1697:
203:
723:. They tend to be prefixing, with Japhug being strongly so, with nine possible slots in its prefix chain. The Gyalrong verb distinguishes singular, dual, and plural numbers. While some parts of the Gyalrong prefix template are likely quite old, at least four slots in the prefix chain have been recently innovated.
432:
Most early studies on
Gyalrong languages (Jin 1949, Nagano 1984, Lin 1993) focused on various dialects of Situ, and the three other languages were not studied in detail until the last decade of the 20th century. The differences between the four languages are presented here in a table of cognates.
726:
Syntactically, Gyalrong languages have SOV basic word order, and have been so for quite a while, Jacques argues. This combination of SOV word order with prefixing tendencies is typologically quite rare, although it is found also in
2109:
2100:
1360:
Sun, Jackson T.-S. (2004). "Verb-stem
Variations in Showu rGyalrong". In Lin, Yin-chin; Hsu, Fang-min; Lee, Chǔn-chih; Sun, Jackson T.-S.; Yang, Hsiu-fang; Ho, Dah-an (eds.).
583:
Gates (2012: 102–106) lists the following demographic information for 5 rGyalrong languages. Altogether, there are about 85,000 speakers for all 5 languages combined.
1494:
1462:
2351:
571:(Sun and Shi 2002, Jacques 2010), ideophones (Sun 2004, Jacques 2008), and verbal stem alternations (Sun 2000, 2004, Jacques 2004, 2008). See
334:
322:
567:
Gyalrong languages, unlike most Sino-Tibetan languages, are polysynthetic languages and present typologically interesting features such as
349:. It is a place-name and is not used by the people to designate their own language. The autonym is pronounced in Situ and in
871:
828:
238:
1487:
17:
353:. The Gyalrong people are the descendants of former Tibetan warriors at the border, where they settled as time went by.
2344:
1222:
Lin, Youjing 林幼菁; Luo, Erwu 罗尔武 (2003). "Chábǎo Jiāróngyǔ Dàzànghuà de qūxiàng qiánzhuì yǔ dòngcí cígàn de biànhuà"
1696:
1317:
1277:
773:
Lai, Yunfan; Gong, Xun; Gates, Jesse P.; Jacques, Guillaume (2020-12-01). "Tangut as a West
Gyalrongic language".
2221:
417:
Situ has more than 100,000 speakers throughout a widespread area, while the other three languages, all spoken in
1480:
258:
2702:
2337:
250:
1362:
Studies on Sino-Tibetan
Languages: Papers in Honor of Professor Hwang-Cherng Gong on His Seventieth Birthday
2279:
2226:
1882:
557:
552:
547:
542:
530:
525:
513:
508:
503:
498:
488:
483:
478:
473:
2272:
1927:
1849:
1565:
926:
Jacques, Guillaume (2013). "Harmonization and
Disharmonization of Affix Ordering and Basic Word Order".
2697:
1459:
1396:
2541:
2172:
1619:
1540:
1378:
Sun, Jackson T.-S. 孫天心 (2002). "Cǎodēng Jiāróngyǔ yǔ "rèntóng děng dì" xiāngguān de yǔfǎ xiànxiàng"
2253:
1856:
1669:
1433:. International Symposium on Ancient Chinese Pronunciation, Dec 2005, Shanghai, China (in Chinese).
2489:
2484:
2247:
2033:
1917:
1042:
88:
2293:
2286:
2066:
2000:
1503:
1369:
Sun, Jackson T.-S. (2003). "Caodeng rGyalrong". In
Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.).
