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775:, which had strong defensive geographical features, held off the Romans for nine years. The army in Hispania was demoralized and ill-disciplined. Scipio concentrated on restoring discipline by forbidding luxuries the troops had become accustomed to, through regular tough exercises (all-day marches, building camps and fortifications and then demolishing them, digging ditches and then filling them up, and the like) and by enforcing regulations strictly. When he thought that the army was ready he encamped near Numantia. He did not proceed along the shorter route to avoid the guerrilla tactics the Numantines were good at. Instead, he made a detour though the land of the Vaccaei, who were selling food to the Numantines. He was ambushed several times but defeated the enemy. In one of these ambushes by a river which was difficult to cross, he was forced to make a detour along a longer route where there was no water. He marched at night when it was cooler and dug wells which had bitter water. He saved his men, but some horses and pack animals died of thirst. Then he passed through the territory of the Caucaei who had broken the treaty with Rome and declared that they could return safely to their homes. He returned to the Numantine territory and was joined by
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618:, Aemilius was worried because his younger son was missing. Plutarch also wrote that "The whole army learned of the distress and anguish of their general, and springing up from their suppers, ran about with torches, many to the tent of Aemilius, and many in front of the ramparts, searching among the numerous dead bodies. Dejection reigned in the camp, and the plain was filled with the cries of men calling out the name of Scipio. For from the very outset he had been admired by everybody, since, beyond any other one of his family, he had a nature adapted for leadership in war and public service. Well, then, when it was already late and he was almost despaired of, he came in from the pursuit with two or three comrades, covered with the blood of the enemies he had slain ..." Scipio Aemilianus was seventeen at the time.
896:, chaired a commission to implement the Gracchian law. There never had been a land survey and land owners often did not have land deeds. The land was resurveyed. Some owners had to give up their orchards and farm buildings and go to empty land or move from cultivated to uncultivated land or swamps. As anyone was allowed to work undistributed land, many tilled land next to their own, blurring the demarcation between public and private land. Rome's Italian allies complained about lawsuits brought against them and chose Scipio Aemilianus to defend them. As the allies had fought in his wars, he accepted. In the senate Scipio did not criticise the Law, but argued that the cases should be heard by a court rather than the commission which did not have the confidence of the litigants. This was accepted and the consul
718:, it was Aemilianus who rallied part of the cavalry, led them out of a rear gate and attacked the Carthaginians in the flank, driving them back to the city and restoring the situation. While collecting supplies from the countryside, Aemilius was one of the few who managed to prevent his foraging party from being ambushed. When the Carthaginians mounted another surprise night-time attack on a fort protecting the Roman transport ships, it was Aemilianus who led out his men and drove off the assault party using a clever stratagem. During a Roman attack on Hasdrubal's forces near Nepheris he again prevented disaster by checking the Carthaginian counter-attack which hit the Roman army when it was in a disadvantaged position.
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and share in the treaty, as for instance the quaestors and military tribunes, turning upon their heads the guilt of perjury and violation of the pact. In the present affair, indeed, more than at any other time, the people showed their good will and affection towards
Tiberius. For they voted to deliver up the consul unarmed and in bonds to the Numantines, but spared all the other officers for the sake of Tiberius." Scipio used his influence to help to save the men "but none the less he was blamed for not saving Mancinus, and for not insisting that the treaty with the Numantines, which had been made through the agency of his kinsman and friend Tiberius, should be kept inviolate."
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1005:"urging the people to follow the customs of their forefathers". He criticised several things which "were done contrary to the usage of our forefathers," and found fault with adoptive sons being of profit to their adoptive father in gaining the rewards of paternity, and said: "A father votes in one tribe, the son in another, an adopted son is of as much advantage as if one had a son of his own; orders are given to take the census of absentees, and hence it is not necessary for anyone to appear in person at the census."
872:, which pressed for a law to redistribute land to the poor. Plutarch wrote that "this disagreement certainly resulted in no mischief past remedy" and thought that if Scipio had been in Rome during the political activity of Gracchus, the latter would not have been murdered - he was fighting the war in Hispania. Still, he disliked the actions of Gracchus. Plutarch wrote " at Numantia, when he learned of the death of Tiberius, he recited in a loud voice the verse of Homer:
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smothered him. And yet Scipio's dead body lay exposed for all to see, and all who beheld it formed therefrom some suspicion and conjecture of what had happened to it." In another book
Plutarch wrote "no cause of such an unexpected death could be assigned, only some marks of blows upon his body seemed to intimate that he had suffered violence." The heaviest suspicions fell on Fulvius Flaccus who "that very day had reflected upon Scipio in a public address to the people".
