363:. The two main speakers of Pulaar are the Toucouleur people and the Fulɓe (also known as Fulani or Peul). Pulaar is the second most spoken local language in Senegal, being a first language for around 22% of the population. This correlates with 23.7% of the country in which Pulaar is the population's ethnicity. Pulaar is one of the national languages of Senegal alongside 13 others. It was admitted as an official language of Senegal by Presidential decree in 1971. There are around 28 known dialects of Pulaar, most of which are mutually intelligible with each other. The Pulaar dialects, as well as other
759:
2956:
2916:
producing company in West Africa, SODEFITEX. SODEFITEX has implemented local languages in their training courses for local farmers. A way this has been achieved is by creating radio programs in local languages to reinforce Pulaar to local employees. International development agencies have increasingly decided to focus on the use of local languages in West Africa to communicate ideas and governance. This is done as a means to increase local governance in regional areas of West Africa. These agencies include
3753:
5147:
431:
2846:, which is a predominately Wolof-speaking zone. The Mouride population constitutes 3-5 million people in Senegal (the population of Senegal is around 16 million). Fiona McLaughlin argues that this economic and cultural hegemony that the Wolof have is at the expense of the Pulaar language. She states that people in Senegal will call themselves Wolof, despite not being ethnically
2903:
was published in 1986 which criticized the perceived power and influence of the Arab "minority" in
Mauritania. After the publishing of this manifesto, crackdowns by the Government against Pulaar speaker and teachers increased. Political imprisonments against the Pulaar people increased, notably Djigo
815:
class of nouns refer to trees or objects that are straight upright. The noun classes relating to themes of agriculture and farming relate to the
Toucouleur economy, which consists mainly of raising of stock, crop cultivation and fishing. The Fulɓe people are known for being a semi-nomadic pastoralist
2833:
loan words. John Hames has argued that the reason for this decline in Pulaar in favour for Wolof and French has come down to the fact that the Wolof culture and
Senegalese identity are strongly related. In Western Africa, Wolof language is often used in "major pop cultural and entertainment products
2886:
in the late 1970s. The programs which the ARP-RIM participated in included campaigns to increase Pulaar literacy, this was done by creating more radio programs which taught the local languages of
Mauritania. As The ARP-RIM also focused on applying the Pulaar language to primary education as it
2915:
in 2001) was established by the
Senegal government as a means to boost the influence of the local languages of Senegal (including Pulaar). It did this by increasing the literacy amongst its users. Non-government companies that have aided the influence of the Pulaar language include the cotton
577:, Sereer-Sine and East Limba. These quinary-decimal counting languages can be found in the west African regions of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Gambia. Pulaar and Pular possess almost identical words for numbers, in which every number from 1 to 10 share the exact same name except for 5 (
702:(meaning ‘unwind’). The same allomorphs apply for the repetitive case, meaning the repeating of an action. There are no means of distinguishing between a reversive and a repetitious case other than by observing the context of the sentence. The allomorphs
2861:
supportive presidency of Daddah led to an increase of Arab education over education of native languages. One of the more notable examples of this is when the
Mauritanian government officially passed a law in 1965 that made it mandatory to teach
782:
words being integrated into the Pulaar language. The vocabulary of the Pulaar language is also influenced by the conservative, family-oriented culture of Pulaar. There are Pulaar words which describe relationships between people. The phrase
2850:, because it is the only language that they learned. John Hames claims that the prevalence of Wolof in Senegalese culture as well as the lack of government intervention to maintain Pulaar as a contemporary language has led to its decline.
843:-based script of Pulaar was set by the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted by a decree, as the effort by the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi-national standardization effort.
2829:, are increasing in speakers instead. A 1987-1988 study of bilingual North Senegalese communities found that the use of Pulaar was decreasing in the younger generation. Pulaar was being replaced by Wolof and
839:, its first writing system was the adaption of the Arabic Script. The Arabic script is used today as well, albeit in a smaller scale, and only mostly limited to Islamic school teachers and students. The
2924:. For instance, the provision of basic literacy of Pulaar is one of the main focuses of Tostan. The government of Senegal has also had talks about creating an academy for national languages.
423:
means language. The language is believed to have formed in Fuuta Tooro when the ancestors of the
Toucouleur people began speaking the language of the Fulɓe. It is then believed that the term
474:
Pulaar contains 21 noun classes. These noun classes can commonly be observed by looking at the suffix of a noun. For example, a noun that is the result of a loan word will typically end in
2501:(combination of two consonants). While historically, there were single letter alternatives, these letters are no longer used. Prenasalized consonants are constructed using
561:
The Pulaar counting system is base five (a quinary-decimal system) which is similar to the surrounding Niger-Congo languages. The number 7, for example, uses the prefix of
490:
noun class is applied to nouns that describe a liquid. The table below shows some of the noun classes in Pulaar and what the class indicates the content of the noun to be:
2799:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
795:
is used to describe one's blood relationship to a family. Pulaar's noun classes also indicate the influence of the agricultural lifestyle of Fula people. For example, the
778:, being one of the first black African groups to embrace Islam in the 11th century. Therefore, the Pulaar language has influences from Islam. This influence has led to
789:(literally translated to “following maternal milk”) is used to talk about the responsibilities that one has to maintain their relationship with their family. The word
427:(which means 'speakers of the language of Pulaar') was created to apply to non-Fulɓe speakers of Fulɓe, of which the Toucouleur people are the largest demographic.
2807:اِنَّمَ آدࣹجِ فࣷفْ ݒࣷتِ، ندِمْطِدِ اࣹ جِبِنَندّࣹ تࣷ بَنگّࣹ حَقّࣹجِ. اࣹࢠࣹ نگࣷودِ مِيجࣷ اࣹ حَقِّلَنْتَاگَلْ اࣹتࣹ اࣹࢠࣹ ݒࣷتِ هُوفࣷ ندِرْدࣹ اࣹ ندࣹرْ ࢠْ اِيْنگُيُمَّاگُ.
2802:
Innama aadeeji fof poti, ndimɗidi e jibinannde to bannge hakkeeji. Eɓe ngoodi miijo e hakkilantaagal ete eɓe poti huufo ndirde e nder ɓ iynguyummaagu.
3601:
3905:
3716:
3633:
4426:
2838:, therefore Wolof maintained a position in West Africa as the language of trade. Wolof also hold religious importance in West Africa as the
2900:
750:
is either one of those cases and therefore cannot be distinguished without taking into account the context of the sentence it is used in.
