618:. The vertebrae are pure cartilage, while the ribs are hollow tubes filled with a cartilaginous substance. The body of the lungfish is covered with large, bony scales. Ten rows occur on each side, grading to small scales on the fins. The scales are each embedded in their own pockets, and overlap extensively, such that vulnerable areas of the body are covered by a thickness of at least four scales. Two unusually large and thick interlocking scales cover the back of the head where the bony skull is thin. Their cranial muscles (around the skull and jaw) follow similar patterns observed in other vertebrates, whereby the muscles tend to first develop from anterior to posterior, and from their region of origin toward insertion. They have powerful long paddle-shaped
611:
obvious distinguishing sexual characteristic of the lungfish. They have stout elongated bodies and flattened heads with small eyes. The eyes have five types of photoreceptors; four types of cones and a rod. Some of these photoreceptors can reach 20–24 μm in diameter, possibly the largest in the animal kingdom. The mouth is small and in a subterminal position. The lungfish can grow to a length of about 150 cm (4.9 ft), and a weight of 43 kg (95 lb). It is commonly found to be about 100 cm (3.3 ft) and 20 kg (44 lb) on average. Both sexes follow similar growth patterns, although the females grow to a slightly larger size. They are covered in slime when taken from the water.
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in clusters. The male lungfish fertilizes each egg as it emerges, and the eggs are deposited in dense aquatic vegetation. The newly laid egg is hemispherical, delicate, heavily yolked, and enclosed in a single vitelline and triple jelly envelope. The egg about 3 mm (0.12 in) in diameter; with the jelly envelope, it has a total diameter of about 1 cm (0.39 in). The egg is sticky for a short while until silt and small aquatic organisms have covered it, but long enough for it to become attached to submerged vegetation. It is negatively buoyant, and if it falls to the lake or river bed, it is unlikely to survive to hatching.
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689:. It is also the only facultative air breather lungfish species, only breathing air when oxygen in the water is not sufficient to meet their needs. The lung is a single long sac situated above and extending the length of the body cavity, and is formed by a ventral outgrowth of the gut. Internally, the lung is divided into two distinct lobes that interconnect along its length, compartmentalized by the infolding of the walls. Each compartment is further divided to form a spongy
162:
734:. The young fish are slow-growing, reportedly reaching 27 mm (1.1 in) after 110 days, and about 60 mm (2.4 in) after 8 months. During the first week, it lies on its side, hiding in the weeds, and moving only when stimulated by touch. It will swim spontaneously, and often retreat back into the gelatinous envelope when disturbed. Newly hatched larvae develop a
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close to beds of aquatic plants. They breathe air more frequently and more noisily than normal, possibly reflecting a greater physiological requirement for oxygen. Individual fish have been observed to breathe air at regular intervals of about 20 minutes, with air breathing accompanied by a distinct loud burp made in the air. The noisy breathing may be a form of a
802:. Soft foods such as worms and plants are partially crushed with a few quick bites and then swallowed. In the adult lungfish, movement of the prey in and out of the mouth is accompanied by strong adduction of the jaws. This crushing mechanism is coupled with hydraulic transport of the food, achieved by movements of the
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Proposed 2006 damming projects on both the Mary and
Burnett rivers threatened the habitat of the remaining lungfish. The dams would have changed the flow of the rivers, eliminating the slow, shallow areas the fish need for spawning. Scientists worldwide became involved in saving the habitat for these
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The next phase involves behaviour, similar to "follow-the-leader", during which one fish, the male, shows interest in the female and nudges her with his snout. Up to eight individuals may be involved in follow-the-leader behaviour. The male lungfish may occasionally take a piece of aquatic plant into
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Eggs are most abundant during
September and October. The stimulus for spawning is believed to be day length. The lungfish is known to spawn both during the day and at night. The lungfish is selective in its choice of spawning sites. Eggs have been recorded on aquatic plants rooted in gravel and sand,
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The
Australian lungfish is primarily nocturnal, and is essentially carnivorous. In captivity, it will feed on frogs, earthworms, pieces of meat, and pelleted food. In the wild, its prey includes frogs, tadpoles, fishes, a variety of invertebrates, and plant material. No quantitative dietary data are
738:
current over their skin and gill surfaces. This is believed to either provide respiratory exchange across the skin and gills without necessitating any movements of the jaw or brachial apparatus, or to keep the skin of the unprotected larvae free of debris, parasites, and predatory protozoans. Larvae
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Contrary to its South
American and African relatives, the Australian lungfish does not make a nest or guard or care for its eggs. When spawning does take place, the pair of fish will lie on their sides or become entwined. They usually deposit their eggs singly, occasionally in pairs, but very rarely
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in
Chicago was the oldest living fish in any Aquarium, and was already an adult when he was first placed on display in 1933; Granddad was estimated to be at least in his eighties, and possibly over one-hundred, at the time of his death on February 5, 2017. Analysis of Granddad's DNA later estimated
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The
Australian lungfish spawns and completes its entire lifecycle in freshwater systems. The age of first breeding is estimated to be 17 years for males and 22 years for females. Males typically become mature at 738–790 mm (29.1–31.1 in) and females at 814–854 mm (32.0–33.6 in).