795:) to which he moored large timbers with ropes which were full of knives and spear heads and were constantly kept in motion by the current. This prevented the enemy from slipping through covertly. He managed to force Numantia into starvation. The Numantines surrendered. Some killed themselves. Scipio sold the rest into slavery, destroyed the city and kept fifty men for his triumph. For his success Scipio Aemilianus received the additional
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725:, while still under the minimum age required by law to hold this office. Without the customary procedure of drawing lots, he was assigned to the African theater of war. After a year of desperate fighting and stubborn heroism on the part of the defenders, he took the city of Carthage, taking prisoner about 50,000 survivors (about one-tenth of the city's population). Complying with the mandate of the
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law, now taking the side of the
Italian allies against themselves" His enemies claimed that he was determined to abolish the Gracchian law and was about to start "armed strife and bloodshed". When the people heard these allegations they were in a state of alarm until Scipio died at home in his bed; according to Appian, without a wound.
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use of his intervals of leisure than Scipio, or was more constant in his devotion to the arts either of war or peace. Ever engaged in the pursuit of arms or his studies, he was either training his body by exposing it to dangers or his mind by learning." Polybius mentioned going to Africa with Scipio to explore the continent.
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Scipio
Aemilianus… was crucial during and after the tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus, and his sudden death in 129 BC was an event that aroused suspicions. However, Worthington 1989 convincingly argues that the great man died of natural causes; there is no strong evidence or credible argument to support
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And when
Polybius speaking with freedom to him, for he was his teacher, asked him what he meant by the words, they say that without any attempt at concealment he named his own country, for which he feared when he reflected on the fate of all things human. Polybius actually heard him and recalls it in
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Gellius wrote that after he was censor, Scipio was accused before the people by
Tiberius Claudius Asellus, a plebeian tribune, whom he had stripped of his knighthood during his censorship. He does not mention what the accusation was. Although under accusation, Scipio did not stop to shave and to wear
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wrote that Scipio "used the purest diction of all men of his time". Cicero cited him among the orators who were "a little more emphatic than the ordinary, never strained their lungs or shouted …" It seems that he had a good sense of humour and Cicero cited a number of anecdotes about his puns. He is
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Plutarch also wrote that (after his return to Rome) "when Gaius and
Fulvius asked him in an assembly of the people what he thought about the death of Tiberius, he made a reply which showed his dislike of the measures advocated by him," this made him unpopular, "the people began to interrupt him as he
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wrote that "the relatives and friends of the soldiers, who formed a large part of the people" blamed this on
Mancinus and insisted "that it was due to Tiberius that the lives of so many citizens had been saved". Those who disagreed with the violation of the treaty "cast forth those who had taken hand
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Eventually, Scipio prepared to besiege
Numantia. He asked the allied tribes in Hispania for specified numbers of troops. He built a circuit of fortifications which was nine kilometers long. The wall was three meters high and two and a half meters wide. He built an embankment of the same dimensions as
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Scipio, when he looked upon the city as it was utterly perishing and in the last throes of its complete destruction, is said to have shed tears and wept openly for his enemies. After being wrapped in thought for long, and realizing that all cities, nations, and authorities must, like men, meet their
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Gaius
Gracchus also came under suspicion. However, "this great outrage, committed too upon the person of the greatest and most considerable man in Rome, was never either punished or inquired into thoroughly, for the populace opposed and hindered any judicial investigation, for fear that Gaius should
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to continue the war. However, there was a crisis of recruitment due to rumors of incessant battles and heavy Roman losses. Additionally, Marcellus appeared to be afraid of continuing the war; this led to panic. Young men avoided enrollment as soldiers through unverifiable excuses. Men eligible to be
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Velleius Paterculus wrote that Scipio was "a cultivated patron and admirer of liberal studies and of every form of learning, and kept constantly with him, at home and in the field, two men of eminent genius, Polybius and Panaetius. No one ever relieved the duties of an active life by a more refined
