967:Health communication
3832:Disease surveillance
3798:Asymptomatic carrier
3780:Statistical software
3468:Preventive nutrition
3296:Medical anthropology
3185:Environmental health
1905:Williams RC (1951).
1158:Title 42 appointment
989:Sara Josephine Baker
940:National Leprosarium
852:National Leprosarium
659:Temporary Building C
4193:Carl Rogers Darnall
4188:Samuel Jay Crumbine
3962:Health belief model
3815:Notifiable diseases
3751:Regression analysis
3586:Waterborne diseases
3175:Cultural competence
2307:. December 11, 2018
1986:1964Sci...145...31W
1882:City of New Orleans
1644:. October 20, 1991.
1074:John Charles Cutler
975:was created by the
723:Freedmen's Hospital
34:
3791:disease prevention
3726:Case–control study
3398:Security of person
3247:Health care reform
2627:The New York Times
2461:The New York Times
2275:Snyder LP (1998).
1265:. October 24, 2008
1096:Secretary of State
1090:Bethesda, Maryland
1046:Tuskegee Institute
999:, who founded the
796:Reorganization era
711:
695:
691:Bethesda, Maryland
631:Bethesda, Maryland
627:its current campus
566:The 1912 PHS law (
560:
497:infectious disease
360:United States Navy
352:federal government
348:uniformed services
337:disease prevention
32:
4284:
4283:
4236:
4235:
4146:Higher education
3977:Positive deviance
3972:Health psychology
3948:Health behavioral
3875:safety management
3849:Social distancing
3623:Population health
3603:Smoking cessation
3551:Pharmacovigilance
3522:Injury prevention
3490:Infection control
3408:Social psychology
3358:Prisoners' rights
3301:Medical sociology
3269:Public health law
3165:Biological hazard
3112:
3111:
2821:Project Gutenberg
2812:The WNYC Archives
2420:Military Medicine
2383:National Archives
2359:. August 15, 2016
2357:National Archives
2333:. August 15, 2016
2331:National Archives
2254:National Archives
2157:National Archives
1743:Doyle HN (1977).
1693:Furman B (1973).
1679:978-0-7844-1294-7
1599:National Archives
1563:978-0-309-04692-3
1355:978-0-252-06276-6
1127:Cadet Nurse Corps
879:Late 20th century
824:Mississippi River
166:
165:
160:
16:(Redirected from
4309:
4272:
4271:
4260:
4259:
4248:
4247:
4142:Health education
4019:
4018:
3873:Food hygiene and
3854:Tropical disease
3666:Infant mortality
3641:Community health
3517:Controlled Drugs
3453:Health promotion
3383:Right to housing
3227:Health economics
3139:
3132:
3125:
3116:
3115:
2955:
2954:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2852:
2851:
2839:
2838:
2830:Internet Archive
2785:Federal Register
2726:Selected Years:
2723:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2659:
2631:
2630:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2569:
2563:
2552:
2546:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2435:
2411:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2281:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2149:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2078:
2065:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2035:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1924:
1913:
1912:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1854:. August 5, 2021
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1828:. April 25, 1939
1818:
1812:
1811:
1799:NIH Almanac 2011
1796:
1787:
1786:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1760:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1657:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1629:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1591:
1576:
1575:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1439:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1404:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1344:Duffy J (1992).
1341:
1335:
1334:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1291:. March 21, 2016
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1255:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1228:
1219:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1188:
1172:
1171:
1142:Lucy Minnigerode
1121:
1116:
1115:
1114:
887:Creation of the
677:Mid-20th century
574:
570:
490:Grover Cleveland
469:Washington, D.C.
372:U.S. Coast Guard
235:
162:
161:
112:Agency executive
106:Washington, D.C.
