694:
moisture over a range of temperatures depending on the rust. Urediniospores are produced in large numbers and can be blown considerable distances by the wind, but most urediniospores are deposited close to their source under the influence of gravity. Urediniospores are relatively resilient and can survive in the field away from host plants for periods of several weeks. They can withstand freezing if their moisture content is lowered to 20 to 30 percent. Viability rapidly decreases at moisture contents of more than 50 percent. Long-distance spread of urediniospores is influenced by wind patterns and by the latitude. In general, spores move west to east due to the winds resulting from the rotation of Earth. At progressively higher latitudes, winds tend to become more southerly in the
Northern Hemisphere and more northerly in the Southern Hemisphere.
134:
392:
especially important in wheat with its low genetic variation. The gene will be transferred with the least amount of backcrossing to cultivars genetically closest to each other, generation similar genetic offspring to the recurrent parent, but with gene Lr37 present. Genetic distances between near isogenic lines (NILs) for a particular gene will give an indication of how many loci, amplified with molecular techniques, need to be compared to locate putative markers linked to the gene.
55:
388:(UVPrt2 or UVPrt13) infections, especially when combined with genes Lr13 and gene Lr34 (Kloppers & Pretorius, 1997). Lr37 originates from the French cultivar VPM1 (Dyck & Lukow, 1988). The line RL6081, developed in Canada for Lr37 resistance, showed seedling and adult-plant resistance to leaf, yellow and stem rust. Crosses between the French cultivars will therefore introduce this gene into local germplasm, raising the genetic variation of South African cultivars.
377:. From the 20th century, breeding for resistance against disease proved to be as important for total wheat production as breeding for increase in yield. The use of a single resistance gene against various pests and diseases plays a major role in resistance breeding for cultivated crops. The earliest single resistance gene was identified as effective against yellow rust. Numerous single genes for leaf rust resistance have since been identified.
868:. Cultivars are the best method of controlling the disease and have been utilized for over 100 years. However, resistance linked to single genes has been made ineffective by the pathogen adapting to new cultures. This is why destruction of alternate hosts is key to control. Early-maturing cultivars as well as spring wheat should be sown as early as possible to avoid peak rust periods. Self-sown wheat (
847:
in temperate areas. Losses of between 5 and 20% are normal but may reach 50% in severe cases. Symptoms can range in severity from barely aesthetic to completely overrun on the leaf surface. On barberry leaf the disease appears as powdery yellow spots with aecia being dispersed from the underside of the leaf.
846:
develop on the leaf blades in a random scatter distribution. They may group into patches in serious cases. Onset of the disease is slow but accelerated in temperatures above 15 °C (59 °F), making it a disease of the mature cereal plant in summer, usually too late to cause significant damage
693:
Location is an important characteristic in the spread of wheat rust. In some places wheat rust can easily flourish and spread. In other areas, the environment is marginally suited for the disease. Urediniospores of the wheat rusts initiate germination within one to three hours of contact with free
391:
Molecular techniques have been used to estimate genetic distances among different wheat cultivars. With the genetic distances known predictions can be made for the best combinations concerning the two foreign genotypes carrying gene Lr37, VPMI and RL6081 and local South
African cultivars. This is
1714:
Downie, Rowena C.; Lin, Min; Corsi, Beatrice; Ficke, Andrea; Lillemo, Morten; Oliver, Richard P.; Phan, Huyen T. T.; Tan, Kar-Chun; Cockram, James (2021-07-27). "Septoria
Nodorum Blotch of Wheat: Disease Management and Resistance Breeding in the Face of Shifting Disease Dynamics and a Changing
698:
can survive the same environmental conditions as the wheat leaf, provided infection but no sporulation has occurred. The fungus can infect in less than three hours in the presence of moisture and temperatures below 20 °C (68 °F); however, more infections occur with longer exposure to
711:
found 36 races in North
America: BBBQD, LBDSG, LCDJG, LCDSG, MBDSD, MBTNB, MCDSB, MCDSD, MCJSB, MCTNB, MLPSD, MNPSD, MPPSD, MPTSD, MSBJG, TBBGS, TBBJS, TBRKG, TBTDB, TBTNB, TCBGS, TCGJG, TCJTB, TCSQB, TCTBB, TCTNB, TCTQB, TDBGS, TFPSB, TFTSB, TGBGS, TNBGJ, TNBGS, TNBJJ, TNBJS, and TPBGJ.