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wrote that "although Scipio Africanus died at home after dinner, there is no convincing proof of the manner of his end, but some say that he died naturally, being of a sickly habit, some that he died of poison administered by his own hand, and some that his enemies broke into his house at night and
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who, supported by the anti-Carthaginian faction in Rome, was incessantly encroaching on Carthaginian territory. After winning the Second Punic War, Rome had mandated that Carthage could not defend itself militarily without seeking Rome's permission first. Rome construed Carthage's defense of itself
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because he saw that he could not deliver on his promises. He added that "ome say that slaves under torture testified that unknown persons were introduced through the rear of the house by night who suffocated him, and that those who knew about it hesitated to tell because the people were angry with
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In the early stages of the war, the Romans suffered repeated defeats. Scipio Aemilianus was a military tribune (senior officer) and distinguished himself repeatedly: After a failed Roman attack into Carthage itself, it was Aemilianus who prevented a disaster by covering the army's retreat from the
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was appointed to give judgment. However, seeing that the job was difficult he found a pretext to fight a war in Illyria. The people were angry at Scipio "because they saw a man, in whose favour they had often opposed the aristocracy and incurred their enmity, electing him consul twice contrary to
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of Rome—which, they thought, was corrupting Roman culture and life through alien influences—and advocated adherence to old Roman traditions and ancestral virtues and mores. Yet, Scipio was also a supporter of such traditions and mores. Gellius wrote that when he was censor, Scipio made a speech
659:, where he had been invited to settle domestic disputes. The Senate was at first surprised. Ultimately, Scipio's decision made him popular, and many of those who had been avoiding their duty, ashamed by Scipio's example, began to volunteer as legates or to enroll as soldiers.
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white clothing and did not appear in the garb of those under accusation. He added that in those days noblemen started shaving in middle age. The satirist Lucilius wrote a verse about the episode: "Thus base Asellus did great Scipio taunt: Unlucky was his censorship and bad."
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Scipio Aemilianus was thought to have advised for the prosecution of the war. He asked the Senate to be sent to Hispania either as a military tribune or a legate, due to the urgency of the situation, even though it would have been safer to go to
585:. This made Scipio Africanus the adoptive grandfather of Scipio Aemilianus. On adoption, he became Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, assuming the name of his adoptive father, but keeping Aemilianus as a fourth name to indicate his original
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Modern historians believe "there is no strong evidence or credible argument to support any alternative hypothesis ". The ancient sources, however, record various different rumours of foul play.
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wrote that Scipio was his favorite son because he "saw that he was by nature more prone to excellence than any of his brothers". He related that during mopping-up operations after the
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670:, which was a military decoration awarded to the soldier who first climbed the wall of a besieged city or fortress and successfully placed the military standard on it.
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In 134 BC Scipio was elected consul again because the citizens thought that he was the only man capable of defeating the Numantines in the
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disposition (love and admiration for Greek culture). Such disposition was criticised by Roman traditionalists who disliked the growing
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Although the power of Carthage had been broken with her defeat in the Second Punic War, there was still lingering resentment in Rome.
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Polybius relates a well-known anecdote of Scipio's reflections on the mutability of human affairs following the sack of Carthage:
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be implicated in the charge if proceedings were carried on". Gaius Papirius Carbo also came under accusation. During a trial
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against Numidians as a violation of this agreement. In 149 BC Rome declared war and a force was sent to besiege Carthage.
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was speaking, a thing which they had never done before, and Scipio himself was thereby led on to abuse the people."
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Scipio Aemilianus is portrayed as a young boy in the household of his adopted grandfather in the 1971 film
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Culturally, Scipio Aemilianus was both philhellenic and conservative. He was the patron of the so-called
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itself, the brilliance of which was so recent, either deliberately or the verses escaping him, he said:
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Gevirtz, Stanley (1963). "Jericho and Shechem: A Religio-Literary Aspect of City Destruction".
