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under the tread, the crown angle, stretched down to about 36 degrees. In the sidewall region the angle was 45 degrees, and in the bead it remained at 60 degrees. The low crown angle gave rigidity to support the tread and the high sidewall angle gave comfort. To increase strength, the manufacturer would increase the number of plies, and the
212:, Titan, and Specialty Tires of America remain independent among US tire manufacturers, and the radial has practically replaced all other construction methods for automobile tires on the market. Sam Gibara, who headed Goodyear from 1996 to 2003, has noted that without the action of Pilliod, Goodyear "wouldn't be around today."
288:
With only radial cords, a radial tire would not be sufficiently rigid at the contact with the ground. To add further stiffness, the entire tire is surrounded by additional belts oriented closer to the direction of travel, but usually at some "spiral" angle. These belts can be made of steel (hence the
146:
designed, developed, patented, and commercialized the radial tire. The first
Michelin X radial tire for cars was developed in 1946 by Michelin researcher Marius Mignol. There is no evidence that the former accountant turned researcher Mignol had knowledge of Hamilton or Savage's earlier work when he
280:
By comparison, radial tires lay all of the cord plies at 90 degrees to the direction of travel (that is, across the tire from lip to lip). This design avoids having the plies rub against each other as the tire flexes, reducing the tire's rolling friction. This allows vehicles with radial tires to
272:
or bias ply tires. The plies were turned up around the steel wire beads and the combined tread/sidewall applied. The green (uncured) tire was loaded over a curing bladder and shaped into the mold. This shaping process caused the cords in the tire to assume an S-shape from bead to bead. The angle
264:
reinforces a tire. Without this, a tire would be flexible and weak. The network of cords that gives the tire strength and shape is called the carcass. Since the 1960s, all common tires have a carcass of cords of polyester, steel, or other textile materials, inlaid with several layers of rubber.
346:
to the suspension, the latter being to absorb the thump of riding over asphalt expansion joints in a concrete roadway. Radial tires have occasionally found application on bicycles, used on the 1980s Miyata touring bicycle; models 1000 and 610, and more recently in 2009 on the
369:
A softer ride because of the layout of the tire's plies and because of the flex of the sidewalls. This assumes equivalent profiles between the two tires (also, as stated above, at lower speeds radial-ply tires will react more harshly to ridges in the road such as expansion
170:, an influential American magazine, acknowledged the superiority of the radial tire design, documenting its longer tread life, better steering characteristics, and less rolling resistance, which improves
268:
In the past, the fabric was built up on a flat steel drum, with the cords at angles of about +60 and ā60 degrees from the direction of travel, so they criss-crossed over each other. They were called
252:. A radial has less material in the sidewall, so it weighs less, runs cooler and lasts longer. For smaller planes, bias tires afford more stability at higher speeds and have stronger sidewalls.
704:
331:, and a different degree of slip while steering. A benefit was that cars could now be made lighter because they would not have to make up for the deficiencies of bias-ply tires.
54:
are arranged at 90 degrees to the direction of travel, or radially (from the center of the tire). Radial tire construction climbed to 100% market share in North
America following
897:
583:
285:
than with bias-ply tires. It also accounts for the slightly "low on air" (bulging) look that radial tire sidewalls have, especially when compared to bias-ply tires.
683:"Charles Pilliod Kept Goodyear Out of Rivals' Hands: 1918-2016 World War II bomber pilot led tire maker when it was besieged by Japanese and European competitors"
648:
444:
401:
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803:
161:
Because of its significant advantages in durability and fuel economy, this technology spread quickly in Europe and Asia in the 1950s and 1960s.
231:
and in the succeeding year, Pirelli introduced a wide tire with a reduced sidewall height like a slick, but with a radial construction for the
208:. Despite heavy criticism at the time, Pilliod invested heavily in new factories and tooling to build the radial tire. Today, only Goodyear,
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However, motorists were not accustomed to the feel, hence the suspension systems of cars had to be modified.
190:
118:
The first radial tire designs were patented in 1914 by G. H. Hamilton and T. Sloper -patent ā 467 filed in
95:
1964:
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171:
1596:
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The radial cords in the sidewall allow it to act like a spring, giving flexibility and ride comfort.
71:
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1644:
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1421:
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197:
34:
A cross-section of a tire. Number 12 indicates the radial ply. Numbers 14 and 16 are bias plies.
1634:
1624:
1376:
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1247:
1242:
652:
498:
469:. Pneurama is the international edition of the Italian tyre magazine published by Edit Prom Srl
1363:
1149:
1094:
351:
Radiale. Panaracer radial tires were also standard on the Jamis Gentry model bicycle in 1985.