4034:
824:
Pulaar today is primarily written in Latin alphabet, with orthographic conventions that are in common for all indigenous languages of
2878:
ARP-RIM) was established to teach Pulaar literacy in
Mauritania. The organization received increased government funding after the
770:(also referred to as Tukulor) are one of the largest Pulaar speaking demographics in West Africa. They are an ethnic group of the
4669:
3898:
3709:
3277:
3172:
3135:
2887:
allocated Pulaar teachers to public schools in
Mauritania. The efforts to revive Pulaar in Mauritania were reduced after the
2779:
367:, are usually referenced under the umbrella term ‘Fula’. Pulaar as a language, however, is not usually referenced as ‘Fula’.
2904:
Tafsirou, who was a Pulaar language activist, was arrested and possibly died in detention after 2 years of imprisonment.
2139:
2029:
1819:
1297:
1180:
3415:"Practice in Search of a Paradigm: Language Rights, Linguistic Citizenship and Minority Language Communities in Senegal"
4419:
2888:
2879:
3243:
5186:
5181:
3891:
3702:
1768:
1486:
958:
3398:
4027:
2183:
1949:
1021:
1012:
1003:
3648:
2896:
694: are added to a verb to make it reversive, meaning to do the opposite of the original verb. For example,
5176:
4412:
1859:
1711:
1664:
1545:
1075:
5196:
2892:
2147:
1789:
1760:
1740:
1525:
1261:
1234:
1225:
617:
suffixes. When multiple suffixes are used in a single verb, they follow the 'TDNR' order. This means that -
186:
746:(meaning ‘interrogate’) which is also the same form the repetitive case (meaning ‘ask again’). Therefore,
4662:
3680:
2191:
2119:
1585:
1066:
1057:
1048:
3167:. Baerman, Matthew (First ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 425–430.
5191:
4723:
4712:
4020:
3301:
2917:
2175:
1466:
1426:
1386:
1315:
1270:
1243:
922:
913:
670:
are added to make a verb retaliative, meaning to do in retaliation for a previous action. For example,
633:
suffixes are the last in order . There are few exceptions to this rule. An example of this is the word
4797:
4152:
3538:"The People Who Stand up for Pulaar Activism and Language Loyalty Politics in Senegal and Mauritania"
3272:. Appiah, Anthony., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2010. pp. 500–501.
2755:
2709:
2663:
2617:
2542:(◌ْ). If they are at the end of the word and have no vowels, they will take the gemination diacritic
2189:
2181:
2173:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2117:
2097:
2077:
2047:
2027:
2007:
1987:
1967:
1947:
1917:
1897:
1877:
1857:
1839:
1837:
1817:
1787:
1766:
1758:
1738:
1719:
1717:
1709:
1689:
1672:
1670:
1662:
1632:
1613:
1611:
1603:
1583:
1563:
1543:
1523:
1494:
1492:
1484:
1464:
1446:
1444:
1424:
1404:
1384:
1376:
1368:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1099:
1091:
1081:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1001:
994:
992:
983:
974:
966:
964:
956:
949:
947:
938:
929:
920:
911:
774:
region encompassing the middle of the
Senegal River. The Toucouleur people are heavily influenced by
364:
180:
4822:
4749:
2955:
2834:
and radio broadcast content". Wolof interpreters were used from the late sixteenth century with the
4904:
4852:
4754:
4728:
2155:
1969:
1288:
1279:
3045:
4770:
4765:
4739:
3914:
3725:
1989:
1634:
1605:
1406:
1171:
976:
931:
4914:
5171:
5150:
5071:
5031:
5011:
5006:
4992:
4961:
4847:
4734:
4655:
4388:
4322:
4314:
3928:
2757:
2711:
2665:
2619:
2494:
1101:
1093:
1083:
1039:
985:
940:
17:
5057:
486:). The class of the noun will often refer to the actual content of the noun. For example, the
253:
5076:
4884:
4717:
4702:
4327:
4092:
3846:
2498:
2079:
2049:
1691:
1252:
1198:
1189:
191:
4946:
343:
5106:
5101:
4925:
4792:
4707:
4576:
4435:
4383:
4378:
4234:
3047:
Language Planning, Language-In-Education Policy, and Attitudes Towards Languages in Senegal
2538:
2099:
2009:
1899:
1207:
1030:
4930:
3475:"Language Activism on the Airwaves: Pulaar Radio Broadcasting in the Senegal River Valley"
389:
region). The Pulaar and Pular varieties of Fula are to some extent mutually intelligible.
8:
5117:
4475:
4393:
4342:
3050:(Griffith thesis). My University, My University, Marilyn McMeniman. Griffith University.
758:
5021:
3627:
3442:
3295:
2883:
2854:
1919:
1370:
1216:
4807:
289:
5067:
5016:
4997:
4868:
4837:
4591:
4490:
4480:
4117:
4112:
4087:
4043:
4001:
3988:
3805:
3800:
3758:
3656:
3609:
3582:
3494:
3446:
3434:
3357:
3283:
3273:
3249:
3239:
3178:
3168:
3131:
3074:
3013:
2927:
Mauritanian mathematician Mouhamadou Sy has published two math textbooks in Pulaar.
2835:
1565:
1324:
767:
714:, which means to make the object of the action the same as the subject. For example,
330:
153:
3201:
835:
However, historically, similar to other indigenous languages of the region, such as
5127:
5097:
5047:
4987:
4951:
4909:
4899:
4873:
4857:
4842:
4827:
4744:
4631:
4606:
4596:
4571:
4546:
4536:
4531:
4510:
4485:
4470:
4465:
4358:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4269:
4265:
4179:
4097:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4057:
3975:
3970:
3949:
3862:
3825:
3810:
3780:
3775:
3739:
3574:
3486:
3426:
3123:
3051:
3005:
459:
3361:
5121:
5092:
5081:
4936:
4889:
4832:
4787:
4692:
4636:
4601:
4541:
4449:
4332:
4285:
4161:
4133:
4107:
4102:
3996:
3981:
3872:
3867:
3512:
2830:
172:
81:
51:
5086:
5037:
5002:
4971:
4966:
4878:
4863:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4581:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4515:
4505:
4255:
3954:
3830:
3820:
3795:
3785:
3414:
3399:
https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/pulaar
2993:
2876:
Association pour la Renaissance du Pulaar- Republique Islamique de Mauritanie (
2826:
836:
816:
group who have a history of cattle-herding, justifying the bovine noun class.