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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1977:, "La doppia tradizione sulla morte di Romolo e gli auguracula dell'Arx e del Quirinale",
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in reference to the general's destruction of Carthage. He is also portrayed in the anime
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The Encyclopædia Britannica suggests that Scipio Aemilianus was not in sympathy with the
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city. When the Carthaginians launched a surprise night-time attack on the camp of consul
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Ridley, R. T. (1986). "To Be Taken with a Pinch of Salt: The Destruction of Carthage".
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Lucius Aemilius Paullus took his two older sons with him on his campaign in Greece.
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Gli Etruschi e Roma: atti dell'incontro di studio in onore di Massimo Pallottino
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wrote that "having been challenged by king to a single combat, carried off the
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Scipio Aemilianus cramming himself for a speech after a hearty supper. Image by
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836:. The speeches he gave on that occasion (now lost) were considered brilliant.
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1217:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 406–407.
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related that Fulvius Flaccus, Papirius Carbo and Tiberius’ younger brother,
1857:(Book I) in Spain, Loeb Classical Library, Vol I, Books 1–81., Loeb, 1989;
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Warmington, B. H. (1988). "The Destruction of Carthage: A Retractatio".
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Appian wrote that it could not be known whether Scipio was murdered by
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1577:"A survey of recent scholarship on the age of the Gracchi (1985-2005)"
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the wall around the adjoining marsh. He built two towers by the River
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Stevens, Susan T. (1988). "A Legend of the Destruction of Carthage".
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in Spain. He oversaw the final defeat and destruction of the city of
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1797 engraving representing Scipio Aemilianus before the ruins of
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Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The life of Tiberius Gracchus, 21.4–25
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Les Scipions. Famille et pouvoir à Rome à l’époque républicaine
1839:, Loeb Classical Library, Vol III, Books 1–3.26., Loeb, 1989;
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Velleius Paterculus, Roman History, Hackett Publishing, 2011;
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Plutarch, Parallel lives, The live of Tiberius Gracchus, 7.1–3
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De P. Cornelio Scipione Æmiliano Africano Et Numantino Thesim
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Plutarch, Parallel lives, The live of Caius Gracchus, 10.4–5.
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Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The life of Tiberius Gracchus, 20.1
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First involvement in a war (Third Macedonian War, 171–168 BC)
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Plutarch, Parallel lives, The live of Tiberius Gracchus, 7.4
1821:, Loeb Classical Library, Vol I, Books 1–8.1., Loeb, 1989;
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For other individuals named Publius Cornelius Scipio, see
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accused Carbo of being a party to the murder of Scipio.
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Appian, Roman History, Book 6, The Wars in Spain, 90–98
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Appian, Roman History, Book 6, The Wars in Spain, 84–89
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Appian, Roman History, Book 13 The Civil Wars, 1.18–20
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Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The Live of Aemilius, 22.2–7
916:(the mother of the Gracchi brothers) and her daughter
2034:, Hermes, Vol. 117, No. 2 (1989), pp. 253–256 (
1885:, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015;
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Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The live of Romulus, 27.4–5
1084:. The name "Scipio" was used in the animated series,
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In 142 BC Scipio Aemilianus was a censor. During his
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Appian, Roman History, Book 13, The Civil Wars, 1.20
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848:who in 137 BC had served in the Numantine War as a
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First involvement in the Numantine War (151–150 BC)
219:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
885:was a senator sympathetic to the Gracchian cause.
2016:Ward, A. M., Heichelheim, F. M., and Yeo, C. A.,
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969:also a central character in Book VI of Cicero's
783:, with archers, slingers, and twelve elephants.
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521:reform program of his murdered brother-in-law,
1048:A day will come when sacred Troy shall perish,
630:urged the Senate to conclude a peace with the
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1933:, Oxford World's Classics, OUP Oxford, 2010;
1208:Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus
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487:Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus
313:Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus
18:Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus
1911:(two volumes), Modern Library, 2001; Vol. 1
1022:, once a prosperous city, to the empires of
2215:Ancient Romans who received the grass crown
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80:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1684:Velleius Paterculus, Roman History, 1.13.3
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1160:Velleius Paterculus, Roman History, I.12.3
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2006:, Barnes & Noble, New edition, 1994;
297:Learn how and when to remove this message
279:Learn how and when to remove this message
177:Learn how and when to remove this message
39:Publius Cornelius Scipio (disambiguation)
27:Roman politician and general (185–129 BC)
1720:Cicero, De Oratore, 2.61, 64, 65, 66, 69
1693:Polybius, The Histories, 34, 15.7, 16.2
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1871:, Bloomsbury 3PL; new edition, 2013;
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1169:Florus, Epitome of Roman History 1.17
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1988:, Bordeaux, Ausonius Éditions, 2012.