455:
as the oldest valid name for grass-based rusts, including wheat leaf rust. Their idea and publication was followed by Wilson & Henderson (1966) in another comprehensive rust flora (viz. British Rust Flora). Wilson and
Henderson (1966) also used a broad species concept for
556:
develop on the alternate hosts. The germination process requires moisture, and works best at 100% humidity. Optimum temperature for germination is between 15–20 °C (59–68 °F). Before sporulation, wheat plants appear completely asymptomatic.
499:
as an authentic taxonomic name for wheat leaf rust. Meanwhile, as his research continued Urban considered morphological, ecological, and field experiences while studying wheat leaf rust, coming to consider the fungi as a part of the species
1237:
685:. The germination process requires moisture and temperatures between 15–20 °C (59–68 °F). After around 10–14 days of infection, the fungi will begin to sporulate and the symptoms will become visible on the wheat leaves.
777:
occurring rarely. A few particular cultivars were extremely popular, 'Ritmo' for example being >50% of hectares/acreage in 1998 and 99. Across the entire surveyed period (92-02) the most popular were: ‘Pepital’
859:
may be useful for control of infections up to ear emergence but is difficult to justify economically in attacks after this stage. Control often is not as common as prevention through the development of
1511:
1493:
483:
A stream of thought opposite to broad morphologically-based concepts also gained traction among uredinologists. This idea was introduced into the classification of
2091:
1518:
646:
1141:
Kloppers, F. J.; Pretorius, Z. A. (1997). "Effects of combinations amongst genes Lr13, Lr34 and Lr37 on components of resistance in wheat to leaf rust".
495:
as an appropriate name for wheat leaf rust. Savile (1984) was also among the uredinologists who believed in narrowing the species concept. He considered
1787:
Espino, Julio; Singh, R.; German, S.; McCallum, B.; Park, R.; Chen, W.; Bhardwaj, S.; Goyeau, H. (2011). "Global status of wheat leaf rust caused by
17:
487:
rust fungi by Urban (1969), who believed a taxonomic name should reflect both morphology and ecology of a species. In his paper, Urban introduced
2027:
919:
938:
2053:
2134:
1793:
1497:
1252:
Cummins, George Baker; Caldwell, Ralph M. (1956). "The validity of binomials in the leaf rust fungus complex of cereals and grasses".
420:. In 1899, Eriksson concluded that the rust should be considered a separate authentic species. Due to this, he described the fungi as
244:
2001:
427:
Mains (1933) was among the first scientists to use a species name with a broad species concept for wheat leaf rust. He considered
404:
species causing wheat leaf rust has been called by at least six different names since 1882, when G. Winter (1882) described the
908:
1447:
1170:"The genetic analysis of two interspecific sources of leaf rust resistance and their effect on the quality of common wheat"
1844:
1101:
1726:
1674:
1621:
1263:
337:. It is the most prevalent of all the wheat rust diseases, occurring in most wheat-growing regions. It causes serious
1535:
HYSING, SHU-CHIN; P. SINGH, RAVI; HUERTA-ESPINO, JULIO; MERKER, ARNULF; LILJEROTH, ERLAND; DIAZ, OSCAR (2006-01-20).
1346:
1321:
2058:
1802:
630:
serve as alternate hosts, but rarely. This does not occur with the same frequency as with stem rust and barberry.
380:
Leaf rust resistance gene is an effective adult-plant resistance gene that increases resistance of plants against
1606:
Huerta-Espino, Julio; Singh, Ravi P. (1994). "First Report of
Virulence to Wheat with Leaf Rust Resistance Gene
677:
does not grow, such as
Australia, the pathogen will only undergo its asexual life cycle and will overwinter as
1837:
1953:
889:
1362:
Urban, Z. (1969). "Die
Grasrostpilze Mitteleuropas mit besonderer Brücksichtigung der Tschechoslowakei".