711:
601:
which can be added to verbs to change their cases. These suffixes include the -
574:
463:
409:
378:
233:
72:
31:
3430:
3383:
Décret no 2005-988 relatif à l’orthographe et la séparation des mots en pulaar
3009:
5165:
5112:
5062:
5052:
4956:
4678:
4611:
4586:
4566:
4495:
4260:
4219:
4184:
4067:
4062:
3790:
3660:
3613:
3586:
3562:
3498:
3438:
3287:
3182:
3122:, Yearbook of Morphology, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 155–199,
3115:
3017:
840:
444:
397:
386:
334:
322:
240:
206:
201:
196:
123:
3578:
3127:
396:. Historically, for centuries, Pulaar has a literary tradition based on the
4894:
4204:
4199:
4189:
4169:
3316:
2847:
1879:
1378:
1333:
405:
401:
393:
312:
302:
249:
3883:
3694:
3267:
3253:
3162:
2943:
573:(5+2). Other languages that use this system in West Africa include Pular,
374:
there are several dialectal varieties, but all are mutually intelligible.
273:
5042:
4817:
4239:
4224:
4214:
4209:
3055:
2822:
326:
149:
3537:
3474:
3364:
Proposal to add Arabic script characters for African and Asian languages
4802:
4404:
4337:
4194:
3490:
3233:
2948:
771:
730:
are used to show that a verb is completed with intensity. For example,
356:
352:
338:
139:
131:
659:
suffix is added to verbs in order to change the case of the verb. The
415:
The word Pulaar translates to 'the language of the Fulɓe' as the stem
4919:
4812:
4697:
4174:
660:
282:
266:
4012:
3602:"Military Takes Over in Mauritania With a Reportedly Bloodless Coup"
2857:
has helped decrease the prevalence of Pulaar. Hames states that the
430:
4647:
4229:
4275:
4759:
2839:
829:
825:
348:
127:
3116:"Pulaar verbal extensions and phonologically driven affix order"
5132:
2921:
2863:
2853:
John Hames has argued that the regime of Mauritanian President
2551:
Some consider these digraphs as their own independent letters.
2544:
779:
598:
382:
119:
3600:
Times, Jonathan Kandell;Special to The New York (1978-07-11).
762:
An 1853 painting of a Tukulor man and woman (by David Boilat).
3355:
2858:
2843:
2536:
Prenasalized consonants cannot take the zero-vowel diacritic
775:
244:
832:
government decrees, the latest of which was issued in 2005.
4941:
594:
360:
135:
2909:
Ministère de l’Éducation de Base et des Langues Nationales
2913:
Ministère de l’Alphabétisation et des Langues Nationales
408:
script for Pulaar has been gaining ground as well (see
828:. The Latin alphabet has been standardized in various
341:
and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as
2509:(ن) in combination with other consonants. The letter
3748:
3513:"Senegal's Mourides: Islam's mystical entrepreneurs"
2994:"Haalpulaar identity as a response to Wolofization∗"
806:
800:
790:
784:
3082:
National African Language Resource Center - Indiana
56:
3649:"MAURITANIA COUP OUSTS PRESIDENT (Published 1984)"
753:
3563:"Mauritanie 1945-1990 ou l'État face à la Nation"
2825:, the surrounding Niger-Congo languages, such as
5163:
3351:
3349:
3043:
799:class of nouns refers to bovines including cow (
392:Pulaar is currently written in primarily in the
27:Fula language spoken by Fula and Tukolor peoples
2821:The Pulaar language is a declining language in
3395:Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Pulaar
4663:
4420:
4028:
3899:
3710:
3567:Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditerranée
3397:, United Nations Information Centre, Senegal
3346:
3333:
3231:
2869:
2555:Pulaar Ajami prenasalized Consonant Digraphs
738:(meaning ‘fall heavily’). For words such as ‘
419:is the singular form of Fulɓe and the suffix
3632:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2901:Manifesto of the Oppressed Black Mauritanian
742:(meaning ‘ask’), the intensive form becomes
454:The negative accomplished verb form ends in
325:spoken primarily as a first language by the
316:
306:
45:
3913:
3724:
2991:
722:meaning ‘look at oneself’). The allomorphs
434:Map of the Fula languages including Pulaar.
4670:
4656:
4427:
4413:
4035:
4021:
3906:
3892:
3717:
3703:
3160:
400:, an orthographic tradition now known as "
62:
2866:during primary and secondary education.
317:
4434:
757:
429:
63:
3412:
478:(however, human singular nouns such as
14:
5164:
3560:
3113:
2899:. In response to the coup d'état, the
682:(meaning ‘kick back’). The allomorphs
438:
4651:
4408:
4042:
4016:
3887:
3698:
3599:
3479:Communication, Culture & Critique
3472:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3408:
3406:
3341:Décret N° 2005-990 du 21 octobre 2005
3235:The nominal and verbal system of Fula
2882:of the then President of Mauritania,
2780:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2343:Vowel at the middle or end of a word
674:(meaning ‘kick’) adds the allomorph -
4677:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
381:, another variety of Fula spoken in
307:
3419:Current Issues in Language Planning
458:. (This is slightly different from
337:valley area traditionally known as
46:
24:
3646:
3453:
3403:
2937:
556:
377:Pulaar is not to be confused with
109:𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪 𞤆𞤵𞥄𞤼𞤢 𞤚𞤮𞥄𞤪𞤮
25:
5208:
3356:Priest, Lorna A; Hosken, Martin;
3314:
3218:
3189:
3164:The Oxford handbook of inflection
3149:
3096:
3062:
3024:
2976:
2891:of then President of Mauritania,
2206:Vowel at the beginning of a word
588:
5146:
5145:
5026:
3751:
2954:
3673:
3640:
3593:
3554:
3530:
3505:
3388:
3375:
3308:
3260:
1885:
1865:
1845:
1805:
1775:
1746:
1697:
1650:
1591:
1571:
1511:
754:Cultural influences on language
469:
3561:Baduel, Pierre-Robert (1989).
2998:African Languages and Cultures
2962:
2773:
819:
648:
13:
1:
2930:
2893:Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla
807:
801:
791:
785:
482:(meaning woman) also end in
165:6.3 million (2014–2022)
7:
3120:Yearbook of Morphology 2005
2992:Mc Laughlin, Fiona (1995).