1037:
362:
83:
2236:
2186:
1742:
818:
719:
In contrast to much of Sino-Tibetan, Gyalrong languages have a complex morphology; Japhug is
230:
2499:
2048:
1894:
1840:
732:
280:
98:
8:
2554:
2231:
1821:
1648:
1579:
1397:"Parallelisms in the Verb Morphology of Sidaba rGyalrong and Guanyinqiao in rGyalrongic"
2072:
1681:
1547:
1126:
1093:
943:
1425:
193:
2593:
2526:
2467:
2180:
2140:
2118:
2083:
2077:
2042:
1980:
1974:
1954:
1748:
1736:
1719:
1627:
1573:
1553:
1445:
1130:
977:
867:
824:
790:
671:
458:
434:
389:
134:
93:
1201:
Lin, You-Jing (2003). "Tense and Aspect
Morphology in the Zhuokeji rGyalrong Verb".
1097:
947:
433:
The data from Situ is taken from Huang and Sun 2002, the Japhug and Showu data from
2575:
2439:
2397:
2201:
2161:
2131:
2105:
2055:
2013:
1922:
1899:
1792:
1772:
1729:
1654:
1517:
1210:
1176:
1151:
1118:
1085:
1047:
935:
782:
1779:
807:
Prins, Marielle. 2011. A web of relations: A grammar of rGyalrong Ji omùzú, p. 18.
2588:
2560:
2521:
2407:
2381:
2193:
2147:
2006:
1888:
1827:
1661:
1608:
1599:
1585:
1466:
1155:
1051:
651:
453:
426:
379:
350:
284:
129:
75:
1454:
2677:
2657:
2609:
2549:
2476:
2366:
2263:
2241:
2155:
2124:
2060:
2020:
1994:
1968:
1945:
1868:
1814:
1786:
1755:
1633:
1559:
568:
463:
422:
222:
157:
150:
751:
2691:
2641:
2625:
2583:
2516:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2425:
2415:
1987:
1909:
1675:
1640:
1592:
794:
720:
609:
572:
448:
369:
346:
124:
2322:
indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
1449:
1180:
2531:
1961:
1877:
1833:
1762:
1214:
1089:
1074:"Harmonization and Disharmonization of Affix Ordering and Basic Word Order"
939:
786:
728:
692:
666:
3 townships in NE Barkam County, namely Lóng'ěrjiǎ, Dàzàng, and Shā'ěrzōng
403:
139:
1122:
177:
2420:
2307:
1522:
1140:"Denominal Affixes as Sources of Antipassive Markers in Japhug Rgyalrong"
1472:
2329:
756:
1364:. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. pp. 269–296.
1296:
Sun, Jackson T.-S. 孫天心 (2006). "Jiāróngyǔ dòngcí de pàishēng xíngtài"
2300:
1941:
1706:
1513:
186:
170:
1164:
986:(Doctor's thesis) (in French). Université Paris VII – Denis Diderot.
1139:
1106:
1073:
1060:
1025:
912:(M.A. thesis). Trinity Western University – via Academia.edu.
907:
851:(in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe. p. 44.
626:
almost entirely in Barkam County; NE Jinchuan County; NW Li County
1340:
Sun, Jackson T.-S. 孫天心 (2004). "Cǎodēng Jiāróngyǔ de zhuàngmàocí"
1008:
981:
888:
1802:
864:
Situ in Situ : Towards a
Dialectology of Jiarong (rGyalrong)
341:. This Tibetan word is transcribed in Chinese as 嘉绒 or 嘉戎 or 嘉荣,
338:
288:
56:
1715:
1530:
820:
Rgyalrong
Conservation and Change: Social Change on the Margins
418:
365:, Gates (2014) considers there to be five Gyalrong languages:
266:
1711:
1526:
292:
46:
909:
330:
321:, "the hot valleys of the queen", to which the queen being
1382:[Empathy Hierarchy in Caodeng rGyalrong Grammar].
1244:
Units in Zhuokeji rGyalrong Discourse: Prosody and Grammar
437:(2004, 2008) and the Tshobdun data from Sun (1998, 2006).
202:
1246:(PhD thesis). University of California at Santa Barbara.
687:
Caodeng/Tsho-bdun (WT Tshobdun) Township, Barkam County
295:. Lai et al. (2020) refer to this group of languages as
27:
Group of Gyalrongic languages of western Sichuan, China
312:
421:, have fewer than 10,000 speakers each. They are all
895:. Vol. 3: Men–Ser. Leiden: Brill. p. 583.
