235:
for a station in New York City proper; however, despite its heritage, there was minimal, if any, programming ever broadcast by WJX. Effective
December 1, 1921, the 360-meter wavelength was designated as the common "entertainment" broadcasting wavelength, and stations within a region had to devise timesharing agreements to allocate the hours during which they could operate. A mid-1922 agreement covering the New York City area did not even list WJX as being active. WJX continued to be included in the official government lists of stations holding licenses through early 1924, but contemporary newspapers and magazines providing station programming information do not contain any evidence that the station was actually on the air. In June 1924, WJX (along with 2XG) was officially deleted by the government.
158:, broadcast election returns that for the first time were transmitted in full audio instead of Morse code. This program featured telephoned bulletins supplied by the newspaper—which hailed the effort as "the first time the wireless telephone has been demonstrated as a practical, serviceable carrier of election news and comment"—and read over the air by "unassuming chap" Walter Schare. Also featured were Columbia recordings that included "'The Star Spangled Banner,' 'Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean,' 'Dixie,' 'America' and other airs long loved by Americans". Just before shutting down at 11:00 PM, the station incorrectly announced that Republican presidential candidate
68:
136:
63:
founded the Radio
Telephone Company and began producing his own "sparkless" arc-transmitters. Between 1907 and 1910, de Forest made a number of demonstration entertainment broadcasts, and even spoke about developing news and entertainment broadcasting stations, but did not establish a regular service
234:
On
October 13, 1921, the De Forest company was issued a broadcasting station authorization in the form of a Limited Commercial license with the randomly assigned call letters WJX, operating on 360 meters (833 kilohertz) at its Sedgwick Avenue facility. This was the first broadcasting license issued
226:
The De Forest company eventually returned to the New York City airwaves on a more limited basis. In
December 1920, Vaughn De Leath made a return engagement of weekly concerts, and the next month there was a report that the De Forest laboratories were broadcasting a nightly concert between 7:30 and
206:
to take advantage of an offer by Emil J. Simon to use an antenna located atop the World's Tower building. This also brought the station's studio closer to artists in the theatrical district. However, the move had not been approved by government regulators, and the second district Radio
Inspector,
127:
would later recall: "The quality was quite good, and I used to listen to the station for hours at a time". De Forest initially used these broadcasts to advertise "the products of the De Forest Radio Co., mostly the radio parts, with all the zeal of our catalogue and price list", until comments by
115:
records from their offices at 102 West 38th Street in New York City—the phonograph company supplied records in exchange for the station "announcing the title and 'Columbia
Gramophone Company' with each playing". The debut program was aired on October 26, 1916, and it was announced that nightly
194:
worked as announcers, with
Richard Klein acting as program director. Phonograph records were now supplied by the Brunswick-Balke-Collender company, again in exchange for promotional announcements. There were also live performances, including multiple appearances by
219:, which operated as "The California Theater station", and developed an even more extensive program schedule. However, shortly thereafter, de Forest ceased involvement with radio work altogether, in order to concentrate on developing the
189:
Effective
October 1, 1919, the ban on civilian radio stations was ended, and the De Forest "Highbridge Station" soon renewed operation, once more with an experimental license and the callsign 2XG. For this revival Bob Gowen and
102:
De Forest had suspended broadcasting demonstrations in 1910, yet decided to showcase the capabilities of the new vacuum-tube transmitters by introducing a "wireless newspaper" making regular broadcasts of concerts and
227:
8:30. However, audio transmission and broadcasting experimentation by the company was now primarily conducted through experimental station 2XX, located at the home of De Forest's Chief
Engineer, Robert Gowen, in
647:
95:
for audio transmissions. The company now concentrated on developing vacuum-tube equipment, including "Oscillion" transmitter tubes. In the summer of 1915, the company received a license for an
393:, July 1915, page 3. The "2" in 2XG's call sign indicated that the station was located in the second Radio Inspection district, while the "X" signified that it held an Experimental license.
274:
107:. There were no formal government regulations restricting broadcasting at this time, so the company was free to transmit these programs over 2XG. Arrangements were made with the
297:, June 1907, pages 681-685: "the inventor believes that by using four different forms of wave as many classes of music can be sent out as desired by the different subscribers".
606:
31:
and licensed to the De Forest Radio
Telephone and Telegraph Company from 1915 to 1917 and 1920 to 1924. In 1916, it became the first radio station employing a
2683:
494:, November 6, 1912, page 5, broadcast by the Tech Wireless Club station at Carnegie Technical School in Pittsburgh), "Harvard Wireless Club Gets Returns" (
365:
which, had I but realized it, would have caused me to unceremoniously dump into the ash can all of the fine arc mechanisms which I had ever constructed..."
