Radio drama - Knowledge

546: 83: 2002:'s 5-minute Iketsetse Zenzele radio drama which aired for 8 years to raise awareness about financial literacy, fraud, and cybercrimes. Non-governmental organizations widely use radio drama as part of campaigns for health awareness and rights activism, such as the long-running Soul Buddyz series focused on adolescent health, Masiphephe Radio Drama addressing gender-based violence, and the Plague in the Time of King Kapital and Queen Corona focused on Covid-19 awareness. 25: 1544:(1,800 syndicated stations – a long-running radio drama), which is geared to adults. The networks sometime sell transcripts of their shows on cassette tapes or CDs or make the shows available for listening or downloading over the Internet. Transcription recordings of many pre-television shows have been preserved. They are collected, re-recorded onto audio CDs and/or MP3 files and traded by hobbyists today as old-time radio programs. Meanwhile, veterans such as the late 721:

cultural and intellectual forces in post-war Britain, specialized in heavier drama (as well as the serious music, talks, and other features which made up its content): long-form productions of both classical and modern/experimental dramatic works sometimes occupied the major part of its output on any given evening. The Home Service, meanwhile, continued to broadcast more "middle-brow" drama (one-off plays and serializations) daily.

2166: 668:, who in 1941 became an employee of the BBC's. MacNeice's work for the BBC initially involved writing and producing radio programmes intended to build support for the US, and later Russia, through cultural programmes emphasising links between the countries rather than outright propaganda. By the end of the war MacNeice had written well over 60 scripts for the BBC, including 649:(1941–48), which was broadcast to America as part of the effort to encourage the US to enter the war. The show's storylines depicted the trials and tribulations of a British family, the Robinsons, living through the war. This featured plots about rationing, family members missing in action and the Blitz. After the war in 1946 it was moved to the 857:(1962) was first broadcast on the BBC Third Programme on 7 January 1962. In it Alfie, "ith sublime amorality... swaggers and philosophises his way through" life. The action spans about two decades, from the beginning of World War II to the late 1950s. In 1964, Bill Naughton turned it into a stage play which was put on at London's 1706:, which ran from the late 1990s until early 2013. In late 2012 ABC management imposed budget cuts and axed a number of long-running arts programs, thereby ending the national broadcaster's decades-long history of producing radio drama (as well as its equally long history of providing daily serialised book readings). 121:. With no visual component, radio drama depends on dialogue, music and sound effects to help the listener imagine the characters and story: "It is auditory in the physical dimension but equally powerful as a visual force in the psychological dimension." Radio drama includes plays specifically written for radio, 530:), which inspired stories of a mass panic that, though greatly exaggerated, signaled the power of the form. By the late 1930s, radio drama was widely popular in the United States (and also in other parts of the world). There were dozens of programs in many different genres, from mysteries and thrillers, to 1285:

Radio drama remains popular in much of the world, though most material is now available through Internet download rather than heard over terrestrial or satellite radio. Stations producing radio drama often commission a large number of scripts. The relatively low cost of producing a radio play enables

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On occasion television series can be revived as radio series. For example, a long-running but no longer popular television series can be continued as a radio series because the reduced production costs make it cost-effective with a much smaller audience. When an organization owns both television and

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state's propaganda channel. However, radio drama broadcast in African languages contributed to subverting the apartheid government by shaping culture and identity while challenging apartheid ideologies. Radio dramas were not subjected to the same level of apartheid editorial scrutiny, and therefore

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dialect. They are called Cypriot (radio drama) sketches and they are mainly about Cyprus's rural life, traditions and customs, its history and its culture. The works are written by established writers, but also from new writers through the Writing Contest of Cypriot Sketches issued annually by CyBC

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In this period radio drama, serials and soap operas provided a fertile training ground and a steady source of employment for many actors, and this was particularly important because at this time the Australian theatre scene was in its infancy and opportunities were very limited. Many who trained in

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In Australia, as in most other developed countries, from the early years of the medium almost every radio network and station featured drama, serials, and soap operas as staples of their programming; during the so-called "Golden Years" of radio these were hugely popular. Many Australian serials and

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and a number of others, frequently run by women like Helen Schuster Martin and Wilda Wilson Church; early network continuity writers like Henry Fisk Carlton, William Ford Manley and Don Clark; producers and directors like Clarence Menser and Gerald Stopp; and a long list of others who were credited

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The effect of the introduction of television there in the late 1950s had the same devastating effects as it did in the US and many other markets, and by the early 1960s Australian commercial radio had totally abandoned radio drama and related programming (including comedy, soapies, and variety) in

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produced notable radio plays in Calgary and Toronto in the postwar decades, from which many actors and directors proceeded to international careers, but abolished its radio drama department in the 1970s and finally ceased production of radio dramas in 2012. BBC Radio 4 in today noted for its radio

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Podcasts are a growing distribution format for independent radio drama producers. Podcasts provides an alternative to mainstream television and radio which does not necessarily require a pitching process to be made and distributed (as these aspects of production can be learned by the creator) and

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In addition to traditional radio broadcasters, modern radio drama (also known as audio theater, or audio drama), has experienced a revival, with a growing number of independent producers who are able to build an audience through Internet distribution. While there are few academic programs in the

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By the 21st century, radio drama had a minimal presence on terrestrial radio in the United States, with much American radio drama being restricted to rebroadcasts of programmes from previous decades. However, other nations still have thriving traditions of radio drama. In the United Kingdom, for

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The first German radio drama was produced in 1923. Because of the external circumstances in postwar Germany in which most of the theaters were destroyed, radio drama boomed. Between 1945 and 1960 there were more than 500 radio plays every year. The German word for radio drama or audio play is

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The BBC Light Programme, while principally devoted to light entertainment and music, carried a fair share of drama, both single plays (generally, as the name of the station indicated, of a lighter nature) and serials. In contrast, the BBC Third Programme, destined to become one of the leading