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1151:Polybius, The Histories, 35, 4.8–14
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1964:, Oxford University Press, 1967;
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595:Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus
591:Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus
61:This article has multiple issues.
2020:, Pearson; 3 edition, 1998. 158.
1612:"The Death of Scipio Aemilianus"
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1981:, Rome, 1981, pp. 173–188.
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1515:"Scipio Africanus the Younger"
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2200:People of the Third Punic War
2165:2nd-century BC Roman generals
2057:L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus
2032:The Death of Scipio Africanus
2018:A History of the Roman People
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1702:Gellius, Attic Nights, 2.20.4
1575:Santangelo, Federico (2007).
852:(treasurer) under the consul
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565:, the eldest son of his aunt
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2053:Sp. Postumius Albinus Magnus
1756:Gellius Attic Nights, 4.17.1
1738:Gellius, Attic Nights, 19.15
1018:doom; that this happened to
832:, whom he had degraded when
682:Third Punic War (149–146 BC)
495:Scipio Africanus the Younger
489:(185 BC – 129 BC), known as
7:
2155:2nd-century BC Roman augurs
1598:any alternative hypothesis.
1099:
881:was a plebeian tribune and
844:Scipio helped his relative
743:of Africanus. According to
703:Carthage must be destroyed.
10:
2236:
2210:Ancient Roman triumphators
2195:Ancient Roman philhellenes
1747:Gellius, Attic Nights, 3.4
898:Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus
759:Numantine War (143–133 BC)
701:ended every speech with, "
690:Scipio at the deathbed of
36:
29:
2119:
2103:
2091:
2077:
2061:
2049:
2044:
1675:Cicero, De Oratore, II.40
1610:Worthington, Ian (1989).
973:, a passage known as the
894:Gaius Sempronius Gracchus
830:Tiberius Claudius Asellus
779:, the son of the king of
721:In 147 BC he was elected
628:Marcus Claudius Marcellus
543:The Comic History of Rome
528:
480:
461:
442:Second Battle of Nepheris
427:
417:
412:
408:
387:
377:
366:
358:
350:
342:
334:
318:
311:
2190:Ancient Roman patricians
2127:L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi
1883:Epitome of Roman History
1111:
854:Gaius Hostilius Mancinus
747:he was also awarded the
636:Lucius Licinius Lucullus
563:Publius Cornelius Scipio
547:Gilbert Abbott Ă Beckett
30:Not to be confused with
1711:Cicero De Oratore, 2.60
1593:10.3406/topoi.2007.2250
1214:Encyclopædia Britannica
938:Lucius Licinius Crassus
647:(legion commanders) or
2175:Ancient Roman adoptees
2081:Gn. Cornelius Lentulus
1992:Person, Émile (1877).
1071:
996:. Hence, Scipio had a
977:or "Dream of Scipio".
960:
883:Marcus Fulvius Flaccus
816:
694:
626:In 152 BC, the consul
550:
399:(adoptive grandfather)
102:relies excessively on
2220:Patrons of literature
2205:Genocide perpetrators
2185:Ancient Roman censors
2115:Gaius Fulvius Flaccus
1014:
951:
810:
689:
536:
362:General and statesman
2095:Ser. Fulvius Flaccus
1793:The Fall of Carthage
1283:The Fall of Carthage
1267:The Fall of Carthage
1248:The Fall of Carthage
1232:The Fall of Carthage
879:Gaius Papirius Carbo
559:Third Macedonian War
213:improve this article
2085:L. Mummius Achaicus
2073:Gaius Livius Drusus
2004:Carthage, A History
1767:"Polybius - Livius"
1420:Classical Philology
1377:Classical Philology
1297:Classical Philology
664:Velleius Paterculus
346:129 BC (aged 55–56)
228:"Scipio Aemilianus"
126:"Scipio Aemilianus"
2180:Cornelii Scipiones
2123:P. Mucius Scaevola
2099:Q. Calpurnius Piso
2045:Political offices
1348:(Fasc. 1): 52–62.