1262:
1227:
849:
248:
For aircraft, the transition is happening more slowly, as tires are certified along with the
728:
1729:
1664:
1207:
204:, faced a major investment decision regarding retooling for the radial tire, following the
872:"Radial or bias, the right choice / Properly use your tires - Michelin Agricultural Tires"
8:
1754:
1734:
1519:
1333:
969:
941:
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667:
Conceptcarz.com 1969 Lincoln
Continental news, pictures, specifications, and information
1900:
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The rigid steel belts reinforce the tread region, giving high mileage and performance.
1959:
1919:
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619:
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Denial: Why
Business Leaders Fail to Look Facts in the Face---and What to Do About It
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342:, by giving it less tight steering, and adding both isolators to the drive shaft and
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In this way, low radial tires separate the tire carcass into two separate systems:
238:
Radial technology is now the standard design for essentially all automotive tires.
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55:
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finding the superiority of the radial design in 1968, and were standard by 1976.
832:
154:, so it was quickly able to introduce its new design, including on the new 1948
1954:
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due to their weight carrying ability and resistance to swaying when towed.
489:
U.S. Patent 1203910, May 21, 1915, Vehicle Tire, Inventor Arthur W. Savage
105:
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Radial tires have different characteristics of springiness from those of
1905:
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1112:
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772:"Dunlop Aircraft Tyres - Manufacturer and Retreader of Aircraft Tires"
151:
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1406:
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989:
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Autouniversum.wordpress.com
Michelin and the birth of the radial tire
388:
Reduction in tire replacement due to less heat generated by the tire.
319:
Each system can then be individually optimized for best performance.
290:
269:
1034:
898:
ClassicCar.com: Usage of Radial and Bias-ply Tires on Older
Vehicles
638:
Consumer
Reports, "Tires," Consumer Reports, (August 1968): 404-409.
126:, a tire manufacturer (1915ā1919), firearm designer and inventor in
88:
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First car designed with radial tires standard from launch: 1948
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rally racing team for a tire to handle the power of the new
1832:
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933:
261:
94:
First
American car fitted with radial tires standard: 1970
47:
1553:
479:
902:
158:
model. In 1952, Michelin developed a radial truck tire.
831:
Sheldon Brown: Japanese cycles in the
American market:
366:
Reduced fuel consumption due to less rolling resistance
376:
Steel belted ā Results in tougher overall construction
563:
338:engineer Jack Bajer experimented in the 1960s on a
437:
185:vehicle with radial tires as standard equipment,
1946:
584:"Big Lorry Blog Archives - Truckanddriver.co.uk"
810:. American Heritage Publishing. Archived from
359:The advantages of radial tires over bias ply:
1527:
918:
833:http://www.sheldonbrown.com/japan.html#miyata
685:. Wall Street Journal. 1 May 2016. p. A6
464:
1430:European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation
677:
675:
510:
402:Firestone 500 Radial tread separation/recall
541:"Michelin and the birth of the radial tire"
538:
1534:
1520:
925:
911:
893:Michelin AG - Comparison of Bias vs Radial
460:
458:
421:
419:
417:
373:More stable contact with the road surface.
672:
29:
747:"Aviation Today :: Aircraft Tires"
634:
632:
534:
532:
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455:
414:
14:
1947:
669:September 2008 Retrieved July 26, 2015
656:. May 4, 2006. Retrieved July 26, 2015
573:April 16, 2012 Retrieved July 26, 2015
46:) is a particular design of vehicular
1515:
906:
801:
792:March 7, 2011 Retrieved July 26, 2015
626:March 4, 2010 Retrieved July 26, 2015
499:Forgottenweapons.com Arthur W. Savage
150:Michelin owned the leading automaker
869:
629:
596:
527:
1473:Uniform Tire Quality Grading (UTQG)
808:Invention & Technology Magazine
729:"Trailer Tire Basics - West Marine"
136:. No actual products were created.
27:Particular design of vehicular tire
24:
1650:Continuously variable transmission
391:Reduced machine maintenance costs.
25:
1976:
886:
504:
385:Less ground compaction and damage
1929:
1928:
1918:
1496:
1495:
1485:
513:"Development of Pneumatic Tires"
202:Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
147:began his experiments in 1941.
104:
87:
70:
1329:Tire-pressure monitoring system
863:
837:
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255:
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467:"RADIALS: A 70-YEAR-OLD STORY"
322:
13:
1:
1685:Automated manual transmission
1319:Central Tire Inflation System
599:"Michelin Agricultural Tires"
511:K. Ganapathy (14 June 2017).