1375:, read by actors or by the author. In Britain and other countries there is also quite a bit of radio comedy (both stand-up and sitcom). Together, these programs provide entertainment where television is either not wanted or would be distracting (such as while driving or operating machinery). 1690:. It featured many well-known Australian actresses and actors, ran continuously for 27 years, from 28 February 1949 to 30 September 1976, with a total of 5,795 episodes broadcast, and was at one time the world's longest-running radio serial. It was preceded by an earlier Meredith serial 395:('Seaquake'), by Gabriel Germinet and Pierre Cusy, which presents a realistic account of a sinking ship before revealing that the characters are actually actors rehearsing for a broadcast. Translated and broadcast in Germany and England by 1925, the play was originally scheduled by 1436:, featuring a cast of well known television and film actors. Neil Gaiman has said he was excited about the radio drama adaptation as it allowed the work to be presented with a greater deal of special effects than was possible on television. In the United States, an adaptation of 1402:

radio channels, such as the BBC, the fact that no royalties have to be paid makes this even more attractive. Radio revivals can also use actors reprising their television roles even after decades as they still sound roughly the same. Series that have had this treatment include

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has claim as a forerunner of radio drama because "his plays were performed by readers as sound plays, not by actors as stage plays... n this respect Seneca had no significant successors until 20th-century technology made possible the widespread dissemination of sound plays."

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Radio drama continues to be a mainstay of South African radio. SABC's drama studios in each of the country's 9 provinces produce dramas for all 19 SABC radio stations. Recognizing radio's reach, some private sector entities have also invested in radio drama, such as

1593:(2003) on XM Satellite Radio was the first national radio play recorded exclusively through the Internet in which the voice actors were all in separate locations. Other producers use portable recording equipment to record actors on location rather than in studios. 301:

began regularly broadcasting one-acts (as well as excerpts from longer works) in November. The success of these projects led to imitators at other stations. By early 1923, original dramatic pieces written specially for radio were airing on stations in Cincinnati

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In the 1960s and later, the ABC continued to produce many original Australian radio dramas as well as works adapted from other media. In recent years original radio dramas and adapted works were commissioned from local dramatists and produced for the ABC's

1657:("transatlantic") accent, and he could perform a wide range of character voices; he also impressed the Anderson team with his ability to quickly and easily switch from one voice/accent to another without the sound engineers' having to stop the recording. 586:

Producers of radio drama soon became aware that adapting stage plays for radio did not always work, and that there was a need for plays specifically written for radio, which recognized its potential as a distinct and different medium from the theatre.

1966:) has a long tradition in Romania. The first piece was played in 1929. The 7000+ piece repertoire includes radio adaptations of both Romanian and international books/plays across many genres interpreted by the greatest Romanian actors of the time. 1653:, who voiced many roles in Anderson's TV productions. Thanks to his early experience on Australian live radio (where he often played English and American roles), Barrett was considered better than his English counterparts at providing a convincing 996:

was subsequently produced on television in 1957. Then in 1960, there was a highly successful stage production in London's West End and on New York's Broadway from late 1961. In addition there have been two film versions: in 1966 starring

293:, after a successful tryout on August 3, 1922, began weekly studio broadcasts of full-length stage plays in September 1922, using music, sound effects and a regular troupe of actors, The WGY Players. Aware of this series, the director of 597:, of 14 August 1929, which discussed the broadcasting of 12 great plays, it was suggested that while the theatrical literature of the past should not be neglected the future lay mainly with plays written specifically for the microphone. 1286:

them to take chances with works by unknown writers. Radio can be a good training ground for beginning drama writers as the words written form a much greater part of the finished product; bad lines cannot be obscured with stagecraft.

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Radio drama (as distinguished from theatre plays boiled down to kilocycle size) began at midnight, in the middle thirties, on one of the upper floors of Chicago's Merchandise Mart. The pappy was a rotund writer by the name of Wyllis

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The high-water mark for BBC radio drama was the 1950s and 1960s, and during this period many major British playwrights either effectively began their careers with the BBC, or had works adapted for radio. Most of playwright

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in the title role), although these were typically locally produced and performed live to air, since the technology of the time did not permit high-quality pre-recording or duplication of programs for import or export.

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creative team (which began with one-act plays but was soon experimenting with hour-long combinations of drama and music on its weekly variety program); the various acting troupes at stations like WLW, WGY,

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In Britain, however, during the 1930s BBC programming, tended to be more high brow, including the works of Shakespeare, Classical Greek drama, as well as the works of major modern playwrights, such as

1476:, as well as serials and soap operas. Radio 4 Extra broadcasts a variety of radio plays from the BBC's vast archives and a few extended versions of Radio 4 programmes. The British commercial station 629:

is still running (as of July 2024) and is the world's longest-running soap opera with a total of over 18,400 episodes. There had been some earlier serialized drama including, the six episode

459:(which takes place inside the mind of a drowning man). After they were published in 1931, Guthrie's plays aired on the American networks. Around the same time, Guthrie himself also worked for the 2049:. The radio station broadcasts on 87.2 MHz every evening / late night. Due to the nature of low-power VHF propagation, the coverage is very limited, the radio station can be heard only in 1107:

built a large following with their satirical plays on recordings exploring the dramatic possibilities inherent in stereo. A brief resurgence of production beginning in the early 1970s yielded

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which made a stock of actors readily available. After the war, the number was around 50. They performed in the great number of plays broadcast in the heyday of BBC radio drama of the 40s–60s.

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was first produced as radio drama, and was not adapted for television until much later, when its popularity would ensure an appropriate return for the high cost of the futuristic setting.

569:, and so forth. Novels and short stories were also frequently dramatised. In addition the plays of contemporary writers and original plays were produced, with, for example, a broadcast of 376:'s 2005 book on Gosden and Correll's early work is a major exception, as is Richard J. Hand's 2006 study of horror radio, which examines some programs from the late 1920s and early 1930s. 144:

Radio drama achieved widespread popularity within a decade of its initial development in the 1920s. By the 1940s, it was a leading international popular entertainment. With the advent of

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and other sources for May 1923 reveal at least 20 dramatic offerings were scheduled (including one-acts, excerpts from longer dramas, complete three- and four-act plays, operettas and a

2210: 318:). That same year, WLW (in May) and WGY (in September) sponsored scripting contests, inviting listeners to create original plays to be performed by those stations' dramatic troupes. 2152: 2014:– aims to replace the regular evening music programmes. The programming block is composed of British radio dramas and an Audio-Described version of British TV programmes such as 1299:: it is, with over 18,700 episodes to date, the world's longest-running such programme. Other radio soaps ("ongoing serials") produced by the BBC but no longer on air include: 1994:

provided a forum for ideas without openly addressing politics. Radio drama evolved with changing socio-economic contexts. Female characters began to feature more prominently.

