2062:. In the past Radio Pakistan was partly funded through money obtained from License fees. In 1999, the Nawaz Sharif government abolished license fees for Radio Pakistan and also abolished its tax exempt status protected under PBC Act 1973. The license fees for Pakistan Television continued. The license fees collection for PTV was given to WAPDA during Musharraf government. Currently WAPDA collects Rs. 35 per house hold on electricity bills as PTV license fees. Television Broadcasting started in Pakistan with a small pilot TV Station established at Lahore Radio from where transmission was first beamed in black-and-white with effect from 26 November 1964. Television centres were established in Dhaka, Karachi and Rawalpindi/Islamabad in 1967 and in Peshawar and Quetta in 1974. PTV has various channels transmitting throughout the world including
3893:, niche programmes; programmes for children; programmes promoting different points of view and diversity; programmes for different religious and national groups; live coverage of the parliament's session on its dedicated channel: TVP Parlament; etc.). It has to be politically neutral, although in the past there have been cases of political pressure on TVP and Polskie Radio from the governing party. Recently, a new law has been passed by the ruling Law & Justice party, that in public perception allowed the party to take a much larger control over the media that has been possible before. The party states this law to be the first step to a complete public media overdo. Many worry no such improvements are actually coming and that these recent laws are only another step in taking control over the whole country by the Law & Justice party.
469:
Program, with the intention of carrying out studies about the possibility of privatization of the public broadcaster. Some states often had problems with their public broadcasting services. In São Paulo, FPA had sometimes dealt with budget cuts, labor disputes and strikes. In Rio Grande do Sul, TVE-RS and FM Cultura were managed by the
Piratini Foundation, a non-profit state foundation. However, due to the public debt crisis in the state, in 2018, the Piratini Foundation had its activities closed, and TVE-RS and FM Cultura started to be managed by the Secretariat of Communication of the state government.
597:, dedicated to science and culture respectively. CBC's national television operations and some radio operations are funded partly by advertisements, in addition to the subsidy provided by the federal government. The cable channels are commercial entities owned and operated by the CBC and do not receive any direct public funds, however, they do benefit from synergies with resources from the other CBC operations. The CBC has frequently dealt with budget cuts and labour disputes, often resulting in a debate about whether the service has the resources necessary to properly fulfill its mandate.
3912:
4472:). Community radio stations typically cover a small geographical area with a coverage radius of up to 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) and run on a nonprofit basis. They can cater for whole communities or for different areas of interest – such as a particular ethnic group, age group or interest group. Community radio stations reflect a diverse mix of cultures and interests. There are stations catering to urban or experimental music, while others are aimed at younger people, religious communities or the armed forces and their families.
2235:, also called Taiwan Public Television Service Foundation, is the first independent public broadcasting institution in Taiwan, which broadcasts the Public Television Service Taiwan. Since its creation in 1998, PTS has produced several critically acclaimed dramatic programmes and mini-series despite experiencing funding difficulties. PTS is bound up in speaking for the minorities, including the promotion of Hakka Chinese and Formosan-language programming, an effort that has contributed much to the "Taiwanization" movement.
4405:
744:
1304:
3612:
2448:, the first Israeli television channel. It was created by the Rothschild fund to aid the ministry's work in teaching children from kindergarten to high school and to promote the television's use in Israel at a time the government considered the device a "cultural decadence". It is funded and operated by the ministry, and since the 1980s it has widened its orientation to adults as well as children. In August 2018, the Educational Television was shut down and replaced by
1461:. From the beginning, the network has refused corporate funding of any kind, and has relied mainly on listener support. KPFA gave away free FM radios to build a listener base and to encourage listeners to "subscribe" (support the station directly with donations). It is the world's oldest listener-supported radio network. Since the creation of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Pacifica has sometimes received CPB support. Pacifica runs other stations in
9094:
8008:
4363:
91:. Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated, depending on the country and the station. In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting. Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages. Historically, public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries (with the notable exceptions of the United States, Mexico, and Brazil).
2092:
1990:
1873:
1617:
1251:
1072:
991:
9104:
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9083:
9114:
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814:. SCN was sold to Bluepoint Investment Corporation in 2010, and like CTV Two Alberta did when it became privatized, incorporated a limited schedule of entertainment programming during the late afternoon and nighttime hours, while retaining educational and children's programs during the morning until mid-afternoon to fulfill its licensing conditions; Bluepoint later sold the channel to
645:(CRTC) does require cable, satellite and IPTV providers to carry CBC and Radio-Canada stations as part of their basic tier, regardless of terrestrial availability in an individual market. Of the three major French-language television networks in Canada, Ici Radio-Canada Télé is the only one that maintains terrestrial owned-and-operated stations and affiliates in all ten
1721:
934:, is the first and oldest station on Chile, transmitting since 5 October 1957. As soon as 1961 universities began transmitting advertisements between their programmes, the first of them being the Channel 9, showing a Motorola TV set. This kind of disguised advertising took the name of "Payola". This situation, added to the fact that TV was only reaching
2282:. It operates comprehensive media services comprising radio, public television networks (terrestrial and satellite), online services and social media. NBT TV (or NBT (Digital) 2 HD), formerly TVT11, is the television division and free-to-air channel of NBT. The broadcasting of TVT11 began on 11 July 1988, when TV9 (currently known as
2224:, or EBS. Originally considered to be an extension channel of the KBS, it was spun-off as an educational channel but retained its public broadcasting tasks. KBS and EBS mainly are funded by the commercials that they provide in their channels, but due to growing competitions, this is becoming an issue for them as well.
3896:
There is an ongoing debate in Poland about the semi-commercial nature of TVP and PR. Many people fear that making them into totally non-commercial broadcasters would result in the licence fee payable by households being increased, and fewer people being interested in programmes they offer; others say
468:
that the public broadcaster is allegedly a "job hanger" (public company existing only for the purpose of securing positions for political allies) and has proposed to privatize or extinguish the public company. On April 9, 2021, the president inserted the public company into the
National Privatization
2921:
in the United
Kingdom. DR runs six nationwide television channels and eight radio channels. Financing comes primarily from a yearly licence fee, that everyone who owns either a television set, a computer or other devices that can access the internet, has to pay. A part of collected fees is also used
2905:
Czech Radio broadcasts four nationwide stations Radiožurnál, Dvojka, Vltava, and Plus, several regional and topical digital stations. It also provides an international service Radio Prague
International, which broadcasts abroad in six languages. Czech Radio is funded through a monthly fee of 45 CZK.
181:
One of the principles of public broadcasting is to provide coverage of interests for which there are missing or small markets. Public broadcasting attempts to supply topics of social benefit that are otherwise not provided by commercial broadcasters. Typically, such underprovision is argued to exist
137:
While the application of certain principles may be straightforward, as in the case of accessibility, some of the principles may be poorly defined or difficult to implement. In the context of a shifting national identity, the role of public broadcasting may be unclear. Likewise, the subjective nature
4278:
in each of them. For most of its history, RNE and TVE were funded both from public sources and private advertising; however, from
September 2009, RTVE have been funded by a mixture of public tax revenue and funds collected from Spain's private television stations, thus removing advertising from its
3971:
focused on entertainment, information and major sport competitions. In 2004, after a great restructuring period, RTP started its current branding. That year the two thematic channels of the group were also created – RTPN, a 24 hour-news channel which became RTP Informação in 2011 and
3421:
ERT operates 8 television studios in three buildings in Athens: five of them in the headquarters called "Radiomegaro" ("Ραδιομέγαρο" that means "radio palace") located in Agia
Paraskevi area, two of them in Katehaki str. facility and one small one in the center of Athens near the Parliament, in the
2811:
public broadcasting company. It operates several radio and television channels, over a domestic transmitter network as well as satellite. As of 2002, 70% of HRT's funding comes from broadcast user fees with each house in
Croatia required to pay 79 HRK, kuna, per month for a single television (radio
3010:
Yle focuses highly on developing its digital services. In 2016 a
Reuters Institute study of European public service companies show that Yle and BBC are the public service pioneers in digital development and performing the best while introducing innovative digital services in their news operations,
1826:
created in 1927. Much like the BBC, NHK is funded by a "receiving fee" from every
Japanese household, with no commercial advertising and the maintenance of a position of strict political impartiality. However, rampant non-payment by a large amount of households has led the receiving fee to become
604:
by the CBC directly. The number of privately owned CBC Television affiliates has gradually declined in recent years, as the network has moved its programming to stations opened by the corporation or has purchased certain affiliates from private broadcasting groups; budgetary issues led the CBC to
3970:
was again renamed RTP2 and became an alternative channel dedicated to culture, science, arts, documentaries, sports (except football), minorities and children. Since then, RTP2 has carried no advertising. Canal 1, renamed back RTP1 also in 1995, remained the commercial channel of RTP group,
2992:
national public service media company. Founded in 1926, it is a public limited company majority owned by the
Finnish state, employing around 2,800 people. Yle is funded by a special Yle tax. Yle has four television channels, three television channel slots, six nationwide radio channels and three
925:
Chilean television was founded through universities, in an attempt to bring public television without the state having to pay directly and control content. The University of Chile (owner of the former channels 9 and 11 until 1993), the Catholic University of Chile on channels 2 and 13 until
687:
In addition, several provinces operate public broadcasters; these are not CBC subentities, but distinct networks in their own right. Most of the provincial services maintain an educational programming format, differing from the primarily entertainment-based CBC/Radio-Canada operations, but more
4133:
that does not have editorial independence from its government. It operates a total of five television channels (RTS1, RTS2, RTS Digital, RTS HD and RTS SAT) and five radio stations (Radio Belgrade 1, Radio Belgrade 2, Radio Belgrade 3, Radio Belgrade 202, and Stereorama). RTS is
1736:. It operates seven radio channels and produces television programmes and broadcast on commercial television channels, as these channels are required by law to provide timeslots for RTHK television programmes. RTHK would be assigned a digital terrestrial television channel during 2013 to 2015.
4157:
that does not have editorial independence from its government. This organisation was created in 2011 by merger of Slovak Television and Slovak Radio. RTVS broadcasts four television channels (STV1, STV2, RTVS 24, RTVS Šport), five FM radio stations (Rádio Slovensko, Rádio Devín, Rádio Regina,
3888:
operates four nationwide radio channels (which are also available via the broadcaster's website). There are also 17 public radio stations broadcasting in particular regions. Polish Radio (and TVP) are funded from several sources: state funding, advertising, obligatory tax on all TV and radio
141:
Within public broadcasting there are two different views regarding commercial activity. One is that public broadcasting is incompatible with commercial objectives. The other is that public broadcasting can and should compete in the marketplace with commercial broadcasters. This dichotomy is
803:
in Toronto also operated as a public government-owned radio station for many years; while no longer funded by the provincial government, it still solicits most of its budget from listener and corporate donations and is permitted to air only a very small amount of commercial advertising.
3455:, and the freedom of speech and opinion" – carries a substantial amount of arts, media, and current affairs programming, in addition to which it also supplies general entertainment in the form of feature films and such internationally popular television drama series as
3414:), and 21 local radio stations (two of them located in Thessaloniki, the second major city of Greece). All national television and radio stations are broadcast through ERT digital multiplexes across the country and through satellite, via the two digital platforms (NOVA and Cosmote).
1426:(CPB), a private entity that is charged with facilitating programming diversity among public broadcasters, the development and expansion of non-commercial broadcasting, and providing funding to local stations to help them create programs; the CPB receives funding earmarked by the
3679:(all available in high definition on DTT). RAI also broadcasts via satellite and is involved in radio, publishing and cinema. RAI has the largest audience share (45%) of any Italian television network. Funding used to be collected through a special yearly TV tax (the so-called
2213:, or KBS. Originally a government-controlled channel, it is now an independent broadcasting system. KBS began broadcasting radio in 1947 and opened up to television industry in 1961, and officially founded its own identity by 1973. Another public broadcasting channel is the
157:
fee, individual contributions, government funding or commercial sources. Public broadcasters do not rely on advertising to the same degree as commercial broadcasters, or at all; this allows public broadcasters to transmit programmes that are not commercially viable to the
3046:(ORTF), a more independent structure, in 1964. ORTF oversaw the introduction of a third television channel in 1972, two years before the dissolution of the structure in 1974. At that time a network of local and regional channels was created, nationally grouped under the
1132:
Salvadoran broadcasting has a public service radio and television channel. On 1 March 1926 began the operation as the first Central American broadcasting network called "Radio Nacional de El Salvador" with a frequency of 96.9 FM MHz founded by the president of that era,
763:
in 1995, which initially acquired the channel through a majority-owned subsidiary, Learning and Skills Television of Alberta Limited (LSTA). To fulfill its license conditions as an educational station, it broadcasts educational and children's programming during the
907:, these television producers went into crisis, causing many to end their activities or produce content for the private television channels. Currently, Colombia has three public channels (one is operated by a private company formed by the shares of four former
217:
is legally required to 'encourage and promote the musical, dramatic and other performing arts in Australia' and 'broadcasting programmes that contribute to a sense of national identity' with specific emphasis on regional and rural Australia'. Furthermore, the
853:
in each licensed market. Such channels have traditionally aired community talk shows, city council meetings and other locally oriented programming, although it is becoming increasingly common for them to adopt the format and branding of a local news channel.
4162:) and three digital only radio stations (Rádio Klasika, Rádio Litera and Rádio Junior). RTVS is funded through monthly fee of €4.64, which every household with electricity connection must pay. The director of RTVS is Václav Mika. RTVS is a full member of
4504:
sector, funded in part by federal grants via the Community Broadcasting Foundation, but largely sustained via subscriptions, donations and business sponsorship. As of February 2020, there are 450+ fully licensed community radio stations and a number of
236:
that they felt would jeopardize the editorial independence of the broadcaster. While many members have significant editorial independence, the Alliance includes organizations that have significant state control, especially with regard to island nations.
3555:, this fund receives 7% of the licence fee. The fund is used to assist broadcasters to commission public service broadcast programming. It is open to all independent producers provided they the backing of a free-to-air or community broadcaster, such as
2930:
itself, however, is a commercial government-owned television funded by subscriptions and advertising, with particular public service duties such as allowing regional stations to air their newscasts within specific timeslots of the main TV 2 channel.
2271:(TVT or TV 11 Thailand) at TVT New Phetchaburi Road Broadcasting Station. (presently National News Bureau of Thailand headquarters and NBT World TV Station and formerly UHF Channel 29, from 15 to 31 January 2008. Programs began on 1 February 2008.)
1805:
There are also independent local public broadcasters which founded by local government in several cities or regencies. They are obligated to network with either RRI or TVRI, depending on the medium, though they are not owned and operated by the two.
3089:
was created and used the remaining time on the same frequencies. La cinquième and ARTE subsequently shared the same channels with the exception of satellite, cable, and internet channels where both could be broadcast all day long. As 31 March 2005
1593:
in addition to supporting and financing a network of community channels as well as Ávila Television belonging to the Metropolitan Mayor's Office of Caracas. United States politicians have commented that TeleSUR is a propaganda tool in favor of the
4286:, and they usually tend to reproduce the model set up by RTVE. In the Autonomous Communities that have their own official language besides (Castilian) Spanish, those channels may broadcast in that co-official language. For example, this occurs in
3809:
The Netherlands uses a rather unusual system of public broadcasting. Public-broadcasting associations are allocated money and time to broadcast their programmes on the publicly owned television and radio channels, collectively known under the
4382:(SR), having previously had government monopoly. SVT is the national public television broadcaster with 4 channels (SVT 1, SVT 2, SVT BarnKanalen, and SVT 24). The aim is to make programmes for everybody. For example, Sweden has the historic
3440:'s national public-service broadcasting organisation. RÚV began radio broadcasting in 1930 and its first television transmissions were made in 1966. In both cases coverage quickly reached nearly every household in Iceland. RÚV is funded by a
1802:(TVRI). RRI currently operates four radio networks carried by some or all of more than 90 local stations, one of them is a national programming network. TVRI operates three national television channels, plus more than 32 regional stations.