81:
79:
74:
56:
42:
35:
31:
21:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4232:
4203:Margaret Sanger
4171:
4130:
4014:
4012:
4006:
3949:
3943:
3915:Safety scandals
3874:
3868:
3790:
3784:
3718:
3712:
3708:Social medicine
3701:Race and health
3636:Child mortality
3617:
3576:Open defecation
3458:Human nutrition
3448:Family planning
3436:Behavior change
3422:
3378:Right to health
3291:Maternal health
3281:Health politics
3232:Health literacy
3148:
3143:
3113:
3108:
3087:
3045:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2920:
2884:
2879:
2836:
2771:
2766:
2716:
2707:
2705:
2680:
2678:
2639:
2637:Further reading
2634:
2619:
2615:
2570:
2566:
2553:
2549:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2509:
2505:
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2269:
2259:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2187:Undark Magazine
2179:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2068:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1980:(3627): 31–33.
1970:
1966:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1925:
1916:
1903:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1867:
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1487:
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1309:
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1304:
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1268:
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1247:
1237:
1235:
1226:
1220:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1189:
1185:
1169:
1166:
1119:Medicine portal
1117:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1099:Hillary Clinton
1070:
1042:
1036:
1029:
985:
955:
881:
876:
854:in the system.
813:Surgeon General
804:
798:
780:. In 1955 the
771:Hill–Burton Act
727:Surgeon General
679:
651:Butler Building
572:
548:
520:New York Harbor
511:, until 1883.
473:Surgeon General
430:
424:
415:
333:
327:
237:
213:Surgeon General
184:concerned with
155:
128:
104:
82:
77:
75:
72:
63:Agency overview
57:
47:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4315:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4282:
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4279:
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4231:
4230:
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4220:
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4210:
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4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4025:
4023:
4016:
4011:Organizations,
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3878:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3767:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3717:Biological and
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3683:
3678:
3676:Multimorbidity
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3613:Vector control
3610:
3605:
3600:
3598:School hygiene
3595:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3581:Sanitary sewer
3578:
3573:
3568:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3539:Patient safety
3536:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3432:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3222:Harm reduction
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3068:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2966:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2909:
2903:Xavier Becerra
2899:
2898:
2892:Headquarters:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2855:
2833:
2832:
2823:
2814:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2788:
2777:
2770:
2769:External links
2767:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2714:
2687:
2660:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2613:
2584:(4): 698–715.
2564:
2547:
2530:
2503:
2481:
2447:
2426:(2): 128–129.
2399:
2370:
2344:
2318:
2292:
2267:
2241:
2225:
2199:
2170:
2139:
2114:
2098:
2066:
2047:
2007:
1964:
1948:
1914:
1894:
1865:
1839:
1813:
1788:
1772:
1732:
1702:
1685:
1678:
1647:
1630:
1612:
1577:
1562:
1534:
1505:(8): 925–930.
1485:
1459:
1429:
1416:978-0520253766
1415:
1389:
1361:
1354:
1336:
1319:
1302:
1276:
1245:
1209:
1182:
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1161:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1106:
1103:
1069:
1066:
1038:Main article:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1025:
993:Hell's Kitchen
984:
981:
954:
951:
924:
923:
917:
906:
899:
898:(HRSA) in 1982
892:
880:
877:
875:
872:
800:Main article:
797:
794:
678:
675:
669:opened on the
547:
544:
426:Main article:
423:
420:
414:
411:
403:42 U.S.C.
329:Main article:
326:
323:
322:
321:
316:
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281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
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164:
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127:
126:
115:
113:
109:
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60:
59:
49:
48:
43:
26:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
4314:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4277:
4276:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4198:Joseph Lister
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4077:Health Canada
4075:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:Organizations
4020:
4017:
4009:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3946:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3859:Vaccine trial
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3736:Relative risk
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:Health equity
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3661:Health system
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:Global health
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3631:Biostatistics
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3373:Right to food
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3306:Mental health
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3254:Housing First
3252:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:Health system
3240:
3239:
3238:
3237:Health policy
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3146:Public health
3140:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2658:(3): 255–278.