1313:
2068:
1993:
1088:
708:
669:
424:. This name was used by Gauemann (1959) in his comprehensive book about rust fungi of middle Europe.
133:
2114:
1717:
1665:
1254:
950:
861:
737:
against most pathotypes. About 1/3 of these cultivars were confirmed to carry as-yet unidentified
2124:
1651:
Yehuda, Pnina ben; Eilam, Tamar; Manisterski, Jacob; Shimoni, Ayelet; Anikster, Yehoshua (2004).
1612:
528:. Molecular and morphological studies proved Urban's taxonomy for wheat leaf rust to be correct.
1294:
536:
Wheat leaf rust spreads via airborne spores. Five types of spores are formed in the life cycle:
2129:
2032:
1915:
436:
374:
741:
s. A few cultivars were resistant to most pathotypes, and one to all of them. The most common
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1283:
228:
2081:
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38:
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8:
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253:
128:
81:
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The nature and prevention of the cereal rusts as exemplified in the leaf rust of wheat
1154:
872:) should be destroyed as not to further spread urediniospores at the end of harvest.
855:
Varietal resistance is important. Fungicides are commonly used. Chemical control with
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32:
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due to individual deployment of the same genes in other varieties in the same area.
1967:
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Plant breeders have tried to improve yield quantities in crops like wheat from the
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1896:
1988:
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439:(1956) built off the broad species concept and also discussed the validity of
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1938:
1752:
1692:
1637:
1576:
1271:
964:
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537:
509:
484:
444:
408:. During this time, wheat leaf rust was interpreted as a specialized form of
350:
342:
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185:
165:
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a current name and posited that 32 binomials were synonyms of that species.
1760:
1700:
1584:
1127:
1049:
819:
545:
517:
362:
317:
195:
54:
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has an asexual and sexual life-cycle phase. To complete its sexual phase,
2014:
1947:
1030:
549:
1629:
2006:
1392:
Marková, J; Urban, Z. (1998). "The rust fungi of grasses in Europe. 6.
1231:
Mains, E. B. (1932). "Host specialization in the leaf rust of grasses,
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2019:
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1975:
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1980:
1932:
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5, "Wheat leaf rust has alternate hosts in the buttercup family..."
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682:
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643:
448:
338:
330:
205:
1890:
1534:
1414:
473:
59:
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Abbasi, M.; Ershad, D.; Hedjaroude, G. A. (2005). "Taxonomy of
1140:
505:
346:
305:
155:
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BOLTON, MELVIN D.; KOLMER, JAMES A.; GARVIN, DAVID F. (2008).
1650:
585:
573:
565:
412:. Later, Eriksson and Henning (1894) classified the fungi as
354:
301:
92:
1482:. Walthan, Massachusetts: In Chronica botanica. p. 269.
1379:
Taxonomy of the Cereal Rust Fungi (in The Cereal Rusts vol1)
1238:
Papers of the
Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters
914:
902:
464:. The accepted name for wheat leaf rust in their flora was
1438:
Singh, Prof. V.; Dr. P. C. Pandey; Dr. D. K. Jain (2008).
1786:
309:
1599:
1167:
1134:
1307:
1004:"Population divergence in the wheat leaf rust fungus
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7, "Fungicides are widely used against leaf rust..."
1245:
1713:
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1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1605:
1077:
365:, requiring two distinct hosts (alternate hosts).
1707:
1644:
1528:
1504:
1001:
520:family members. His final name for this rust was
460:and divided this broad species into 11 different
2106:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1391:
1064:
997:
995:
476:, introduced an ultra-broad species concept for
1867:
1545:) cultivars grown in Northern Europe 1992-2002"
1251:
1002:Liu, M; Rodrigue, N.; Kolmer, J. (2013-12-04).