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Radio broadcasting began in South Africa in 1924 and remained the dominant broadcast medium in the country until the late 1970s. Created by an act of Parliament in 1936, the

1902:, which is currently one of the longest-running radio plays in the world. Audio plays based on literature are also popular in Poland, this is how the sound adaptations of 1738:. Today Germany is a major market for radio plays worldwide. In particular, audio plays on CD are very popular. A popular audio play serial of Germany and of the world is 1564:

launched its radio series recorded before live audiences. Productions have been broadcast via public radio, while also being marketed on compact discs and via download.

1249:, public radio continued to air a smattering of audio drama until the mid-1980s. From 1986 to 2002, NPR's most consistent producer of radio drama was the idiosyncratic 483:

also uses a variation of the technique (so that the listener can hear the final thoughts and relived memories of a man falling to his death from the title building).

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audio dramas in recent years due to it being easier for hobbyists to obtain the equipment required to make recordings, and the Internet making distribution easier.

1669:("talkback"), and the once-flourishing Australia radio production industry vanished within a few years. One of the few companies to survive was the Melbourne-based 3826: 809:

as Horace Rumpole, an aging London barrister who defends any and all clients. It has been spun off into a series of short stories, novels, and radio programmes.

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was credited with generating a 40% rise in NPR's ratings and quadrupling the network's youth audience overnight. Radio adaptations of the sequels followed with

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in 1921, according to historian Bill Jaker. Newspaper accounts of the era report on a number of other drama experiments by America's commercial radio stations:

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on January 15, 1924, about a group of people trapped in a Welsh coal mine. One of the earliest and most influential French radio plays was the prize-winning

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Radio drama traces its roots back to the 1880s: "In 1881 French engineer Clement Ader had filed a patent for 'improvements of Telephone Equipment in Theatres

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has been successfully producing radio dramas since then – between 1925 and September 1939, over 2,500 were made. In 1956, Polish Radio started broadcasting

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as a hapless barrister, first broadcast in 1957 on BBC Third Programme, later televised with the same cast and subsequently presented in a double bill with

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The lack of visuals also enable fantastical settings and effects to be used in radio plays where the cost would be prohibitive for movies or television.

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did not write for radio many of his stage plays were subsequently adapted for radio. Other significant adaptations included, dramatised readings of poet

3874: 3471: 3447:, 2016, Routledge (publisher; in the year 2014 published by Ashgate Publishing), p. 204. Cite: "Germany is the most important market for audio plays" 2677: 2102: 1944: 849:(1956), about a small detachment of men and women still guarding a Top Secret "missile deflector" somewhere in Wales, years after the war has ended. 3354: 3173: 3006: 2073:), which was founded in 1954. Their content was also deeply related to the historical events of the corresponding period and they largely served as 348:

Serious study of American radio drama of the 1920s and early 1930s is, at best, very limited. Unsung pioneers of the art include: WLW's Fred Smith;

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adaptation), either as in-studio productions or by remote broadcast from local theaters and opera houses. An early British drama broadcast was of

1680:(ABC) maintained a long history of producing radio drama. One of its most famous and popular series was the daily 15-minute afternoon soap opera 815:

was a pioneer in writing for radio, becoming prolific in both radio and television drama. His early successes included radio dramatisations of

35: 209:; however, audio drama or audio theatre may not necessarily be intended specifically for broadcast on radio. Audio drama can also be found on 1978:(SABC) aired radio dramas along with news and British content in Afrikaans and English. Radio drama became more prominent with the launch of 1827:

having its own distinct culture, audio dramas continue to be popular in Japan, where they are now primarily released on disc as "drama CDs" (

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were later recognized as well written and offered innovations seldom heard in early radio dramas, including multiple first-person narrators,

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to critical acclaim. Some of the many storytellers and monologists on early 1920s American radio might be able to claim even earlier dates.

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for over 300,000 people listeners each week during readings of contemporary and classic short stories by well-known professional actors.

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by Don Johnson, as the first stream-of-consciousness play written for American radio. The climax of Lawrence Holcomb's 1931 NBC play

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hiring famous writers to write radio drama scripts for 500 yen, which in 1930 was equivalent to 1 million yen in the present day.

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to air on October 23, 1924, but was instead banned from French radio until 1937 because the government feared that the dramatic

3320: 3236: 1480:, though broadcasting mostly book readings, also transmitted a number of radio plays in instalments before it closed in 2008. 3776: 3149: 3125: 1549: 1246: 1155: 1143: 2752: 2294: 1587:

The digital age has also resulted in recording styles that differ from the studio recordings of radio drama's Golden Age.

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The question of who was the first to write stream-of-consciousness drama for radio is a difficult one to answer. By 1930,

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features four old-time radio shows during his four-hour weekly broadcasts. Amari also broadcasts old-time radio shows on

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There were probably earlier examples of stream-of-consciousness drama on the radio. For example, in December 1924, actor

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Despite the complete abandonment of drama and related programming by the commercial radio sector, the government-funded

155:) survive today in the audio archives of collectors, libraries and museums, as well as several online sites such as the 1619: 1524:

A growing number of religious radio stations air daily or weekly programs usually geared to younger audiences, such as

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took place October 17, 1922, in Great Britain. But U.S. stations were broadcasting drama prior to this. See following.

4042: 3896:"Radio drama as a tool for activism in South Africa: The case of Plague in the Time of King Kapital and Queen Corona" 3549: 1466: 1113: 971:(1954). Beckett wrote a number of short radio plays in the 1950s and 1960s, and later for television; his radio play 69: 3520: 1438: 733:, she wrote nine productions with BBC radio drama up until 1973, when her stage work began to be recognised at the 194:

offered the means of inexpensively creating new radio dramas, in addition to the distribution of vintage programs.