601:
The
Australian lungfish is essentially a sedentary species, spending its life within a restricted area. Its home range rarely extends beyond a single pool or, occasionally, two adjacent pools. It does not follow a set migratory path, but may actively seek out suitable spawning habitats between July
681:
A distinctive characteristic of the
Australian lungfish is the presence of a single dorsal lung, used to supplement the oxygen supply through the gills. During times of excessive activity, drought, or high temperatures (when water becomes deoxygenated), or when prevailing conditions inhibit normal
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Juveniles have different body proportions from mature adults. The head is rounder, the fins are smaller, and the trunk is more slender. Also, the brain is relatively larger and fills more of the cranial cavity in juveniles compared to adults. The mouth is initially terminal, but shifts back as the
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The eggs and young are similar to those of frogs, but the offspring differ from both frogs and other lungfishes by the absence of external gills during early development. Within the egg, head structures and pigmentation start to appear by day 17. They hatch after three to four weeks, and resemble
742:
The
Australian lungfish has very complex courtship behaviour made up of three distinct phases. The first is the searching phase, when the fish will range over a large area, possibly searching for potential spawning sites. A pair of fish will perform circling movements at the surface of the water
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is externally detectable and no obvious point occurs at which they can be termed adult. As a juvenile, the lungfish is distinctly mottled with a base colour of gold or olive-brown. Patches of intense dark pigment will persist long after the mottling has disappeared. Young lungfish are capable of
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Human activities currently threaten the
Australian lungfish, particularly water development. It is potentially at risk in much of its core distribution in the Burnett and Mary Rivers, as 26% of these river systems are presently impounded by weirs and dams. Barriers to movement and altered flow
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The female has a large ovary and the potential to lay many eggs, but in the wild only produces a few hundreds of eggs, at most, during her lifetime. In captivity, 200 to 600 eggs have been laid in a single event. The lungfish does not necessarily spawn every year. A good spawning season occurs
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Australian lungfish are olive-green to dull brown on the back, sides, tail, and fins, and pale yellow to orange on the underside. They have been described as having a reddish colouring on their sides which gets much brighter in the males during the breeding season. This colouration is the only
584:
This species lives in slow-flowing rivers and still water (including reservoirs) that have some aquatic vegetation on banks. It occurs over mud, sand, or gravel bottoms. Australian lungfish are commonly found in deep pools of 3–10 m (9.8–32.8 ft) depth and live in small groups under
841:
Australian lungfish can be very fast-growing, yet with a delayed first breeding age. For a long-lived species with naturally low mortality rates, successful spawning and juvenile recruitment is not essential every year and may only occur irregularly in medium to long cycles, even in natural
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and cells, and a high nuclear DNA content relative to other vertebrates, but less than what is reported for other lungfishes. In spite of this, it displays low genetic diversity between populations from the Mary, Burnett, and Brisbane catchments. This low level of genetic variation could be
739:
are reported not to feed for two to three weeks while the yolk is still present. By the time the yolk is fully used, a spiral valve has developed in the intestine and the fish starts to feed. The young can grow about 50 mm (2.0 in) per month under optimal conditions.
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in Australia before being transported to the Shedd Aquarium. This discovery also cements the Australian lungfish as the longest-lived subtropical freshwater fish species currently known to science, and one of the 12 longest-living fish species in the world.
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environments. The length of these cycles could easily mask the potentially deleterious impacts on recruitment for many years. Additionally, large adults could remain common for decades and give no indication of a declining population in the longer term.
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functioning of the gills, the lungfish can rise to the surface and swallow air into its lung. More frequent air breathing is correlated with periods of greater activity at night when it uses the lung as a supplementary organ of respiration.
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fish grows. The dorsal fin typically reaches to the back of the head in young juveniles, and gradually moves caudally until it only extends to the mid-dorsal region in adults. They show a gradual change in body form as they develop, but no
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After an elaborate courtship, the lungfish spawn in pairs, depositing large adhesive eggs amongst aquatic plants. They spawn from August until November, before the spring rains, in flowing streams that are at least a metre deep.