673:) on which it will overwinter. In places where
1161:
1775:
1301:
992:
918:are non-specific, they should not be used in
42:which causes "stripe, yellow, or strip rust".
1838:Ug99 Stem Rust - overcoming wheat's defences
472:. Cummins (1971), in his rust monograph for
1408:
1385:
1854:
1355:
1339:Rust Fungi of Cereals, Grasses and Bamboos
1194:
725:Between 1992 and 2002, of the most common
480:and listed 52 binomials as its synonyms.
53:
1742:
1682:
1566:
1185:
1117:
1039:
1029:
353:and is a devastating seasonal disease in
1419:s. lat. causing brown rust on grasses".
1224:
1215:
395:
1835:
1477:
1336:
702:
27:Fungal disease of wheat, most prevalent
14:
2107:
1462:
1376:
1200:
892:to investigate how this gene works in
36:which causes "stem or black rust", or
1914:
1913:
1361:
1230:
516:, which produces its aecial stage on
282:(Eriks. & E.Henn.) D.M.Henderson
2069:9f3400ca-5f3f-46c8-8022-0789873c0ea5
1512:"Wheat Leaf Rust 2020 race analysis"
1364:Rozpr. Cs. Akad. Ved. Ser. Mat. Prir
653:
2135:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
1845:British Society for Plant Pathology
1657:Caused by a New Forma Specialis of
1308:Wilson, M; D. M. Henderson (1966).
1102:British Society for Plant Pathology
1008:is correlated with wheat evolution"
875:
818:), ‘Sleipner’ and ‘Hereward’. (For
300:) is a fungal disease that affects
24:
1829:
1727:American Phytopathological Society
1675:American Phytopathological Society
1622:American Phytopathological Society
1442:. India: Rastogi. p. 15.132.
1421:Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology
1264:American Phytopathological Society
1168:Dyck, P. L.; Lukow, O. M. (1988).
720:
621:
368:
25:
2151:
1884:
1494:"Wheat Leaf Rust 2020 race table"
1467:. Mexico, DF, CIMMYT. p. 46.
1465:Cereal disease methodology manual
1174:Canadian Journal of Plant Science
1155:10.1046/j.1365-3059.1997.d01-58.x
1568:10.1111/j.2005.0018-0661.01917.x
1110:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00487.x
733:production, almost all provided
707:For the 2020 season, USDA ARS's
688:
560:
512:members, totally different from
324:. Infections can lead up to 20%
132:
18:Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici
1803:Springer Science+Business Media
1471:
1456:
1431:
1370:
1330:
1203:in Rabenhorst Kryptogamen Flora
925:Even the use of varieties with
1891:www.rust-expression.com expVIP
1337:Cummins, George Baker (1971).
1209:
13:
1:
985:
864:varieties and the removal of
531:
312:stems, leaves and grains. In
1735:10.1094/phyto-07-20-0280-rvw
890:virus-induced gene silencing
548:develop on wheat plants and
7:
1080:"Wheat leaf rust caused by
944:
837:
451:. Finally, they introduced
10:
2156:
1684:10.1094/phyto.2004.94.1.94
1314:Cambridge University Press
850:
270:Erikss. & E.Henn. 1894
29:
1922:
1836:Hawkins, Nichola (2020).
1811:10.1007/s10681-011-0361-x
1377:Savile, D. B. O. (1984).
1089:Molecular Plant Pathology
929:has often failed against
888:, 2005 successfully used
715:
709:Cereal Disease Laboratory
670:Thalictrum flavum glaucum
632:Thalictrum speciosissimum
259:
252:
234:
227:
129:Scientific classification
127:
122:
108:
98:
88:
76:
66:
52:
47:
1216:Gaeumann, Ernst (1959).
822:specifically, ‘Dragon’ (
667:requires a second host (
375:beginning of agriculture
328:loss. The pathogen is a
30:Not to be confused with
1541:) resistance in wheat (
1218:Rostpilze Mitteleuropas
1201:Winter, George (1882).
443:, which was based on a
1478:Chester, K.S. (1946).