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Thanks to advances in digital recording and Internet distribution, radio drama experienced a revival around 2010.

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In the United States, contemporary radio drama can be found on broadcasters including ACB radio, produced by the

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and NBC radio dramas were cancelled in 1960. The last network radio dramas to originate during American radio's "

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After the advent of television, radio drama never recovered its popularity in the United States. Most remaining

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Following World War II the BBC reorganized its radio provision, introducing two new channels to supplement the

729:'s early experiences with professional drama production were as a radio playwright and, starting in 1962 with 591:'s plays, for example, were seen as readily adaptable. However, in a lead article in the BBC literary journal 429:

Though the series is often remembered solely for its gruesome stories and sound effects, Cooper's scripts for

3055:(London, England), Thursday, November 28, 1946; p. 767; Issue 933; "Critic on the Hearth", Martin Armstrong. 2721: 2126: 2114: 2094: 2082: 2066: 1938: 1484: 534:

and comedies. Among American playwrights, screenwriters and novelists who got their start in radio drama are

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radio listings, September 11, 19, and 25, 1922; "Will Give Dramatic Productions By Radio" September 2, 1922

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A low power radio station "M.C.O.K. Radio 2" (formally Pira FM) introduces a new programming block called

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Before 2010, radio dramas on mainland China were usually performed by organisations associated with the

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Since 1 November 2021, Radio dramas were scrapped and replaced with more (Audio-Described) programmes –

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broadcast a season of complete operas from Chicago starting in November 1921. In February 1922, entire

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in the 1950s radio drama began losing its audience. However, it remains popular in much of the world.

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Initially the BBC resisted American-style 'soap opera', but eventually highly popular serials, like

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Another notable early radio drama, one of the first specially written for the medium in the UK, was

4199: 1982:, an English and Afrikaans commercial station operated by SABC between May 1950 and December 1985. 1928: 1645: 1416: 1346: 1189: 1042: 743: 51: 1892:'s play, was produced in 1925 while the first radio drama written for radio was produced in 1929. 3875:"Masiphephe Network launches Radio Drama Series II with focus on Homophobia | Masiphephe Network" 2062: 1496: 1428: 1273: 1228: 845:. He was also successful in the theatre. The first of his radio plays to make his reputation was 661: 639: 601: 593: 575: 416: 384: 82: 3967: 1218:, which sold the rights to NPR for a nominal $ 1 fee, and by the participation of the BBC in an 3646: 2251: 1535: 1064: 706: 702: 372:

at the time with any number of innovations but who are largely forgotten or undiscussed today.

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Lawrence Lichty, "Radio Drama: The Early Years" in Lawrence Lichty and Malachi Topping (eds):

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Radio dramas began in Japan in 1925, and enjoyed a great level of popularity after the hit of

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also wrote for BBC Radio, from the early 1970s. Henry Reed was especially successful with the

3827:"Eight years of Iketsetse Zenzele 'Wallet Wise': Leaving a brand legacy through radio dramas" 3181: 2980: 2108: 1918: 1824: 1560:) have gained new listeners on cassettes, CDs and downloads. In the mid-1980s, the nonprofit 1530: 1122: 797: 527: 286: 977:

was first broadcast on the BBC Third Programme on 24 June 1959 and won the RAI prize at the

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The Original Amos 'n Andy: Freeman Gosden, Charles Correll, and the 1928–1943 Radio Serial.

2180: 2090: 1848: 1670: 1654: 1488: 1312: 1694:, which featured many of the same themes and characters and itself ran for 1299 episodes. 8: 4111:—Treatise on writing, producing, performing and directing audio plays in the 21st century 2625: 2383: 2339: 2276: 2205: 1903: 1752: 1525: 1501: 1422: 1304: 1149: 1059: 1036:(1955). Among contemporary novels that were dramatised were the 1964 radio adaptation of 841: 770: 734: 714: 650: 615: 588: 1214:

was a notable success. Production costs on this serial were mitigated by the support of

3923: 3757: 3421:"Theatre as Weapon of War: German Language Theatres Across Occupied Europe During WWII" 3254: 2769: 2195: 2026: 1949: 1580:

United States that offer training in radio drama production, organizations such as the

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The Satyanweshi audio drama series created by actor Aneesh See Yay adapted twenty two

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The BBC continued producing various kinds of drama, including docu-drama, throughout

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RTÉ Radio Drama is one of the oldest audio theatre departments in the radio world.

1184: 1104: 912: 698: 675: 550: 373: 267: 156: 47: 3992: 2872:; filmreference.com/film/69/John-Mortimer.html John Mortimer Biography (1923–2009) 2582: 765:

made his radio debut as a dramatist in 1955, with his adaptation of his own novel

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List of BBC Radio programmes adapted for television#Television to radio transfers

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The Listener (London, England), Thursday, September 1, 1955; p. 349; Issue 1383.

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drama, broadcasting hundreds of new, one-off plays each year in such strands as

2449:(under headline: "Acting by radio is a weird sensation") and the July 23, 1922 2171: 1933: 1772: 1699: 1640: 1589: 1557: 1505:. Several community radio stations carry weekly radio drama programs including 1472: 1382: 1180: 1024: 1018: 1009: 942: 895: 775: 665: 448: 349: 152: 130: 3174:"That Time NPR Turned 'Star Wars' Into A Radio Drama – And It Actually Worked" 2945: 2870: 2655: 1880:, radio dramas are sometimes called "the theater of the imagination" (Polish: 1458: 4183: 3942: 3919: 3753: 3705: 3625: 3596: 3589:""Pogrzeb Kiejstuta" – pionierski wyczyn Polskiego Radia i Witolda Hulewicza" 1999: 1986: 1719: 1687: 1624: 1545: 1410: 1364:, a horror/fantasy show paying tribute to classic old-time radio horror, and 1324: 1172: 1171:. Works by a new generation of dramatists also emerged at this time, notably 1161: 1099: 1029: 998: 957: 952: 947: 899: 879: 868: 850: 762: 411: 282:

performed an entire play from a San Francisco station in the summer of 1922.