2787:
was founded in 1935. BNT broadcasts 4 national programs (BNT 1, BNT 2, BNT 3, BNT 4 - broadcasts internationally). The BNR broadcasts 2 national programs (Horizont and Hristo Botev Program), 9 regional programs and Internet Radio Binar.
740:. TVO and Télé-Québec operate through conventional transmitters and cable, while TFO and Knowledge Network are cable-only channels. Beyond these and other provincial services, Canada does not have a national public educational network.
5573:
3011:
developing mobile services and promoting the development of new digital approaches. Yle's Voitto robot based on machine learning is the first personal news assistant in the world to give recommendations directly on the lock screen in
3504:
Both Irish public service broadcasters receive part of the licence fee, with RTÉ taking the lion's share of the funding. Advertising makes up 50% of RTÉ's income and just 6% of TG4's income. 7% of the licence fee is provided to the
2704: – the state-owned broadcasting organization was established by law on 18 June 1930. Television broadcasting from Brussels began in 1953, with two hours of programming each day. In 1960 the INR was subsumed into RTB (
5164:
5906:
3422:
Mourouzi str. facility. In Thessaloniki, ERT operates two television studios in the L. Stratou avenue and another three studios in smaller cities (Heraclion, Patras and Corfu) that can be used only for television correspondences.
3814:
name. The time and money is allocated in proportion to their membership numbers. The system is intended to reflect the diversity of all the groups composing the nation and maintains editorial independence from the government.
3417:
Also, operates a web TV service with a live transmition of all the terrestrial and satellite channels as well as 4 independent OTT channels (ERT PLAY 1, 2, 3 and 4) that carries mostly sport events and older archived shows.
818:
in 2012, expanding a relationship it began with SCN in January of that year, when Rogers began supplying entertainment programming to the channel through an affiliation agreement with its English-language broadcast network,
549:
in Montreal; CBFT was the first television station in Canada to initiate full-time broadcasts, which initially served as a primary affiliate of the French language Télévision de Radio-Canada and a secondary affiliate of the
1504:, most often distributed through the Public Radio Satellite System. Cultural Native American and Mexican American music and programming are also featured regionally. NPR is colloquially though inaccurately conflated with
182:
when the benefits to viewers are relatively high in comparison to the benefits to advertisers from contacting viewers. This frequently is the case in undeveloped countries that normally have low benefits to advertising.
3321:, or Hans-Bredow-Institute for Media Research at the University of Hamburg (HBI) is an independent non-profit foundation with the mission on media research on public communication, particularly for radio and television
452:
metropolitan area) are the two public broadcasters in the state. Regional public television channels in Brazil often broadcast part of TV Brasil or TV Cultura programming among with some hours of local programming.
5103:
3683:), but due to the high rates of evasion the government linked its payment to every household's electricity bill (90 euros for each household in 2017), as well as from advertising. The main competitors of RAI are
3313:
relevant groups". Public TV and radio stations spend about 60% of the ≈10bn € spent altogether for broadcasting in Germany per year, making it the most well funded public broadcasting system in the world.
6880:
107:
The primary mission of public broadcasting is that of public service, speaking to and engaging as a citizen. The British model is often referenced in definitions. The model embodies the following principles:
4535:. This is because of NZ On Air's requirement for public-service programmes across all channels and stations, instead of being put into one single network. The former public broadcaster BCNZ (formerly NZBC –
2156:(PTV). Created in 1974 as Government Television (GTV), PTV is no longer state subsidised except for a one-time equity funding for capital outlay in 1992. Aside from PTV, the other public broadcaster is the
4273:
service created in 2008. Although almost all the programming is the same for all of Spain, RTVE has territorial centers in every autonomous community and produces and broadcasts some local programming in
71:
receive funding from diverse sources including license fees, individual contributions, public financing, and commercial financing, and claim to avoid both political interference and commercial influence.
5738:
231:
As an industry organization for public media, the Public Media Alliance supports its members and the industry of public media more broadly. For example, the Alliance advocated against a proposal on the
6848:
1528:
and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting after the network refused to stop airing documentaries on varying social issues that had alienated many of the network's affiliates. PBS would later acquire
6176:
5286:
4953:
3425:
ERT operates several radio studios in "Radiomegaro", in Thessaloniki (located at Aggelaki str., besides International Exhibition facility) and in 19 Greek cities, as well as a national news web site.
3288:
2740:
5669:
6205:
2286:) split into two channels. It was firstly aimed at viewers in the countryside. Some elements such as sex and violence are censored as NBT is one of the government departments under direct control.
5134:
5073:
605:
choose not to launch new rebroadcast transmitters in markets where the network disaffiliated from a private station after 2006; the network dropped its remaining private affiliates in 2016, when
1415:). The FCC had reserved almost 250 broadcast frequencies for use as educational television stations in 1953, though by 1960, only 44 stations allocated for educational use had begun operations.
692:(PBS), which itself is available terrestrially and – under a CRTC rule that requires Canadian cable, satellite and IPTV providers to carry affiliates of the four major U.S. commercial networks (
6121:
5013:
780:, and the fact that the service had mandatory carriage on television providers serving Alberta regardless of whether it ran over-the-air transmitters. The service has since operated as part of
5043:
2190:
The government is currently planning to propose the creation of a law that will merge and integrate PTV and PBS into a single entity, to be called the People's Broadcasting Corporation (PBC).
5569:
5490:
3451:
RÚV – which by the terms of its charter is obliged to "promote the Icelandic language, Icelandic history, and Iceland's cultural heritage" and "honour basic democratic rules,
5156:
3702:(LRT) is the national broadcaster of Lithuania. It was founded in 1926 as radio broadcaster, and opened a television broadcasting subdivision in 1957. LRT broadcasts three radio stations (
5194:
1776:. Prasar Bharati was established on 23 November 1997, following a demand that the government owned broadcasters in India should be given autonomy like those in many other countries. The
1181:
satellite, Telesecundaria began transmitting on one of its analog channels in 1988; in 1994, it began broadcasting in digital format with the advent of the Solidaridad I satellite, and
2859:
in 1993, both broadcasters coexisted with their federal Czechoslovak counterparts, after which they also took over the channels previously occupied by the common federal broadcasting.
4702:
2267:, TITV and TV Thai television station. Thai PBS tested its broadcast by connecting to a temporary signal for broadcasting to the special programs chart which had been appropriated by
637:, respectively). The CBC's decision to disaffiliate from these and other privately owned stations, as well as the corporation decommissioning its network of rebroadcasters following
324:
5254:
3889:
receivers, and money from authors/copyright associations. The public broadcaster offers a mix of commercial shows and programmes they are, by law, required to broadcast (i.e.,
2493:(TVSH) is the name of the first public channel of Albania. The domestic TV programme is distributed analogically throughout the country and digitally in Tirana through RTSH HD.
6146:
2078:
etc. Radio Pakistan has stations covering all the major cities, it covers 80% of the country serving 95.5 Million listeners. It has world service in eleven languages daily.
6541:
6033:
3148:
insisted on a de-centralised, independent structure for German public broadcasting and created regional public broadcasting agencies that, by and large, still exist today.
849:
Some local community stations also operate non-commercially with funding from corporate and individual donors. In addition, cable companies are required to produce a local
5095:
4118:
TVR and Radio Romania are funded through a hybrid financing system, drawing from the state budget, a special tax (incorporated in electricity bills), and advertising too.
2466:
In most countries in Europe, public broadcasters are funded through a mix of advertising and public finance, either through a license fee or directly from the government.
2562:
is the name of the third programme, broadcasting the international service on short wave radio in Albanian, English, French. Greek, German, Italian, Serbian, and Turkish
846:'Corporation for the Advancement of New Language Applications Ltd.'), a private not-for-profit consortium of educational institutions in the province of Quebec.
642:
6330:
529:. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation took over operation of the CRBC's nine radio stations (which were largely concentrated in major cities across Canada, including
6870:
5896:
4983:
3003:
the most popular radio channel. Yle was the first of the Nordic public broadcasters to implement the Eurovision's portability regulation on its online media service
1218:
759:
as the public broadcaster Access. In 1993, the provincial government agreed to cease to direct funding of Access after the 1994 fiscal year; the channel was sold to
2247:(TPBS), it was established by the Thai Public Broadcasting Service Act, BE 2551, which came into force on 15 January 2008. Under this act, TPBS holds the status of
3309:
propaganda stations in 1994. All services are mainly financed through licence fees paid by every household and are governed by councils of representatives of the "
942:, led to the creation of a state network that should serve the entire country. This network, created in 1964 and in operation since 24 October 1969, is known as "
5728:
958:(Channel 4, on 12 May 1991). The University of Chile's Channel 11 also was rented to a private operator on 1 October 1993 and is now known today as "
6838:
1780:
passed an Act to grant this autonomy in 1990, but it was not enacted until 15 September 1997. Though a public broadcaster, it airs commercial advertisements.
6168:
5276:
4945:
1698:
381:(TV Educação and Univesp TV, which is available on free-to-air digital TV in São Paulo and nationally by cable and satellite), and the children's TV channel
5659:
5471:
5423:
3041:
882:
had between 1955 and 1998 a public television system very similar to that adopted by the NPO in the Netherlands, where private television producers called "
8358:
5372:
2848:
6197:
5775:
5320:
6912:
6092:
3394:
are the terrestrial broadcast channels, as well as ERT WORLD, a satellite channel focused to the Greek diaspora. ERT is broadcasting also five national (
5126:
5065:
768:
hours, while airing entertainment programming favoured by advertisers and viewers in prime time. The service discontinued its broadcast transmitters in
4513:
despite being unrelated across different states). They are organised similarly to PBS and NPR stations in the United States, and take on the role that
2727:
1844:
1697:(BB) is the country's sole state radio broadcaster. Radio transmission in the region now forming Bangladesh started in Dhaka on December 16, 1939. The
95:
now also exists in most of these countries; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the
6113:
5224:
5005:
5035:
4440:
3127:
2627:) is the public broadcaster in Austria. Despite the fact that private broadcasting companies were allowed in Austria in the late 1990s, ORF is still
416:) operates the public educational state-wide television network Rede Cultura do Pará (which covers the entire state of Pará, reaching many cities of
279:(FPA). EBC was created in 2007 to manage the Brazilian federal government's radio and television stations. EBC owns broadcast the television channel
4386:
minority and SVT make programmes in their language for them to watch. There are also a Finnish minority in Sweden, thus SVT show news in Finnish on
1484:(NPR), was created in February 1970, following the passage of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967. This network replaced the Ford Foundation–backed
5487:
4547:(RNZ). While RNZ remains commercial-free, TVNZ is commercially funded through advertising. TVNZ continues to be a public broadcaster; however like
1749:
1533:
1445:
bias and there have been successful attempts to reduce – though not eliminate – funding for public television stations by some state legislatures.
1312:
222:(SBS) is intended to reflect the spirit and sense of multicultural richness and the unique international cultural values within Australian society.
1363:. Stations in this era were internally funded, and did not rely on listener contributions to operate, some accepted advertising. Networks such as
6005:
2715:
On 1 October 1945 INR-NIR began to broadcast some programmes in German. In 1961 RTB-BRT began a German-language radio channel, broadcasting from
1564:
1162:
6789:
1520:
serves as the nation's main public television provider. When it launched in October 1970, PBS assumed many of the functions of its predecessor,
927:
5186:
4593:
announced that they were planning to merge TVNZ and Radio New Zealand to create a new public broadcasting service. In response, the opposition
4335:
1308:
1054:
is the public service channel of Ecuador, established in October 2007. The channel was established at the same time as the installation of the
6990:
4291:
1395:
was the nation's first public television station founded by Dr. John W. Meaney, and signed on the air on May 25, 1953, from the campus of the
296:
3691:
and La7d, owned by Cairo Editore; other competitors are Sky Italia (with three FTA channels) and Discovery Italia (with seven FTA channels).
3007:. Yle Areena is the most used streaming service in Finland, beating even Netflix that is the most popular streaming service everywhere else.
5594:
4710:
2887:
896:). In 1998, when the Colombian government allowed the opening of television to the private market by granting two broadcast licenses to the
460:, EBC has received several criticism from some politicians for having an alleged political bias. The president of Brazil from 2019 to 2022,
9066:
9038:
9033:
8058:
4583:
4029:(broadcasting contribution tax), which is incorporated in electricity bills. Funding from the government budget ceased in 2014, during the
2902:
which every household that owns a TV or a radio has to pay. Since October 2011 advertising on Czech TV is restricted to ČT 2 and ČT sport.
2679:
2176:
977:. It is meant to be independent of political pressures, although accusations of bias have been made, especially during election campaigns.
397:
31:
4178:(RTVE), that does not have editorial independence from the state, and many autonomic broadcasting corporations, owned by their respective
4174:
In Spain, being a highly decentralized country, two public broadcasting systems coexist: a national state-owned broadcasting corporation,
5702:
2699:
6759:
3024:
1153:
In Mexico, public stations are operated by municipalities, state governments and universities, there are five national public channels.
5547:
4677:
4643:
4025:
The RTP group is financed by the advertising revenues from RTP1, RTP3, RTP Memória, RTP África, and RTP Internacional, and also by the
3959:
2275:
6114:"Is your permanent place of residence in Finland? You can now take all video content on Areena with you when travelling within the EU"
5835:
5246:
343:
to the metropolitan areas of São Paulo, Belo Horizonte and Recife, important Brazilian regions which did not have EBC radio stations.
7528:
7046:
6286:
2157:
3467:. RÚV's lineup also includes sports coverage, documentaries, domestically produced entertainment shows, and children's programming.
3954:
Until the 1990s the state had a monopoly on TV broadcasting, so RTP1 and RTP2 were the only Portuguese channels, both with similar
3795:(Radio Television of Montenegro) is the public broadcaster in Montenegro and maintains editorial independence from its government.
3699:
3031:
responsibility for the operation of the country's three public radio networks and the introduction of a public television service.
1948:
As of 2021 RTM operates 6 national, 16 state and 11 district radio stations as well as 6 national terrestrial television channels:
1840:
1230:
1198:
638:
6142:
4551:
in Canada it is essentially a fully commercial network in continuous ratings battles with other stations, which continues to be a
4531:
In New Zealand all broadcasters are given a small slice of public broadcasting responsibility, because of the state-funded agency
7745:
6549:
6063:
6029:
5398:
4030:
3091:
2305:
1427:
1332:
6815:
6396:
3823:
National public broadcasters in Nordic countries were modeled after the BBC and established a decade later: Radioordningen (now
3378:: Ελληνική Ραδιοφωνία Τηλεόραση ή ERT) is the state-owned public broadcaster in Greece. It broadcasts five television channels:
9060:
7098:
4590:
4198:
3958:. In 1990, RTP1 was renamed "Canal 1", and in 1992 RTP2 was renamed "TV2". With the creation of the two private channels,
3847:
is the official public broadcast service in Iceland. All five are funded from television licence fees costing (in 2007) around
1732:) is the sole public service broadcaster. Although being a government department under the administrative hierarchy, it enjoys
1336:
522:
511:
246:
6327:
6198:"The first of its kind in the world: Yle NewsWatch's smart Voitto assistant shows recommendations directly on the lock screen"
9055:
9045:
9025:
8827:
6983:
5806:
4853:
4555:
within New Zealand. With the shutdown of TVNZ 7, the only fully non-commercial public-service network in New Zealand is
4319:
2217:, or MBC. Known to be the second channel of the country, it also shares the roles of being national television with the KBS.