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The lungfish is reputed to be sluggish and inactive, but it is capable of rapid escape movements using its strong tail. It is usually quiet and unresponsive by day, becoming more active in the late afternoon and evening.
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region. Blood capillaries run through this region close enough to the air space in the lung to enable gas exchange. Lungfish breathe in using a buccal force-pump similar to that of amphibians. The contraction of
589:, or in underwater caves formed by soil being washed away under tree roots on river banks. The lungfish is tolerant of cold, but prefers waters with temperatures in the range 15–25 °C (59–77 °F).
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lungfish, citing their evolutionary importance. As of January 2022, the world's oldest living aquarium fish is a 90-year-old named Methuselah. At 4 feet long and 40 pounds, the lungfish resides at the
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The Industrial Progress of New South Wales: Being a Report of the Intercolonial Exhibition of 1870, at Sydney; Together with a Variety of Papers Illustrative of the Industrial Resources of the Colony
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The Australian lungfish cannot survive complete desiccation of its habitat, but it can live out of water for several days if the surface of its skin is constantly moist. Unlike the African species,
862:' Steinhart Aquarium in San Francisco. Methuselah inherited the title from Granddad. Granddad, another Australian lungfish, died at the age of 109 at Chicago's Shedd Aquarium in 2017.
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slow- and fast-moving waters, in shade and in full sun, but never on aquatic plants covered with slimy algae, in stagnant water, or where loose debris was on the water's surface.
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its mouth and wave it around. In the third phase, the fish dive together through aquatic vegetation, the male following the female and presumably shedding milt over the eggs.
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regimens downstream of dams for irrigation purposes could lead to the disruption of existing population structure and cause even more loss of genetic variation. Researcher
2084:"Changes in the freshwater environments of the Australian lungfish, 'Neoceratodus forsteri', in south-East Queensland, and implications for the survival of the species"
506:. The Queensland lungfish can live for several days out of the water, if it is kept moist, but will not survive total water depletion, unlike its African counterparts.
830:. It is included on the list of "vulnerable" species, as studies have failed to show it meets the criteria needed to be considered a threatened or endangered species.
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available, but anecdotal observations clearly indicate the diet of the lungfish changes with development. This is proven to be correlated with a change in dentition.
806:, to position the prey within the oral cavity. The Queensland lungfish exhibits the most primitive version of these biomechanical feeding adaptations and behaviors.
2193:
649:, restricted to the upper jaw, are flat, slightly bent, and denticulated on the hind margin. These are followed by dental plates on the upper and lower jaws.
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list in 1977. The lungfish is currently protected from fishing, and collection for education or research purposes requires a permit in Queensland, under the
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2140:"Histological analysis of hatchlings of the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, from water impoundments reveals fundamental flaws in development"
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747:. The lungfish seem to do their noisy breathing in concert, even responding to each other, but never in close vicinity of where the eggs are laid.
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Unlike the South American and African lungfishes, the Australian species has gills on all the first four gill arches, while the fifth arch bears a
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1952:
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581:, but current survival and breeding success are unknown. Formerly widespread, at one time at least seven species of lungfish were in Australia.
2412:: Letter to the President and Council of the Royal Society of Queensland, dated 7 September 1896; read before the Society on 12 September 1896.
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period (about 413–365 million years ago) and is the outgroup to all other members of this lineage. The five other freshwater lungfish species,
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him to be roughly 109 years old (with an error margin of ±6 years) at the time of his death, and that he was originally captured from the
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780:, and in recent times during the periods of episodic or prolonged drought that are known to reduce some reaches of these river systems.
1329:
Martin F. Gomon & Dianne J. Bray, 2011, Queensland Lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, in Fishes of Australia, accessed 07 Oct 2014,
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2432:
1775:
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2107:"Environmental alterations in southeast Queensland endanger the Australian Lungfish, Neoceratodus Forsteri (Osteichthyes: Dipnoi)"
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2454:
2405:
1568:
Krefft, G. (1870). "Description of a gigantic amphibian allied to the genus Lepidosiren from the Wide-Bay district, Queensland".
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The sound of the lungfish exhaling air at the surface prior to inhaling a fresh breath has been compared to that made by a small
526:
2800:
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1480:) in the Burnett River, Queensland with reference to the impacts of Walla Weir and future water infrastructure development".