1279:Adrian Goldsworthy
1263:Adrian Goldsworthy
1244:Adrian Goldsworthy
1228:Adrian Goldsworthy
1081:Scipio the African
1074:In popular culture
961:
944:Personal character
817:
813:Hellenistic Prince
695:
551:
327:Hellenistic Prince
2133:
2132:
2120:Succeeded by
2078:Succeeded by
2002:Warmington, B.H.
1962:Scipio Aemilianus
1955:Secondary sources
1897:Tiberius Gracchus
1835:, Book 8 Part 1,
1819:The Wars in Spain
1341:Vetus Testamentum
975:Somnium Scipionis
846:Tiberius Gracchus
840:Tiberius Gracchus
799:of "Numantinus".
649:military tribunes
523:Tiberius Gracchus
491:Scipio Aemilianus
484:
483:
456:Siege of Numantia
447:Siege of Carthage
307:
306:
299:
289:
288:
281:
263:
187:
186:
179:
161:
84:
16:(Redirected from
2227:
2092:Preceded by
2050:Preceded by
2042:
2041:
2030:Worthington, I,
1999:
1984:Etcheto, Henri,
1975:Filippo Coarelli
1909:Plutarch's Lives
1869:De oratore I-III
1796:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1739:
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1489:
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1415:
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1241:
1235:
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1191:
1185:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1122:
982:Scipionic circle
870:plebeian tribune
803:Political career
755:during the war.
579:Second Punic War
569:and her husband
404:(brother-in-law)
397:Scipio Africanus
323:
309:
308:
302:
295:
284:
277:
273:
270:
264:
262:
221:
197:
189:
182:
175:
171:
168:
162:
160:
119:
95:
87:
76:
54:
53:
46:
32:Scipio Africanus
21:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2111:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2083:
2069:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2036:JSTOR reference
1957:
1810:
1808:Ancient sources
1805:
1800:
1799:
1790:Polybius 38.22
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
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1737:
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1555:
1551:
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1521:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1462:Natural History
1459:
1455:
1416:
1412:
1373:
1369:
1354:10.2307/1516752
1336:
1332:
1293:
1289:
1277:
1273:
1261:
1254:
1242:
1238:
1226:
1222:
1204:, ed. (1911). "
1189:
1187:
1186:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:Coarelli p. 187
1123:
1119:
1114:
1102:
1076:
946:
907:
842:
822:
805:
771:of the City of
761:
745:Pliny the Elder
731:salted the city
684:
624:
616:Battle of Pydna
608:
603:
601:Military career
575:decisive battle
531:
505:and during the
499:Third Punic War
472:
468:
453:
449:
444:
439:
434:
432:Third Punic War
413:Military career
400:
395:
330:
325:The so-called "
314:
303:
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291:
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285:
274:
268:
265:
222:
220:
210:
198:
183:
172:
166:
163:
120:
118:
112:
108:primary sources
96:
55:
51:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2233:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2131:
2130:
2121:
2118:
2110:134 BC
2102:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2079:
2076:
2068:147 BC
2060:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2028:
2026:978-0138965983
2014:
2012:978-1566192101
2000:
1989:
1982:
1972:
1970:978-0198142577
1960:Astin, A. E.,
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1949:978-1603845915
1941:
1939:978-0199534708
1927:
1925:978-0375756771
1917:978-0375756764
1901:Caius Gracchus
1893:
1891:978-1519684851
1879:
1877:978-1853996313
1865:
1863:978-0674990050
1855:The Civil Wars
1847:
1845:978-0674990029
1837:The Punic Wars
1829:
1827:978-0674990029
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1783:
1771:www.livius.org
1758:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1622:(2): 253–256.
1602:
1587:(2): 465–510.
1567:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1506:
1497:
1495:, pp. 278-282.
1484:
1475:
1466:
1453:
1432:10.1086/367123
1426:(4): 308–310.
1410:
1389:10.1086/367078
1367:
1330:
1309:10.1086/366973
1303:(2): 140–146.
1287:
1285:, pp. 344–345.
1271:
1252:
1236:
1234:, pp. 342–343.