2897:Maaouya Ould Sid’Ahmed Taya
2842:order holds its capital in
718:meaning ‘look at’) becomes
449:
57:
10:
5213:
3473:Hames, John (2017-08-24).
3161:McLaughlin, Fiona (2015).
2918:World Vision International
2870:Efforts to revive language
2816:
2521:(ن) appears in pairs with
2513:(م) appears in pairs with
1342:
442:
29:
5141:
4980:
4780:
4685:
4524:
4458:
4442:
4371:
4351:
4313:
4248:
4160:
4151:
4142:
4126:
4050:
3963:
3937:
3921:
3855:
3839:
3768:
3746:
3732:
3431:10.1080/14664200802354401
3413:Trudell, Barbara (2008).
3339:Gouvernement du Sénégal,
3044:Diallo, Ibrahima (2006).
3010:10.1080/09544169508717793
2806:
2748:
2740:
2732:
2724:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2610:
2602:
2594:
2586:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2367:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2227:
2163:
2127:
2107:
2087:
2067:
2037:
2017:
1997:
1977:
1957:
1937:
1907:
1887:
1867:
1847:
1827:
1807:
1777:
1748:
1728:
1699:
1681:
1652:
1622:
1593:
1573:
1553:
1533:
1513:
1474:
1454:
1434:
1414:
1394:
1358:
734:(meaning ‘fall’) becomes
698:(meaning ‘wind’) becomes
625:suffixes which go before
597:system contains multiple
494:Examples of noun classes
280:
264:
259:
230:
169:
159:
145:
115:
103:
91:
88:
64:
44:
39:
3371:. pp. 13–18, 34–37.
3315:Pauls, Elizabeth (ed.).
2517:(ب), whereas the letter
710:are used to make a verb
550:hollow, inflated, round
518:straight upright, trees
30:Not to be confused with
5187:Languages of the Gambia
5182:Languages of Mauritania
4103:Koyraboro Senni Songhay
3915:Languages of Mauritania
3726:Languages of the Gambia
3579:10.3406/remmm.1989.2314
3381:République du Sénégal,
3321:Encyclopedia Britannica
3238:. Oxford: Clarendon P.
3128:10.1007/1-4020-4066-0_6
2911:in 1986, (becoming the
2804:
2495:Prenasalized consonants
2445:
2371:
2295:
2231:
641:suffix goes before the
4389:Douentza Sign Language
3964:Unrecognized languages
3300:: CS1 maint: others (
3269:Encyclopedia of Africa
3232:Arnott, D. W. (1970).
3206:mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de
2794:Ajami (Arabic) Script
1344:Pulaar Ajami alphabet
847:Pulaar Latin alphabet
763:
435:
365:West African languages
3847:Gambian Sign Language
3114:Paster, Mary (2005),
761:
433:
5177:Languages of Senegal
4858:Marwari (Rajasthani)
4525:Indigenous languages
4436:Languages of Senegal
4384:Berbey Sign Language
4379:Bamako Sign Language
3769:Indigenous languages
104:ݒُلَارْ فُوتَ تࣷورࣷ
5197:Toucouleur language
4394:Tebul Sign Language
4343:Tondi Songway Kiini
3856:Immigrant languages
2840:Mouride Muslim Sufi
2556:
2344:
2207:
1345:
848:
621:suffixes go before
565:(5) and the suffix
510:curved up at edges
495:
439:Linguistic features
4459:National languages
4051:Official languages
3938:National languages
3653:The New York Times
3606:The New York Times
3491:10.1111/cccr.12175
3360:(12 August 2010).
3317:"Tukulor | people"
3056:10.25904/1912/1429
2884:Moktar Ould Daddah
2855:Moktar Ould Daddah
2563:Sound represented
2554:
2342:
2205:
2170:(Y y/Ee ee/Ii ii)
2134:(W w/Oo oo/Uu uu)
1365:( - / ’ / Aa aa )
1343:
846:
764:
637:In this word, the
613:suffixes, and the
526:humans, loanwords
493:
436:
404:". More recently,
331:Toucouleur peoples
100:Pulaar Fuuta Tooro
5192:Languages of Mali
5159:
5158:
4645:
4644:
4443:Official language
4402:
4401:
4367:
4366:
4309:
4308:
4044:Languages of Mali
4010:
4009:
4002:Hassaniyya Arabic
3922:Official language
3881:
3880:
3759:The Gambia portal
3733:Official language
3647:Ap (1984-12-13).