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Adults have a high survival rate and are long-lived (at least 20–25 years). An Australian lungfish named "Granddad" at the
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classes were beginning to evolve. Fossils of lungfish almost identical to this species have been uncovered in northern
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has documented the decline of lungfish in many reservoirs and river systems due to lack of recruitment caused by dams.
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Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time: Containing the History of Australasia from 1542 to May, 1879
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rapid colour change in response to light, but this ability is gradually lost as the pigment becomes denser.
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2534:
2249:
Biodiversity: Species Profile and Threats Database. Department of the Environment, Australian Government.
2035:
Bemis, W.E. & G.V. Lauder (1986). "Morphology and function of the feeding apparatus of the Lungfish,
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Although the status of the Australian lungfish is secure, it is a protected species under the Queensland
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attributed to population "bottlenecks" associated with periods of range contraction, probably during the
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203:
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1978:
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705:. Young lungfish come to the surface to breathe air when they are about 25 mm (0.98 in) long.
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558:
139:
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1894:
Whiting, H.P. & Q. Bone (1980). "Ciliary cells in the epidermis of the larval Australian dipnoan,
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1802:
1225:: Dipnoi) have low genetic variation at allozyme and mitochondrial DNA loci: a conservation alert?".
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In a 2021 FlyLife article, Karl Brandt proposed the Australian lungfish as the inspiration for
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598:, it does not survive dry seasons by secreting a mucous cocoon and burying itself in the mud.
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2383:, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Sydney.
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849:, has been declared a noxious and threatening alien species to the lungfish in Queensland.
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1283:. Vol. XXVI, no. 470. Queensland, Australia. 27 September 1884. p. 507
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Fossil records of this group date back 380 million years, around the time when the
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Brooks, S.G. & P.K. Kind. "Ecology and demography of the Queensland lungfish (
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derives its name from that of the Australian lungfish. The species was named, by
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2350:
Heaton, J.H. (1879), "Krefft, Johann Louis Gerhard", pp.108-109 in J.H. Heaton,
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Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane, Report No. QO02004 (2002)
1189:
Field Guide to the Freshwater Fishes of Australia. Eds. Jan Knight, Wendy Bulgin
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Brooks, S., Espinoza, T., Kennard, M., Arthington, A. & Roberts, D. (2019).
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has remained virtually unchanged for well over 100 million years, making it a
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in the past century. The Australian lungfish has also been introduced to the
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2261:"Tell Us a Story Granddad: Age and Origin of an Iconic Australian Lungfish"
1994:"Tell Us a Story Granddad: Age and Origin of an Iconic Australian Lungfish"
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Kemp, A. (Autumn 1990). "A relic from the past – The Australian lungfish".
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Finney, Vanessa (2022), "Dining on Geologic Fish: Claiming the Australian
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Frentiu, F.D., J.R. Ovenden, and R. Street (2001). "Australian lungfish (
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Lungfish larvae are bottom feeders. They eat micro-crustaceans and small
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are also fleshy and flipper-like and situated well back on the body. The
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594:
495:
57:
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Johnson, J.W. "Review of draft lungfish scientific report 4 July 2001".
2020:
1953:"Australian lungfish 'Granddad,' the oldest zoo animal in Chicago, dies"
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1850:(Krefft) in the Brisbane River and in Enoggera Reservoir, Queensland".
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usually once every five years, regardless of environmental conditions.
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2341:"Ceratodus Forsteri" (a poem), pp.89-90 in Intercolonial Exhibition ,
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and capture in the wild is strictly prohibited. It was placed on the
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456:, the Neoceratodontidae are an ancient family belonging to the class
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51:
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2155:
1928:
Grigg, G.C. (1965). "Spawning behaviour in the Queensland lungfish,
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Kemp, A. "The embryological development of the Queensland lungfish,
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Krefft, G. (1870b), "Ceratodus Forsteri (Letter to the Editor)",
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JM Ziermann; AM Clement; R Ericsson; L Olsson (7 December 2017).
1119:. Melbourne: Thomas Nelson Australia Pty. Ltd., 1978. p. 12.
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Putting Nature in its Place: The Australian Museum, 1826 to 1890
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worms, occasionally supplementing their diets with filamentous
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225:
1191:. Perth, W.A.: Western Australia Museum, 2002. pp. 54–55.
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commences in the middle of the back and is confluent with the
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and one of the oldest living vertebrate genera on the planet.
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AM Clement; J Nysjö; R Strand; PE Ahlberg (22 October 2016).