1220:
1202:Chisholm, Hugh
1171:
1162:
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1126:
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757:
699:Cato the Elder
683:
680:
623:
620:
607:
604:
602:
599:
567:Aemilia Tertia
530:
527:
482:
481:
478:
477:
475:Roman triumphs
463:
459:
458:
429:
425:
424:
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2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:129 BC deaths
2148:
2146:
2145:185 BC births
2143:
2142:
2140:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2086:
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2074:
2066:
2065:
2058:
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2033:
2029:
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2023:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1931:The Histories
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:Roman History
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1833:Roman History
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1815:Roman History
1812:
1811:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1772:
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1753:
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1245:
1240:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1198:
1197:public domain
1184:
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1180:
1178:
1176:
1166:
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1103:
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1041:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1002:Hellenisation
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
976:
972:
971:De re publica
967:
959:
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950:
941:
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926:
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831:
827:
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809:
800:
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790:
784:
782:
778:
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770:
766:
765:Numantine War
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
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507:Numantine War
504:
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471:
467:
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460:
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451:Numantine War
448:
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426:
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420:
416:
411:
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398:
393:
390:
386:
383:
380:
376:
373:(147, 134 BC)
372:
369:
365:
361:
359:Occupation(s)
357:
353:
349:
345:
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328:
322:
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280:
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244:
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233:
230: –
229:
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224:Find sources:
218:
214:
208:
207:
202:This article
200:
196:
191:
190:
181:
178:
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159:
156:
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138:
135:
131:
128: –
127:
123:
122:Find sources:
116:
110:
109:
105:
100:This article
98:
94:
89:
88:
83:
81:
74:
73:
68:
67:
62:
57:
48:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2113:
2106:Roman consul
2104:
2071:
2064:Roman consul
2062:
2031:
2017:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1978:
1961:
1930:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1882:
1868:
1854:
1850:
1836:
1832:
1818:
1814:
1791:
1786:
1774:. Retrieved
1770:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1662:
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1644:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1596:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1522:. Retrieved
1518:
1509:
1500:
1493:Les Scipions
1492:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1456:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1383:(1): 39–41.
1380:
1376:
1370:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1247:
1239:
1231:
1223:
1212:
1207:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1092:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1068:his history.
1066:
1065:
1052:
1047:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1007:
998:philhellenic
979:
962:
934:
927:
911:
908:
887:
873:
863:
843:
823:
796:
785:
769:Celtiberians
762:
738:
720:
712:
696:
676:spolia opima
661:
653:
632:Celtiberians
625:
609:
552:
542:
494:
490:
486:
485:
402:Ti. Gracchus
293:
275:
269:January 2019
266:
256:
249:
242:
235:
223:
211:Please help
206:verification
203:
173:
167:January 2019
164:
154:
147:
140:
133:
121:
101:
77:
70:
64:
63:Please help
60:
43:
1853:, Book 13,
749:grass crown
668:mural crown
470:Grass Crown
466:Mural Crown
351:Nationality
2139:Categories
1929:Polybius,
1895:Plutarch,
1817:, Book 6,
1803:References
1087:Code Lyoko
826:censorship
820:Censorship
716:Censorinus
707:Massinissa
539:John Leech
239:newspapers
137:newspapers
104:references
66:improve it
1628:0018-0777
1491:Etcheto,
1448:162850949
1405:161764925
1325:161696751
1269:, p. 344.
1250:, p. 343.
1206:Scipio §
1036:Macedonia
994:Panaetius
918:Sempronia
866:optimates
692:Masinissa
422:Proconsul
388:Relatives
382:Sempronia
72:talk page
1919:; Vol 2
1905:Romulus,
1867:Cicero,
1849:Appian,
1831:Appian,
1813:Appian,
1776:30 April
1100:See also
1093:Drifters
986:Lucilius
958:Polybius
954:Carthage
929:Plutarch
914:Cornelia
858:Plutarch
850:quaestor
777:Jugurtha
773:Numantia
640:Hispania
612:Plutarch
583:Hannibal
581:against
519:populist
515:Polybius
511:Carthage
503:Carthage
501:against
394:(father)
2170:Aemilii
1881:Florus
1636:4476690
1460:Pliny,
1362:1516752
1199::
1024:Assyria
990:Terence
966:Gellius
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