279: 214: 1280: 250:). English-language radio drama seems to have started in the United States. 4165: 2927: 2377: 2241: 2200: 2157: 1898: 1893: 1865: 1553: 1495:(previously Sonic Theater on XM); and occasionally in syndication, as with 1462: 1176: 1093: 1037: 932: 907: 836: 821: 750: 657: 513: 487: 275: 187:, continues to promote and broadcast a variety of drama over its airwaves. 3911: 2453:(under headline: "Presenting a play over the wireless in newest wrinkle") 2185: 1923: 1761: 1650: 1633: 1540: 1450: 1446: 1433: 1296: 1291: 1201: 1194: 1167: 1132: 1108: 978: 962: 887: 883: 621: 609: 579:

in 1936. By 1930, the BBC was producing "twice as many plays as London's

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Theater of the Mind: Imagination, Aesthetics, and American Radio Drama.

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Hörspielforschung. Schnittpunkt zwischen Literatur, Medien und Ästhetik

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Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1995, "Radio drama", p. 896.

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and soon followed by other African languages, intended to serve as the

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were greatly impressed by the versatility of UK-based Australian actor

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Regular broadcasts of radio drama in English can be heard on the BBC's

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aired to modest success in the 2000s (decade) as a syndicated program.

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There have been some efforts at radio drama since then. In the 1960s,

328: 4147: 2896:"RADIO DRAMA, APPLES, EKEGUSII, POTATOES, EARLY MUSIC, Mandy Giltjes" 2793: 2050: 1990: 1793: 1576:

heard every Saturday night beginning at 10 pm on 720-WGN in Chicago.

1250: 1215: 758: 738: 501: 437: 271: 259: 122: 4171: 4124: 3476: 1611:"soapies" were copies of American originals (e.g., the popular soap 4102: 2774: 2552:"Contest for Prize Radio Drama Opens September 1", August 19, 1923 1942:

were created. Since 1988, the Polish Radio Theater has awarded the

1686:, which was written for its entire production history by dramatist 368: 315: 290: 263: 4139: 3900:

Radio Journal:International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media

1597:

which have no restrictions regarding programme length or content.

1368:

which commonly features dramas about social and political themes.

701:(itself the result of the fusion in September 1939 of the pre-war 2742:(London, England), Wednesday, October 23, 1929; p. 553; Issue 41. 2445:

July 1922 wire service story which appeared in the July 19, 1922

2236: 2230: 1477: 1127: 558: 218: 167:

produces and broadcasts hundreds of new radio plays each year on

126: 2895: 2711:(London, England), Wednesday, January 8, 1936; p. 78; Issue 365. 2315: 2136:

With the development of the Internet and the spread of Japanese

1636:) subsequently became prominent both in Australia and overseas. 920:(1956); prior to this he had written two plays for Irish radio: 553:

by children of Junior Artists Club (Federal Arts Program, 1935).

2934:(London, England), Thursday, June 28, 1956; p. 903; Issue 1422. 2540:

radio listings; "KHJ Travels in Pretense Land", April 23, 1923

2409:"Opera carries 1,500 miles by radio phones", November 12, 1921 1877: 1853: 1662: 973: 685: 4096: 3562: 3059:(London, England), Thursday, May 14, 1953; p. 815; Issue 1263. 1985:

The SABC launched Radio Bantu in 1960s, broadcasting first in

1964: 1267:, on its website from 1997 to 2001. Also, the dramatic serial 3544:「空想美少女用語辞典」『空想美少女大百科電脳萌え萌え美少女大集合!』宝島社〈別冊宝島〉、1999年1月3日、245頁。 2738:

See, for example, "A Listener's Commentary", R. D. Charques.

2556:"G. E. Company Has Prize for Radio Drama", September 7, 1923 2433:"You can hear entire show by radio phone", February 19, 1922 1844: 1840: 583:" and were producing over 400 plays a year by the mid-1940s. 562: 138: 4130: 2165: 1833:). They are also referred to in Japanese as "voice dramas" ( 773:. However, he made his debut as an original playwright with 4143: 3673:""The Walking Dead", tomy VII i VIII – słuchowisko powraca" 1975: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1353: 1258: 1254: 3777:"How Zulu radio dramas subverted apartheid's grand design" 3021:

British Radio Drama – A Cultural Case History by Tim Crook

1639:

It has been noted that the producers of the popular 1960s

1165:, and a newly produced episode of the former 1950s series 1049: 916:(1954), was commissioned by the BBC to write a radio play 254:, a brief sketch specifically written for radio, aired on 1817: 1055: 472: 403:

messages would be mistaken for genuine distress signals.

400: 388: 342: 298: 221:, or other digital downloads as well as broadcast radio. 164: 3237:"The Archers – Frequently Asked Questions – BBC Radio 4" 2819: 2477:

Local Radio Fans to Hear "Officer 666" November 3, 1922

4105:—Instructional podcast on the production of audio drama 2979:, by Gabrielle H. Cody; "Brendan Behan" – RTÉ Archives 2101:), is considered to be the first radio drama after the 753:'s "first professional production was in the 15-minute 512:

Perhaps America's most famous radio drama broadcast is

210: 183:

has abandoned broadcasting drama but in New Zealand on

3321:"Neil Gaiman, Natalie Dormer and More Talk Neverwhere" 3102:

Say Goodnight, Gracie: The Last Years of Network Radio

3004:

Prix Italia "PAST EDITIONS – WINNERS 1949 – 2007"

2614:

Terror on the Air!: Horror Radio in America, 1931–1952

2481:"Madame X" From WGY Thursday Night, November 21, 1922 1081:

created the popular syndicated comic adventure series

660:; amongst the writers they employed were the novelist 440:

and scripts that contrasted a duplicitous character's

3501:

NHK編『放送の五十年昭和とともに』日本放送出版協会、1977年 pp. 14–26「ラジオの夜明け」

1426:. In 2013 BBC Radio 4 released a radio adaptation of 861:. Later, he wrote the screenplay for a film version, 4077:

Theatre of Sound: Radio and the Dramatic Imagination

3728:"Radio Soundings: South Africa and the Black Modern" 3670: 3299:"Neil Gaiman's Neverwhere BBC Radio 4 launch report" 3081:"A Kind of Loving – The Literature of Stan Barstow": 2429:"Million to hear musical comedy", February 12, 1922 2147: 984:

Robert Bolt's writing career began with scripts for

507: 285:

An important turning point in radio drama came when

270:

musical comedies with the original casts aired from

1277:from 1994 to 2008, continuing online through 2010. 1028:in 1953, for the BBC Third Programme, and novelist 931:Among the most famous works created for radio, are 2630:'The Invisible Play': B.B.C. Radio Drama 1922–1928 1046:(1960); there had also been a 1962 film adaption. 500:, performed a scene from the play over New York's 4058:. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag, 2001. 3581: 3072:(London, England), Thursday, June 2, 1955; p. 976 2847: 2845: 2316:Wall Street Journal; Newman, Barry (2010-02-25). 2093:in 1950 to commemorate the Feb 7 General Strike ( 1345:, which won the Best New Drama Award in the 2011 910:plays. Irish playwright Brendan Behan, author of 4181: 2379:The Invisible Play: B.B.C. Radio Drama 1922–1928 1868:(Radio drama in Norway) has existed since 1926. 1779:, has a long running Hindi radio-drama program: 1371:The audio drama format exists side by side with 467:that used similar techniques. A 1940 article in 86:Recording a radio play in the Netherlands (1949) 3510:岩淵東洋男『わたしの音響史』社会思想社、1981年 pp. 146–167「『効果』の歩み」 3212:"The podcast's the thing to revive radio drama" 2946:"Bill Naughton radio drama – DIVERSITY WEBSITE" 2790:"British Radio Drama – A Cultural Case History" 1600: 1281:2000–present: radio drama's "new media" revival 1271:aired twice daily on the nationally syndicated 1147:. These productions were later followed by the 3117:On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio 2842: 2660:(July 1951):"Windy Kilocycles" by Arch Oboler" 2524:"Writing radio plays is latest", May 27, 1923 2395:Bill Jaker, March 27, 1998, email post to the 1955:awards to actors and authors of radio dramas. 1834: 1828: 1792:novels and eight original audio dramas in the 133:originally written for the theatre, including 4173:British Radio Drama – A Cultural Case History 4049:Radio Drama Acting and Production: A Handbook 3051:"Critic on the Hearth", Philip Hope-Wallace. 2384:"The first English experiment in radio drama" 2233:(Chinese performing art often heard on radio) 741:'s dramatic debut in 1963 was the radio play 32:The examples and perspective in this article 2962:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2912:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2810:. (Vancouver: William Hoffer, 1980), p. 165. 2707:"The Poetic Quality", Grace Wyndham Goldie. 2103:CCP established the regime in mainland China 1733: 1183:and the dramatic sketches heard on humorist 4086:Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012. 3894:Price, Neroli; Garbes, Laura (2021-04-01). 3893: 3336:"Legendary CBC radio drama studio to close" 3205: 3203: 2425:"Two plays by wireless", February 4, 1922, 2367:. London; New York: Routledge, 1999, p. 15. 1623:, which featured future Australian TV star 1339:began airing its first ongoing soap opera, 684:(1946), and a six-part radio adaptation of 2301:. London; New York: Routledge, 1999, p. 8. 2065:, such as the Central Radio Drama Troupe ( 1091:aired a daily dramatic anthology program, 791:in April 1958, before transferring to the 3851:"Soul Buddyz Television and Radio Series" 3743: 3165: 3120:, Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 742. 2977:The Columbia encyclopedia of modern drama 2889: 2887: 2494: 2492: 2490: 747:, which was broadcast on 31 August 1964. 237: 70:Learn how and when to remove this message 4133:—Largest online radio drama platform in 4028:Das englische und amerikanische Hörspiel 3725: 3418: 3200: 874:Other notable radio dramatists included 544: 81: 3824: 3318: 3209: 1839:). Many such audio dramas are based on 1661:favour of music-based formats (such as 1289:The BBC's sole surviving radio soap is 1103:, "the four or five crazy guys" of the 1050:1960–2000: decline in the United States 549:Radio program written and performed in 461:Canadian National Railway radio network 310:by Clyde A. Criswell) and Los Angeles ( 179:. Like the US, Australia's network the 4182: 3855:Soul City Institute for Social Justice 3774: 3378: 3296: 2990:J. C. Trewin, "Critic on the Hearth." 2884: 2753:"Soundstart – The Radio Drama Company" 2571:The New York Times – Archive 1851–1980 2487: 1976:South African Broadcasting Corporation 1799: 1568:'s nationally syndicated radio series 406:In 1951, American writer and producer 16:Purely acoustic dramatized performance 4166:Radio Plays & Radio Drama webpage 4079:. 2nd edition. Carysfort Press, 2003. 3472:"About Us – Drama on One Sundays 8pm" 3333: 2787: 2340:dict.cc – Deutsch-Englisch-Wörterbuch 2311: 2309: 2307: 1550:The National Radio Theater of Chicago 1156:The National Radio Theater of Chicago 1144:General Mills Radio Adventure Theater 205:are sometimes used synonymously with 4161:The BBC Story – The Written Archives 4115:Necrology of Old Radio Personalities 4099:—A directory of audio drama websites 4047:Walter K. Kingson and Rome Cowgill, 4023:. London; New York: Routledge, 1999. 3726:Kobokana, Siyanda (September 2023). 3379:Bergan, Ronald (September 9, 2009). 3137: 2626:Richard Hughes, 'A Comedy of Danger' 1395:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy 600:In 1939–40, the BBC founded its own 306:by WLW's Fred Smith), Philadelphia ( 18: 4065:. Boston: Expression Company, 1938. 3990: 3671:Marcin Zwierzchowski (2015-03-02). 3352: 3334:White, Nancy J. (9 November 2012). 2645:1994, Volume 2, Numéro 2 p. 251–265 2475:The (Fort Wayne, IN) News-Sentinel; 2216:List of films based on radio series 2105:. Similar radio dramas include The 1764:includes a Radio Fiction category. 