437:Ralph Merrill Caldwell
1463:Stubbs, R.W. (1986).
1440:A Text Book of Botany
862:genetically-resilient
602:, jointed goatgrass (
396:Nomenclatural history
320:because the pathogen
316:it is destructive on
1233:Puccinia rubigo-vera
1031:10.1038/hdy.2013.123
703:North American races
433:George Baker Cummins
406:Puccinia rubigo-vera
1655:Aegilops speltoides
1630:10.1094/pd-78-0640c
1394:Puccinia persistens
1295:4553735436566102849
941:may be the answer.
857:triazole fungicides
735:seedling resistance
599:Aegilops speltoides
502:Puccinia persistens
2092:puccinia-triticina
1954:Puccinia triticina
1924:Puccinia triticina
1789:Puccinia triticina
1744:20.500.11937/83208
1659:Puccinia triticina
1539:Puccinia triticina
1417:Puccinia recondita
1310:British Rust Fungi
1187:10.4141/cjps88-076
1082:Puccinia triticina
1006:Puccinia triticina
922:of this pathogen.
696:Puccinia triticina
592:) and wild emmer (
297:Puccinia triticina
275:Puccinia recondita
238:Puccinia triticina
82:Puccinia triticina
2102:
2101:
2077:Open Tree of Life
1916:Taxon identifiers
1543:Triticum aestivum
1449:978-81-7133-904-4
830:) and ‘Vinjett’ (
731:Northern European
655:Thalictrum flavum
570:Triticum aestivum
289:
288:
283:
271:
263:Puccinia dispersa
220:P. triticina
116:
115:
67:Common names
33:Puccinia graminis
16:(Redirected from
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1517:. Archived from
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1496:. Archived from
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876:Resistance genes
584:), domesticated
462:formae speciales
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123:Wheat leaf rust
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1098:Wiley-Blackwell
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1022:Nature Research
1000:
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947:
894:hexaploid wheat
878:
866:common barberry
853:
840:
723:
721:Northern Europe
718:
705:
691:
658:
626:Several of the
624:
622:Secondary hosts
614:X Triticosecale
563:
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398:
371:
369:Host resistance
314:temperate zones
292:Wheat leaf rust
248:
242:
236:
223:
176:Pucciniomycetes
131:
71:
62:
48:Wheat leaf rust
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28:
23:
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2125:Wheat diseases
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1998:
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1885:External links
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1851:
1850:
1849:
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1824:
1774:
1718:Phytopathology
1715:Environment".
1706:
1666:Phytopathology
1653:"Leaf Rust on
1643:
1598:
1559:BioMed Central
1527:
1524:on 2021-04-03.
1503:
1500:on 2021-04-03.
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1255:Phytopathology
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1241:(17): 289–394.
1223:
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1205:. p. 924.
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1180:(3): 633–639.
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1149:(5): 737–750.
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980:Kharchia wheat
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897:
877:
874:
852:
849:
839:
836:
722:
719:
717:
714:
704:
701:
690:
687:
657:
652:
623:
620:
605:Ae. cylindrica
594:T. dicoccoides
562:
559:
538:Urediniospores
533:
530:
441:P. rubigo-vera
429:P. Rubigo-vera
410:P. rubigo-vera
397:
394:
370:
367:
287:
286:
285:
284:
272:
257:
256:
250:
249:
243:
232:
231:
225:
224:
217:
215:
211:
210:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
125:
124:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
102:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
58:
50:
49:
39:P. striiformis
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2152:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:Leaf diseases
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1870:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1613:Plant Disease
1609:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1561:(BMC): 1–14.
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1531:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1427:(4): 631–662.