810:
originated as the Saskatchewan Communications Network, a cable-only educational and cultural public broadcaster owned by the
465:
6619:
5637:
5444:
4872:
1851:
services). NHK also runs 3 national radio services and a number of international radio and television services, akin to the
1552:
4536:
3597:
public service broadcaster that is funded by government subsidy, part of the licence fee, and through advertising revenue.
3062:) was sold to the private sector in 1987. (At the time, the channel with the largest audience was the other public channel
2113:
2011:
1894:
1638:
1268:
1093:
1012:
8192:
4975:
4468:
In the UK there are also small community broadcasters. There are now 228 stations with FM broadcast licences (licensed by
9117:
9050:
8896:
6595:
5698:
4486:
4092:
1423:
1236:
646:
641:
in August 2011 have significantly reduced the terrestrial coverage of both CBC Television and Ici Radio-Canada Télé; the
214:
4735:
2917:
is the national public service broadcaster. The organisation was founded in 1925, on principles similar to those of the
8822:
6235:
5943:
5933:
5281:
4526:
3920:
3906:
3828:
1485:
262:
874:
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7331:
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7001:
6965:
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5631:
4796:
4771:
3552:
3506:
3371:
2139:
2051:
2037:
1920:
1664:
1290:
1119:
1038:
495:
489:
17:
6307:
5991:
5517:
2121:
2019:
1902:
1646:
1158:
1101:
1020:
8701:
8249:
8051:
8024:
3804:
3444:
fee collected from every income taxpayer, as well as advertising revenue. RÚV has been a full active member of the
2244:
1789:
1422:
precipitated the development of the current public broadcasting system in the U.S. The legislation established the
1368:
1359:
Early public stations were operated by state colleges and universities and were often run as part of the schools'
1182:
189:
is to give every citizen credits they can use to pay qualified media sources for civic information and reporting.
8812:
7468:
7316:
6653:
6347:
6260:
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2059:
1529:
1521:
1419:
1055:
709:
5358:
5308:
4134:
primarily funded through public television licence fees bundled with electricity bills paid monthly, as well as
2550:(also, Radio Tirana 1) is the name of Albania's first radio programme, concentrating on news, talk, and features
1590:
943:
920:
480:
stations and several educational local TV channels (many of them belonging to public and private universities).
8807:
7312:
7170:
5880:
5761:
5316:
4817:
3583:
have also received funding for programming through the Fund provided they make that programming available on a
3050:
channel, and between this date and 2000, each national channel had its own direction structure, while being in
2441:
2153:
2117:
2015:
1898:
1642:
1272:
1097:
1016:
777:
145:
Public broadcasters in each jurisdiction may or may not be synonymous with government controlled broadcasters.
6902:
6084:
5623:
An Historical-Analytical Study of the Legislative and Political Origins of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
3781:
1548:
8832:
7805:
7659:
7521:
7443:
7365:
4390:. SR is the radio equivalent of SVT, with channels P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and the Finnish channel SR Sisuradio.
4346:. All the autonomous community networks are funded by a mixture of public subsidies and private advertising.
4250:
4197:(TVE), as well as online and streaming services. RNE was founded in 1937 and broadcasts five radio stations:
4146:
3897:
that TVP in particular is too profit-driven and should concentrate on programming that benefits the society.
3541:
2965:(ETV), the public television station, made its first broadcast in 1955, and together with its sister channel
2852:
2780:
2772:
2300:
1360:
708:) and a PBS member station – through pay television providers in Canada via member stations located near the
693:
163:
6571:
4282:
Moreover, most autonomous communities have their own public broadcaster, almost all of these are members of
4019:
3927:
and maintains editorial independence from its government. In 1968 its second channel appeared, then called "
3012:
2942:
is the organisation in Faroe Islands with public service obligations. Formed in 1957 as a radio broadcaster
2278:(NBT) is the public broadcasting arm of the Government Public Relations Department (PRD), a division of the
1453:
The first public radio network in the United States was founded in 1949 in Berkeley, California, as station
388:
Many Brazilian states also have regional and statewide public radio and television stations. One example is
9138:
9107:
8868:
8765:
8308:
8103:
8075:
7410:
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5216:
4494:
4159:
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2958:
1819:
1433:
Public television and radio in the U.S. have, from the late 1960s onward, dealt with severe criticism from
1134:
346:
272:
266:
219:
3687:, the biggest national private broadcaster, divided in twelve channels (two of which are both SD and HD),
1794:
In Indonesia, there are three types of public broadcaster. The first two are national-scale broadcasters:
574:
9097:
8604:
8044:
7888:
7382:
6371:
6253:"International Connections for Public Media Research and Development [公共媒體研發之國際連線–以數位化知識為例(歐洲篇)]"
4815:
Simon P. Anderson; Stephen Coate (October 2005). "Market Provision of Broadcasting: A Welfare Analysis".
4428:
4423:, along with 24 regional channels. Suspilne broadcasts on 3 national and 1 international radio channels:
4163:
4112:
3811:
3445:
3297:
3185:
2461:
1799:
955:
6682:
6517:
4431:. The regional branches have their broadcasting slots in the broadcast schedule of the Ukrainian Radio.
4186:
3773:
3325:(including public service media providers) and other electronic media, in an interdisciplinary fashion.
3028:
1570:
8956:
8878:
8817:
8524:
7091:
4621:
4594:
4567:
4266:
4126:
3545:
3180:
2474:
2210:
2180:
1953:
1949:
1856:
1489:
1376:
1348:
850:
811:
601:
562:
366:
340:
276:
6012:
5664:
3261:
3032:
1161:. It started transmissions on 2 March 1959 as the first public broadcasting television in Mexico. The
8728:
8689:
8534:
8434:
8363:
8296:
8123:
7913:
7865:
7418:
7326:
6781:
4571:
4375:
4238:
4224:
3879:
2232:
2165:
1934:
1399:. In rural areas, it was not uncommon for colleges to operate commercial stations instead (e.g., the
951:
634:
618:
6782:"Television New Zealand Act 2003 No 1 (as at 28 October 2021), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation"
6493:
4299:
4108:
3963:
2175:(PBS) is the country's sole state radio broadcaster. Established in 1933 as KZFM by the US colonial
1488:. Some independent local public radio stations buy their programming from distributors such as NPR;
9087:
8329:
8264:
8217:
8177:
8012:
7908:
7717:
7664:
7514:
7007:
5992:"National Broadcasting Services of Thailand (NBT) on Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU) website"
5157:"Extinções da Fundação Piratini e da Cientec são publicadas no Diário Oficial do Rio Grande do Sul"
4514:
4192:
3875:
3213:
2796:
2784:
2776:
2102:
2000:
1883:
1795:
1627:
1082:
1001:
705:
515:
401:
339:, a news agency. Starting in 2021, EBC expanded the coverage of its radio stations through the new
7212:
4339:
4182:, which only broadcast within its own territory and many of which do have editorial independence.
3301:, ZDF) – was later created in 1961 and a national radio service with two networks (
3286:, a second national television service – actually called Second German Television (
1339:
sources, but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and
8926:
8911:
8755:
8706:
8629:
8529:
8207:
8093:
8088:
7609:
7246:
7236:
6703:
6469:
5598:
4892:
4490:
3344:
3329:
2844:
2533:, is the international version of the domestic programme broadcast to Eurovision free to air via
2106:
2004:
1887:
1709:
1631:
1438:
1261:
1142:
1086:
1005:
589:) in both of Canada's official languages – English and French – and the French-language channels
92:
4465:
also have significant public service obligations imposed as part of their licence to broadcast.
4415:(Suspilne) is the national public broadcaster in Ukraine. It operates two national TV channels:
3073:, another European channel, was created, before being eaten by the French/German public channel
9143:
8848:
8634:
8449:
8394:
8389:
8202:
8167:
7644:
7282:
5363:
4611:
4579:
4540:
4510:
3979:, dedicated to classic RTP programming. In 2014 the headquarters of RTP2 were transferred from
3878:
by various press freedom organisations due its strong bias in favour of the ruling party, with
3399:
3235:
3231:
3176:
3160:
3145:
3115:
3077:
in 1991, originally broadcast on cable and satellite. In 1992, the fall of the private channel
3051:
2419:
2279:
2268:
1733:
1400:
1372:
1194:
1138:
796:
751:
Canada is also home to a number of former public broadcasting entities that have gone private.
684:, in some markets which are not directly served by their own CBC television or radio stations.
650:
507:
84:
1555:
is a network of radios with 20 different stations in AM and FM that cover the entire country.
1551:(TNU) is now linked to the Ministry of Education and Culture of the country. In addition, the
8750:
8554:
8519:
8439:
8419:
8341:
8229:
8150:
7757:
7700:
7594:
7579:
7084:
6751:
5691:
4919:
4637:
4626:
4445:
The United Kingdom has a strong tradition of public service broadcasting. In addition to the
4314:
has a radio station and a television channel, both branded as À Punt and broadcast mainly in
4107:
national, regional, and local radio channels. The regional and local stations are branded as
3742:
3457:
3403:
3395:
1818:(Japan Broadcasting Corporation). The broadcaster was set up in 1926 and was modelled on the
1678:
1595:
1497:
1493:
1481:
1396:
1145:
and 10. And since 1989, Channel 10 became the only public television channel in El Salvador.
756:
526:
350:
175:
8083:
5539:
4670:
2843:) are public broadcasters formed in 1992 to take over the Czech operations of the state-ran
2499:
is the second public TV channel dedicated mainly to sports and live events launched in 2003.
900:
8664:
8624:
8594:
8351:
8286:
8108:
7740:
7475:
7177:
5845:
5771:
4506:
4179:
4085:
3463:
3241:
3207:
3027:(RTF – French television and radio broadcasting) was created to take over from the earlier
2644:
2161:
755:, which is licensed as an educational television station in Alberta, was once owned by the
6282:
3911:
3203:
2160:(IBC), which the government has already put up for sale. The government no longer holds a
374:
354:
8:
8674:
8614:
8373:
8335:
8133:
8118:
7993:
7762:
7750:
7377:
7321:
7184:
5872:
5840:
4371:
4307:
4041:
3836:
3251:
2735:
2691:
2556:
is the name of the second radio program, broadcasting chiefly music and targeted at youth
2422:
owns its own broadcasting network known as IDF Waves which includes two radio stations:
2335:
1777:
1240:
1170:
1154:
841:
799:
CKUA Radio Foundation which continues to operate it as a community-funded radio network.
6727:
5036:"Com desenho animado e programas chapa-branca, para que serve a TV Brasil? | Tela Plana"
2947:
2939:
1945:, however it is currently state-subsidised, as television licences have been abolished.
725:
8901:
8858:
8789:
8659:
8589:
8564:
8499:
8346:
8067:
7958:
7490:
7458:
7165:
6907:
5970:
4315:
4275:
3955:
3441:
3172:
2943:
2923:
2323:
2303:
was the country's main public broadcasting service until 2017, when it was replaced by
1942:
1832:
1690:
1412:
970:
889:
792:
765:
378:
154:
6055:
5394:
5066:"Promessa de campanha, privatização da EBC fica para depois de 2022 | Radar Econômico"
4457:, a Welsh-language broadcaster in Wales. Furthermore, the two commercial broadcasters
4295:
3199:
3035:
and a fourth radio network was added in 1954 and a second television channel in 1963.
2187:(formerly Radyo ng Bayan) through its 32 stations and selected affiliates nationwide.
8941:
8863:
8777:
8760:
8723:
8569:
8399:
8368:
8234:
8128:
7860:
7840:
7785:
7495:
7463:
7450:
7433:
7400:
7370:
7360:
7355:
7297:
7272:
7263:
7155:
7143:
6997:
6979:
6961:
6942:
6843:
6811:
6231:
5939:
5876:
5802:
5627:
4849:
4792:
4767:
4616:
4563:
4556:
4544:
4343:
4258:
4254:
3991:
3765:
3352:
3283:
3282:
In addition to these nine regional radio and TV broadcasters, which cooperate within
2962:
2620:
2615:
2256:
2252:
1852:
1364:
820:
807:
733:
441:
206:
202:
167:
8609:
4497:(SBS), another public broadcaster, now accepts limited sponsorship and advertising.
3768:(TRM) is the public funded radio-TV broadcaster in Moldova. It owns the TV channels
2812:
device, computer or smartphone), with the remainder being made up from advertising.
2512:
a digital channel launched in 2012 broadcasts TVSH shows in high-definition quality.
904:
425:
417:
336:
332:
292:
8946:
8906:
8886:
8853:
8782:
8740:
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8098:
7920:
7767:
7735:
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7548:
7350:
7340:
7160:
5368:
4826:
4458:
4420:
4303:
4044:(TVR) is the national public TV broadcaster in Romania. It operates five channels:
3867:
3824:
3734:
3733:(PBS) is the national broadcaster of Malta. It operates three television services (
3576:
3302:
2985:
2981:
2914:
2820:
2260:
2209:
South Korea's representative public broadcasting television network is meant to be
1694:
1547:
has a strong history of public broadcasting in South America. Inaugurated in 1963,
947:
737:
582:
551:
545:). The CBC eventually expanded to television in September 1952 with the sign-on of
510:– which originated as a radio network in November 1936. It is the successor to the
171:
6976:
Public Financing of Public Service Broadcasting and its Qualification as State Aid
6839:"New details revealed as Cabinet agrees on RNZ, TVNZ public broadcasting decision"
6280:
6169:"Can public service news organisations stay competitive in a digital environment?"
5570:"Federal Regulations Title 47, Part 73, §73.501 Channels available for assignment"
4326:'s Eusko Irratia stations and Euskal Telebista (ETB) channels broadcast in either
4221:
since 1942. TVE was founded in 1956 and broadcasts different television channels:
4202:
4077:
4065:
1343:(ranging from small shops to corporations), along with audience contributions via
950:, television was mostly deregulated. Thus, two new commercial channels were born:
382:
370:
142:
highlighted by the public service aspects of traditional commercial broadcasters.
8574:
8429:
8197:
8172:
8160:
7983:
7973:
7930:
7880:
7830:
7825:
7820:
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7629:
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7197:
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6334:
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5494:
5475:
5006:"EBC virou 'cabide de emprego' e símbolo de aparelhamento político, diz ministro"
4876:
4869:
4501:
4424:
4331:
4327:
4270:
4100:
4096:
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3000:
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499:
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405:
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80:
76:
7063:, Public Radio Fan is a listing of public radio programs and stations worldwide.
4279:
channels. A TV licence fee has been suggested, but with little popular success.
4095:(Radio Romania). It does not have independence from its government. It operates
3537:
3525:
688:
closely formatted to (and carrying many of the same programs as) the U.S.-based
331:
radio station based in Brasília with programming aimed to the population of the
8772:
8644:
8619:
8579:
8549:
8424:
8259:
8212:
8187:
8145:
7968:
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7727:
7589:
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7188:
5901:
5277:"The Birth and Death of The Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (1932–1936)"
4548:
4462:
4379:
4218:
3890:
3832:
3711:
3594:
3580:
3407:
3375:
3275:
2927:
2856:
2836:
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2756:
2264:
2055:
1828:
1827:
something of a political issue. NHK runs two national terrestrial TV stations (
1745:
1701:
is responsible for the administration of all government TV channels and Radio.
1501:
1458:
1166:
974:
558:
461:
312:
304:
284:
64:
3976:
3529:
3136:, when regional broadcasters had been merged into one national network by the
2576:
2179:, the radio station was passed to the Philippine government after the country
1457:, which became and remains the flagship station for a national network called
959:
911:) and eight public radio stations (three stations are regional broadcasters).