772:
2689:
1323:[Relative Clauses in Caodeng rGyalrong]
893:Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics
1344:[The Ideophones in Caodeng rGyalrong].
1063:. In Authier, Gilles; Haude, Katharina (eds.).
983:Phonologie et morphologie du japhug (rGyalrong)
961:Huang, Liangrong 黄良荣; Sun, Hongkai 孙宏开 (2002).
2171:
1618:
1269:A Historical Study of the rGyarong Verb System
1067:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 199–225.
329:). Mount Murdo is in the historical region of
2345:
1488:
1188:Jin, Peng 金鹏 (1949). "Etude sur le Jyarung".
1002:] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
972:] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
921:
919:
335:Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture
2032:
1026:"From Denominal Derivation to Incorporation"
781:(s41–s1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 171–203.
2352:
2338:
1495:
1481:
916:
201:
1502:
1041:
708:Barkam, Rangtang, Seda, and Aba counties
376:, 四土话) or less precisely Eastern Gyalrong
2359:
1262:]. Chengdu: Sichuan minzu chubanshe.
1203:Cahiers de linguistique – Asie orientale
960:
899:
714:
396:, 草登; along with Zbu, next, also called
1423:
1162:
1137:
1104:
1071:
1061:"Argument Demotion in Japhug Rgyalrong"
1058:
1023:
1006:
990:
976:
925:
886:
816:
14:
2690:
1373:. London: Routledge. pp. 490–502.
1266:
1221:
766:
2333:
1476:
1169:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
905:
861:
844:Li, Mao 李茂; Li, Zhongjun 李忠俊 (2011).
646:Xiaojin, Danba, and Baoxing Counties
1278:"The Irrealis Category in rGyalrong"
843:
634:33,000 (out of 45,000 ethnic people)
1394:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1339:
1315:
1295:
1275:
1250:
1241:
1200:
1187:
345:. It is pronounced by speakers of
24:
1416:
1107:"Ideophones in Japhug (Rgyalrong)"
801:
745:
25:
2714:
1439:
1318:"Cǎodēng Jiāróngyǔ de guānxì jù"
1260:A Study on the rGyalrong Language
1009:"The Inverse in Japhug Rgyalrong"
1000:A Study on the rGyalrong Language
1695:
1469:(Sino-Tibetan Branches Project)
1450:Overview of Rgyalrong languages
1316:Sun, Jackson T.-S. 孫天心 (2006).
578:
410:, 日部, also Rdzong'bur or Showu)
1460:Proto-rGyalrong reconstruction
1455:rGyalrongic Languages Database
970:A Chinese–rGyalrong Dictionary
880:
855:
837:
810:
575:for an example of the latter.
311:is an abbreviation of Tibetan
271:
262:
254:
13:
1:
1065:Ergativity, Valency and Voice
738:
1156:10.1016/j.lingua.2013.09.011
1052:10.1016/j.lingua.2012.05.010
887:Jacques, Guillaumes (2017).
356:
333:, now mostly located inside
7:
1424:Jacques, Guillaume (2005).
1395:Sun, Jackson T.-S. (2000).
1276:Sun, Jackson T.-S. (2007).
1251:Lin, Xiangrong 林向荣 (1993).
1163:Jacques, Guillaume (2014).
1138:Jacques, Guillaume (2014).
1111:Anthropological Linguistics
1105:Jacques, Guillaume (2013).
1072:Jacques, Guillaume (2013).
1059:Jacques, Guillaume (2012).
1024:Jacques, Guillaume (2012).
1007:Jacques, Guillaume (2010).
991:Jacques, Guillaume (2008).
10:
2719:
1427:Jiāróngyǔ yǔ shànggǔ hànyǔ
1404:Language & Linguistics
1384:Language & Linguistics
1371:The Sino-Tibetan Languages
1329:Language & Linguistics
1285:Language & Linguistics
1165:"Clause Linking in Japhug"
866:. München: Lincom Europa.