2657:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2491:
2485:
2474:September 20,
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
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2374:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2278:
2271:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2175:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1941:September 15,
1933:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1899:
1887:September 20,
1883:
1876:
1869:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1737:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1554:10.17226/1941
1551:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1393:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1312:
1306:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1175:public domain
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1109:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1034:
1027:Controversies
1024:
1021:
1020:Clean Air Act
1016:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
980:
978:
974:
969:
967:
962:
960:
950:
948:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
922:
918:
915:
911:
907:
904:
900:
897:
893:
890:
886:
885:
884:
874:Modern period
871:
869:
865:
861:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
803:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
762:
758:
756:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
708:
704:
699:
692:
688:
683:
674:
672:
671:National Mall
668:
664:
663:National Mall
660:
656:
652:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
621:(NIH) by the
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
598:In 1914, the
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
571:
564:
557:
552:
543:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
456:) within the
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
429:
419:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
395:5 U.S.C.
393:According to
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
353:
349:
344:
340:
338:
332:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
310:
307:
305:
301:
297:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
240:
230:
228:
223:
221:
216:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:public health
183:
179:
175:
171:
151:
148:
145:
141:
138:
135:
133:Parent agency
131:
125:
121:
120:Rachel Levine
117:
116:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
70:
66:
61:
55:
50:
41:
36:
30:
19:
4273:
4261:
4249:
4218:Radium Girls
4213:Typhoid Mary
4106:
3900:Microbiology
3770:
3762:
3646:Epidemiology
3544:Organization
3495:Oral hygiene
3485:Hand washing
3463:Healthy diet
3393:Right to sit
3286:Labor rights
2961:
2893:
2834:
2783:
2718:
2706:. Retrieved
2704:(2): 426–430
2701:
2695:
2679:. Retrieved
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4015:and history
3895:Engineering
3608:Vaccination
3480:Food safety
2912:Andrea Palm
2218:October 23,
2132:October 23,
2127:nlm.nih.gov
1832:October 23,
1452:December 3,
1447:nlm.nih.gov
1422:November 8,
1295:October 17,
1269:October 17,
1238:October 16,
828:Great Lakes
746:U.S. states
454:Coast Guard
399:§ 8331
4291:Categories
4028:Caribbean
3905:Processing
3839:Quarantine
3761:Student's
3561:Sanitation
3195:History of
2560:Transcript
2543:Transcript
2363:August 29,
2337:August 29,
2311:August 29,
2260:August 28,
2163:August 28,
2091:August 31,
1605:August 28,
1164:References
1062:Penicillin
983:Activities
848:Nassau Bay
840:Fort Worth
707:Cincinnati
488:President
485:physicians
442:East Coast
434:John Adams
407:§ 213
374:, and the
4208:John Snow
4135:Education
4125:Full list
4013:education
3937:ISO 22000
3890:Chemistry
3803:Epidemics
3756:ROC curve
3566:Emergency
3346:Radiation
3326:Pollution
3310:Ministers
3207:Euthenics
2708:August 4,
2681:August 4,
2677:: 633–639
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2469:0362-4331
1858:August 5,
1725:April 23,
1018:The 1963
936:Louisiana
844:Galveston
836:Lexington
368:U.S. Navy
4251:Category
3950:sciences
3885:Additive
3556:Safe sex
3527:Medicine
3441:Theories
3212:Genomics
3190:Eugenics
3180:Deviance
3160:Auxology
3092:Programs
2750:, 1908,
2608:17242525
2496:July 27,
2392:July 18,
2192:July 11,
2042:13167275
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3773:-test
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2280:(PDF)
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1878:(PDF)
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364:ranks
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3864:WASH
3820:List
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3341:Soil
2760:1911
2756:1910
2752:1909
2748:1907
2744:1906
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2732:1903
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2702:XLIV
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2476:2020
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1998:PMID
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