3385:, 21 octobre 2005
3358:SIL International
3279:978-0-19-533770-9
3174:978-0-19-959142-8
3137:978-1-4020-4065-8
2952:(27th ed., 2024)
2814:
2813:
2778:Article 1 of the
2768:
2767:
2566:Latin equivalent
2497:are written as a
2492:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2338:
2337:
2199:
2198:
2171:
2135:
2115:
2095:
2075:
2062:
2045:
2025:
2005:
1985:
1965:
1945:
1932:
1915:
1895:
1875:
1855:
1835:
1815:
1802:
1785:
1756:
1736:
1707:
1660:
1647:
1630:
1601:
1581:
1561:
1541:
1521:
1508:
1482:
1462:
1442:
1422:
1402:
1366:
1353:
1341:
1340:
768:Toucouleur people
554:
553:
296:
295:
111:
98:
70:
16:(Redirected from
5204:
5149:
5148:
4679:Arabic alphabets
4672:
4665:
4658:
4649:
4648:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4406:
4405:
4158:
4157:
4149:
4148:
4127:Working language
4083:Hassaniya Arabic
4078:Maasina Fulfulde
4037:
4030:
4023:
4014:
4013:
3991:
3984:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3696:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3631:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3470:
3451:
3450:
3410:
3401:
3392:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3353:
3344:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3299:
3291:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3229:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3198:
3187:
3186:
3158:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3111:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3079:
3071:
3060:
3059:
3041:
3022:
3021:
2989:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2941:
2889:1984 coup d'état
2810:
2808:
2785:
2784:
2761:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2715:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2669:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2623:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2557:
2553:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2060:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1800:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1772:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1723:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1645:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1617:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1351:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1105:
1097:
1087:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1007:
998:
989:
980:
970:
962:
953:
944:
935:
926:
917:
849:
845:
810:
804:
794:
788:
502:Content of noun
496:
492:
460:Maasina Fulfulde
320:
319:
310:
309:
292:
276:
269:
236:
175:
110:
105:
102:
97:
93:
90:
69:
68:
66:
61:
60:
49:
48:
37:
36:
21:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5137:
5082:Koyraboro Senni
4976:
4853:Ottoman Turkish
4776:
4755:Ottoman Turkish
4681:
4676:
4646:
4641:
4520:
4454:
4438:
4433:
4403:
4398:
4363:
4347:
4333:Koyraboro Senni
4305:
4244:
4144:
4138:
4122:
4108:Syenara Senoufo
4093:Kita Maninkakan
4046:
4041:
4011:
4006:
3987:
3980:
3959:
3933:
3917:
3912:
3882:
3877:
3851:
3835:
3764:
3757:
3752:
3750:
3744:
3728:
3723:
3693:
3692:
3681:"Hiisiwal1.PDF"
3679:
3678:
3674:
3665:
3663:
3645:
3641:
3625:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3598:
3594:
3559:
3555:
3546:
3544:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3522:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3471:
3454:
3411:
3404:
3393:
3389:
3380:
3376:
3368:
3354:
3347:
3338:
3334:
3325:
3323:
3313:
3309:
3293:
3292:
3280:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3246:
3230:
3219:
3210:
3208:
3200:
3199:
3190:
3175:
3159:
3150:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3112:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3063:
3042:
3025:
2990:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2872:
2819:
2805:
2776:
2770:
2747:
2739:
2731:
2723:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2677:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1350:
822:
756:
653:
591:
581:for Pulaar and
559:
557:Counting system
472:
452:
447:
441:
385:(including the
288:
272:
265:
252:
248:
237:
232:
226:
176:
173:Language family
171:
162:
161:Native speakers
108:
107:
101:
99:
95:
76:
55:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5210:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5115:
5110:
5104:
5095:
5090:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4760:Serbo-Croatian
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4740:Dobrujan Tatar
4737:
4732:
4726:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4675:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4652:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4432:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4409:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4373:
4372:Sign languages
4369:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4235:Western Plains
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4155:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4088:Mamara Senoufo
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4040:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4017:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3985:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3840:Sign languages
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3722:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3699:
3691:
3690:
3672:
3639:
3592:
3553:
3529:
3504:
3485:(4): 657–674.
3452:
3425:(4): 395–412.
3402:
3387:
3374:
3345:
3332:
3307:
3278:
3259:
3244:
3217:
3188:
3173:
3148:
3136:
3095:
3061:
3023:
3004:(2): 153–168.
2975:
2961:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2871:
2868:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2775:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2753:
2745:
2737:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2661:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2615:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2197:
2196:
2160:
2124:
2104:
2084:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2034:
2014:
1994:
1974:
1954:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1904:
1884:
1864:
1844:
1824:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1774:
1745:
1725:
1696:
1678:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1619:
1590:
1570:
1550:
1530:
1510:
1501:
1500:
1471:
1451:
1431:
1411:
1391:
1355:
1339:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1089:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1008:
999:
990:
981:
972:
954:
945:
936:
927:
918:
908:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
837:Wolof language
821:
818:
805:) and heifer (
786:jokkere endam'
755:
752:
652:
647:
635:nyaam-n-id-ii.
629:suffixes, and
609:suffixes, the
605:suffixes, the
590:
589:Vowel suffixes
587:
558:
555:
552:
551:
548:
544:
543:
540:
536:
535:
532:
528:
527:
524:
520:
519:
516:
512:
511:
508:
504:
503:
500:
471:
468:
451:
448:
443:Main article:
440:
437:
410:Fula alphabets
359:, and western
294:
293:
286:
278:
277:
270:
262:
261:
260:Language codes
257:
256:
238:
234:Writing system
231:
228:
227:
225:
224:
223:
222:
221:
220:
219:
218:
217:
216:
215:
214:
187:Atlantic–Congo
179:
177:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
147:
143:
142:
117:
116:Native to
113:
112:
86:
85:
42:
41:
32:Pular language
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5209:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5172:Fula language
5170:
5169:
5167:
5152:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5113:Swahili Ajami
5111:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4735:Crimean Tatar
4733:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4673:
4668:
4666:
4661:
4659:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4466:Balanta-Ganja
4464:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4430:
4425:
4423:
4418:
4416:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4323:Humburi Senni
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4118:Xaasongaxango
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4073:Toro So Dogon
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3897:
3895:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3749:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3715:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3635:
3629:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3407:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3384:
3378:
3367:
3365:
3359:
3352:
3350:
3342:
3336:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3303:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3245:0-19-815127-6
3241:
3237:
3236:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3083:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2971:
2965:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:, by Colonel
2894:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2368:Short Vowels
2366:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2340:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2228:Short Vowels
2226:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2125:
2121:
2105:
2101:
2085:
2081:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2035:
2031:
2015:
2011:
1995:
1991:
1975:
1971:
1955:
1951:
1935:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1905:
1901:
1881:
1861:
1841:
1825:
1821:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1770:
1762:
1742:
1726:
1721:
1713:
1693:
1679:
1674:
1666:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1620:
1615:
1607:
1587:
1567:
1551:
1547:
1531:
1527:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1488:
1472:
1468:
1452:
1448:
1432:
1428:
1412:
1408:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1372:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
982:
978:
973:
968:
960:
955:
951:
946:
942:
937:
933:
928:
924:
919:
915:
910:
909:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
850:
844:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
817:
814:
809:
803:
798:
793:
787:
781:
777:
773:
769:
760:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
662:
658:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
569:(2) becoming
568:
564:
549:
546:
545:
541:
538:
537:
534:sun, bovines
533:
530:
529:
525:
522:
521:
517:
514:
513:
509:
506:
505:
501:
498:
497:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
467:
465:
461:
457:
446:
445:Fula language
432:
428:
426:
425:Haalpulaar'en
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:Arabic script
395:
390:
388:
387:Fouta Djallon
384:
380:
375:
373:
370:According to
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:
344:Haalpulaar'en
340:
336:
335:Senegal River
332:
328:
324:
323:Fula language
314:
304:
300:
291:
287:
285:
284:
279:
275:
271:
268:
263:
258:
255:
254:Fula alphabet
251:
246:
242:
239:
235:
229:
213:
210:
209:
208:
205:
204:
203:
200:
199:
198:
195:
194:
193:
190:
189:
188:
185:
184:
182:
178:
174:
168:
164:
158:
155:
151:
148:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
124:Guinea-Bissau
121:
118:
114:
87:
83:
79:
74:
59:
53:
43:
38:
33:
19:
5077:Koyra Chiini
4722:Circassian (
4500:
4328:Koyra Chiini
4315:Nilo-Saharan
4280:
4068:Tieyaxo Bozo
3944:
3815:
3684:
3675:
3664:. Retrieved
3652:
3642:
3617:. Retrieved
3605:
3595:
3573:(1): 11–52.