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803:
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188:
182:
2406:
O’Connor, D. (1896) "Report on Preservation of Ceratodus",
1646:, Elucidated from Tomographic Data (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)"
1642:"Brain – Endocast Relationship in the Australian Lungfish,
1022:
Collection of genus-group names in a systematic arrangement
1504:
Kemp, A. (1986). "The biology of the Australian lungfish,
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in South America, are very different morphologically from
1589:"Cephalic muscle development in the Australian lungfish,
1421:
Pusey, Brad, Mark Kennard, and Angela Arthington (2004).
925:
2259:
Mayne, Benjamin; Espinoza, Tom; Roberts, David (2022).
1992:
Mayne, Benjamin; Espinoza, Tom; Roberts, David (2022).
1742:(Krefft) III. Aerial respiration in relation to habits"
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The skeleton of the lungfish is partly bone and partly
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1331:
http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1988
32:"Barramunda" redirects here. Not to be confused with
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1991:
1893:
2388:Krefft, G. (1870a), "To the Editor of the Herald",
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Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, the
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Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, the
1979:"DNA reveals the true age of Granddad the lungfish"
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Australian Freshwater Fishes Biology and Management
957:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T122899816A123382021.en
1475:
1349:Kemp, A. (1995). "Threatened Fishes of the World:
1117:Australian Freshwater Fishes. Nelson Field Guides
2782:
2423:Native Fish Australia – Australian Lungfish page
2327:
1425:. Nathan, QLD: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 49–59.
698:in the walls of the lung results in exhalation.
2192:Fisheries, Agriculture and (14 December 2018).
1846:Kemp, A. "Spawning of the Australian lungfish,
1319:. Victoria: Wilke and Company Ltd. p. 334.
767:The Australian lungfish has an unusually large
708:
2408:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland
2345:, Sydney: Thomas Richards, Government Printer.
1868:
1862:
1315:Whitley, G.P. (1960). Ed. Jack Pollard (ed.).
1137:. California Academy of Sciences. January 2017
645:The dentition of the lungfish is unusual: two
537:The Australian lungfish is native only to the
486:representatives of the ancient air-breathing
440:, is the only surviving member of the family
2367:, Vol.3, No.1, Article 10, (2022): pp. 1–14.
2310:Brandt, Karl (Autumn 2021). "Monster Fish".
1841:
1839:
1837:
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1435:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1423:Freshwater Fishes of North-eastern Australia
1317:G.P. Whitley's Handbook of Australian Fishes
1259:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1201:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
977:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2247:— Australian Lungfish, Queensland Lungfish.
1927:
1923:
1921:
1800:
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1420:
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865:
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525:, in honour of the squatter and politician
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1302:
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1291:– via National Library of Australia.
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585:submerged logs, in dense banks of aquatic
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2019:
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1900:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1873:. Sydney: Griffin Press. pp. 46–51.
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626:are large, fleshy, and flipper-like. The
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490:(lungfishes) that flourished during the
2455:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
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1450:Joss, J. (2002). "Queensland Lungfish,
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1869:Merrick, J.R.; Schmida, G.E. (1984).
1803:"Studies on the Queensland lungfish,
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1738:"Studies on the Queensland lungfish,
1570:Proceedings of the Zoological Society
1554:Evolution's Witness: How Eyes Evolved
1389:
1353:(Krefft, 1870) (Neoceratodontidae)".
1187:Allen, G.R., S.H. Midgley, M. Allen.
2365:Journal for the History of Knowledge
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1774:Berra, Tim M. (15 September 2008).
1123:
1099:
943:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
915:"Neoceratodus forsteri Krefft 1870"
24:
2811:Extant Oligocene first appearances
2392:, (Tuesday, 18 January 1870), p.5.
2265:Frontiers in Environmental Science
1998:Frontiers in Environmental Science
1951:Johnson, Steve (6 February 2017).
1912:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1980.tb01922.x
1131:"Catalog of Fishes Classification"
1051:Ceratodiformes – recent lungfishes
874:, the legendary reptile fish from
25:
2822:
2416:
1186:
1135:Catalog of Fishes, calacademy.org
1070:
845:The Mozambique mouth brooder, or
2791:IUCN Red List endangered species
1852:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
1704:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
1114:
852:
202:
55:
2401:, (Thursday, 9 June 1870), p.3.
2303:
2252:
2237:
2211:
2185:
2131:
2098:
2075:
1985:
1971:
1944:
1780:. University of Chicago Press.
1767:
1633:
1580:
1547:
1536:
1355:Environmental Biology of Fishes
1323:
1267:
444:. It is one of only six extant
2330:Freshwater Fishes of Australia
2219:"Ministerial Media Statements"
2138:Kemp, Anne (30 January 2017).