255:
made regular radio broadcasts, but operated an arc-transmitter. He switched to a vacuum-tube transmitter when he resumed broadcasting activities in 1921.
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725:
530:, November 8, 1916, page 6. In his 1950 autobiography, Lee de Forest credited himself as the "chief announcer" for the election broadcast.
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149:
40:
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De Forest, page 351: De Forest claimed that at the time he was informed that "there is no room in the ether for entertainment".
162:
had won; however, the next day it was learned that late totals from California had tilted the election in Democratic candidate
116:
transmissions of news interspersed with Columbia recordings would be sent from the Highbridge laboratory beginning November 1.
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703:
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on April 6, 1917, all civilian radio stations were ordered shut down, and 2XG was silenced for the duration of the conflict.
123:
operators. An early report stated that 2XG was broadcasting on "a wave length of approximately 800 meters" (375 kilohertz).
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Initially all radio stations used spark transmitters, which could only transmit Morse code messages. In 1904,
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177:, at the end of the year received widespread publicity. However, with the entry of the United States into
148:
Some of the programming was oriented toward a more general audience. On the night of the November 7, 1916
2663:
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1651:
568:
539:
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2463:
2453:
774:
96:
664:
The Airwaves of New York: Illustrated Histories of 156 AM Stations in the Metropolitan Area, 1921-1996
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357:, 1950, page 243. De Forest noted that he had been "totally unaware of the fact that in the little
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Examples of election results sent in Morse code for the 1912 U.S. Presidential election included
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498:, November 6, 1912, page 3, broadcast by the Charlestown, Massachusetts Navy Yard station),
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8:
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514:, November 6, 1912, page 6, broadcast by the Federal Telegraph station at San Francisco).
506:, November 8, 1912, page 1, broadcast by the Navy's Mare Island, California station) and
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tube, which I was then using only as a radio detector, lay dormant the principle of
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in March, taking the 2XG transmitter with him, where he established a new station,
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invented an "arc-transmitter" capable of transmitting full audio, and in late 1906
56:
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on a regular schedule, and, on November 7, 1916, became the first to broadcast
211:, ordered the station to suspend operations. De Forest responded by moving to
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199:—for these broadcasts she earned the sobriquet "The Original Radio Girl".
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transmitters had recently been developed and were found to be superior to
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166:'s favor. It was estimated that 7,000 persons received the broadcast.
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In early 1920, the 2XG transmitter was moved from the Bronx to
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The concerts continued, with listeners reported as far away at
23:, also known as the "Highbridge Station", was an experimental
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located at the Highbridge laboratory, with the callsign 2XG.
84:
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Lee de Forest broadcasting Columbia phonograph records (1916)
666:
by Bill Jaker, Frank Sulek, and Peter Kanze, 1998, page 101.
648:"U.S. Farmers to Hear Concerts by Wireless at Own Firesides"
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524:"American's Returns Sent 200 Miles by Wireless Telephone"
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676:"Make First Co-operative Effort to Equalize Air Usage"
132:
engineers caused him to eliminate the sales messages.
471:"Election Returns Flashed by Radio to 7,000 Amateurs"
345:, November 4, 1916, page 52. (mtr.arcade-museum.com)
75:
In 1914, de Forest established a laboratory at 1391
355:
Father of Radio: The Autobiography of Lee de Forest
754:This area also includes the following counties in
339:"Columbia Used to Demonstrate Wireless Telephone"
2650:
607:"The Empire of the Air: The Pioneer Broadcaster"
184:
143:
654:, January 16, 1921, page 3. (fultonhistory.com)
719:
291:"Wireless Telephony by the De Forest System"
281:, March 7, 1907, page 8. (fultonhistory.com)
2684:Defunct radio stations in the United States
139:Charles Logwood broadcasting at 2XG in 1916
35:transmitter to make news and entertainment
16:Experimental radio station in New York City
726:
712:
466:
464:
410:
408:
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638:, January 1, 1921, page 10. (archive.org)
593:"Famous 'Radio Girl' Now Own Director",
134:
66:
477:, January 1917, page 650. (archive.org)
461:
405:
2651:
569:"Dance to Wireless Music 40 Miles Off"
488:"Local Wireless Men Pick Up Much News"
334:
332:
295:The American Monthly Review of Reviews
2674:Radio stations disestablished in 1924
707:
611:Spokane (Washington) Spokesman-Review
387:"New Stations: Special Land Stations"
43:returns by spoken word instead of by
682:, June 1922, page 12. (archive.org)
597:, July 29, 1923, Section D, Page 5.