3570:
3566:
3556:
3545:. Retrieved
3542:ufdc.ufl.edu
3541:
3532:
3521:. Retrieved
3519:. 2011-08-04
3516:
3507:
3482:
3478:
3422:
3418:
3394:
3390:
3382:
3377:
3363:
3340:
3335:
3324:. Retrieved
3320:
3310:
3268:
3262:
3234:
3209:. Retrieved
3205:
3163:
3141:, retrieved
3119:
3086:. Retrieved
3081:
3046:
3001:
2997:
2969:
2964:
2947:
2939:
2926:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2875:
2873:
2852:
2820:
2791:Latin Script
2777:
2769:
2550:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2493:
2423:Long Vowels
2275:Long Vowels
834:
823:
812:
796:
765:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
656:
654:
649:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
592:
585:for Pular).
582:
578:
570:
566:
562:
560:
487:
483:
479:
475:
473:
470:Noun classes
455:
453:
424:
420:
416:
414:
394:Latin script
391:
376:
371:
369:
342:
308:𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪
298:
297:
281:
250:Adlam script
211:
96:𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪
77:
5107:Tawellemmet
5102:Air Tamajeq
5058:Serer Ajami
5043:Hausa Ajami
5027:Fuuta Tooro
5022:Fuuta Jalon
4972:Xiao'erjing
4793:Azerbaijani
4708:Azerbaijani
4577:Jola-Felupe
4153:Niger–Congo
3685:Google Docs
2880:coup d'état
2823:West Africa
2788:Translation
2774:Sample Text
820:Orthography
811:), and the
720:ndaar-t-o (
650:-t suffixes
593:The Pulaar
542:diminutive
192:Senegambian
181:Niger–Congo
5166:Categories
5003:Fula Ajami
4808:Burushaski
4803:Buri Wolio
4713:Belarusian
4476:Jola-Fonyi
4471:Hassaniyya
4338:Tadaksahak
4180:Bankan Tey
4143:Indigenous
3666:2020-11-02
3619:2023-10-23
3547:2020-11-07
3523:2020-11-08
3326:2020-11-08
3211:2020-11-02
3143:2020-11-02
3088:13 October
2949:Ethnologue
2931:References
2836:Portuguese
2465:◌ِيـ / ◌ِي
2457:◌ࣹيـ / ◌ࣹي
2315:اِيـ / اِي
2307:اࣹيـ / اࣹي
830:Senegalese
772:Futa Tooro
661:allomorphs
372:Ethnologue
357:the Gambia
353:Mauritania
339:Futa Tooro
197:Fula–Wolof
154:Toucouleur
140:Mauritania
132:The Gambia
4988:Afrikaans
4937:Sulat Sug
4931:Kohistani
4920:Shahmukhi
4848:Malayalam
4813:Cham Jawi
4771:Yaña imlâ
4766:İske imlâ
4729:Kabardian
4698:Aljamiado
4145:languages
3661:0362-4331
3628:cite news
3614:0362-4331
3587:0997-1327
3499:1753-9129
3447:143535263
3439:1466-4208
3296:cite book
3288:428033179
3183:894201788
3018:0954-416X
2571:Isolated
2529:(ج), and
1874:(- / ’ )
712:reflexive
571:d͡ʒeeɗiɗi
283:Glottolog
267:ISO 639-3
146:Ethnicity
5151:Category
5118:Wadaad's
5063:Shimaore
4998:Comorain
4905:Rohingya
4869:Sarikoli
4823:Kashmiri
4693:Albanian
4592:Kassonke
4491:Mankanya
4481:Mandinka
4230:Tommo So
4113:Tamasheq
3989:Tamasheq
3806:Mandinka
3801:Kassonke
3517:BBC News
3202:"Pulaar"
3075:"Pulaar"
2580:Initial
716:ndaara (
700:taar-t-a
680:lat-it-o
645:suffix.
599:suffixes
450:Negation
347:live in
318:ݒُلَارْ
290:pula1263
94:
5072:Humburi
5068:Songhay
5048:Kanembu
5038:Kibushi
5032:Maasina
5017:Nigeria
5012:Bagirmi
5007:Adamawa
4952:Turkmen
4947:Torwali
4926:Gilgiti
4924:Shina (
4910:Saraiki
4900:Persian
4885:Parkari
4874:Shughni
4864:Munjani
4862:Pamir (
4838:Kurdish
4798:Balochi
4764:Tatar (
4718:Chechen
4632:Yalunka
4607:Maninka
4597:Kobiana
4572:Gusilay
4547:Bassari
4537:Bandial
4532:Bambara
4511:Soninke
4486:Mandjak
4359:Bangime
4301:Yalunka
4296:Supyire
4291:Soninke
4266:Maninka
4220:Penange
4185:Ben Tey
4098:Soninke
4058:Bambara
3971:Bambara
3950:Soninké
3863:English
3826:Soninke
3811:Mandjak
3776:Balanta
3740:English
2817:Decline
2809:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2681:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2589:
2577:Medial
2505:(م) or
2499:digraph
2483:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2417:
2409:
2401:
2393:
2385:
2377:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2166:
2130:
2110:
2090:
2070:
2061:(Latin)
2040:
2020:
2000:
1980:
1960:
1940:
1931:(Latin)
1910:
1890:
1870:
1850:
1830:
1810:
1801:(Latin)
1780:
1751:
1731:
1702:
1684:
1655:
1646:(Latin)
1625:
1596:
1576:
1556:
1536:
1516:
1507:(Latin)
1477:
1457:
1437:
1417:
1397:
1361:
1352:(Latin)
826:Senegal
792:musidal
748:yam-t-a
744:yam-t-a
736:yan-t-a
724:-t, -ut
678:become
349:Senegal
333:in the
321:) is a
207:Western
128:Senegal
106:
92:ݒُلَارْ
89:Pulaar
67:
5133:Yoruba
5122:Somali
5098:Tuareg
5093:Sorabe
4993:Berber
4981:Africa
4962:Uyghur
4915:Sindhi
4890:Pashto
4843:Kyrgyz
4833:Khowar
4828:Kazakh
4788:Arabic
4745:Kazakh
4724:Adyghe
4686:Europe
4637:Zenaga
4602:Laalaa
4542:Bapeng
4501:Pulaar
4450:French
4286:Siamou
4281:Pulaar
4205:Jamsai
4200:Duleri
4190:Bondum
4170:Ampari
4134:French
3997:French
3982:Zenaga
3976:Berber
3945:Pulaar
3929:Arabic
3873:Arabic
3868:French
3816:Pulaar
3781:Cangin
3659:
3612:
3585:
3497:
3445:
3437:
3286:
3276:
3254:100674
3252:
3242:
3181:
3171:
3134:
3084:. 2020
3016:
2970:Pulaar
2944:Pulaar
2922:Tostan
2864:Arabic
2831:French
2574:Final
2560:Forms
2548:(◌ّ).