743:
9132:
8921:
8694:
8684:
8599:
8489:
8484:
8474:
8459:
8281:
8140:
7978:
7903:
7855:
7680:
7639:
7634:
7614:
7604:
7133:
7123:
4731:
4632:
4606:
4185:
RTVE provides multi-station radio and television services with its divisions
4011:
3885:
3863:
3777:
3750:
3719:
3600:
3556:
3501:(TnaG), it was renamed TG4 in 1999, and was made independent of RTÉ in 2007.
3221:
1855:. NHK has also been an innovator in television, developing the world's first
1328:
1214:
581:) and several cable television channels including two 24-hour news channels (
566:
186:
60:
4830:
4404:
3995:
3948:
1859:
technology in 1964 and launching high definition services in Japan in 1981.
939:
931:
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8639:
8584:
8514:
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8313:
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8155:
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2660:
2427:
2248:
2063:
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760:
681:
622:
610:
518:
473:
457:
449:
389:
96:
68:
6311:
1173:
to students in rural areas through broadcast television channels, such as
795:
in Alberta was also formerly operated by Access, before being sold to the
362:
308:
138:
of good programming may raise the question of individual or public taste.
8999:
8649:
8559:
8544:
8504:
8464:
8323:
7815:
7790:
7624:
7574:
7428:
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7336:
7128:
6875:
6596:"Corporacion de Radio y Television Espanola (RTVE) – State Media Monitor"
5918:
5513:
4648:
4552:
4387:
4383:
4246:
4135:
4081:
3944:
3871:
3839:) in Sweden (all in 1925). In 1926 Yleisradio, (Swedish: Rundradion) now
3754:
3746:
3707:
3703:
3652:
3603:
is the only independent broadcaster that has public service commitments.
3193:
2832:
2712:) and BRT (lang-nl|Belgische Radio – en Televisieomroep).
2346:
Kan also includes the following 8 public radio stations, taken from IBA:
1938:
1757:
1753:
837:
Corporation pour l'Avancement de Nouvelles Applications des Langages Ltée
669:
590:
578:
570:
233:
197:
Additionally, public broadcasting may facilitate the implementation of a
159:
38:
6960:. Acamedia research monographs. Vol. 17. Indiana University Press.
4453:, a publicly owned, commercially funded public service broadcaster, and
4073:
3923:(RTP), which in 1957 began regular broadcasts of its first channel, now
3103:
776:
in August 2011, due to the expense of transitioning the two stations to
300:
288:
9004:
8711:
8409:
8318:
8274:
8244:
8222:
7988:
7870:
7810:
7599:
7485:
7287:
7050:
4897:
4257:
children's channel since 2005; and its international worldwide service
4154:
4015:
4007:
3676:
3664:
3648:
3141:
2723:
2585:
2071:
1965:
1686:
1275: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1178:
1051:
781:
420:) and Rádio Cultura, a public radio station which broadcasts in FM for
358:
357:
in 1967 and includes a national educational public television network (
56:
6871:"PM: Potential RNZ-TVNZ merger would not harm commercial broadcasters"
6643:
6252:
4893:"The Roundtable – What is the state of public media around the world?"
4362:
4210:
3994:, founded in 1992 and dedicated to Eurovision, Asia and Americas, and
3533:
2603:
1748:
is India's public broadcaster. It is an autonomous corporation of the
8989:
8454:
8269:
8036:
7480:
7438:
7067:
Radio College, Internet Resources for Radio Journalists and Producers
4946:"EBC inaugura banda estendida FM e estreia programação em 5 capitais"
4597:
announced that it would oppose any plans to merge Radio NZ and TVNZ.
4532:
4450:
4287:
4262:
3769:
3715:
3660:
3656:
3611:
3572:
3411:
3225:
3063:
2961:(ERR) organises the public radio and television stations of Estonia.
2534:
2433:
2243:
In Thailand, there are two primary public broadcasters. First is the
2198:
2075:
2067:
1961:
1836:
1682:
1508:
as a whole, when in fact "public radio" includes many organizations.
1190:
969:
frequency, is governed by a seven-member board appointed by both the
713:
712:. These educational public broadcasters include the English-language
677:
665:
534:
320:
280:
6420:
6283:"Hans-Bredow-Institut für Medienforschung feierte seinen Geburtstag"
6228:
Public Service Broadcasting: A German-Ukrainian Exchange of Opinions
5729:"How Public Radio Scotch-Taped Its Way Into Public Broadcasting Act"
4920:"Isle of Man's future of public service media report splits Tynwald"
4562:
Aside from television, New Zealand has a rich public radio culture,
3336:
for British military staff, Voice of Russia, RFE and Radio Liberty.
2895:
2091:
1989:
1872:
1681:
which also broadcasts worldwide through its satellite based branch,
1616:
1250:
1071:
990:
888:" were given hours on the country's two public television channels (
8984:
8974:
8891:
8716:
8539:
7150:
5766:
5499:
4412:
4399:
4150:
4069:
3684:
3672:
3668:
3560:
3306:
3265:
3107:
3081:
freed the frequencies that it had used, witch has been affected to
3055:
3047:
2946:. Merged with Sjónvarp Føroya TV station on 1 January 2007 to form
2663:). ORF also takes part in the German-language satellite TV network
2263:. TPBS operates Thai PBS (ไทยพีบีเอส), which was formerly known as
1848:
1769:
1761:
1340:
1058:
so that the sessions could be transmitted live to all the country.
935:
879:
828:
773:
654:
594:
538:
396:), a public corporation created in 2016 modelled on EBC, formed by
88:
7506:
5823:
Public Broadcasting; The Role of the Federal Government, 1919–1976
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
since 2006. Up to 2006 the licence fee was given entirely to RTÉ.
3475:
In Ireland there are two state owned public service broadcasters,
2891:
2716:
2594:
2309:(Hebrew for "here"), the Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation.
1477:, as well as repeater stations and a large network of affiliates.
421:
30:"Public service broadcasting" redirects here. For other uses, see
8979:
8964:
8182:
7953:
7192:
6991:"Public service broadcasting in transition: a documentary reader"
6348:"Radio and Television of Montenegro (RTCG) – State Media Monitor"
4640:, non-profit distribution, peer review and licensing organization
4416:
4104:
3936:
3866:
was seen to be the last remaining form of public broadcasting as
3437:
3310:
3245:
3168:
3095:
3086:
3078:
3070:
2996:
2989:
2871:
2808:
2753:
Belgische Radio- en Televisieomroep Nederlandstalige Uitzendingen
2656:
2631:
key player in the field. It has three nationwide radio channels (
2478:
2283:
1957:
1941:. RTM was previously funded publicly through money obtained from
1765:
1578:
1569:
Since 1998, the Venezuelan state had only one television channel
1544:
1442:
1388:
1384:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1174:
893:
824:
800:
785:
769:
721:
630:
626:
614:
606:
586:
546:
530:
153:
Public broadcasters may receive their funding from an obligatory
7060:
5127:"Funcionários da TV Cultura entram em greve por aumento e abono"
3966:
in 1993, the philosophy of the public service changed: in 1995,
3363:
2883:
2220:
South Korea also has another public broadcasting channel called
448:) and the public radio station FM Cultura (which broadcasts for
409:
27:
Electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service
9009:
8969:
8291:
7076:
6143:"New study: Netflix continues to dominate the streaming market"
4130:
4061:
4003:
3980:
3940:
3391:
3217:
3189:
2863:
2675:
Belgium has three networks, one for each linguistic community:
2400:
2328:
1201:(UNAM in Spanish) began transmissions as the sister channel of
729:
542:
316:
283:(launched in 2007, being the merger of TVE Brasil, launched in
7066:
4814:
3844:
3568:
3476:
3433:
2879:
2875:
2730:, the French-language section of RTB-BRT became RTBF (French:
2659:), one Eurovision-wide version of ORF 2 and a sports channel (
1573:, and after 2002 the government decided to launch the channel
629:
disaffiliated in August of that year (to become affiliates of
8994:
8931:
8239:
7207:
7036:
6674:
4469:
4283:
3984:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3328:
In Germany foreign public broadcasters also exist. These are
3255:
3137:
3111:
2761:
Vlaamse Radio – en Televisieomroeporganisatie
2652:
2648:
2560:
Radio Tirana 3 (Programi i Tretë, Radio Tirana International)
2319:
Kan has inherited the two main public TV channels in Israel:
965:
Televisión Nacional, popularly known as Channel 7 due to its
600:
As of 2017, all of CBC Television's terrestrial stations are
52:
7071:
6572:"Radio and Television Slovakia (RTVS) – State Media Monitor"
5096:"EBC e Eletrobras são incluídas no programa de privatização"
3151:
2647:). Its TV portfolio includes two general interest channels (
2636:
2632:
8936:
7695:
6648:
6446:"Radio e Televisao de Portugal (RTP) – State Media Monitor"
5935:
The Vanishing Vision: The Inside Story of Public Television
4791:. Asian Media Information and Communication Centre (AMIC).
4354:
4323:
4311:
4175:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
3999:
3972:
3932:
3924:
3792:
3738:
3624:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3343:
is a French/German cultural TV channel operated jointly by
3340:
3333:
3099:
3082:
3074:
3004:
2966:
2867:
2685:
2664:
1976:
History of public broadcasting in Nepal started from 1951.
1729:
1712:(RTB) is the only public broadcaster in Brunei Darussalam.
1586:
1582:
1574:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1404:
1392:
1193:
was founded and began operations eleven years later by the
1137:. On 4 November 1964 the Government of El Salvador founded
643:
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
7055:
5836:"Articles of Incorporation of Public Broadcasting Service"
5309:"Broadcast Distribution Regulations (ss. 17(d) and 17(f))"
3512:
RTÉ offers a range of free to air services on television;
3355:. It is a binational channel broadcast in both countries.
2898:. Czech television is funded through a monthly fee of 135
6372:"Nederlandse Publieke Omroep (NPO) – State Media Monitor"
5733:
4454:
4446:
4158:
Rádio_FM and Rádio Patria), one satellite radio channel (
3840:
3688:
3620:
3590:
3564:
3495:(1960). TG4 was formed as a subsidiary of RTÉ in 1996 as
3480:
3348:
3059:
2977:
2918:
2899:
2640:
2152:
The Philippines' primary state television broadcaster is
2050:
In Pakistan, the public broadcasters are the state-owned
1823:
1815:
1517:
1408:
1331:, public broadcasters may receive some funding from both
1320:
1316:
717:
701:
697:
689:
400:, a statewide television network and the two stations of
271:
In Brazil, the two main national public broadcasters are
6518:"Radio Television of Serbia (RTS) – State Media Monitor"
6257:
Public Television Service Foundation (Taiwan) 公共電視台研究發展部
4539:) was broken up into separate state-owned corporations,
3935:. In the 1970s, TV arrived in the Portuguese islands of
3085:
each day from 19.00 to 3. In 1994 a new public channel,
2183:
in 1946. Currently, PBS broadcasts its flagship network
1213:
which is part of the university and cultural diffusion.
521:
in 1932, modeled on recommendations made in 1929 by the
121:
Contribution to national identity and sense of community
6939:
Public service broadcasting in the age of globalization
6937:
Banerjee, Indrajit; Seneviratne, Kalinga, eds. (2006).
6903:"National threatens to drop RNZ-TVNZ merger if elected"
4870:
Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983: Section 6
4789:
Public service broadcasting in the age of globalization
1720:
514:(CRBC), which was established by the administration of
494:
In Canada, the main public broadcaster is the national
7041:
7031:
5187:"Televisões universitárias e a força das transmissões"
3114:, a channel dedicated to kids, was partially owned by
1933:
The public broadcaster in Malaysia is the state-owned
1585:(2007) (a signal that until that year was occupied by
7072:
The Public Polish Radio Program Directors Association
5866:
4370:
Sweden has three public service broadcasters, namely
4088:. It does not have independence from its government.
1724:
Broadcasting House, the longtime headquarters of RTHK
1699:
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Bangladesh)
831:, operates as an educational station owned by CANAL (
6941:. Asian Media Information and Communication Centre.
6494:"Romanian Radio Company (SRR) – State Media Monitor"
1685:. There are also terrestrial state run TV channels:
1677:
The Bengali primary state television broadcaster is
1219:
Sistema Público de Radiodifusión del Estado Mexicano
6936:
6542:"Consumer protection group wants TV fees abolished"
6308:"RÚV's official website (English-language version)"
6225:
4676:. UNESCO & World Radio and Television Council.
4586:" network. All these networks are commercial-free.
4217:since 1989 and its international worldwide service
3436:("The Icelandic National Broadcasting Service") is
1693:that covers the proceedings of the Parliament. The
1189:and certain regions of the United States. In 1982,
444:, the state-wide public television channel TVE-RS (
130:
Competition in good programming rather than numbers
5626:. Dissertations in Broadcasting. Ayer Publishing.
2862:Czech Television broadcasts from three studios in
1185:was established and began transmitting in Mexico,
680:, and the launch of online news services, such as
373:FM and Rádio Cultura Brasil, both broadcasting to
6704:"Sveriges Television (SVT) – State Media Monitor"
6470:"Romanian Television (TVR) – State Media Monitor"
5488:Citytv expanding into Quebec & Western Canada
4441:Public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom
3483:. RTÉ was established in 1960 with the merger of
3128:Beitragsservice von ARD, ZDF und Deutschlandradio
2732:Radio-Télévision Belge de la Communauté française
2407:" – Multilingual, mostly Russian language station
2392:Kol Hamusika ("The Sound of Music"), as of 2017 "
2354:" – Podcasts and talk programs related to culture
1430:as well as through public and private donations.
1383:did not show up in U.S. law until 1941, when the
369:through its 135 affiliates), two radio stations (
9130:
4566:being the main provider, with a varied network (
4245:) since 1966, that offers cultural programming;
3998:, founded in 1998 focused on Africa, mainly the
3919:In Portugal, the national public broadcaster is
2440:In addition, the ministry of education owns the
1750:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)
1534:National Association of Educational Broadcasters
1313:National Association of Educational Broadcasters
664:In recent years, the CBC has also expanded into
6930:
6812:"Media and politics - Ownership and Regulation"
6756:Community Broadcasting Association of Australia
5544:UNC-Chapel Hill Master of Public Administration
5217:"UPFTV transmitirá a programação da TV Cultura"
5102:(in Brazilian Portuguese). EBC. 10 April 2021.
4943:
4732:"BRU definition of public service broadcasting"
4493:and is 100% taxpayer funded. The multicultural
3990:The group also has two international channels:
3623:– Radiotelevisione Italiana, founded as URI in
2274:Second is the state-owned state media known as
1565:Bolivarian Communication and Information System
1141:as an educational television with the channels
621:defected from CBC Television that February and
557:CBC operates two national television networks (
7056:AIR, the Association for Independents in Radio
7042:The Public Radio Program Directors Association
5799:Future Active: Media Activism and the Internet
4115:is the company's international radio station.
3943:, with the creation of two regional channels:
1728:In Hong Kong, the Radio Television Hong Kong (
1375:began under this structure. The concept of a "
1221:(SPR), an agency from the Federal Government.
8052:
7522:
7092:
6173:Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism
5356:
4843:
4222:
4190:
4149:(RTVS) is the national public broadcaster in
3619:The Italian national broadcasting company is
3551:The Sound and Vision Fund is operated by the
3042:Office de radiodiffusion télévision française
2999:is the most viewed TV channel in Finland and
2771:There are two public media in Bulgaria - the
2201:is the only public broadcaster in Singapore.
1814:In Japan, the main public broadcaster is the
1387:was authorized to begin normal broadcasting.