407:
241:Bias tires are still used on
876:agricultural.michelinman.com
539:James Kraus (7 March 2011).
465:Paolo Ferrini (4 May 2016).
50:. In this design, the cord
7:
1760:Semi-automatic transmission
1440:Tire Science and Technology
960:Low rolling resistance tire
776:www.dunlopaircrafttyres.com
395:
354:
289:term steel-belted radial),
10:
1981:
1597:Internal combustion engine
61:
1914:
1896:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
1883:
1798:
1785:Transmission control unit
1725:Limited-slip differential
1690:Electrorheological clutch
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932:
802:Moran, Tim (2001-04-28).
1675:Dual-clutch transmission
275:heat buildup in the tire
1645:Constant-velocity joint
1281:Slip (vehicle dynamics)
1238:Lateral Force Variation
1188:Pacejka's Magic Formula
1168:Cold inflation pressure
804:"The Radial Revolution"
501:Retrieved July 26, 2015
235:winning works Stratos.
198:Charles J. Pilliod, Jr.
1625:Automatic transmission
1377:List of tire companies
1248:Traction (engineering)
1243:Radial Force Variation
709:racingspot.pirelli.com
705:"A Stratospheric Show"
653:Bloomberg Businessweek
35:
1228:Tire load sensitivity
445:"A Tale of Two Tires"
260:A series of plies of
133:U.S. patent 1,203,910
111:Radial Tire Structure
33:
1730:Locking differential
1665:Direct-shift gearbox
1208:Self aligning torque
223:on a request of the
191:Continental Mark III
189:tires fitted to the
96:Continental Mark III
1755:Preselector gearbox
1735:Manual transmission
1334:Tire-pressure gauge
970:Michelin PAX System
649:A Tale of Two Tires
615:Tedlow, Richard S.
181:produced the first
1965:Vehicle technology
1901:Electric generator
1806:Wheel hub assembly
1372:Tire manufacturing
1203:Rolling resistance
733:www.westmarine.com
603:www.michelinag.com
515:. Talking Business
363:Flexible sidewalls
336:Ford Motor Company
179:Ford Motor Company
42:(more properly, a
36:
1942:
1941:
1695:Epicyclic gearing
1564:Automotive engine
1509:
1508:
1198:Relaxation length
1075:Formula One tyres
379:Longer tread life
233:Monte Carlo Rally
200:, the new CEO of
122:, and in 1916 by
16:(Redirected from
1972:
1932:
1931:
1922:
1799:Wheels and tires
1770:Torque converter
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1491:Outline of tires
1489:
1304:Tire maintenance
1253:Treadwear rating
1163:Circle of forces
1085:Continental tire
1025:Orange oil tires
1015:Mud-terrain tire
995:All-terrain tire
927:
920:
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848:. Archived from
843:Maxxis Radiale:
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221:wide radial tire
167:Consumer Reports
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124:Arthur W. Savage
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56:Consumer Reports
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1233:Tire uniformity
1193:Pneumatic trail
1183:Ground pressure
1178:Cornering force
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1118:Siping (rubber)
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1060:Motorcycle tyre
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561:Chapman, Giles
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543:. Autouniversum
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382:Wider footprint
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297:fibers such as
281:achieve better
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206:1973 oil crisis
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44:radial-ply tire
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18:Radial-ply tyre
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647:Welch, David.