2545:shadda
2114:(H h)
2094:(Ñ ñ)
2074:(N n)
2058:Arabic
2044:(M m)
2024:(L l)
2004:(G g)
1984:(K k)
1964:(Q q)
1944:(F f)
1928:Arabic
1914:(Ŋ ŋ)
1894:(G g)
1854:(J j)
1834:(Ɗ ɗ)
1814:(L l)
1798:Arabic
1784:(S s)
1755:(S s)
1735:(S s)
1706:(J j)
1659:(J j)
1643:Arabic
1629:(D d)
1600:(K k)
1580:(H h)
1560:(Ƴ ƴ)
1540:(J j)
1520:(S s)
1504:Arabic
1481:(C c)
1461:(T t)
1441:(Ɓ ɓ)
1421:(P p)
1401:(B b)
1349:Arabic
906:Nj nj
841:Arabic
780:Arabic
583:d͡ʒowi
499:Class
421:/-aar/
383:Guinea
299:Pulaar
241:Arabic
212:Pulaar
120:Guinea
82:French
52:Arabic
40:Pulaar
18:Pulaar
5128:Wolof
5087:Zarma
4967:Uzbek
4942:Tamil
4895:Pegon
4879:Wakhi
4627:Wamey
4622:Safen
4617:Palor
4582:Karon
4562:Dyula
4557:Bedik
4552:Bayot
4516:Wolof
4506:Serer
4352:Other
4276:Mooré
4256:Dyula
4249:Other
4240:Yanda
4225:Tebul
4215:Nanga
4210:Mombo
4162:Dogon
3955:Wolof
3831:Wolof
3821:Serer
3796:Karon
3786:Dyula
3443:S2CID
3369:(PDF)
3078:(PDF)
2848:Wolof
2844:Touba
2827:Wolof
2760:]
2756:[
2714:]
2710:[
2668:]
2664:[
2622:]
2618:[
2539:sukun
2533:(گ).
2525:(د),
2194:]
2190:[
2186:]
2182:[
2178:]
2174:[
2158:]
2154:[
2150:]
2146:[
2142:]
2138:[
2122:]
2118:[
2102:]
2098:[
2082:]
2078:[
2052:]
2048:[
2032:]
2028:[
2012:]
2008:[
1992:]
1988:[
1972:]
1968:[
1952:]
1948:[
1922:]
1918:[
1902:]
1898:[
1882:]
1878:[
1862:]
1858:[
1842:]
1838:[
1822:]
1818:[
1792:]
1788:[
1771:]
1767:[
1763:]
1759:[
1743:]
1739:[
1722:]
1718:[
1714:]
1710:[
1694:]
1690:[
1687:(R r)
1675:]
1671:[
1667:]
1663:[
1637:]
1633:[
1616:]
1612:[
1608:]
1604:[
1588:]
1584:[
1568:]
1564:[
1548:]
1544:[
1528:]
1524:[
1497:]
1493:[
1489:]
1485:[
1469:]
1465:[
1449:]
1445:[
1429:]
1425:[
1409:]
1405:[
1389:]
1385:[
1381:]
1377:[
1373:]
1369:[
1336:]
1332:[
1327:]
1323:[
1318:]
1314:[
1309:]
1305:[
1300:]
1296:[
1291:]
1287:[
1282:]
1278:[
1273:]
1269:[
1264:]
1260:[
1255:]
1251:[
1246:]
1242:[
1237:]
1233:[
1228:]
1224:[
1219:]
1215:[
1210:]
1206:[
1201:]
1197:[
1192:]
1188:[
1183:]
1179:[
1174:]
1170:[
1149:Uu uu
1131:Oo oo
1104:]
1100:[
1096:]
1092:[
1086:]
1082:[
1078:]
1074:[
1069:]
1065:[
1060:]
1056:[
1051:]
1047:[
1042:]
1038:[
1033:]
1029:[
1024:]
1020:[
1015:]
1011:[
1006:]
1002:[
997:]
993:[
988:]
984:[
979:]
975:[
969:]
965:[
961:]
957:[
952:]
948:[
943:]
939:[
934:]
930:[
925:]
921:[
916:]
912:[
900:Ii ii
891:Ng ng
882:Ee ee
873:Nd nd
861:Mb mb
855:Aa aa
808:wiige
802:naage
776:Islam
696:taara
676:it to
579:d͡ʒoj
575:Wolof
563:d͡ʒoj
480:debbo
464:Pular
456:-aani
417:/pul/
406:Adlam
402:Ajami
379:Pular
313:Ajami
311:, in
303:Adlam
245:Ajami
73:Wolof
47:بولار
5053:Maba
4957:Urdu
4818:Jawi
4781:Asia
4703:Avar
4612:Ndut
4587:Kasa
4567:Fula
4496:Noon
4270:N'Ko
4261:Fula
4195:Budu
4063:Bomu
3791:Fula
3657:ISSN
3634:link
3610:ISSN
3583:ISSN
3495:ISSN
3435:ISSN
3302:link
3284:OCLC
3274:ISBN
3250:OCLC
3240:ISBN
3179:OCLC
3169:ISBN
3132:ISBN
3090:2020
3014:ISSN
2920:and
2907:The
2874:The
2859:Moor
2741:ـنگـ
2733:ـنگّ
2695:ـنجـ
2687:ـنجّ
2641:ـندّ
2603:ـمبـ
2595:ـمبّ
2527:jeem
2519:noon
2511:meem
2507:noon
2503:meem
2449:◌َا
2088:ݧـ ݧ
1094:ᶮd͡ʒ
766:The
740:yama
732:yana
726:and
706:and