1714:Since around the early sixties the 1678:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1360:there are two radio theater shows, 761:, which showcased new dramatists". 457:The Flowers Are Not for You to Pick 451:had written plays for the BBC like 13: 4103:The Audio Drama Production Podcast 4072:. London; New York: Longman, 1981. 4013: 3319:Hatfull, Jonathan (4 March 2013). 2943: 2893: 2304: 1718:(RIK) features radio plays in the 1584:teach the craft to new producers. 1001:and 1988 for television, starring 14: 4211: 4109:The Well-tempered Audio Dramatist 4090: 3188:from the original on 20 June 2016 3068:"The Human Age"", Wyndham Lewis. 2770:The Archers airs 15,000th episode 2641:"Maremoto, a radio play (1924)", 2502:(New York, Hastings House, 1975). 2056: 1963:Radio theatre (Teatru Radiofonic 1884:). The first Polish radio drama, 1534:(1,700+ syndicated stations), or 1467:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1261:presented an audio drama series, 839:'s classic science fiction novel 717:(launched on 29 September 1946). 643:, in twelve episodes (1941), and 508:1930–1960s: widespread popularity 490:, then appearing in a revival of 4125:National Audio Theatre Festivals 4021:Radio Drama: Theory and Practice 3825:Partner, T. M. O. (2020-11-16). 3801:"Studio Facilities-Drama Studio" 3425:Critical Stages/Scènes critiques 3171: 2469:radio listings, August 3, 1922; 2365:Radio drama. Theory and practice 2291:Radio drama. Theory and practice 2164: 2150: 1243:National Endowments for the Arts 855:Alfie Elkins and his Little Life 23: 3984: 3959: 3940: 3934: 3887: 3867: 3843: 3818: 3793: 3775:Gunner, Prof Liz (2019-11-14). 3768: 3719: 3690: 3664: 3639: 3610: 3555: 3538: 3529: 3513: 3504: 3495: 3464: 3450: 3437: 3419:Heinrich, Anselm (2023-06-12). 3412: 3391: 3372: 3346: 3327: 3312: 3297:Mellor, Louise (6 March 2013). 3290: 3272: 3247: 3229: 3210:Lichtig, Toby (24 April 2007). 3131: 3108: 3093: 3075: 3062: 3045: 3024: 3015: 2997: 2984: 2970: 2937: 2920: 2875: 2863: 2824: 2813: 2800: 2781: 2763: 2745: 2732: 2714: 2701: 2689: 2670: 2648: 2635: 2619: 2606: 2593: 2575: 2563: 2546: 2530: 2518: 2505: 2456: 2439: 2419: 2413:"Radi-Opera" November 17, 1921 2376:Historian Alan Beck reports in 2352:The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. 1969: 1716:Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation 1582:National Audio Theatre Festival 1074:, ended on September 30, 1962. 4154: 3965: 3535:『放送の五十年』pp. 28–30「ラジオドラマのはじまり」 2944:Deacon, Alison Deacon, Nigel. 2894:Deacon, Alison Deacon, Nigel. 2403: 2389: 2370: 2357: 2344: 2328: 2282: 2270: 2130: 2118: 2098: 2086: 2070: 795:. Mortimer is most famous for 356:(who popularized the dramatic 1: 3745:10.17159/2309-9585/2023/v49a7 2869:"John Mortimer Radio Plays": 2513:Hamilton (OH) Evening Journal 2263: 1485:American Council of the Blind 463:, producing plays written by 3255:"Eight years of Westway end" 2808:James Hanley: A Bibliography 2722:"Radio broadcast recordings" 1605: 1601:Radio drama around the world 1385:in New York, originated the 1241:Thanks in large part to the 785:What Shall We Tell Caroline? 7: 4051:. New York: Rinehart, 1950. 2853:"International radio drama" 2792:. p. 3. Archived from 2558:Waukesha (WI) Daily Freeman 2483:Fayetteville (AR) Democrat. 2479:Fayetteville (AR) Democrat; 2143: 2079:10,000 Pieces of Clipboards 2005: 1220:international co-production 46:, discuss the issue on the 10: 4216: 3647:"Superprodukcje Audioteki" 3445:Geographies of Urban Sound 3355:"L.A. Theatre Works at 40" 3280:"Listen – Selected Shorts" 3141:A Brief Guide to Star Wars 2451:Charleston (SC) Daily Mail 1958: 1726: 1197:'s 1981 adaptation of the 1150:Sears/Mutual Radio Theater 1097:, in 1964–65. Inspired by 1071:Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar 631:The Shadow of the Swastika 610:Dick Barton, Special Agent 274:'s Newark studios. Actors 224: 4142:—Radio drama produced by 3993:"中文广播剧进化史：从'为爱发电"到"声音经济'" 3184:, National Public Radio. 2603:McFarland & Co, 2005. 2221:List of radio soap operas 1871: 1860: 1835: 1829: 1709: 1493:Sirius XM Satellite Radio 1138:CBS Radio Mystery Theater 338:A Midsummer Night's Dream 252:A Rural Line on Education 3521: 2926:"Critic on the Hearth", 1929:The Pillars of the Earth 1807: 1767: 1617:or the adventure series 1373:books presented on radio 1347:New Zealand Radio Awards 1190:A Prairie Home Companion 981:awards later that year. 744:The Ruffian on the Stair 711:General Forces Programme 625:(1950–), were produced. 4061:Sherman Paxton Lawton, 3138:Robb, Brian J. (2012). 2587:www.britishdrama.org.uk 2063:Chinese Communist Party 1816:. This resulted in the 1457:(formerly Radio 7), on 1274:Tom Joyner Morning Show 1229:The Empire Strikes Back 640:The Man Born To Be King 602:Drama Repertory Company 576:Murder in the Cathedral 435:stream of consciousness 4030:. München: Fink, 1981. 3653:(in Polish). Audioteka 3401:. Cybc-media.com. 2015 2252:Saturday Night Theatre 1881: 1734: 1536:Pacific Garden Mission 674:(1942), which starred 554: 444:and his spoken words. 427: 238:1880–1930: early years 125:, dramatized works of 87: 4127:—Radio drama workshop 3567:Store norske leksikon 3301:. London: Den of Geek 3182:All Things Considered 3038:A Man for All Seasons 3031:A Man for All Seasons 2950:www.suttonelms.org.uk 2900:www.suttonelms.org.uk 2526:Oakland (CA) Tribune. 2500:American Broadcasting 2467:Hartford (CT) Courant 2350:Martin Banham (ed.). 