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1358:
1350:
1348:9780387053363
1344:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1323:9780521068390
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1212:
1204:
1197:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1007:
998:
996:
991:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
965:Rust (fungus)
963:
961:
958:
956:
954:
949:
948:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
921:
920:race analysis
917:
916:
911:
910:
905:
904:
895:
891:
887:
883:
880:
879:
873:
871:
867:
863:
858:
848:
845:
835:
833:
829:
826:), ‘Leguan’ (
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
790:), ‘Hussar’ (
789:
785:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
713:
710:
700:
697:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:
666:
662:
656:
651:
649:
648:
645:
640:
638:
633:
629:
628:Ranunculaceae
619:
617:
615:
611:
607:
606:
601:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
561:Primary hosts
558:
555:
551:
547:
546:basidiospores
543:
539:
529:
527:
523:
522:P. persistens
519:
515:
511:
510:Ranunculaceae
507:
503:
498:
494:
490:
489:P. perplexans
486:
485:graminicolous
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
393:
389:
387:
383:
378:
376:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:South America
348:
344:
343:North America
340:
336:
333:
332:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:
293:
280:
276:
273:
268:
264:
261:
260:
258:
255:
251:
246:
241:
239:
233:
230:
229:Binomial name
226:
222:
221:
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:Basidiomycota
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
135:
130:
126:
121:
118:
111:
107:
103:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
84:
83:
79:
77:Causal agents
75:
69:
65:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
40:
35:
34:
19:
2120:Rye diseases
1923:
1900:. Retrieved
1869:
1856:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1722:
1716:
1709:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1617:
1611:
1610:in Mexico".
1607:
1601:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1538:
1537:"Leaf rust (
1530:
1519:the original
1506:
1498:the original
1488:
1479:
1473:
1464:
1458:
1439:
1433:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1363:
1357:
1341:. Springer.
1338:
1332:
1309:
1303:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1217:
1211:
1202:
1196:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1017:
1011:
1005:
952:
939:Slow rusting
934:
930:
924:
913:
907:
901:
899:
885:
881:
854:
842:Small brown
841:
831:
827:
823:
820:spring wheat
815:
814:), ‘Terra’ (
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:), ‘Ritmo’ (
791:
787:
786:), ‘Haven’ (
783:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
724:
706:
695:
692:
689:Epidemiology
674:
668:
665:P. triticina
664:
661:P. triticina
660:
659:
654:
642:
635:
631:
625:
618:
613:
603:
597:
593:
589:
581:
577:
569:
564:
550:pycniospores
535:
525:
521:
518:Boraginaceae
514:P. recondita
513:
501:
497:P. triticina
496:
492:
488:
482:
478:P. recondita
477:
469:
466:P. recondita
465:
458:P. recondita
457:
453:P. recondita
452:
440:
428:
426:
422:P. triticina
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
399:
390:
385:
382:P. recondita
381:
379:
372:
363:heteroecious
359:P. triticina
358:
329:
318:winter wheat
296:
295:
291:
290:
278:
274:
266:
262:
237:
235:
219:
218:
206:
196:Pucciniaceae
117:
109:Distribution
80:
37:
31:
2015:iNaturalist
1948:Wikispecies
1897:"Leaf Rust"
1805:: 143–160.
1729:: 906–920.
1287:19561101781
1104:: 563–575.
1024:: 443–453.
927:gene stacks
884:- Scofield
806:), ‘Kris’ (
798:), ‘Lynx’ (
590:T. dicoccon
578:T. turgidum
554:aeciospores
542:teliospores
414:P. dispersa
335:rust fungus
322:overwinters
186:Pucciniales
2109:Categories
1902:2021-05-26
1843:(Report).
1677:: 94–101.
1404:: 329–402.
986:References
970:Rice blast
870:volunteers
699:moisture.
675:Thalictrum
647:fumaroides
532:Life cycle
162:Division:
70:Brown rust
1794:Euphytica
1769:227181536
1753:0031-949X
1693:0031-949X
1638:0191-2917
1577:0018-0661
1550:Hereditas
1272:0031-949X
1266:: 81–82.
975:Stem rust
727:cultivars
637:T. flavum
634:(synonym
610:triticale
526:triticina
508:stage on
504:with its
493:triticina
445:uredinial
339:epidemics
214:Species:
152:Kingdom:
146:Eukaryota
112:Worldwide
100:EPPO Code
72:Leaf rust
2140:Puccinia
2041:MycoBank
2033:10681331
1989:Fungorum
1933:Wikidata
1819:23518560
1761:33245254
1701:18943825
1624:: 640C.