930:on channels 8 and 4. Channel 8, in
133:Guidelines that liberate rather than restrict
6814:. Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
4237:) since 1956, that is a generalist channel;
4129:(RTS) is the national public broadcaster in
3039:
928:Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso
668:ventures including the online radio service
657:) that serves the four provinces comprising
32:Public service broadcasting (disambiguation)
9067:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
6219:
5359:"Canada-U.S. cross-border station shake-up"
4766:. Indiana University Press. pp. 6–10.
4269:, and replaced in 2021 its previous online
3496:
3490:
3484:
2382:" – Persian language station, internet only
2120:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2018:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1901:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1645:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1441:), which allege that its programming has a
1217:was founded in 2012 and is operated by the
1100:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1019:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
9103:
8059:
8045:
7529:
7515:
7099:
7085:
6988:
5595:"About Us: 50 Years of HoustonPBS History"
5420:"Applicant response dated 6 December 2010"
4810:
4808:
4644:Public, educational, and government access
4574:). RNZ also provides the Pacific with its
2403:(Aliyah integration network), as of 2017 "
2276:National Broadcasting Services of Thailand
1309:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
1177:in Mexico City. With the launching of the
649:, although it maintains only one station (
525:and stemming from lobbying efforts by the
353:created by the government of the state of
127:Direct funding and universality of payment
6989:Price, Monroe Edwin; Raboy, Marc (2003).
6836:
5931:
5726:
5012:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 11 June 2016.
4500:In addition, there is a large Australian
3827:) in Denmark, Kringkastingselskapet (now
2701:Institut national belge de radiodiffusion
2430:) – broadcasting news and current affairs
2312:In Arabic, the IPBC is known by the name
2158:Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation
2140:Learn how and when to remove this message
2038:Learn how and when to remove this message
1921:Learn how and when to remove this message
1665:Learn how and when to remove this message
1291:Learn how and when to remove this message
1197:as part of the "RED México". In 2005 the
1120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1039:Learn how and when to remove this message
954:(Channel 9, on 23 October 1990) and
639:Canada's transition to digital television
185:An alternative funding model proposed by
6958:Public broadcasting for the 21st century
6679:À Punt Mèdia, the public valencian media
6244:
5342:"Canadian cablecos to do the FOX trot".
4786:
4780:
4764:Public broadcasting for the 21st century
4665:
4663:
4403:
4361:
4353:
3910:
3710:, and LRT Opus), and three TV channels (
3700:Lithuanian National Radio and Television
3610:
3362:
3150:
2751:BRT was renamed in 1991 to BRTN (Dutch:
2436:– broadcasting music and traffic reports
1752:, Government of India and comprises the
1719:
1347:. The great majority operate as private
1302:
1231:Public broadcasting in the United States
1199:National Autonomous University of Mexico
742:
412:, the state-funded foundation FUNTELPA (
377:), two educational TV channels aimed at
226:
7047:A Model Public Service Broadcasting Law
7037:American Archive of Public Broadcasting
5741:from the original on September 21, 2017
5469:Citytv and SCN Sign Affiliate Agreement
5445:"Sask. TV network sold to Ontario firm"
4805:
4757:
4755:
4753:
2980:, (pronounced /yle/) or Yleisradio (in
2698:Originally named INR –
2655:), one cultural-instructional channel (
2414:" – Jewish-related news and programming
1209:(both radio stations founded in 1959),
432:), with its television channel TVE-ES (
14:
9131:
8066:
6803:
6728:"Sveriges Radio – State Media Monitor"
6226:Khabyuk, Olexiy; Manfred Kops (2011).
6149:from the original on 20 September 2019
5909:from the original on September 6, 2015
5860:
5796:
5124:
4998:
4413:Public Broadcasting Company of Ukraine
2978:Yle - The Finnish Broadcasting Company
2371:Reshet Dalet (Network D), as of 2017 "
2364:Reshet Gimel (Network C), as of 2017 "
523:Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting
512:Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission
287:in 1975, and TV Nacional, launched in
247:List of public broadcasters by country
8040:
7510:
7080:
6955:
6762:from the original on 28 February 2020
6394:
6274:
6030:"Zprávy z ekonomiky – ČeskéNoviny.cz"
5759:
5727:Hellewell, Emily (November 8, 2012).
5708:from the original on October 17, 2017
5619:
5289:from the original on October 17, 2017
4944:Ivo de Oliveira, Pedro (7 May 2021).
4761:
4683:from the original on 27 February 2012
4660:
4629:, on the democratic role of the media
4449:, established in 1922, there is also
4064:, along with six regional studios in
3544:, as well as a number of channels on
3054:group. In 1984, the European channel
2350:Reshet Alef (Network A), as of 2017 "
1437:politicians and think-tanks (such as
9113:
8019:
7032:America's Public Television Stations
6915:from the original on 29 January 2020
6883:from the original on 30 January 2020
6851:from the original on 28 January 2020
6818:from the original on 30 January 2020
6809:
6250:
6085:"The most used contents of the year"
6036:from the original on 22 October 2014
5672:from the original on October 3, 2013
5550:from the original on August 26, 2017
5540:"The History of Public Broadcasting"
4986:from the original on 21 October 2021
4956:from the original on 26 January 2022
4937:
4887:
4885:
4750:
4537:New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation
3882:calling it a government mouthpiece.
2643:), nine regional ones (one for each
2477:(RTSH) is the public broadcaster in
2378:Reshet Hey (Network E), as of 2017 "
2357:Reshet Bet (Network B), as of 2017 "
2118:adding citations to reliable sources
2085:
2016:adding citations to reliable sources
1983:
1899:adding citations to reliable sources
1866:
1704:
1643:adding citations to reliable sources
1610:
1273:adding citations to reliable sources
1244:
1098:adding citations to reliable sources
1065:
1017:adding citations to reliable sources
984:
946:". After the military government of
7536:
6837:Patterson, Jane (29 January 2020).
5762:"Defunding NPR? It's not that easy"
5699:Corporation for Public Broadcasting
5597:. KUHT – HoustonPBS. Archived from
5520:from the original on 16 August 2019
5247:"Radiodifusão: licenças e outorgas"
4570:) and a classical musical network (
4487:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
4093:Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company
3818:
3627:. RAI transmits thirteen channels:
3094:permitted to give plain channel to
3025:Radiodiffusion-télévision française
2926:operating under the brand of TV 2.
1424:Corporation for Public Broadcasting
1311:hosted an important meeting of the
1237:Corporation for Public Broadcasting
1139:Televisión Educativa de El Salvador
215:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
24:
6281:Mediennetz Hamburg (2010-09-27).
5938:. University of California Press.
5844:. January 14, 2000. Archived from
5838:. Public Broadcasting PolicyBase.
5778:from the original on July 17, 2017
5640:from the original on June 28, 2021
5375:from the original on July 26, 2017
5323:from the original on July 14, 2014
5282:Canadian Communications Foundation
5257:from the original on 10 April 2021
5227:from the original on 10 April 2021
5197:from the original on 10 April 2021
5167:from the original on 10 April 2021
5137:from the original on 10 April 2021
5106:from the original on 10 April 2021
5076:from the original on 10 April 2021
5046:from the original on 10 April 2021
5016:from the original on 10 April 2021
4868:Charter of the Corporation (ABC).
4738:from the original on 8 August 2020
4527:Public broadcasting in New Zealand
4427:, Radio Promin, Radio Kultura and
3831:) in Norway, and Radiotjänst (now
3332:for US-military staff in Germany,
2874:and operates several TV channels:
2734:), German-language section became
2726:and the establishment of separate
1486:National Educational Radio Network
1411:-affiliated television station in
1307:The Gregory Hall on the campus of
857:Canada also has a large number of
385:, available nationally on pay TV.
192:
112:Universal geographic accessibility
25:
9155:
7025:
5971:"Chavez bid to counter Hollywood"
5760:Hagey, Keach (October 23, 2010).
5692:"Public Broadcasting Act of 1967"
5660:"Television in the United States"
5346:. September 12, 1994. p. 43.
4882:
4848:. Disruption Books. p. 145.
4671:"Public Broadcasting – Why, How?"
4434:
3553:Broadcasting Authority of Ireland
3507:Broadcasting Authority of Ireland
3390:(located in Thessaloniki city),
3372:Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation
2815:
2164:in the former state broadcaster,
2052:Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation
1553:Radiodifusión Nacional de Uruguay
1532:, an organization founded by the
1518:Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)
1480:A national public radio network,
496:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
490:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
446:TV Educativa do Rio Grande do Sul
414:Fundação Paraense de Radiodifusão
9112:
9102:
9093:
9092:
9081:
8702:Free-space optical communication
8018:
8007:
8006:
7213:BitTorrent television and movies
7106:
5932:James Day (September 16, 1969).
5897:"Public TV Faces Fund Struggles"
5801:. Psychology Press. p. 71.
4111:. Broadcasting in 12 languages,
4091:The public radio broadcaster is
4027:taxa de contribuição audiovisual
3805:Dutch public broadcasting system
2934:
2924:regional public service stations
2748:) and Dutch-language stays BRT.
2584:is the local version of RTSH in
2575:is the local version of RTSH in
2245:Thai Public Broadcasting Service
2090:
1988:
1871:
1824:British Broadcasting Corporation
1790:Public broadcasting in Indonesia
1615:
1524:(NET). NET was shut down by the
1315:in the 1940s, that spawned both
1249:
1224:
1159:National Politechnical Institute
1070:
989:
430:Rádio e Televisão Espírito Santo
209:for culture). Examples include:
7469:Director of network programming
6895:
6863:
6830:
6792:from the original on 2023-04-18
6774:
6744:
6720:
6696:
6685:from the original on 2021-03-09
6667:
6656:from the original on 2022-04-03
6636:
6612:
6588:
6564:
6534:
6510:
6486:
6462:
6438:
6413:
6388:
6364:
6340:
6318:
6300:
6289:from the original on 2013-10-24
6263:from the original on 2013-10-19
6208:from the original on 2019-06-04
6190:
6179:from the original on 2023-03-06
6161:
6135:
6124:from the original on 2019-06-03
6106:
6095:from the original on 2023-03-07
6077:
6066:from the original on 2019-09-01
6048:
6022:
5998:
5984:
5963:
5925:
5889:
5828:
5815:
5790:
5753:
5720:
5684:
5652:
5613:
5587:
5576:from the original on 2017-02-08
5562:
5532:
5506:
5481:
5462:
5437:
5426:from the original on 2013-06-28
5412:
5401:from the original on 2012-10-04
5387:
5357:Etan Vlessing (July 31, 2009).
5350:
5335:
5301:
5269:
5239:
5209:
5179:
5149:
5125:Castro, Daniel (19 June 2015).
5118:
5088:
5058:
5028:
4968:
4912:
4591:Labour-led coalition government
4578:. Aside from RNZ almost all of
4576:Radio New Zealand International
3058:is created. The first channel (
2222:Educational Broadcasting System
2215:Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation
2173:Philippine Broadcasting Service
1530:Educational Television Stations
1522:National Educational Television
1420:Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
1260:needs additional citations for
1056:Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly
875:RTVC Sistema de Medios Públicos
464:, said in his campaign for the
404:, which operates in AM, FM and
7171:Digital terrestrial television
6752:"About Community Broadcasting"
5867:Laurence Ariel Jarvik (1997).
4862:
4837:
4818:The Review of Economic Studies
4724:
4695:
4520:
4338:'s Radio Galega stations and
3798:
3305:) emerged from the remains of
3140:to create a powerful means of
2969:has about 20% audience share.
2602:is the local version of RT in
2593:is the local version of RT in
2442:Israeli Educational Television
2342:" – Arabic language TV channel
2301:Israeli Broadcasting Authority
2289:
2204:
2081:
1361:cooperative extension services
1061:
716:(TVO) and the French-language
434:TV Educativa do Espírito Santo
394:Empresa Mineira de Comunicação
124:Distance from vested interests
13:
1:
7806:Needle and syringe programmes
7660:Universal access to education
7444:Television news screen layout
6620:"Spain – State Media Monitor"
6397:"Poland's State of the Media"
6395:Kalan, Dariusz (2019-11-25).
6328:Canone RAI a 90 euro dal 2017
5344:Alberta Report / Newsmagazine
4703:"Public Service Broadcasting"
4147:Radio and Television Slovakia
3921:Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
3907:Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
3787:
3038:RTF was transformed into the
2781:Bulgarian National Television
2773:Bulgarian National Television
2573:Radio Televizioni Gjirokastra
2410:Reshet Moreshet, as of 2017 "
1606:
1511:
1157:is owned and operated by the
466:presidential election in 2018
291:in 1960), the radio stations
273:Empresa Brasil de Comunicação
263:Empresa Brasil de Comunicação
102:
9088:Telecommunication portal
8869:Telecommunications equipment
7411:Broadcast television systems
7317:Children's television series
6996:. Kluwer Law International.
6931:General and cited references
5572:. United States Government.
5478:CNW press release 2011-12-20
4654:
4509:stations (most operating as
4495:Special Broadcasting Service
4480:
4342:(TVG) channels broadcast in
4160:Radio Slovakia International
3745:) and three radio services (
3731:Public Broadcasting Services
3694:
2959:Estonian Public Broadcasting
2783:was founded in 1959 and the
2755:) and again in 1998 to VRT (
2361:" – News and current affairs
2193:
1820:British Broadcasting Company
1783:
1715:
1591:Asamblea Nacional Televisión
1558:
944:Televisión Nacional de Chile
921:Televisión Nacional de Chile
365:, which is available in all
220:Special Broadcasting Service
148:
7:
8605:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
7889:Publicly funded health care
7313:Children's interest channel
5825:(Praeger Publishers, 1977).
5620:Burke, John Edward (1980).
5253:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
5223:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
5193:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
5163:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
5133:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
5072:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
5042:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
4982:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
4952:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
4787:Banerjee, Indrajit (2006).
4600:
4429:Radio Ukraine International
4249:sports channel since 1994;
4164:European broadcasting union
4141:
4113:Radio Romania International
4031:Portuguese financial crisis
3900:
3782:Radio Moldova Internaţional
3446:European Broadcasting Union
3298:Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen
2766:
2722:In 1977, following Belgian
2462:European Broadcasting Union
2375:" – Arabic language station
2238:
2154:People's Television Network
1979:
1862:
1800:Televisi Republik Indonesia
1549:Televisión Nacional Uruguay
1377:non-commercial, educational
1349:not-for-profit corporations
868:
747:Amherst Island public radio
690:Public Broadcasting Service
436:) and an AM radio station (
251:
240:
49:public service broadcasting
10:
9160:
8309:Telecommunications history
6251:Chen, (程宗明) (2001-05-25).
4622:International broadcasting
4589:In late January 2020, the
4568:Radio New Zealand National
4524:
4475:
4438:
4397:
4393:
4366:The logo of Sveriges Radio
4267:over-the-top media service
4127:Radio Television of Serbia
4036:
3904:
3855:) per household per year.
3802:
3760:
3579:, etc. Pay TV broadcaster
3470:
3428:
3210:), merged from SDR and SWF
3196:), merged from SFB and ORB
3125:
3121:
2972:
2953:
2950:. Funded by licence fees.