500:"Election News is Sent by Wireless"
329:
150:Wilson-Hughes presidential election
119:2XG's original audience was mostly
13:
2669:Radio stations established in 1915
2537:List of radio stations in New York
14:
2695:
2576:with extended nighttime coverage.
540:"American's Bulletins Win Praise"
275:"Wireless 'Phone Transmits Music"
2582:Under a "Shared Time" agreement.
2659:Radio stations in New York City
2605:Audio from channel 6 TV station
2598:Defunct internet radio station.
685:
669:
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587:
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549:
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508:"Wireless Gives Island Returns"
480:
452:
440:
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396:
322:"Radio Telephone Experiments",
313:, March 5, 1910, pages 293-294.
152:, 2XG, in conjunction with the
449:by Carl Dreher, 1977, page 41.
380:
368:
348:
316:
300:
284:
268:
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1:
613:, February 27, 1932, page 11.
415:"DeForest Wireless Telephone"
262:
185:Post-World War I reactivation
171:Cape Hatteras, North Carolina
144:1916 election night broadcast
692:"Strike Out All Particulars"
575:, December 31, 1916, page 4.
447:Sarnoff: An American Success
111:record company to broadcast
7:
2544:Mass media in New York City
559:, November 8, 1916, page 6.
546:, November 9, 1916, page 4.
475:The Electrical Experimenter
10:
2700:
2454:New York metropolitan area
1306:Radio Maria Estados Unidos
173:. A "radio dance" held in
41:U.S. presidential election
2447:
2399:WJY (Hoboken, New Jersey)
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1154:
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783:
750:
458:De Forest, pages 337-338.
307:"Grand Opera by Wireless"
437:, January 1917, page 26.
238:
2344:Art International Radio
2298:Voice of NY Radio Korea
1283:Radio Maria Stati Uniti
698:, July 1, 1924, page 9.
632:"Sings Over Radiophone"
555:"Returns by Wireless",
431:"A Concert by Wireless"
51:Pre-World War I history
2574:Clear-channel stations
2452:Radio stations in the
1270:Chinese Radio New York
696:Radio Service Bulletin
421:, April 1917, page 72.
391:Radio Service Bulletin
343:The Music Trade Review
223:sound-on-film system.
175:Morristown, New Jersey
140:
72:
2517:Poughkeepsie-Kingston
1278:radio reading service
138:
70:
2498:Other nearby regions
584:De Forest, page 350.
402:De Forest, page 337.
326:, May 1910, page 63.
293:by Herbert T. Wade,
160:Charles Evans Hughes
109:Columbia Graphophone
97:experimental station
2635:40.8422°N 73.9273°W
2631: /
2512:Middletown-Newburgh
2469:Lower Hudson Valley
2429:WPAT-FM (1949–1951)
2424:WBBR/WPOW (1330 AM)
2404:WJY (New York City)
2308:Radio Free Brooklyn
2278:D100 Radio New York
251:From 1912 to 1917,
2664:Experimental radio
2414:WMGM-FM (100.3 FM)
2283:East Village Radio
744:Newark, New Jersey
734:Radio stations in
512:San Francisco Call
229:Ossining, New York
141:
87:in New York City.
73:
2679:Highbridge, Bronx
2640:40.8422; -73.9273
2614:
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2354:New Country Y-107
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544:New York American
528:New York American
209:Arthur Batcheller
155:New York American
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680:The Radio Dealer
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492:Pittsburgh Press
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93:arc-transmitters
57:Valdemar Poulsen
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253:Charles Herrold
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197:Vaughn De Leath
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83:section of the
77:Sedgwick Avenue
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1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
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1184:
1179:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
993:
988:
983:
982:
981:
976:
968:
963:
958:
953:
947:
945:
939:
938:
936:
935:
929:
927:
914:
913:
911:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
789:
787:
781:
780:
778:
777:
772:
767:
762:
751:
748:
747:
731:
730:
723:
716:
708:
701:
700:
684:
668:
656:
640:
624:
615:
599:
586:
577:
573:New York Times
561:
557:New York Times
548:
532:
516:
479:
460:
451:
439:
423:
404:
395:
379:
367:
347:
328:
315:
299:
283:
266:
264:
261:
258:
257:
243:
242:
240:
237:
186:
183:
164:Woodrow Wilson
145:
142:
105:news bulletins
64:at this time.