1077:Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017).
1010:
985:
907:
860:California Academy of Sciences
605:
13:
1:
2801:Freshwater fish of Queensland
2321:
1814:Australian Journal of Zoology
1749:Australian Journal of Zoology
674:A Queensland lungfish in the
2410:, Vol.12, (1897), pp.101-102
2144:Pacific Conservation Biology
2105:Kemp, Anne (December 2017).
1777:Freshwater Fish Distribution
1663:10.1371/journal.pone.0141277
901:
709:Reproduction and development
665:
7:
2354:, Sydney: George Robertson.
881:
816:Fish and Oyster Act of 1914
676:Frankfurt Zoological Garden
140:National Zoo & Aquarium
10:
2827:
1934:Australian Natural History
950:: e.T122899816A123382021.
31:
2481:
2399:The Sydney Morning Herald
2390:The Sydney Morning Herald
2337:Clarke, William Branwhite
2328:Allen, Gerald R. (1989).
2278:10.3389/fenvs.2022.931467
2082:Kemp, A. (January 2020).
2011:10.3389/fenvs.2022.931467
1543:The Biology of Lungfishes
1057:Mikko's Phylogeny Archive
545:systems in south-eastern
460:, or lobe-finned fishes.
352:
345:
336:
317:
310:
199:Scientific classification
197:
180:
158:
149:
138:
129:
43:
2431:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2379:Finney, Vanessa (2023),
2179:Unpublished Report. 2001
866:Relationship with humans
533:Distribution and habitat
509:The small settlement of
2451:"Neoceratodus forsteri"
2445:. October 2005 version.
2198:www.business.qld.gov.au
2053:10.1002/jmor.1051870108
1522:10.1002/jmor.1051900413
1239:10.1023/A:1011576116472
1047:Haaramo, Mikko (2007).
828:Commonwealth Government
784:Diet and feeding habits
396:Neoceratodus blanchardi
2806:Fish described in 1870
2332:. T.F.H. Publications.
678:
448:species in the world.
2714:Paleobiology Database
2540:Neoceratodus_forsteri
2527:Neoceratodus_forsteri
2513:Neoceratodus forsteri
2483:Neoceratodus forsteri
2435:Neoceratodus forsteri
2245:Neoceratodus forsteri
2041:Journal of Morphology
1930:Neoceratodus forsteri
1848:Neoceratodus forsteri
1805:Neoceratodus forsteri
1740:Neoceratodus forsteri
1700:Neoceratodus forsteri
1644:Neoceratodus forsteri
1597:Journal of Morphology
1591:Neoceratodus forsteri
1510:Journal of Morphology
1506:Neoceratodus forsteri
1478:Neoceratodus forsteri
1452:Neoceratodus forsteri
1351:Neoceratodus forsteri
1227:Conservation Genetics
1223:Neoceratodus forsteri
1018:"Part 7- Vertebrates"
936:Neoceratodus forsteri
890:Neoceratodus forsteri
824:Fisheries Act of 1994
673:
428:), also known as the
425:Neoceratodus forsteri
380:Epiceratodus forsteri
321:Neoceratodus forsteri
2037:Lepidosiren paradoxa
1801:Grigg, G.C. (1965).
1736:Grigg, G.C. (1965).
1336:9 April 2016 at the
993:"Appendices | CITES"
388:Ceratodus blanchardi
1367:1995EnvBF..43..310K
1079:"Neoceratodontidae"
810:Conservation status
430:Queensland lungfish
420:Australian lungfish
152:Conservation status
44:Australian lungfish
18:Queensland lungfish
2374:10.55283/jhk.11751
1723:Wildlife Australia
1610:10.1002/jmor.20784
1375:10.1007/bf00005863
888:Gerard Krefft and
679:
567:Enoggera Reservoir
471:, indicating that
404:Ceratodus miolepis
372:Ceratodus forsteri
2778:
2777:
2701:Open Tree of Life
2475:Taxon identifiers
2225:on 23 August 2006
1880:978-0-9591908-0-9
1826:10.1071/zo9650243
1761:10.1071/zo9650413
1086:version (02/2017)
1028:on 5 October 2016
896:Ompax spatuloides
482:It is one of six
465:higher vertebrate
442:Neoceratodontidae
416:
415:
408:
400:
392:
384:
376:
363:
279:Neoceratodontidae
269:Ceratodontiformes
192:
175:
16:(Redirected from
2818:
2771:
2770:
2758:
2757:
2748:
2747:
2735:
2734:
2722:
2721:
2709:
2708:
2696:
2695:
2683:
2682:
2670:
2669:
2657:
2656:
2644:
2643:
2631:
2630:
2618:
2617:
2605:
2604:
2592:
2591:
2579:
2578:
2566:
2565:
2553:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2530:
2529:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2446:
2333:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2280:
2256:
2250:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2221:. Archived from
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:10.5962/p.357817
2102:
2096:
2095:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2013:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1843:
1830:
1829:
1811:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1746:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1665:
1656:(10): e0141277.