2922:to finance the network of
2909:
2851:, respectively. Until the
2791:
2670:
2613:
2609:
2475:Radio Televizioni Shqiptar
2469:
2459:
2211:Korean Broadcasting System
1857:high-definition television
1787:
1562:
1539:
1516:In the United States, the
1490:Public Radio International
1354:
1234:
1228:
980:
918:
872:
823:. One television station,
812:government of Saskatchewan
487:
325:Rádio Nacional da Amazônia
260:
244:
36:
29:
9076:
9018:
8955:
8917:Public Switched Telephone
8877:
8841:
8798:
8739:
8729:telecommunication circuit
8690:Fiber-optic communication
8673:
8435:Francis Blake (telephone)
8382:
8230:Optical telecommunication
8074:
8002:
7946:
7914:National health insurance
7879:
7866:Supervised injection site
7776:
7726:
7673:
7567:
7544:
7419:Digital on-screen graphic
7391:
7332:Movie television channels
7308:Adult television channels
7296:
7222:
7114:
5221:University of Passo Fundo
4980:Padre Anchieta Foundation
4572:Radio New Zealand Concert
4517:stations have in the US.
4376:Sveriges Utbildningsradio
4349:
4253:news channel since 1997;
4223:
4191:
4121:
3880:Reporters Without Borders
3858:
3776:, and the radio channels
3358:
3238:), split from former NWDR
3018:
2625:Österreichischer Rundfunk
2455:
2396:" – Classical music, jazz
2294:
2233:Public Television Service
2227:
2166:Radio Philippines Network
1935:Radio Televisyen Malaysia
1369:South Dakota Public Radio
1148:
619:Terrace, British Columbia
575:Ici Radio-Canada Première
483:
256:
63:whose primary mission is
8828:Orbital angular-momentum
8265:Satellite communications
8104:Communications satellite
7909:Single-payer health care
7718:Universal basic services
7665:Universal basic services
7383:Women's interest channel
7061:Public Radio Fan website
6974:Linke, Benjamin (2016),
5191:Observatório da Imprensa
4580:New Zealand's 16 regions
4515:public access television
4187:Radio Nacional de España
4176:Radiotelevisión Española
4169:
3843:was founded in Finland.
3725:
3606:
3542:RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta
3029:Radiodiffusion française
2801:Hrvatska radiotelevizija
2797:Croatian Radiotelevision
2785:Bulgarian National Radio
2777:Bulgarian National Radio
1971:
1809:
1796:Radio Republik Indonesia
1739:
1571:Venezolana de Televisión
1448:
914:
565:), four radio networks (
554:CBC Television service.
456:Since the government of
172:television documentaries
37:Not to be confused with
8707:Molecular communication
8530:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
8359:Undersea telegraph line
8094:Cable protection system
7610:Public good (economics)
7247:Multichannel television
7237:Commercial broadcasting
7208:Peer-to-peer television
5797:Meikle, Graham (2002).
5665:Encyclopædia Britannica
5514:"El Once y su historia"
4831:10.1111/0034-6527.00357
4153:, with headquarters in
3870:(TVP) has been seen as
3118:between 2005 and 2014.
2845:Czechoslovak Television
2582:Radio Televizioni Korça
1822:, the precursor to the
1710:Radio Television Brunei
1601:
1439:The Heritage Foundation
1135:Alfonso Quiñónez Molina
277:Fundação Padre Anchieta
267:Fundação Padre Anchieta
118:Attention to minorities
93:Commercial broadcasting
59:, and other electronic
8849:Communication protocol
8635:Charles Sumner Tainter
8450:Walter Houser Brattain
8395:Edwin Howard Armstrong
8203:Information revolution
7327:Men's interest channel
7283:Religious broadcasting
6230:. LIT Verlag Münster.
6006:"Funding Arrangements"
5869:PBS, behind the screen
5395:"Decision CRTC 95-472"
5364:The Hollywood Reporter
4844:Michael Slaby (2021).
4612:Editorial independence
4541:Television New Zealand
4489:(ABC) is owned by the
4409:
4367:
4359:
4302:channels broadcast in
4300:Televisió de Catalunya
4109:Radio România Regional
3964:Televisão Independente
3916:
3616:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3368:
3296:
3236:North Rhine-Westphalia
3228:), established in 1991
3177:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
3156:
3040:
2840:
2828:
2800:
2760:
2752:
2745:
2731:
2710:Radio-Télévision Belge
2709:
2420:Israeli Defense Forces
2316:(Arabic for "place").
2269:Television of Thailand
1734:editorial independence
1725:
1689:owned and operated by
1401:University of Missouri
1373:Wisconsin Public Radio
1324:
836:
748:
651:Moncton, New Brunswick
503:
361:, launched in 1969 in
176:educational programmes
87:; television; and the
8823:Polarization-division
8555:Narinder Singh Kapany
8520:Erna Schneider Hoover
8440:Jagadish Chandra Bose
8420:Alexander Graham Bell
8151:online video platform
7758:Public infrastructure
7595:Public administration
7580:Free-culture movement
6732:statemediamonitor.com
6708:statemediamonitor.com
6624:statemediamonitor.com
6600:statemediamonitor.com
6576:statemediamonitor.com
6522:statemediamonitor.com
6498:statemediamonitor.com
6474:statemediamonitor.com
6450:statemediamonitor.com
6376:statemediamonitor.com
6352:statemediamonitor.com
5319:. February 28, 2014.
5317:Department of Justice
4638:Public Radio Exchange
4491:Australian Government
4407:
4365:
4357:
4340:Televisión de Galicia
4020:São Tomé and Príncipe
3956:generalist programmes
3914:
3614:
3366:
3179:), split from former
3154:
2984:) and Rundradion (in
2399:REKA - Reshet Klitat
2389:" – Alternative music
2054:(PBC), also known as
1756:television network (
1723:
1679:Bangladesh Television
1596:Bolivarian Revolution
1498:Public Radio Exchange
1494:American Public Media
1482:National Public Radio
1397:University of Houston
1306:
791:Public radio station
746:
563:Ici Radio-Canada Télé
527:Canadian Radio League
472:Brazil also has many
392:, which has the EMC (
351:non-profit foundation
227:Public Media Alliance
75:Common media include
8665:Vladimir K. Zworykin
8625:Almon Brown Strowger
8595:Charles Grafton Page
8250:Prepaid mobile phone
8178:Electrical telegraph
7476:Outside broadcasting
6956:Raboy, Marc (1995).
6758:. 14 November 2014.
5772:Capitol News Company
5546:. October 21, 2013.
5493:May 9, 2012, at the
5397:. CRTC. 1995-07-20.
5371:. Associated Press.
5313:Justice Laws Website
4762:Raboy, Marc (1995).
4507:community television
4408:The logo of Suspilne
4180:autonomous community
3464:Desperate Housewives
3319:Hans-Bredow-Institut
3208:Rhineland-Palatinate
2728:language communities
2491:Televizioni Shqiptar
2162:controlling interest
2114:improve this section
2012:improve this section
1943:television licensing
1895:improve this section
1639:improve this section
1269:improve this article
1163:government of Mexico
1094:improve this section
1013:improve this section
504:Société Radio-Canada
438:Rádio Espírito Santo
9139:Public broadcasting
8615:Johann Philipp Reis
8374:Wireless revolution
8336:The Telephone Cases
8193:Hydraulic telegraph
7994:Public viewing area
7763:Public water system
7751:Municipal broadband
7708:Public broadcasting
7378:Sports broadcasting
7322:Documentary channel
7278:Public broadcasting
7185:Internet television
6911:. 29 January 2020.
6879:. 29 January 2020.
6786:legislation.govt.nz
6552:on October 19, 2013
6204:. 12 October 2018.
6145:. 17 January 2019.
6018:on October 9, 2009.
5873:Rocklin, California
5369:The Nielsen Company
4553:controversial issue
4372:Sveriges Television
4308:Valencian Community
4276:regional variations
4193:Televisión Española
4042:Romanian Television
3845:Ríkisútvarpið (RÚV)
3837:Sveriges Television
3498:Teilifís na Gaeilge
3434:Ríkisútvarpið (RÚV)
2746:Belgischer Rundfunk
2336:Channel 33 (Israel)
2332:" – Main TV channel
2060:Pakistan Television
1778:Parliament of India
1418:The passage of the
1241:Current (newspaper)
1195:Ministry of Culture
1171:secondary education
1169:in 1968 to provide
788:chain of stations.
402:Rádio Inconfidência
45:Public broadcasting
8813:Frequency-division
8790:Telephone exchange
8660:Charles Wheatstone
8590:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
8565:Innocenzo Manzetti
8500:Reginald Fessenden
8235:Optical telegraphy
8068:Telecommunications
7959:Government auction
7645:Public procurement
7491:Television licence
7459:Broadcast designer
6908:New Zealand Herald
6644:"RTVE corporation"
6333:2017-11-12 at the
6120:. 2 January 2019.
5902:The Morning Record
5821:George H. Gibson,
5474:2013-09-29 at the
4875:2007-11-23 at the
4846:For All the People
4485:In Australia, the
4410:
4368:
4360:
3917:
3617:
3593:is an independent
3567:Northern Ireland,
3442:television licence
3369:
3345:France Télévisions
3173:Schleswig-Holstein
3157:
3155:Map of ARD-members
2849:Czechoslovak Radio
2385:88FM, as of 2017 "
2181:became independent
2177:Insular Government
1726:
1691:Bengali parliament
1428:federal government
1325:
901:Caracol Televisión
757:Alberta government
749:
710:U.S.–Canada border
647:Canadian provinces
602:owned and operated
408:; in the state of
379:distance education
213:In Australia, the
155:television licence
9126:
9125:
8864:Store and forward
8859:Data transmission
8773:Network switching
8724:Transmission line
8570:Guglielmo Marconi
8535:Internet pioneers
8400:Mohamed M. Atalla
8369:Whistled language
8034:
8033:
7861:Public university
7841:Public open space
7786:Drinking fountain
7746:Telecommunication
7504:
7503:
7496:Television studio
7464:Broadcast license
7451:Network affiliate
7434:On-screen display
7401:Broadcast network
7371:Livestreamed news
7361:Business channels
7356:News broadcasting
7273:Pirate television
7264:News broadcasting
7144:Mobile television
6984:978-3-631-66568-8
6844:Radio New Zealand
6091:. 23 April 2019.
5808:978-0-415-94322-2
4855:978-1-63331-051-3
4617:Independent media
4564:Radio New Zealand
4557:Radio New Zealand
4545:Radio New Zealand
4259:TVE Internacional
3992:RTP Internacional
3766:Teleradio-Moldova
3204:Baden-Württemberg
3116:France Télévision
3052:France Télévision
3013:the Yle NewsWatch
2963:Eesti Televisioon
2616:ORF (broadcaster)
2368:" – Israeli music
2257:government agency
2253:legal personality
2150:
2149:
2142:
2048:
2047:
2040:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1853:BBC World Service
1705:Brunei Darussalam
1675:
1674:
1667:
1536:(NAEB), in 1973.
1365:Iowa Public Radio
1301:
1300:
1293:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1049:
1048:
1041:
851:community channel
845:
808:City Saskatchewan
734:Knowledge Network
508:crown corporation
442:Rio Grande do Sul
375:Greater São Paulo
207:investment policy
203:industrial policy
18:Public Television
16:(Redirected from
9151:
9116:
9115:
9106:
9105:
9096:
9095:
9086:
9085:
9084:
8957:Notable networks
8947:Wireless network
8887:Cellular network
8879:Types of network
8854:Computer network
8741:Network topology
8655:Thomas A. Watson
8510:Oliver Heaviside
8495:Philo Farnsworth
8470:Daniel Davis Jr.
8445:Charles Bourseul
8405:John Logie Baird
8114:Data compression
8109:Computer network
8061:
8054:
8047:
8038:
8037:
8022:
8021:
8010:
8009:
7921:Social insurance
7768:Waste management
7736:Electric utility
7713:Public transport
7630:Public ownership
7549:Municipalization
7531:
7524:
7517:
7508:
7507:
7351:Shopping channel
7341:Music television
7101:
7094:
7087:
7078:
7077:
7021:
7019:
7018:
7012:
7006:. Archived from
6995:
6971:
6952:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6899:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6888:
6867:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6834:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6810:McMillan, Kate.
6807:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6797:
6778:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6748:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6714:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6671:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6661:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6592:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6548:. Archived from
6538:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6514:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6442:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6392:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6344:
6338:
6326:
6322:
6316:
6315:
6314:on May 22, 2006.
6310:. Archived from
6304:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6223:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6213:
6194:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6165:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6139:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6071:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6026:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6011:. Archived from
6010:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5967:
5961:
5960:
5954:
5952:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5916:
5914:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5848:on April 6, 2001
5832:
5826:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5707:
5696:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5510:
5504:
5485:
5479:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5391:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4889:
4880:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4812:
4803:
4802:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4759:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4709:. Archived from
4699:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4682:
4675:
4667:
4421:Suspilne Kultura
4228:
4227:
4196:
4195:
3929:segundo programa
3868:Telewizja Polska
3854:
3850:
3819:Nordic countries
3500:
3494:
3492:Teilifís Éireann
3488:
3303:Deutschlandradio
3291:
3045:
2993:radio services.
2948:Kringvarp Føroya
2940:Kringvarp Føroya
2821:Czech Television
2743:
2394:Kan Kol Hamusika
2261:state enterprise
2145:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2094:
2086:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2023:
1992:
1984:
1926:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1875:
1867:
1845:NHK BS Premium4K
1695:Bangladesh Betar
1670:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1619:
1611:
1471:Washington, D.C.
1296:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1253:
1245:
1125:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1074:
1066:
1044:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1024:
993:
985:
948:Augusto Pinochet
840:
738:British Columbia
583:CBC News Network
552:English language
428:has the RTV-ES (
418:Brazilian Amazon
367:Brazilian states
341:FM extended band
115:Universal appeal
21:
9159:
9158:
9154:
9153:
9152:
9150:
9149:
9148:
9129:
9128:
9127:
9122:
9082:
9080:
9072:
9014:
8951:
8873:
8837:
8794:
8743:
8735:
8676:
8669:
8575:Robert Metcalfe
8430:Tim Berners-Lee
8378:
8198:Information Age
8070:
8065:
8035:
8030:
7998:
7984:Public security
7974:Public offering
7942:
7931:Social security
7881:Social services
7875:
7831:Public hospital
7826:Public computer
7821:Public bookcase
7772:
7722:
7691:Law enforcement
7686:Fire department
7669:
7620:Public interest
7563:
7559:Progressive tax
7554:Nationalization
7540:
7538:Public services
7535:
7505:
7500:
7393:
7387:
7299:
7292:
7242:Community radio
7224:
7218:
7198:Streaming media
7110:
7105:
7028:
7016:
7014:
7010:
7004:
6993:
6968:
6949:
6933:
6928:
6918:
6916:
6901:
6900:
6896:
6886:
6884:
6869:
6868:
6864:
6854:
6852:
6835:
6831:
6821:
6819:
6808:
6804:
6795:
6793:
6780:
6779:
6775:
6765:
6763:
6750:
6749:
6745:
6736:
6734:
6726:
6725:
6721:
6712:
6710:
6702:
6701:
6697:
6688:
6686:
6673:
6672:
6668:
6659:
6657:
6642:
6641:
6637:
6628:
6626:
6618:
6617:
6613:
6604:
6602:
6594:
6593:
6589:
6580:
6578:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6555:
6553:
6540:
6539:
6535:
6526:
6524:
6516:
6515:
6511:
6502:
6500:
6492:
6491:
6487:
6478:
6476:
6468:
6467:
6463:
6454:
6452:
6444:
6443:
6439:
6430:
6428:
6419:
6418:
6414:
6405:
6403:
6393:
6389:
6380:
6378:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6356:
6354:
6346:
6345:
6341:
6335:Wayback Machine
6324:
6323:
6319:
6306:
6305:
6301:
6292:
6290:
6279:
6275:
6266:
6264:
6249:
6245:
6238:
6224:
6220:
6211:
6209:
6196:
6195:
6191:
6182:
6180:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6152:
6150:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6127:
6125:
6112:
6111:
6107:
6098:
6096:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6069:
6067:
6062:. 24 May 2018.