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219:developed the
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1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Petrol engine
1600:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:Diesel engine
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1502:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1422:Organizations
1419:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:Tire rotation
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1276:Groove wander
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1173:Contact patch
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1158:Camber thrust
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1035:Aircraft tire
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
965:Run-flat tire
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
950:Tubeless tire
948:
947:
945:
943:
939:
935:
928:
923:
921:
916:
914:
909:
908:
905:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
877:
873:
866:
852:on 2009-12-19
851:
847:
846:"Radiale-22c"
840:
834:
828:
814:on 2007-12-26
813:
809:
805:
798:
791:
788:Kraus, James
785:
777:
773:
767:
753:on 2016-08-17
752:
748:
742:
734:
730:
724:
710:
706:
700:
684:
678:
676:
668:
662:
655:
654:
650:
644:
635:
633:
625:
621:
618:
612:
604:
600:
593:
585:
579:
572:
568:
564:
558:
542:
535:
533:
531:
514:
507:
500:
495:
486:
480:
468:
461:
459:
450:
446:
440:
432:
428:
422:
420:
418:
413:
403:
400:
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390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
368:
365:
362:
361:
360:
352:
350:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
320:
314:
311:
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309:
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304:
300:
296:
292:
286:
284:
278:
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266:
263:
253:
251:
246:
244:
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236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
183:American-made
180:
175:
173:
169:
168:
162:
159:
157:
153:
148:
145:
141:
137:
134:
129:
128:San Diego, CA
125:
121:
107:
97:
90:
80:
73:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
1847:
1843:Racing slick
1780:Transfer box
1750:Park-by-wire
1745:Parking pawl
1660:Differential
1635:Direct-drive
1617:Transmission
1607:Steam engine
1552:Part of the
1551:
1435:Tire Society
1349:Tire changer
1344:Bead breaker
1314:Bicycle pump
1223:Tire balance
1133:Presta valve
1128:Dunlop valve
1070:Racing slick
1065:Tractor tire
1050:Tubular tire
1045:Bicycle tire
975:Airless tire
954:
875:
865:
854:. Retrieved
850:the original
839:
827:
816:. Retrieved
812:the original
807:
797:
784:
775:
766:
755:. Retrieved
751:the original
741:
732:
723:
712:. Retrieved
708:
699:
687:. Retrieved
661:
651:
643:
611:
602:
592:
578:
557:
545:. Retrieved
517:. Retrieved
506:
494:
485:
471:. Retrieved
448:
439:
431:www.jags.org
430:
358:
333:
326:
318:
307:
287:
283:fuel economy
279:
267:
259:
256:Construction
247:
240:
237:
220:
214:
195:
176:
172:fuel economy
165:
163:
160:
149:
138:
117:
43:
39:
37:
1821:Alloy wheel
1680:Drive wheel
1670:Drive shaft
1630:Chain drive
1463:Plus sizing
1387:Waste tires
1339:Direct TPMS
1324:Tire mousse
1296:Maintenance
1271:Aquaplaning
1040:Tundra tire
1020:Paddle tire
1005:Knobby tire
955:Radial tire
340:Ford Falcon
323:Application
156:Citroƫn 2CV
79:Citroƫn 2CV
40:radial tire
1949:Categories
1906:Alternator
1554:Automobile
1543:Powertrain
1468:Tire label
1364:Life cycle
1286:Tramlining
1213:Slip angle
1150:Attributes
1123:Valve stem
1095:Components
1080:Spare tire
1010:Large tire
870:Michelin.
856:2009-12-04
818:2008-08-07
757:2017-06-24
714:2019-10-19
624:1591843138
597:Michelin.
408:References
1775:Transaxle
1740:Manumatic
1710:Gearshift
1582:Fuel cell
1458:Tire code
1407:Flat tire
1397:Tire fire
1354:Tire iron
1263:Behaviors
1055:Lego tire
990:Snow tire
985:Rain tyre
565:page 104
519:23 August
473:23 August
449:Bloomberg
427:"History"
291:polyester
270:cross ply
215:In 1974,
196:In 1974,
177:In 1970,
164:In 1968,
1960:Friction
1934:Category
1873:Tubeless
1858:Run-flat
1838:Off-road
1655:Coupling
1577:Electric
1501:Category
1108:Beadlock
1000:Bar grip
396:See also
370:joints).
355:Features
344:bushings
250:airframe
243:trailers
187:Michelin
140:Michelin
1402:Blowout
1382:Retread
689:27 June
547:26 July
217:Pirelli
152:Citroƫn
62:History
1924:Portal
1884:Hybrid
1848:Radial
1826:Hubcap
1640:Clutch
1587:Hybrid
1556:series
622:
569:
349:Maxxis
303:Kevlar
299:Twaron
295:Aramid
225:Lancia
210:Cooper
144:France
120:London
1955:Tires
1868:Spare
1811:Wheel
1715:Giubo
1113:Tread
980:Tweel
942:Types
934:Tires
293:, or
52:plies
1863:Snow
1853:Rain
1833:Tire
1103:Bead
691:2016
620:ISBN
567:ISBN
549:2015
521:2020
475:2020
262:cord
48:tire
1816:Rim
301:or
142:in
1951::
874:.
806:.
774:.
731:.
707:.
674:^
631:^
601:.
529:^
457:^
447:.
429:.
416:^
305:.
277:.
193:.
174:.
130:-
38:A
1593:)
1589:(
1535:e
1528:t
1521:v
926:e
919:t
912:v
878:.
859:.
821:.
778:.
760:.
735:.
717:.
693:.
605:.
586:.
551:.
523:.
477:.
451:.
433:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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