1637:
1631:
1630:
1612:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1565:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1508:(Krefft 1870)".
1501:
1486:
1485:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1426:
1418:
1387:
1386:
1346:
1340:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1280:The Queenslander
1275:"THE NATURALIST"
1271:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1250:
1218:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1024:. Archived from
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
989:
983:
982:
976:
968:
966:
964:
959:
929:
923:
922:
911:
579:Condamine Rivers
515:Wide Bay–Burnett
406:
398:
390:
382:
374:
361:
341:
323:
303:N. forsteri
207:
206:
186:
169:
164:
163:
134:
117:
54:
47:Temporal range:
41:
40:
21:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2766:
2761:
2753:
2751:
2743:
2738:
2730:
2725:
2717:
2712:
2704:
2699:
2691:
2686:
2678:
2673:
2665:
2660:
2652:
2647:
2639:
2634:
2626:
2621:
2613:
2608:
2600:
2595:
2587:
2582:
2574:
2569:
2561:
2556:
2548:
2546:
2538:
2533:
2525:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2477:
2459:
2457:
2449:
2419:
2324:
2319:
2308:
2304:
2257:
2253:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2190:
2186:
2175:
2171:
2156:10.1071/PC16036
2136:
2132:
2103:
2099:
2080:
2076:
2033:
2029:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1957:Chicago Tribune
1949:
1945:
1926:
1919:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1867:
1863:
1844:
1833:
1809:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1772:
1768:
1744:
1734:
1730:
1719:
1715:
1696:
1689:
1638:
1634:
1585:
1581:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1537:
1502:
1489:
1474:
1467:
1456:Fishes of Sahul
1448:
1444:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1390:
1347:
1343:
1338:Wayback Machine
1328:
1324:
1313:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1252:
1251:
1219:
1210:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1113:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1001:
999:
991:
990:
986:
970:
969:
962:
960:
930:
926:
913:
912:
908:
904:
884:
868:
855:
826:, and from the
812:
804:hyoid apparatus
786:
711:
668:
608:
535:
527:William Forster
469:New South Wales
332:
329:J. L. G. Krefft
325:
319:
306:
201:
193:
176:
165:
161:
154:
125:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
49:
48:
45:
37:
28:
27:Species of fish
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2824:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2759:
2749:
2736:
2723:
2710:
2697:
2684:
2671:
2658:
2645:
2632:
2619:
2606:
2593:
2580:
2567:
2554:
2544:
2531:
2518:
2503:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2467:
2466:
2447:
2429:Froese, Rainer
2425:
2418:
2417:External links
2415:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2363:for Science",
2356:
2347:
2334:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2302:
2251:
2236:
2210:
2184:
2169:
2150:(2): 163–179.
2130:
2097:
2074:
2027:
1984:
1970:
1943:
1917:
1906:(2): 125–137.
1886:
1879:
1861:
1831:
1820:(2): 243–253.
1793:
1786:
1766:
1755:(3): 413–421.
1728:
1713:
1687:
1632:
1603:(4): 494–516.
1579:
1557:
1546:
1535:
1487:
1465:
1442:
1388:
1341:
1322:
1294:
1266:
1208:
1148:
1122:
1115:Lake, John S.
1098:
1069:
1039:
1009:
984:
924:
905:
903:
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899:
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893:
883:
880:
867:
864:
854:
851:
811:
808:
785:
782:
756:Shedd Aquarium
710:
707:
696:smooth muscles
667:
664:
607:
604:
602:and December.
563:Coomera Rivers
534:
531:
498:in Africa and
434:Burnett salmon
414:
413:
412:
411:
410:
409:
401:
393:
385:
377:
366:
365:
364:
350:
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159:
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136:
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127:
126:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
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71:
66:
61:
56:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2823:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
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2786:
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2741:
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2733:
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2724:
2720:
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2711:
2707:
2702:
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2685:
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2676:
2672:
2668:
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2659:
2655:
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2646:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
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2572:
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2430:
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2368:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2047:(1): 81–108.