52:
49:
19:Radio station
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2696:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
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2672:
2670:
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2497:
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2484:New Brunswick
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2459:New York City
2457:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2419:WNBC (660 AM)
2417:
2415:
2412:
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2400:
2397:
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2350:
2349:Jukebox Radio
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:The Lot Radio
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Newtown Radio
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
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2268:
2266:
2262:
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2222:
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2209:
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2199:
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2040:
2037:
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2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
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1968:
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1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1256:FM subcarrier
1253:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
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1199:
1197:
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1191:
1183:
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1099:
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1079:
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1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
946:
944:
940:
934:
931:
930:
928:
926:
923:
919:
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909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
788:
786:
782:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
757:
753:
752:
749:
745:
741:
740:Five Boroughs
737:
736:New York City
729:
724:
722:
717:
715:
710:
709:
706:
697:
693:
688:
681:
677:
672:
665:
660:
653:
652:New York Call
649:
644:
637:
636:The Billboard
633:
628:
619:
612:
608:
603:
596:
595:Boston Herald
590:
581:
574:
570:
565:
558:
552:
545:
541:
536:
529:
525:
520:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
483:
476:
472:
467:
465:
455:
448:
443:
436:
432:
427:
420:
416:
411:
409:
399:
392:
388:
383:
376:
371:
364:
360:
356:
351:
344:
340:
335:
333:
325:
319:
312:
308:
303:
296:
292:
287:
280:
276:
271:
267:
254:
248:
244:
236:
232:
230:
224:
222:
218:
214:
213:San Francisco
210:
205:
200:
198:
193:
182:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
156:
151:
137:
133:
131:
126:
122:
121:amateur radio
117:
114:
110:
106:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
69:
65:
62:
61:Lee de Forest
58:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
29:New York City
26:
25:radio station
22:
2616:
2359:W2XEA/KE2XCC
2338:
2273:8-Ball Radio
695:
687:
679:
671:
663:
659:
651:
643:
635:
627:
618:
610:
602:
594:
589:
580:
572:
564:
556:
551:
543:
535:
527:
519:
511:
503:
495:
491:
482:
474:
454:
446:
442:
434:
426:
418:
398:
390:
382:
374:
370:
362:
354:
350:
342:
323:
318:
310:
302:
294:
286:
278:
270:
247:
233:
225:
201:
188:
168:
153:
147:
118:
101:
74:
54:
20:
18:
2638: /
2588:Station is
2554:TV stations
2464:Long Island
1194:Translators
496:Boston Post
377:, page 332.
363:oscillation
192:Bill Garity
179:World War I
125:Carl Dreher
89:Vacuum-tube
33:vacuum-tube
27:located in
2653:Categories
2626:73°55′38″W
2623:40°50′32″N
2559:Newspapers
2502:Bridgeport