823:. Lulu Press. p. 24.
319:shar rgyal-mo tsha-ba rong
2670:
2650:
2634:
2618:
2602:
2574:
2540:
2507:
2498:
2475:
2466:
2438:
2406:
2390:
2374:
2365:
2317:
2262:
2214:
2099:
1940:
1908:
1866:
1801:
1704:
1693:
1511:
1267:Nagano, Yasuhiko (1984).
313:
226:
207:Map of Gyalrong languages
200:
184:
168:
163:
147:
118:
72:
62:
52:
42:
37:
32:
1429:
1379:
1348:
1341:
1319:
1304:
1297:
1255:
1230:
1223:
1013:Language and Linguistics
995:
965:
906:Gates, Jesse P. (2012).
862:Gates, Jesse P. (2014).
848:
846:Jiāróng zàngzú mínsú zhì
817:Bennett, Daniel (2014).
631:rGyalrong, South-central
413:Gyalrong (south-central)
279:, is a subbranch of the
1181:10.1075/ltba.37.2.05jac
762:(subscription required)
302:
1242:Lin, You-Jing (2009).
1215:10.3406/clao.2003.1633
1090:10.1515/lity-2013-0009
940:10.1515/lity-2013-0009
787:10.1515/flih-2020-0006
623:rGyalrong, kəru, roŋba
363:mutual intelligibility
2222:Central Tibeto-Burman
1224:茶堡嘉戎语大藏话的趋向前缀与动词词干的变化
1123:10.1353/anl.2013.0014
715:Morphology and Syntax
2703:Languages of Sichuan
2360:Na-Qiangic languages
963:Hàn Jiāróngyǔ cídiǎn
889:"Rgyalrong Language"
733:Athabaskan languages
281:Gyalrongic languages
2280:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
1380:草登嘉戎語與「認同等第」相關的語法現象
1078:Linguistic Typology
928:Linguistic Typology
259:traditional Chinese
68:(83,000 cited 1999)
18:RGyalrong languages
2273:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
2215:Proposed groupings
1465:2020-10-22 at the
978:Jacques, Guillaume
314:ཤར་རྒྱལ་མོ་ཚ་བ་རོང
251:simplified Chinese
2698:Qiangic languages
2685:
2684:
2678:extinct languages
2666:
2665:
2570:
2569:
2434:
2433:
2327:
2326:
2210:
2209:
2095:
2094:
1936:
1935:
1691:
1690:
1446:Guillaume Jacques
1036:(11): 1207–1231.
873:978-3-86288-472-8
830:978-1-4834-1951-0
775:Folia Linguistica
760:(18th ed., 2015)
712:
711:
563:
562:
275:), or sometimes
245:), also rendered
212:
211:
16:(Redirected from
2710:
2505:
2504:
2473:
2472:
2372:
2371:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2169:
2168:
2030:
2029:
1864:
1863:
1699:
1616:
1615:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1434:
1411:
1401:
1391:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1336:
1326:
1312:
1292:
1282:
1272:
1263:
1253:Jiāróngyǔ yánjiū
1247:
1238:
1218:
1197:
1184:
1159:
1134:
1101:
1068:
1055:
1045:
1020:
1003:
993:Jiāróngyǔ yánjiū
987:
973:
952:
951:
923:
914:
913:
903:
897:
896:
884:
878:
877:
859:
853:
852:
841:
835:
834:
814:
808:
805:
799:
798:
770:
764:
763:
749:
643:rGyalrong, roŋba
586:
585:
559:
554:
549:
544:
532:
527:
515:
510:
505:
500:
490:
485:
480:
475:
442:
441:
316:
315:
273:
264:
256:
228:
205:
196:
180:
173:
153:
78:
30:
29:
21:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2662:
2646:
2630:
2614:
2598:
2566:
2542:West Gyalrongic
2536:
2509:East Gyalrongic
2494:
2462:
2430:
2402:
2386:
2361:
2358:
2328:
2323:
2313:
2264:Proto-languages
2258:
2206:
2173:Greater Siangic
2167:
2104:
2091:
2028:
1932:
1904:
1862:
1806:
1797:
1709:
1700:
1687:
1620:Greater Magaric
1614:
1541:West Himalayish
1521:
1507:
1501:
1467:Wayback Machine
1442:
1437:
1431:
1419:
1417:Further reading
1414:
1399:
1381:
1350:
1343:
1324:
1321:
1306:
1299:
1280:
1257:
1232:
1225:
997:
967:
956:
955:
924:
917:
904:
900:
885:
881:
874:
860:
856:
850:
842:
838:
831:
815:
811:
806:
802:
771:
767:
761:
750:
746:
741:
717:
601:Alternate names
581:
569:inverse marking
359:
305:
297:East Gyalrongic
285:Gyalrong people
208:
192:
176:
169:
154:
149:
114:
79:
76:Language family
74:
65:
64:Native speakers
38:East Gyalrongic