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1980:
1974:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1806:
1797:
1789:
1787:9780226044439
1783:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1732:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1470:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1438:
1432:
1424:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1318:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1262:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1204:
1198:
1190:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1087:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1043:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1013:
998:
994:
988:
980:
974:
958:
953:
949:
945:
944:
939:
937:
928:
920:
916:
910:
906:
897:
894:
892:
891:
886:
885:
879:
877:
873:
863:
861:
853:Recent events
850:
848:
843:
839:
837:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
807:
805:
801:
797:
796:
790:
781:
779:
774:
771:, very large
770:
765:
762:
761:Burnett River
757:
752:
748:
746:
740:
737:
733:
727:
723:
719:
715:
706:
704:
699:
697:
692:
688:
683:
677:
672:
663:
659:
656:
655:metamorphosis
650:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:pectoral fins
621:
617:
612:
603:
599:
597:
596:
590:
588:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
543:Burnett River
540:
530:
528:
524:
523:Gerard Krefft
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
478:
477:living fossil
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
458:Sarcopterygii
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:
421:
405:
402:
399:(Krefft 1870)
397:
394:
389:
386:
383:(Krefft 1870)
381:
378:
373:
370:
369:
367:
360:
357:
356:
354:
353:
351:
348:
344:
340:
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290:Neoceratodus
289:
242:
38:
29:
2636:iNaturalist
2507:Wikispecies
2039:(Dipnoi)".
1702:(Krefft)".
1516:: 181–198.
878:mythology.
778:Pleistocene
773:chromosomes
745:mating call
628:pelvic fins
622:tails. The
620:diphycercal
606:Description
595:Protopterus
587:macrophytes
504:N. forsteri
391:Krefft 1870
375:Krefft 1870
362:Teller 1891
185:Appendix II
2785:Categories
2322:References
2314:(102): 94.
2094:: 121–135.
1963:7 February
1858:: 391–399.
1710:: 553–597.
1576:: 221–224.
1462:: 836–844.
1361:(3): 310.
1287:19 October
1002:14 January
876:Gandangara
872:Gurangatch
687:hemibranch
632:dorsal fin
575:Caboolture
565:, and the
547:Queensland
519:Queensland
517:region of
438:barramunda
167:Endangered
34:barramundi
2680:122899816
2361:Ceratodus
2297:2296-665X
2194:"Tilapia"
2164:2204-4604
2117:: 45–57.
1959:. Chicago
1807:(Krefft)"
1431:cite book
1233:: 63–67.
1197:cite book
997:cites.org
902:Footnotes
836:Anne Kemp
769:karyotype
666:Breathing
640:anal fins
616:cartilage
511:Ceratodus
454:Australia
297:Species:
222:Kingdom:
216:Eukaryota
144:Australia
2796:Lungfish
2727:Species+
2654:10154085
2610:FishBase
2547:BioLib:
2492:Wikidata
2460:19 March
2442:FishBase
2339:(1871),
2069:39642920
1725:: 10–11.
1682:26492190
1650:PLOS ONE
1619:29214665
1530:84324550
1383:33557123
1334:Archived
1247:22778872
1084:FishBase
963:25 March
882:See also
732:tadpoles
691:alveolar
647:incisors
551:Brisbane
492:Devonian
446:lungfish
368:Species
347:Synonyms
275:Family:
236:Chordata
232:Phylum:
226:Animalia
212:Domain:
172:IUCN 3.1
119:Rupelian
2768:1421405
2755:2300188
2628:2441266
2498:Q782345
2312:FlyLife
2229:31 July
2061:3950967
1673:4619648
1627:3888080
1363:Bibcode
1141:4 March
1032:30 June
847:tilapia
795:Tubifex
736:ciliary
703:bellows
559:Stanley
513:in the
450:Endemic
331:, 1870)
285:Genus:
265:Order:
255:Class:
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577:, and
561:, and
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488:Dipnoi
484:extant
355:Genus
259:Dipnoi
123:Recent
2763:WoRMS
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2740:SPRAT
2649:IRMNG
2576:6S8FM
2563:26203
2550:16176
2065:S2CID
1940:: 75.
1810:(PDF)
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1623:S2CID
1526:S2CID
1379:S2CID
1243:S2CID
820:CITES
800:algae
243:Clade
189:CITES
183:CITES
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2688:NCBI
2675:IUCN
2662:ITIS
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2597:EPPO
2558:BOLD
2462:2006
2293:ISSN
2231:2006
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2160:ISSN
2057:PMID
1965:2016
1875:ISBN
1856:1984
1782:ISBN
1708:1982
1678:PMID
1615:PMID
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1289:2018
1261:link
1203:link
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