1593:38073701
1585:17362328
1557:(2006).
1293:cluster
1280:83450378
1128:19018988
1058:26583039
1050:24301080
1013:Heredity
953:Puccinia
951:List of
945:See also
900:Because
844:pustules
838:Symptoms
745:s were:
683:uredinia
679:mycelium
644:Isopyrum
449:basionym
402:Puccinia
331:Puccinia
254:Synonyms
207:Puccinia
192:Family:
142:Domain:
60:Symptoms
2007:2514732
1939:Q901658
1119:6640346
1041:3966128
955:species
851:Control
757:, with
639:glaucum
608:), and
524:subsp.
474:Poaceae
470:tritici
447:-stage
418:tritici
386:tritici
279:tritici
277:f. sp.
267:tritici
265:f. sp.
245:Erikss.
202:Genus:
182:Order:
172:Class:
2082:890898
2066:NZOR:
2059:208348
2046:167445
2020:383999
1994:167445
1981:PUCCRT
1875:
1862:
1817:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1699:
1691:
1636:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1446:
1345:
1320:
1278:
1270:
1126:
1116:
1056:
1048:
1038:
912:, and
886:et al.
773:, and
753:, and
716:Europe
641:) and
544:, and
506:aecial
468:f.sp.
416:f.sp.
384:f.sp.
347:Mexico
306:barley
247:(1899)
104:PUCCRT
2089:PPE:
2028:IRMNG
1968:6X22H
1841:(PDF)
1815:S2CID
1801:(1).
1765:S2CID
1725:(6).
1673:(1).
1589:S2CID
1522:(PDF)
1515:(PDF)
1276:S2CID
1262:(2).
1096:(5).
1054:S2CID
1020:(4).
832:Lr14a
828:Lr14a
824:Lr14a
751:Lr14a
586:emmer
582:durum
580:var.
574:durum
566:Wheat
491:var.
355:India
326:yield
302:wheat
156:Fungi
93:wheat
89:Hosts
2054:NCBI
2002:GBIF
1976:EPPO
1757:PMID
1749:ISSN
1697:PMID
1689:ISSN
1634:ISSN
1608:Lr19
1581:PMID
1573:ISSN
1444:ISBN
1343:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1284:CABD
1268:ISSN
1124:PMID
1046:PMID
915:Lr67
909:Lr46
903:Lr34
882:Lr21
834:).)
816:Lr13
812:Lr13
808:Lr10
804:Lr26
800:Lr17
796:Lr13
792:Lr26
788:Lr26
784:Lr13
780:Lr10
775:Lr23
771:Lr17
767:Lr10
759:Lr2a
755:Lr26
747:Lr13
552:and
435:and
400:The
349:and
1963:CoL
1807:doi
1799:179
1791:".
1739:hdl
1731:doi
1723:111
1679:doi
1626:doi
1563:doi
1555:143
1396:".
1235:".
1182:doi
1151:doi
1114:PMC
1106:doi
1036:PMC
1026:doi
1018:112
935:Prt
763:Lr3
729:in
681:or
616:).
596:),
572:),
361:is
341:in
310:rye
2111::
2079::
2056::
2043::
2030::
2017::
2004::
1991::
1978::
1965::
1950::
1935::
1873:p.
1860:p.
1813:.
1797:.
1777:^
1763:.
1755:.
1747:.
1737:.
1721:.
1695:.
1687:.
1671:94
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1402:41
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1316:.
1312:.
1291:GS
1289:.
1282:.
1274:.
1260:46
1258:.
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1176:.
1172:.
1147:46
1145:.
1122:.
1112:.
1092:.
1086:.
1066:^
1052:.
1044:.
1034:.
1016:.
1010:.
994:^
931:Pt
906:,
769:,
765:,
761:,
749:,
743:Lr
739:Lr
650:.
540:,
357:.
345:,
308:,
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