2479:Morristown
2369:W31NY/WFMN
2313:Soho Radio
1652:Call signs
756:New Jersey
263:References
113:phonograph
81:Highbridge
45:Morse code
37:broadcasts
2265:Streaming
1316:RBC Radio
1301:ICN Radio
311:Telephony
221:Phonofilm
204:Manhattan
2533:See also
2303:Pulse 87
2288:KPISS.fm
1275:Gatewave
2527:Trenton
2507:Danbury
2339:2XG/WJX
2332:Defunct
2250:WYNE-LP
2228:WXNY-FM
2179:WWPR-FM
2135:WSKQ-FM
2118:WQXR-FM
2108:WQEQ-LP
2103:WPSC-FM
2076:WPAT-FM
2061:WNYZ-LD
2056:WNYU-FM
2029:WNYC-FM
2009:WNEW-FM
1938:WKCR-FM
1921:WINS-FM
1901:WHCR-FM
1840:WFAN-FM
1830:WEPN-FM
1820:WDMB-LP
1803:WCBS-FM
1798:WBQE-LP
1642:107.5-1
1637:106.7-2
1632:106.7-1
1627:105.9-2
1622:105.9-1
1617:105.1-3
1612:105.1-2
1607:105.1-1
1602:104.3-2
1597:104.3-1
1592:103.5-3
1587:103.5-2
1582:103.5-1
1577:102.7-1
1572:101.9-3
1567:101.9-2
1562:101.9-1
1557:101.1-3
1552:101.1-2
1547:101.1-1
1542:100.3-1
1344:Digital
1310:Spanish
1287:Italian
1182:WQEQ-LP
1177:WDMB-LP
999:WHCR-FM
979:WNYU-FM
775:Passaic
79:in the
2590:silent
2489:Sussex
1710:WA2XMN
1705:W300EI
1700:W284BW
1695:W276AQ
1690:W272DX
1685:W268BY
1680:W252CS
1675:W248CG
1670:W236CH
1665:W220EJ
1537:99.1-3
1532:99.1-2
1527:99.1-1
1522:97.9-1
1517:97.1-1
1512:96.7-3
1507:96.7-2
1502:96.7-1
1497:96.3-4
1492:96.3-3
1487:96.3-2
1482:96.3-1
1477:95.5-4
1472:95.5-3
1467:95.5-2
1462:95.5-1
1457:94.7-3
1452:94.7-2
1447:94.7-1
1442:93.9-3
1437:93.9-2
1432:93.9-1
1427:93.1-1
1422:92.3-3
1417:92.3-2
1412:92.3-1
1407:90.7-2
1402:90.7-1
1397:89.9-3
1392:89.9-2
1387:89.9-1
1382:89.5-2
1377:89.5-1
1372:89.1-3
1367:89.1-2
1362:89.1-1
1357:88.3-2
1352:88.3-1
1334:162.55
1173:105.5
770:Hudson
760:Bergen
742:) and
359:audion
2568:Notes
2364:W2XMN
1660:KWO35
1242:107.9
1237:104.7
1232:103.1
1227:102.3
1222:101.5
1169:102.3
1146:107.5
1141:106.7
1136:105.9
1131:105.1
1126:104.3
1121:103.9
1116:103.5
1111:102.7
1106:101.9
1101:101.1
1096:100.3
995:90.3
970:89.1
765:Essex
738:(the
375:Ibid.
239:Notes
85:Bronx
2439:WWDX
2434:WRNY
2409:WLWL
2389:WGYN
2384:WEVD
2323:WBAR
2255:WZRC
2211:WXBK
2206:WWRV
2201:WWRU
2196:WWRL
2174:WVOX
2169:WVNJ
2157:WVBN
2145:WSOU
2140:WSNR
2130:WSIA
2113:WQHT
2081:WPLJ
2071:WPAT
2051:WNYM
2046:WNYE
2024:WNYC
2019:WNVU
2014:WNSW
2004:WMSC
1999:WMCA
1987:WLTW
1982:WLIB
1965:WKTU
1960:WKRB
1955:WKDM
1916:WINS
1911:WHTZ
1906:WHSQ
1896:WGHT
1884:WFUV
1879:WFMU
1874:WFME
1857:WFDU
1835:WFAN
1825:WEPN
1793:WBLS
1781:WBGO
1776:WBBR
1771:WBAI
1754:WAWZ
1742:WAXQ
1725:WARW
1720:WADO
1715:WABC
1326:NOAA
1217:98.3
1212:97.5
1207:95.1
1202:91.9
1164:95.9
1156:LPFM
1091:99.5
1086:99.1
1081:98.7
1076:97.9
1071:97.1
1066:96.7
1061:96.3
1056:95.5
1051:94.7
1046:93.9
1041:93.5
1036:93.1
1031:92.3
1026:91.5
1021:91.1
1016:90.7
1009:WMSC
1004:WKRB
991:89.9
986:89.5
974:WFDU
966:88.9
961:88.7
956:88.3
951:87.7
933:42.8
918:Apex
908:1660
903:1600
898:1560
893:1500
888:1480
883:1460
878:1430
873:1380
868:1330
863:1280
858:1190
853:1160
848:1130
843:1050
838:1010
2602:5.
2596:4.
2586:3.
2580:2.
2571:1.
2379:WDY
2374:WDT
2243:HD4
2238:HD3
2233:HD2
2221:HD3
2216:HD2
2189:HD3
2184:HD2
2162:HD2
2150:HD2
2123:HD2
2096:HD4
2091:HD3
2086:HD2
2066:WOR
2039:HD3
2034:HD2
1992:HD2
1975:HD3
1970:HD2
1948:HD3
1943:HD2
1931:HD3
1926:HD2
1889:HD2
1867:HD3
1862:HD2
1850:HD3
1845:HD2
1813:HD3
1808:HD2
1786:HD2
1764:HD3
1759:HD2
1747:HD2
1735:HD3
1730:HD2
1296:kHz
1294:92
1265:kHz
1263:67
922:VHF
833:970
828:930
823:880
818:820
813:770
808:710
803:660
798:620
793:570
435:QST
419:QST
217:6XC
21:2XG
2655::
943:FM
925:FM
785:AM
758::
694:,
678:,
650:,
634:,
609:,
571:,
542:,
526:,
473:,
463:^
433:,
417:,
407:^
389:,
341:,
331:^
309:,
277:,
231:.
47:.
2592:.
1312:)
1308:(
1289:)
1285:(
920:/
727:e
720:t
713:v
510:(
502:(
490:(
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