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2716:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2683:
2682:
2672:Cross (†) and
2671:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2490:Southern Qiang
2487:
2485:Northern Qiang
2481:
2479:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2268:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2254:Tibeto-Kanauri
2251:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2227:Kuki-Chin–Naga
2224:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2177:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2115:
2113:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2075:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2010:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1948:
1946:Southeast Asia
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1883:Angami–Pochuri
1880:
1874:
1872:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1825:
1818:
1810:
1808:
1807:Burmese border
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1725:
1723:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1658:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1624:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1577:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1551:
1544:
1536:
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1440:External links
1438:
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1386:(in Chinese).
1375:
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1293:
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1239:
1233:(in Chinese).
1219:
1209:(2): 245–286.
1198:
1185:
1175:(2): 264–328.
1160:
1135:
1117:(3): 256–287.
1102:
1084:(2): 187–215.
1069:
1056:
1021:
1004:
988:
974:
957:
954:
953:
934:(2): 187–215.
915:
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765:
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283:spoken by the
210:
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164:Language codes
161:
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158:Tibetan script
155:
151:Writing system
148:
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43:Native to
40:
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26:
9:
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2:
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2399:
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2377:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2294:Proto-Karenic
2291:
2289:
2288:
2287:Proto-Loloish
2284:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2248:Tibeto-Burman
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2034:Burmo-Qiangic
2031:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1928:Jingpho–Luish
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1830:
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1826:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:Baram–Thangmi
1564:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1410:(1): 161–190.
1409:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1338:
1335:(4): 905–933.
1334:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1294:
1291:(3): 797–819.
1290:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1192:(in French).
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1019:(1): 127–157.
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
994:
989:
985:
984:
979:
975:
971:
964:
959:
958:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
922:
920:
911:
910:
902:
894:
890:
883:
875:
869:
865:
858:
847:
840:
832:
826:
822:
821:
813:
804:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
769:
759:
758:
753:
748:
744:
736:
734:
730:
724:
722:
721:polysynthetic
707:
704:
702:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
686:
683:
681:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
665:
663:
661:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
629:
625:
622:
619:
616:
614:35,000–40,000
613:
611:
608:
607:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
587:
584:
576:
574:
573:Situ language
570:
556:
551:
546:
541:
538:
537:
534:
529:
524:
522:
519:
518:
512:
507:
502:
497:
494:
493:
487:
482:
477:
472:
469:
468:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
444:
443:
440:
439:
438:
436:
430:
428:
424:
420:
412:
409:
405:
402:
399:
395:
391:
388:
385:
381:
378:
375:
371:
368:
367:
366:
364:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
325:(in Tibetan,
324:
320:
310:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
268:
260:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
224:
220:
216:
204:
199:
195:
191:
189:
188:
183:
179:
175:
172:
167:
162:
159:
156:
152:
146:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
121:
117:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
91:
90:
89:Tibeto-Burman
87:
86:
85:
81:
77:
71:
67:
61:
58:
55:
51:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2673:
2559:
2508:
2319:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2246:
2192:
2185:
2160:
2146:
2139:
2130:
2123:
2082:
2067:Lolo-Burmese
2065:
2041:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1887:
1855:
1848:
1839:
1832:
1820:
1813:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1735:
1728:
1680:
1674:
1660:
1653:
1639:
1632:
1607:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1572:
1558:
1546:
1539:
1504:Sino-Tibetan
1426:
1407:
1403:
1387:
1383:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1345:
1332:
1328:
1308:
1301:
1288:
1284:
1268:
1259:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1227:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1189:
1172:
1168:
1147:
1143:
1114:
1110:
1081:
1077:
1064:
1043:10.1.1.383.1
1033:
1029:
1016:
1012:
999:
992:
982:
969:
962:
931:
927:
908:
901:
892:
882:
863:
857:
845:
839:
819:
812:
803:
778:
774:
768:
755:
747:
731:and various
725:
718:
582:
579:Demographics
566:
431:
416:
407:
397:
393:
383:
373:
360:
342:
326:
318:
308:
306:
296:
276:
270:
246:
242:
234:
218:
214:
213:
185:
103:
84:Sino-Tibetan
2308:Proto-Hakka
2237:Mahakiranti
1743:East Bodish
1523:Uttarakhand
1390:(1): 79–99.
1346:Mínzú yǔwén
1302:Mínzú yǔwén
1271:. Seishido.
1237:(4): 19–29.
1228:Mínzú yǔwén
705:stodpaskʰət
684:stodpaskʰət
656:4,000–5,000
425:except for
323:Mount Murdo
287:in Western
2692:Categories
2555:Khroskyabs
2500:Gyalrongic
2202:Idu–Taraon
2156:Miju–Meyor
2049:Gyalrongic
1895:Tangkhulic
1670:Raji–Raute
1355:(5): 1–11.
1311:(4): 3–14.
1298:嘉戎語動詞的派生形態
757:Ethnologue
739:References
604:Locations
526:pɯ-mtó-t-a
406:(Chinese:
392:(Chinese:
382:(Chinese:
372:(Chinese:
235:rgyal rong
99:Gyalrongic
2676:indicate
2301:Proto-Min
2232:Macro-Bai
2110:Arunachal
2103:(possible
1918:Boro–Garo
1822:Kuki-Chin
1805:and Indo-
1720:Arunachal
1707:Himalayas
1682:Tandrange
1649:Chepangic
1580:Dhimalish
1514:Himalayas
1342:草登嘉戎語的狀貌詞
1320:草登嘉戎語的關係句
1131:143579082
1038:CiteSeerX
795:1614-7308
531:nɐ-mti-aŋ
361:Based on
357:Languages
307:The name
272:Jiāróngyǔ
219:rGyalrong
187:Glottolog
171:ISO 639-3
2594:Drag-yab
2527:Tshobdun
2106:isolates
2073:Mondzish
2001:Cai–Long
1749:Tshangla
1705:Eastern
1548:Tamangic
1518:Himachal
1512:Western
1506:branches
1463:Archived
1430:嘉绒语与上古汉语
1190:Han Hiue
1150:: 1–22.
1098:55555480
980:(2004).