672:lata
655:the
595:verb
567:ɗiɗi
547:ndu
539:kon
531:nge
507:ngo
462:and
361:Mali
329:and
327:Fula
301:(in
202:Fula
150:Fula
136:Mali
78:Peul
65:ݒࣴلْ
4750:Lak
4175:Ana
3575:doi
3487:doi
3427:doi
3124:doi
3052:doi
3006:doi
2946:at
2764:ng
2749:نگـ
2718:nj
2703:نجـ
2672:nd
2649:ـند
2626:mb
2611:مبـ
2531:geh
2523:dal
2515:beh
2481:◌ُو
2473:◌ࣷو
2407:◌ُ
2399:◌ࣷ
2391:◌ِ
2383:◌ࣹ
2331:اُو
2323:اࣷو
2292:Uu
1860:d͡ʒ
1712:d͡ʒ
1665:d͡ʒ
1546:d͡ʒ
1487:t͡ʃ
1161:Ƴ ƴ
1158:Y y
1155:X x
1152:W w
1146:U u
1143:T t
1140:S s
1137:R r
1134:P p
1128:O o
1125:Ŋ ŋ
1122:Ñ ñ
1119:N n
1116:M m
1113:L l
1110:K k
1076:d͡ʒ
959:t͡ʃ
903:J j
897:I i
894:H h
888:G g
885:F f
879:E e
876:Ɗ ɗ
870:D d
867:C c
864:Ɓ ɓ
858:B b
852:A a
797:nge
728:-it
708:-it
692:-ut
690:or
688:-it
668:-it
666:or
515:ki
488:ɗam
466:.)
412:).
274:fuc
58:Pël
5168::
3683:.
3655:.
3651:.
3630:}}
3626:{{
3608:.
3604:.
3581:.
3571:54
3569:.
3565:.
3540:.
3515:.
3493:.
3483:10
3481:.
3477:.
3455:^
3441:.
3433:.
3421:.
3417:.
3405:^
3348:^
3319:.
3298:}}
3294:{{
3282:.
3248:.
3220:^
3204:.
3191:^
3177:.
3151:^
3130:,
3118:,
3098:^
3080:.
3064:^
3026:^
3012:.
3000:.
2996:.
2978:^
2782:.
2758:ᵑɡ
2725:نگ
2712:ᶮɟ
2679:نج
2666:ⁿd
2657:ند
2633:ند
2620:ᵐb
2587:مب
2440:uu
2437:oo
2434:ii
2431:ee
2428:aa
2415:◌ْ
2375:◌َ
2363:∅
2289:Oo
2286:Ii
2283:Ee
2280:Aa
2267:اُ
2259:اࣷ
2251:اِ
2243:اࣹ
2235:اَ
2223:U
2192:iː
2184:eː
2156:uː
2148:oː
1773:)
1724:)
1677:)
1618:)
1566:jˤ
1499:
1491:~
1387:aː
1325:jˤ
1289:uː
1235:oː
1164:’
1102:ᶮɟ
1067:iː
1040:ᵑɡ
1013:eː
986:ⁿd
963:~
941:ᵐb
923:aː
813:ki
704:-t
686:,
684:-t
664:-t
657:-t
643:-d
639:-n
631:-r
627:-n
623:-d
615:-r
611:-n
607:-d
523:o
484:-o
476:-o
355:,
351:,
315::
305::
183:?
152:,
138:,
134:,
130:,
126:,
122:,
5124:)
5120:(
5109:)
5100:(
5089:)
5070:(
5034:)
5005:(
4933:)
4881:)
4773:)
4731:)
4671:e
4664:t
4657:v
4428:e
4421:t
4414:v
4272:)
4268:(
4036:e
4029:t
4022:v
3907:e
3900:t
3893:v
3718:e
3711:t
3704:v
3687:.
3669:.
3636:)
3622:.
3589:.
3577::
3550:.
3526:.
3501:.
3489::
3449:.
3429::
3423:9
3366:"
3362:"
3343:.
3329:.
3304:)
3290:.
3256:.
3214:.
3185:.
3126::
3092:.
3058:.
3054::
3020:.
3008::
3002:8
2972:.
2360:u
2357:o
2354:i
2351:e
2348:a
2299:آ
2220:O
2217:I
2214:E
2211:A
2188:/
2180:/
2176:j
2164:ي
2152:/
2144:/
2140:w
2128:و
2120:h
2108:ه
2100:ɲ
2080:n
2068:ن
2050:m
2038:م
2030:l
2018:ل
2010:g
1998:گ
1990:k
1978:ک
1970:q
1958:ق
1950:f
1938:ف
1920:ŋ
1908:ݝ
1900:ɡ
1888:غ
1880:ʔ
1868:ع
1848:ظ
1840:ɗ
1828:ط
1820:l
1808:ض
1790:s
1778:ص
1769:ʃ
1765:(
1761:s
1749:ش
1741:s
1729:س
1720:z
1716:(
1700:ز
1692:r
1682:ر
1673:z
1669:(
1653:ذ
1635:d
1623:د
1614:x
1610:(
1606:k
1594:خ
1586:h
1574:ح
1554:ڃ
1534:ج
1526:s
1514:ث
1495:c
1475:ݖ
1467:t
1455:ت
1447:ɓ
1435:ࢠ
1427:p
1415:ݒ
1407:b
1395:ب
1383:/
1379:ʔ
1375:/
1371:∅
1359:ا
1334:ʔ
1316:j
1307:x
1298:w
1280:u
1271:t
1262:s
1253:r
1244:p
1226:o
1217:ŋ
1208:ɲ
1199:n
1190:m
1181:l
1172:k
1098:~
1088:
1084:ɟ
1080:~
1058:i
1049:h
1031:ɡ
1022:f
1004:e
995:ɗ
977:d
971:
967:c
950:ɓ
932:b
914:a
619:t
603:t
247:)
243:(
84:)
80:(
75:)
71:(
54:)
50:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.