6054:
6053:
6049:
6039:
6037:
6028:
6027:
6023:
6015:
6008:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5990:
5989:
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5976:
5974:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5930:
5926:
5912:
5910:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5883:
5865:
5861:
5851:
5849:
5834:
5833:
5829:
5820:
5816:
5809:
5795:
5791:
5781:
5779:
5758:
5754:
5744:
5742:
5725:
5721:
5711:
5709:
5705:
5694:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5675:
5673:
5658:
5657:
5653:
5643:
5641:
5634:
5618:
5614:
5604:
5602:
5601:on May 11, 2011
5593:
5592:
5588:
5579:
5577:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5553:
5551:
5538:
5537:
5533:
5523:
5521:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5495:Wayback Machine
5486:
5482:
5476:Wayback Machine
5467:
5463:
5454:
5452:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5429:
5427:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5404:
5402:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5378:
5376:
5355:
5351:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5326:
5324:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5292:
5290:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5260:
5258:
5245:
5244:
5240:
5230:
5228:
5215:
5214:
5210:
5200:
5198:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5170:
5168:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5140:
5138:
5123:
5119:
5109:
5107:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5079:
5077:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5049:
5047:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5019:
5017:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4989:
4987:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4959:
4957:
4942:
4938:
4929:
4927:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4904:
4902:
4891:
4890:
4883:
4877:Wayback Machine
4867:
4863:
4856:
4842:
4838:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4785:
4781:
4774:
4760:
4751:
4741:
4739:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4716:
4714:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4661:
4657:
4603:
4529:
4523:
4502:community radio
4483:
4478:
4443:
4437:
4425:Ukrainian Radio
4402:
4396:
4358:The logo of SVT
4352:
4330:or Spanish. In
4296:Catalunya Ràdio
4271:video on demand
4172:
4144:
4124:
4039:
3909:
3903:
3861:
3852:
3848:
3821:
3807:
3801:
3790:
3763:
3728:
3697:
3609:
3473:
3431:
3361:
3287:
3130:
3124:
3021:
3001:Yle Radio Suomi
2975:
2956:
2937:
2912:
2818:
2794:
2769:
2739:
2673:
2618:
2612:
2472:
2464:
2458:
2299:In Israel, the
2297:
2292:
2280:Thai Government
2255:, but is not a
2241:
2230:
2207:
2196:
2185:Radyo Pilipinas
2146:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2111:
2095:
2084:
2044:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2009:
1993:
1982:
1974:
1927:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1892:
1876:
1865:
1839:only services (
1833:NHK Educational
1812:
1792:
1786:
1774:All India Radio
1742:
1718:
1707:
1671:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1636:
1620:
1609:
1604:
1567:
1561:
1542:
1526:Ford Foundation
1514:
1451:
1357:
1297:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1266:
1254:
1243:
1233:
1227:
1187:Central America
1151:
1126:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1091:
1075:
1064:
1045:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1010:
994:
983:
923:
917:
877:
871:
863:community radio
753:CTV Two Alberta
674:music streaming
659:Atlantic Canada
492:
486:
478:community radio
424:. The state of
299:, broadcast to
269:
259:
254:
249:
243:
229:
199:cultural policy
195:
193:Cultural policy
151:
105:
85:shortwave radio
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9157:
9147:
9146:
9141:
9124:
9123:
9121:
9120:
9110:
9100:
9090:
9077:
9074:
9073:
9071:
9070:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9042:
9041:
9036:
9028:
9022:
9020:
9016:
9015:
9013:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8961:
8959:
8953:
8952:
8950:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8883:
8881:
8875:
8874:
8872:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8845:
8843:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8808:Space-division
8804:
8802:
8796:
8795:
8793:
8792:
8787:
8786:
8785:
8780:
8770:
8769:
8768:
8758:
8753:
8747:
8745:
8737:
8736:
8734:
8733:
8732:
8731:
8721:
8720:
8719:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8698:
8697:
8687:
8681:
8679:
8671:
8670:
8668:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8645:Camille Tissot
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8620:Claude Shannon
8617:
8612:
8610:Tivadar Puskás
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8580:Antonio Meucci
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8550:Charles K. Kao
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8525:Harold Hopkins
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8425:Emile Berliner
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8386:
8384:
8380:
8379:
8377:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8364:Videotelephony
8361:
8356:
8355:
8354:
8349:
8339:
8332:
8327:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8300:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8279:
8278:
8277:
8267:
8262:
8260:Radiotelephone
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8226:
8225:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8164:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8146:Internet video
8138:
8137:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8080:
8078:
8072:
8071:
8064:
8063:
8056:
8049:
8041:
8032:
8031:
8029:
8028:
8016:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7969:Public holiday
7966:
7961:
7956:
7950:
7948:
7944:
7943:
7941:
7940:
7938:Youth services
7935:
7934:
7933:
7928:
7926:Social pension
7918:
7917:
7916:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7894:Public housing
7891:
7885:
7883:
7877:
7876:
7874:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7836:Public library
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7801:Infrastructure
7798:
7796:Free education
7793:
7788:
7782:
7780:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7754:
7753:
7743:
7738:
7732:
7730:
7728:Public utility
7724:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7704:
7703:
7701:Savings system
7696:Postal service
7693:
7688:
7683:
7677:
7675:
7674:Basic services
7671:
7670:
7668:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7590:Product sample
7587:
7585:Free newspaper
7582:
7577:
7571:
7569:
7565:
7564:
7562:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7545:
7542:
7541:
7534:
7533:
7526:
7519:
7511:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7453:
7448:
7447:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7413:
7408:
7406:Broadcast-safe
7403:
7397:
7395:
7389:
7388:
7386:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7368:
7366:Public affairs
7363:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7310:
7304:
7302:
7294:
7293:
7291:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7266:
7261:
7260:
7259:
7254:
7252:Pay television
7244:
7239:
7234:
7228:
7226:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7216:
7210:
7205:
7203:Web television
7200:
7195:
7182:
7181:
7180:
7175:
7174:
7173:
7163:
7158:
7148:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7111:
7104:
7103:
7096:
7089:
7081:
7075:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7058:
7053:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7027:
7026:External links
7024:
7023:
7022:
7002:
6986:
6978:, Peter Lang,
6972:
6966:
6953:
6947:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6894:
6862:
6829:
6802:
6773:
6743:
6719:
6695:
6675:"À Punt Mèdia"
6666:
6635:
6611:
6587:
6563:
6533:
6509:
6485:
6461:
6437:
6421:"Poland | RSF"
6412:
6401:Foreign Policy
6387:
6363:
6339:
6317:
6299:
6273:
6243:
6237:978-3643800947
6236:
6218:
6189:
6160:
6134:
6105:
6076:
6047:
6021:
5997:
5983:
5962:
5945:978-0520086593
5944:
5924:
5888:
5881:
5859:
5827:
5814:
5807:
5789:
5752:
5719:
5683:
5651:
5632:
5612:
5586:
5561:
5531:
5505:
5503:, May 3, 2012.
5480:
5461:
5436:
5411:
5386:
5349:
5334:
5300:
5268:
5238:
5208:
5178:
5148:
5131:Notícias da TV
5117:
5100:Agência Brasil
5087:
5057:
5027:
4997:
4967:
4950:Agência Brasil
4936:
4911:
4881:
4861:
4854:
4836:
4825:(4): 947–972.
4804:
4797:
4779:
4772:
4749:
4723:
4694:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4602:
4599:
4595:National Party
4549:CBC Television
4525:Main article:
4522:
4519:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4439:Main article:
4436:
4435:United Kingdom
4433:
4398:Main article:
4395:
4392:
4380:Sveriges Radio
4351:
4348:
4320:Basque Country
4219:Radio Exterior
4199:Radio Nacional
4171:
4168:
4143:
4140:
4123:
4120:
4038:
4035:
3905:Main article:
3902:
3899:
3891:non-commercial
3876:PiS government
3860:
3857:
3833:Sveriges Radio
3820:
3817:
3803:Main article:
3800:
3797:
3789:
3786:
3762:
3759:
3727:
3724:
3712:LRT televizija
3696:
3693:
3608:
3605:
3595:Irish language
3581:Setanta Sports
3486:Raidió Éireann
3472:
3469:
3430:
3427:
3360:
3357:
3280:
3279:
3269:
3259:
3249:
3239:
3229:
3211:
3197:
3183:
3123:
3120:
3020:
3017:
2974:
2971:
2955:
2952:
2936:
2933:
2911:
2908:
2857:Czechoslovakia
2829:Česká televize
2817:
2816:Czech Republic
2814:
2793:
2790:
2775:(BNT) and the
2768:
2765:
2724:federalization
2696:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2672:
2669:
2614:Main article:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2564:
2563:
2557:
2554:Radio Tirana 2
2551:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2471:
2468:
2457:
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2416:
2415:
2408:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2344:
2343:
2338:, as of 2017 "
2333:
2326:, as of 2017 "
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2240:
2237:
2229:
2226:
2206:
2203:
2195:
2192:
2148:
2147:
2098:
2096:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2056:Radio Pakistan
2046:
2045:
1996:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1929:
1928:
1879:
1877:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1811:
1808:
1788:Main article:
1785:
1782:
1746:Prasar Bharati
1741:
1738:
1717:
1714:
1706:
1703:
1673:
1672:
1623:
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1614:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1560:
1557:
1541:
1538:
1513:
1510:
1502:Pacifica Radio
1459:Pacifica Radio
1450:
1447:
1356:
1353:
1299:
1298:
1257:
1255:
1248:
1229:Main article:
1226:
1223:
1167:Telesecundaria
1150:
1147:
1128:
1127:
1078:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1047:
1046:
997:
995:
988:
982:
979:
926:2010, and the
916:
913:
905:RCN Televisión
873:Main article:
870:
867:
559:CBC Television
516:Prime Minister
485:
482:
462:Jair Bolsonaro
426:Espírito Santo
337:Agência Brasil
313:Belo Horizonte
305:Rio de Janeiro
293:Rádio Nacional
285:Rio de Janeiro
275:(EBC) and the
258:
255:
253:
250:
242:
239:
228:
225:
224:
223:
194:
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164:public affairs
150:
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125:
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119:
116:
113:
104:
101:
65:public service
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9156:
9145:
9144:Radio formats
9142:
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9119:
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8850:
8847:
8846:
8844:
8840:
8834:
8833:Code-division
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8818:Time-division
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8805:
8803:
8801:
8797:
8791:
8788:
8784:
8781:
8779:
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8771:
8767:
8764:
8763:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8748:
8746:
8744:and switching
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8725:
8722:
8718:
8715:
8714:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8696:
8695:optical fiber
8693:
8692:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8685:Coaxial cable
8683:
8682:
8680:
8678:
8672:
8666:
8663:
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8626:
8623:
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8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8600:Radia Perlman
8598:
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8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8490:Lee de Forest
8488:
8486:
8485:Thomas Edison
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8475:Donald Davies
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8460:Claude Chappe
8458:
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8333:
8331:
8328:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8304:Smoke signals
8302:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8284:
8283:
8282:Semiconductor
8280:
8276:
8273:
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8271:
8268:
8266:
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8143:
8142:
8141:Digital media
8139:
8135:
8132:
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8125:
8122:
8120:
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8110:
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8015:
8014:
8005:
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8001:
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7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7979:Public sector
7977:
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7907:
7905:
7904:Job guarantee
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7886:
7884:
7882:
7878:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7856:Public toilet
7854:
7852:
7849:
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7846:Public school
7844:
7842:
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7756:
7752:
7749:
7748:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7741:Oil & gas
7739:
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7731:
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7725:
7719:
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7711:
7709:
7706:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7681:Civil service
7679:
7678:
7676:
7672:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
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7641:
7640:Public rights
7638:
7636:
7635:Public policy
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7615:Public health
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7605:Public domain
7603:
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7309:
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7265:
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7258:
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7248:
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7233:
7230:
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7221:
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7211:
7209:
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7179:
7176:
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7169:
7168:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7152:
7149:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7124:Radio program
7122:
7121:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7113:
7109:
7102:
7097:
7095:
7090:
7088:
7083:
7082:
7079:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7013:on 2012-01-17
7009:
7005:
7003:90-411-2212-5
6999:
6992:
6987:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6967:1-86020-006-0
6963:
6959:
6954:
6950:
6948:981-4136-01-8
6944:
6940:
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6934:
6914:
6910:
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6898:
6882:
6878:
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6806:
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6336:
6332:
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6138:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6109:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6080:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6056:"This is Yle"
6051:
6035:
6031:
6025:
6014:
6007:
6001:
5993:
5987:
5972:
5966:
5958:
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5898:
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5870:
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5847:
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5842:
5837:
5831:
5824:
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5804:
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5773:
5769:
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5763:
5756:
5740:
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5735:
5730:
5723:
5704:
5700:
5693:
5687:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5655:
5639:
5635:
5633:0-405-11756-6
5629:
5625:
5624:
5616:
5600:
5596:
5590:
5575:
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5565:
5549:
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5519:
5515:
5509:
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5501:
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5446:
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5400:
5396:
5390:
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5365:
5360:
5353:
5345:
5338:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5304:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5278:
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5212:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5182:
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5105:
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5037:
5031:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5001:
4985:
4981:
4977:
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4955:
4951:
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4940:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4888:
4886:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4865:
4857:
4851:
4847:
4840:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4811:
4809:
4800:
4798:981-4136-01-8
4794:
4790:
4783:
4775:
4773:1-86020-006-0
4769:
4765:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4713:on 2022-03-21
4712:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4679:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4659:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4633:Press freedom
4631:
4628:
4627:Mediatization
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4607:Citizen media
4605:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4550:
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4528:
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4512:
4508:
4503:
4498:
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4471:
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4452:
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4414:
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4391:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4364:
4356:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4298:stations and
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4203:Radio Clásica
4200:
4194:
4188:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4139:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4119:
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4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4012:Guinea-Bissau
4009:
4005:
4002:countries of
4001:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3975:in 2015; and
3974:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3913:
3908:
3898:
3894:
3892:
3887:
3886:Polskie Radio
3883:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3864:Polskie Radio
3856:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3816:
3813:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3778:Radio Moldova
3775:
3771:
3767:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3751:Radju Malta 2
3748:
3744:
3743:Parliament TV
3740:
3736:
3732:
3723:
3721:
3720:LRT Lituanica
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3392:ERT SPORTS HD
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2017:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1997:This section
1995:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
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1946:
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1936:
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1880:This section
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1467:New York City
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1329:United States
1322:
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1258:This section
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1225:United States
1222:
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1215:Canal Catorce
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1079:This section
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998:This section
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957:
953:
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945:
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909:programadoras
906:
902:
899:
898:programadoras
895:
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887:
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885:programadoras
881:
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866:
864:
860:
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852:
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843:
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567:CBC Radio One
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383:TV Rá-Tim-Bum
380:
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372:
371:Rádio Cultura
368:
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187:Michael Slaby
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73:
70:
66:
62:
61:media outlets
58:
54:
50:
46:
40:
33:
19:
8800:Multiplexing
8675:Transmission
8640:Nikola Tesla
8630:Henry Sutton
8585:Samuel Morse
8515:Robert Hooke
8480:Amos Dolbear
8415:John Bardeen
8334:
8314:Telautograph
8218:Mobile phone
8173:Edholm's law
8156:social media
8089:Broadcasting
8023:
8011:
7964:Public float
7899:Job creation
7851:Public space
7778:Public works
7707:
7655:Public value
7650:Public trust
7455:Occupations
7346:Quiz channel
7277:
7269:Pirate radio
7257:Pay-per-view
7232:Campus radio
7223:Broadcasting
7108:Broadcasting
7015:. Retrieved
7008:the original
6975:
6957:
6938:
6917:. Retrieved
6906:
6897:
6885:. Retrieved
6874:
6865:
6853:. Retrieved
6842:
6832:
6820:. Retrieved
6805:
6794:. Retrieved
6785:
6776:
6764:. Retrieved
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6746:
6735:. Retrieved
6731:
6722:
6711:. Retrieved
6707:
6698:
6687:. Retrieved
6678:
6669:
6658:. Retrieved
6647:
6638:
6627:. Retrieved
6623:
6614:
6603:. Retrieved
6599:
6590:
6579:. Retrieved
6575:
6566:
6554:. Retrieved
6550:the original
6545:
6536:
6525:. Retrieved
6521:
6512:
6501:. Retrieved
6497:
6488:
6477:. Retrieved
6473:
6464:
6453:. Retrieved
6449:
6440:
6429:. Retrieved
6427:. 2023-06-02
6424:
6415:
6404:. Retrieved
6400:
6390:
6379:. Retrieved
6375:
6366:
6355:. Retrieved
6351:
6342:
6325:(in Italian)
6320:
6312:the original
6302:
6291:. Retrieved
6276:
6265:. Retrieved
6256:
6246:
6227:
6221:
6210:. Retrieved
6201:
6192:
6181:. Retrieved
6172:
6163:
6153:20 September
6151:. Retrieved
6137:
6126:. Retrieved
6117:
6108:
6097:. Retrieved
6088:
6079:
6068:. Retrieved
6059:
6050:
6038:. Retrieved
6024:
6013:the original
6000:
5986:
5975:. Retrieved
5973:. 2006-06-04
5965:
5957:Google Books
5955:– via
5949:. Retrieved
5934:
5927:
5917:– via
5911:. Retrieved
5900:
5891:
5868:
5862:
5850:. Retrieved
5846:the original
5839:
5830:
5822:
5817:
5798:
5792:
5780:. Retrieved
5765:
5755:
5743:. Retrieved
5732:
5722:
5710:. Retrieved
5686:
5674:. Retrieved
5663:
5654:
5642:. Retrieved
5622:
5615:
5603:. Retrieved
5599:the original
5589:
5578:. Retrieved
5564:
5552:. Retrieved
5543:
5534:
5522:. Retrieved
5508:
5498:
5483:
5464:
5453:. Retrieved
5451:. 2010-06-21
5448:
5439:
5428:. Retrieved
5414:
5403:. Retrieved
5389:
5377:. Retrieved
5362:
5352:
5343:
5337:
5325:. Retrieved
5312:
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5291:. Retrieved
5280:
5271:
5259:. Retrieved
5250:
5241:
5229:. Retrieved
5220:
5211:
5199:. Retrieved
5190:
5181:
5169:. Retrieved
5160:
5151:
5139:. Retrieved
5130:
5120:
5108:. Retrieved
5099:
5090:
5078:. Retrieved
5069:
5060:
5048:. Retrieved
5039:
5030:
5018:. Retrieved
5009:
5000:
4988:. Retrieved
4979:
4970:
4958:. Retrieved
4949:
4939:
4928:. Retrieved
4926:. 2018-12-12
4923:
4914:
4903:. Retrieved
4901:. 2022-07-09
4896:
4864:
4845:
4839:
4822:
4816:
4788:
4782:
4763:
4740:. Retrieved
4726:
4715:. Retrieved
4711:the original
4706:
4697:
4685:. Retrieved
4588:
4584:access radio
4561:
4530:
4499:
4484:
4467:
4444:
4411:
4369:
4281:
4261:since 1989.