948:55555480
752:Gyalrong
672:Tshobdun
598:Dialects
595:Villages
592:Speakers
589:Language
459:Tshobdun
390:Tshobdun
309:Gyalrong
243:gyalrong
227:རྒྱལ་རོང
215:Gyalrong
194:core1262
135:Tshobdun
119:Dialects
104:Gyalrong
33:Gyalrong
2674:italics
2468:Qiangic
2398:Shixing
2391:Shixing
2320:Italics
2181:Siangic
2162:Songlin
2141:Kho-Bwa
2119:Hrusish
2101:Dubious
2084:Loloish
2078:Burmish
2043:Qiangic
2014:Longjia
1981:Karenic
1975:Nungish
1955:Sinitic
1841:Hkongso
1803:Myanmar
1773:Gongduk
1737:Tibetic
1655:Chepang
1628:Magaric
1574:Kiranti
1554:Newaric
849:嘉絨藏族民俗志
514:tɐ-lmɐʔ
509:tɐ-jmiʔ
504:tɯ-jmŋo
470:badger
435:Jacques
394:Caodeng
343:jiāróng
339:Sichuan
327:dmu-rdo
289:Sichuan
277:Gyarung
247:Jiarong
223:Tibetan
94:Qiangic
57:Sichuan
2589:Larong
2576:Chamdo
2561:Tangut
2522:Japhug
2440:Ersuic
2382:Namuyi
2375:Namuyi
2194:Milang
2148:Puroik
2132:Mijiic
2056:Ersuic
2007:Caijia
1923:Konyak
1889:Meitei
1793:Chamdo
1730:Bodish
1716:Bhutan
1662:Bhujel
1609:Lepcha
1600:Lhokpu
1586:Dhimal
1531:Sikkim
1196:: 3–4.
1144:Lingua
1129:
1096:
1040:
1030:Lingua
966:汉嘉戎语词典
946:
870:
827:
793:
697:6,000+
652:Japhug
553:qɐɟjiʔ
539:sheep
520:I saw
499:ta-rmô
495:dream
454:Japhug
445:gloss
427:Japhug
419:Barkam
398:Sidaba
380:Japhug
351:Japhug
269::
267:pinyin
261::
253::
130:Japhug
53:Region
2658:Zhaba
2651:Zhaba
2610:Choyo
2603:Choyo
2550:Horpa
2477:Qiang
2408:Naish
2125:Hruso
2021:Luren
1995:Kathu
1969:Tujia
1857:Taman
1828:Mruic
1815:Karbi
1756:Basum
1712:Tibet
1634:Magar
1560:Newar
1527:Nepal
1400:(PDF)
1325:(PDF)
1281:(PDF)
1258:[
1256:嘉戎语研究
1127:S2CID
1094:S2CID
998:[
996:嘉绒语研究
968:[
944:S2CID
676:3,000
489:təvîs
464:Showu
423:tonal
386:, 茶堡)
384:Chapu
293:China
231:Wylie
47:China
2642:Pumi
2635:Pumi
2626:Muya
2619:Muya
2584:Lamo
2517:Situ
2458:Tosu
2453:Lizu
2448:Ersu
2426:Laze
2416:Naxi
2367:Naic
2242:Rung
2187:Koro
2061:Naic
1988:Gong
1944:and
1942:East
1900:Zeme
1869:Naga
1787:Tani
1780:ʼOle
1676:Dura
1641:Kham
1593:Toto
1353:2004
1349:民族語文
1309:2006
1305:民族語文
1235:2003
1231:民族語文
868:ISBN
825:ISBN
791:ISSN
610:Situ
558:ʁiɐʔ
548:qaʑo
543:kəjó
484:ɣves
479:βɣɯs
474:pə́s
449:Situ
408:Ribu
374:Situ
370:Situ
347:Situ
331:Kham
303:Name
125:Situ
2532:Zbu
2108:) (
1962:Bai
1910:Sal
1850:Pyu
1834:Mru
1763:Nam
1211:doi
1177:doi
1152:doi
1148:138
1119:doi
1086:doi
1048:doi
1034:122
936:doi
783:doi
754:at
729:Ket
693:Zbu
637:111
404:Zbu
337:in
263:嘉絨語
255:嘉绒语
239:THL
217:or
178:jya
140:Zbu
2694::
2421:Na
1878:Ao
1718:,
1714:,
1529:,
1525:,
1448:,
1406:.
1402:.
1351:.
1327:.
1300:.
1287:.
1283:.
1226:.
1207:32
1205:.
1173:37
1171:.
1167:.
1146:.
1142:.
1125:.
1115:55
1113:.
1109:.
1092:.
1082:17
1080:.
1076:.
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