2334:Compare the entry to 1825:voice acting in Japan 1632:this medium (such as 1574:The WGN Radio Theatre 1531:Adventures in Odyssey 1257:in Santa Monica. The 1123:National Public Radio 993:A Man for All Seasons 968:A Man for All Seasons 805:series which starred 798:Rumpole of the Bailey 573:'s famous verse play 548: 519:The War of the Worlds 422: 287:Schenectady, New York 229:The Roman playwright 85: 4140:Classics Radio Drama 4033:Stephen G. Eoannou, 3968:"剧动广播——中国广播剧发展历程大事记" 3912:10.1386/rjao_00034_1 3144:. London: Hachette. 2435:Mansfield (OH) News. 2181:Amateur voice acting 2091:China National Radio 1890:Stanisław Wyspiański 1671:Crawford Productions 1655:Mid-Atlantic English 1489:Sirius XM Book Radio 1465:in New Zealand. The 755:Just Before Midnight 671:Christopher Columbus 52:create a new article 44:improve this article 34:may not represent a 4068:Peter Lewis (ed.), 3323:. London: SciFiNow. 2788:Crook, Tim (1999). 2726:The British Library 2322:Wall Street Journal 2206:Full cast audiobook 2089:), produced by the 2012:M.C.O.K. Television 1904:George R. R. Martin 1800:Republic of Ireland 1753:Three Investigators 1526:Focus on the Family 1502:Imagination Theater 1423:The Tomorrow People 1335:In September, 2010 842:Day of the Triffids 771:BBC Light Programme 735:Royal Court Theatre 715:BBC Third Programme 707:Regional Programmes 651:BBC Light Programme 589:George Bernard Shaw 522:(a 1938 version of 387:, broadcast by the 151:Recordings of OTR ( 4026:Armin Paul Frank, 3943:"下一个风口？关于广播剧的前世今生" 3443:Torsten Wissmann, 3353:Maughan, Shannon. 3284:selectedshorts.org 3009:2012-03-03 at the 2599:Elizabeth McLeod, 2542:Los Angeles Times. 2431:Los Angeles Times; 2297:2014-07-01 at the 2196:Books on the radio 2027:Horrible Histories 1562:L.A. Theatre Works 1473:The Afternoon Play 1366:KDVS Radio Theater 1264:Seeing Ear Theatre 1235:Return of the Jedi 803:British television 555: 442:internal monologue 381:A Comedy of Danger 324:The New York Times 117:, purely acoustic 88: 4117:(archived at the 4075:Dermot Rattigan, 3359:Publishers Weekly 3151:978-1-78033-583-4 3126:978-0-19-507678-3 3040:(TV 1988) – IMDb 2994:5 Aug. 1954: 224. 2832:"Caryl Churchill" 2796:on June 11, 2011. 2683:Poynter Institute 2612:Richard J. Hand, 2538:Los Angeles Times 2247:Radio programming 2191:BBC Radio 4 Extra 2043:Mrs. Brown's Boys 1909:A Game of Thrones 1741:Die drei ??? 1614:Portia Faces Life 1439:The Twilight Zone 1358:Davis, California 1337:Radio New Zealand 1328:(2004–10) on the 1253:, working out of 892:Anthony Minghella 867:(1966), starring 832:Lord of the Flies 789:Lyric Hammersmith 767:Like Men Betrayed 646:Front Line Family 635:Dorothy L. Sayers 497:The Emperor Jones 363:The Eveready Hour 345:on 25 July 1923. 80: 79: 72: 54:, as appropriate. 4207: 4195:History of radio 4007: 4006: 4004: 4003: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3978: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3861: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3837: 3831:The Media Online 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3781:The Conversation 3772: 3766: 3765: 3747: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3658: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3633: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3559: 3553: 3542: 3536: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3517: 3511: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3489: 3480:. Archived from 3468: 3462: 3461: 3454: 3448: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3431: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3406: 3399:"Cypriot Sketch" 3395: 3389: 3388: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3340:The Toronto Star 3331: 3325: 3324: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3306: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3223: 3207: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3135: 3129: 3112: 3106: 3097: 3091: 3086:A Kind of Loving 3079: 3073: 3066: 3060: 3049: 3043: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3013: 3001: 2995: 2988: 2982: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2961: 2953: 2941: 2935: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2911: 2903: 2891: 2882: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2849: 2840: 2839: 2828: 2822: 2817: 2811: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2785: 2779: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2749: 2743: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2718: 2712: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2652: 2646: 2639: 2633: 2623: 2617: 2616:McFarland, 2006. 2610: 2604: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2554:Washington Post; 2550: 2544: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2509: 2503: 2496: 2485: 2460: 2454: 2443: 2437: 2423: 2417: 2411:Chicago Tribune; 2407: 2401: 2393: 2387: 2374: 2368: 2361: 2355: 2348: 2342: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2313: 2302: 2286: 2280: 2279:subject heading. 2274: 2174: 2169: 2168: 2160: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2132: 2123:Thanks to Stalin 2120: 2100: 2088: 2072: 1953: 1939:The Walking Dead 1838: 1837: 1832: 1831: 1749: 1737: 1702:network program 1461:in Ireland, and 1305:Mrs Dale's Diary 1185:Garrison Keillor 1105:Firesign Theatre 1043:A Kind of Loving 913:The Quare Fellow 699:BBC Home Service 676:Laurence Olivier 616:Mrs Dale's Diary 551:Phoenix, Arizona 471:credited a 1932 453:Matrimonial News 374:Elizabeth McLeod 304:When Love Wakens 245: 157:Internet Archive 75: 68: 64: 61: 55: 27: 26: 19: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4205: 4204: 4200:Performing arts 4180: 4179: 4157: 4119:Wayback Machine 4097:Audio-Drama.com 4093: 4016: 4014:Further reading 4011: 4010: 4001: 3999: 3989: 3985: 3976: 3974: 3964: 3960: 3951: 3949: 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