4242:
4234:
4230:
4213:since 1976,
4209:since 1979,
4205:since 1965,
4201:since 1937,
4184:
4173:
4145:
4125:
4117:
4090:
4040:
4026:
4024:
3989:
3967:
3962:in 1992 and
3953:
3947:in 1972 and
3928:
3918:
3895:
3884:
3862:
3822:
3808:
3791:
3764:
3729:
3698:
3680:
3618:
3601:Virgin Media
3599:
3589:
3585:free-to-view
3557:Virgin Media
3550:
3538:RTÉ Lyric FM
3528:. On radio;
3526:RTÉ News Now
3511:
3503:
3474:
3462:
3456:
3453:human rights
3450:
3448:since 1956.
3432:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3370:
3339:Eventually,
3338:
3327:
3323:broadcasting
3318:
3316:
3281:
3165:Lower Saxony
3134:World War II
3131:
3110:. Moreover,
3096:La cinquième
3087:La cinquième
3068:
3037:
3022:
3009:
2995:
2976:
2957:
2938:
2913:
2904:
2861:
2819:
2804:
2795:
2770:
2750:
2721:
2714:
2700:
2697:
2674:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2599:
2591:Radio Kukësi
2590:
2581:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2548:Radio Tirana
2547:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2473:
2465:
2450:Kan Hinuchit
2449:
2445:
2439:
2428:Galey Tzahal
2417:
2412:Kan Moreshet
2411:
2404:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2327:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2304:
2298:
2273:
2249:state agency
2242:
2231:
2219:
2208:
2197:
2189:
2170:
2151:
2136:
2127:
2112:Please help
2100:
2064:PTV National
2049:
2034:
2028:January 2024
2025:
2010:Please help
1998:
1975:
1947:
1932:
1917:
1911:January 2024
1908:
1893:Please help
1881:
1835:) and three
1813:
1804:
1793:
1743:
1727:
1708:
1676:
1661:
1655:January 2024
1652:
1637:Please help
1625:
1568:
1543:
1515:
1506:public radio
1505:
1479:
1452:
1435:conservative
1432:
1417:
1380:
1358:
1326:
1287:
1278:
1267:Please help
1262:verification
1259:
1165:implemented
1152:
1131:
1116:
1110:January 2024
1107:
1092:Please help
1080:
1050:
1035:
1029:January 2024
1026:
1011:Please help
999:
964:
924:
908:
897:
883:
878:
859:campus radio
856:
848:
816:Rogers Media
806:
790:
761:CHUM Limited
750:
686:
682:CBC Hamilton
663:
623:Lloydminster
611:Dawson Creek
599:
556:
519:R.B. Bennett
493:
474:campus radio
471:
458:Michel Temer
455:
450:Porto Alegre
445:
437:
433:
429:
413:
393:
390:Minas Gerais
387:
345:
335:region, and
270:
230:
196:
184:
180:
152:
144:
140:
136:
106:
97:20th century
74:
69:broadcasters
48:
44:
43:
9000:NPL network
8712:Radio waves
8650:Alfred Vail
8560:Hedy Lamarr
8545:Dawon Kahng
8505:Elisha Gray
8465:Yogen Dalal
8390:Nasir Ahmed
8324:Teleprinter
8188:Heliographs
7816:Public bank
7791:Free clinic
7625:Public land
7575:Common good
7429:News ticker
7424:Lower third
7394:and funding
7337:Music radio
6876:Newstalk ZB
6766:15 February
6556:October 13,
5951:October 23,
5919:Google News
5913:October 28,
5852:January 12,
4976:"Cobertura"
4649:State media
4543:(TVNZ) and
4521:New Zealand
4388:SVT Uutiset
4247:Teledeporte
4136:advertising
4086:Târgu Mureș
4070:Cluj-Napoca
3977:RTP Memória
3945:RTP Madeira
3874:during the
3872:state media
3799:Netherlands
3755:Magic Malta
3747:Radju Malta
3708:LRT Klasika
3704:LRT Radijas
3653:Rai Premium
3649:Rai News 24
3530:RTÉ Radio 1
3489:(1926) and
3194:Brandenburg
2853:dissolution
2833:Czech Radio
2799:(Croatian:
2661:ORF Sport +
2577:Gjirokastër
2521:RTSH Muzikë
2485:Analogue TV
2444:, known as
2426:IDF Waves (
2373:MAKan Radio
2290:Middle East
2205:South Korea
2082:Philippines
1968:, and TV6.
1939:TV Alhijrah
1829:NHK General
1758:DD National
1754:Doordarshan
1500:(PRX); and
1463:Los Angeles
1062:El Salvador
960:Chilevisión
726:Télé-Québec
670:CBC Radio 3
591:Ici Explora
579:Ici Musique
571:CBC Radio 2
234:Isle of Man
160:mass market
51:) involves
39:State media
9133:Categories
9046:Antarctica
9005:Toasternet
8927:Television
8410:Paul Baran
8342:Television
8326:(teletype)
8319:Telegraphy
8297:transistor
8275:Phryctoria
8245:Photophone
8223:Smartphone
8213:Mass media
7989:Public use
7871:Urban park
7811:Public art
7600:Public bad
7486:Press pool
7392:Production
7288:Talk radio
7051:Article 19
7049:(2005) by
7017:2011-08-06
6919:30 January
6887:30 January
6855:30 January
6822:30 January
6796:2023-04-20
6737:2024-07-08
6713:2024-07-08
6689:2020-02-01
6660:2022-04-03
6629:2024-07-08
6605:2024-07-08
6581:2024-07-08
6527:2024-07-08
6503:2024-07-08
6479:2024-07-08
6455:2024-07-08
6431:2023-08-07
6406:2023-08-07
6381:2024-07-08
6357:2024-07-08
6293:2013-09-08
6267:2013-09-08
6212:2019-09-20
6183:2023-03-06
6128:2019-09-20
6099:2023-03-06
6070:2019-09-20
6040:13 October
5977:2024-06-18
5882:0761506683
5580:2016-11-22
5455:2010-06-21
5430:2011-03-17
5405:2011-09-03
4990:21 October
4960:25 January
4930:2024-07-08
4905:2024-07-08
4898:ABC listen
4742:13 October
4717:2023-08-09
4511:Channel 31
4378:(UR), and
4231:La Primera
4189:(RNE) and
4155:Bratislava
4016:Mozambique
4008:Cape Verde
3996:RTP África
3949:RTP Açores
3788:Montenegro
3677:Rai Scuola
3665:Rai Storia
3367:ERT's logo
3311:societally
3146:the Allies
3142:propaganda
3126:See also:
3005:Yle Areena
2645:Bundesland
2516:RTSH Sport
2504:Digital TV
2460:See also:
2352:Kan Tarbut
2072:PTV Global
1966:Berita RTM
1937:(RTM) and
1798:(RRI) and
1744:In India,
1687:Sangsad TV
1607:Bangladesh
1563:See also:
1512:Television
1379:" station
1341:businesses
1235:See also:
1179:Morelos II
1155:Canal Once
1052:Ecuador TV
975:the Senate
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940:Valparaíso
932:Valparaíso
919:See also:
890:Cadena Uno
865:stations.
797:non-profit
782:Bell Media
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440:), and in
398:Rede Minas
359:TV Cultura
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245:See also:
162:, such as
103:Definition
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9030:Americas
9019:Locations
8990:Internet2
8751:Bandwidth
8455:Vint Cerf
8352:streaming
8330:Telephone
8270:Semaphore
8161:streaming
7481:Press box
7439:Score bug
7415:Graphics
7298:Specialty
7178:Satellite
7139:Satellite
5875:: Forum.
5524:16 August
4687:17 August
4655:Citations
4533:NZ On Air
4481:Australia
4463:Channel 5
4451:Channel 4
4318:. In the
4316:Valencian
4306:. In the
4288:Catalonia
4263:RTVE Play
4078:Timișoara
4066:Bucharest
3951:in 1976.
3915:RTP brand
3770:Moldova 1
3716:LRT Plius
3695:Lithuania
3661:Rai Sport
3657:Rai Movie
3615:RAI brand
3573:Channel 4
3412:ERA Sport
3289:‹See Tfd›
3226:Thuringia
3092:broadcast
3064:Antenne 2
2990:Finland's
2741:‹See Tfd›
2535:satellite
2434:Galgalatz
2380:Kan Farsi
2366:Kan Gimel
2324:Channel 1
2199:Mediacorp
2194:Singapore
2130:July 2021
2101:does not
2076:PTV Bolan
2070:, PTV 2,
2068:PTV World
1999:does not
1962:Sukan RTM
1882:does not
1837:satellite
1784:Indonesia
1716:Hong Kong
1683:BTV World
1626:does not
1559:Venezuela
1281:June 2017
1081:does not
1000:does not
971:President
714:TVOntario
678:CBC Music
666:new media
535:Vancouver
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363:São Paulo
355:São Paulo
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321:Tabatinga
309:São Paulo
297:Rádio MEC
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9098:Category
8985:Internet
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8842:Concepts
8766:terminal
8717:wireless
8540:Bob Kahn
8383:Pioneers
8208:Internet
8099:Cable TV
8013:Category
7947:See also
7568:Concepts
7300:channels
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6881:Archived
6849:Archived
6816:Archived
6790:Archived
6760:Archived
6683:Archived
6654:Archived
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6331:Archived
6287:Archived
6261:Archived
6206:Archived
6177:Archived
6147:Archived
6122:Archived
6093:Archived
6064:Archived
6034:Archived
5907:Archived
5782:June 20,
5776:Archived
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5745:June 21,
5739:Archived
5712:June 21,
5703:Archived
5676:June 21,
5670:Archived
5644:June 21,
5638:Archived
5605:July 19,
5574:Archived
5554:June 21,
5548:Archived
5518:Archived
5500:CityNews
5491:Archived
5472:Archived
5449:CBC News
5424:Archived
5399:Archived
5379:June 23,
5373:Archived
5327:June 23,
5321:Archived
5293:June 23,
5287:Archived
5261:10 April
5255:Archived
5231:10 April
5225:Archived
5201:10 April
5195:Archived
5171:10 April
5165:Archived
5141:10 April
5135:Archived
5110:10 April
5104:Archived
5080:10 April
5074:Archived
5050:10 April
5044:Archived
5020:10 April
5014:Archived
4984:Archived
4954:Archived
4873:Archived
4736:Archived
4678:Archived
4601:See also
4582:has an "
4400:Suspilne
4344:Galician
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4151:Slovakia
4142:Slovakia
4105:internet
3939:and the
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3685:Mediaset
3673:Rai Yoyo
3669:Rai Gulp
3561:Today FM
3307:Cold War
3266:Saarland
3108:France 4
3104:France Ô
3069:In 1986
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3048:France 3
3023:In 1949
2888:ČT sport
2809:Croatian
2767:Bulgaria
2744:German:
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2688:, French
2567:Regional
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2239:Thailand
1980:Pakistan
1863:Malaysia
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1770:DD Retro
1762:DD India
1581:(2005),
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1413:Columbia
1191:Canal 22
967:Santiago
936:Santiago
880:Colombia
869:Colombia
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8980:FidoNet
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8076:History
8025:Commons
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7193:Webcast
7166:Digital
7134:Digital
6425:rsf.org
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5010:O Globo
4476:Oceania
4417:Pershyi
4394:Ukraine
4374:(SVT),
4332:Galicia
4304:Catalan
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4215:Radio 5
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2122:removed
2107:sources
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2005:sources
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1903:removed
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1632:sources
1579:teleSUR
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3726:Malta
3645:Rai 5
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3637:Rai 3
3633:Rai 2
3629:Rai 1
3607:Italy
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6824:2020
6768:2020
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6232:ISBN
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6042:2014
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5940:ISBN
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5877:ISBN
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5646:2017
5628:ISBN
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5556:2017
5526:2019
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5329:2017
5295:2017
5263:2021
5233:2021
5203:2021
5173:2021
5143:2021
5112:2021
5082:2021
5070:Veja
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5040:Veja
5022:2021
4992:2021
4962:2022
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