1200:(sufficient evidence was not produced, and a Jewish man was sentenced to death despite the law stating clearly that the death penalty for illegal sex should only be applied to Muslims). No sentences of stoning have been recorded in Syria during Muslim rule. In Ottoman Istanbul, there was only one instance of stoning ever took place, according to Ottoman records. Muslim jurists used a number of techniques to avoid application of the stoning penalty. They interpreted the evidentiary requirements so strictly that it was effectively impossible to prove the offense. They actively encouraged witnesses to withhold testimony, and argued that it was morally better to do so. They defined the offense narrowly to exclude many types of sexual activity. And they developed the legal concept of shubha (doubt), which held that when an illegal sexual act resembled legal sex in some way, the stoning penalty should not be applied. Techniques used to argue that the pregnancy of a single woman should not be considered evidence of zinÄÊż included fantastic presumptions about the length of the human gestation period. Classical Hanafite jurists ruled that it could last for up to two years, Shafi'ites four, and Malikites as long as five years.
1486:
which the
Prophet had turned his face, and said, "O Allah's Apostle! I have committed illegal sexual intercourse." The Prophet turned his face (from him) to the other side whereupon the man moved to the side towards which the Prophet had turned his face, and repeated his statement. The Prophet turned his face (from him) to the other side again. The man moved again (and repeated his statement) for the fourth time. So when the man had given witness four times against himself, the Prophet called him and said, "Are you insane?" He replied, "No." The Prophet then said (to his companions), "Go and stone him to death." The man was a married one. Jabir bin 'Abdullah Al-Ansari said: I was one of those who stoned him. We stoned him at the Musalla ('Id praying place) in Medina. When the stones hit him with their sharp edges, he fled, but we caught him at Al-Harra and stoned him till he died.
1588:
committed adultery. He (the Holy
Prophet) turned away until he did that four times, and as he testified four times against his own self, Allah's Messenger called him and said: Are you mad? He said: No. He (again) said: Are you married? He said: Yes. Thereupon Allah's Messenger said: Take him and stone him. Ibn Shihab (one of the narrators) said: One who had heard Jabir b. 'Abdullah saying this informed me thus: I was one of those who stoned him. We stoned him at the place of prayer (either that of 'Id or a funeral). When the stones hurt him, he ran away. We caught him in the Harra and stoned him (to death). This hadith has been narrated through another chain of transmitters.
1838:. He also stated that contested pregnancy is also sufficient proof of adultery and any Muslim woman who is pregnant by a man who she is not married to, at the time of getting pregnant, must be stoned to death. Later Maliki Muslim scholars admitted the concept of "sleeping embryo", where a divorced woman could escape the stoning punishment, if she remained unmarried and became pregnant anytime within five years of her divorce, and it was assumed that she was impregnated by her previous husband but the embryo remained dormant for five years.
1456:) in the Holy Book," and consequently they may go astray by leaving an obligation that Allah has revealed. Lo! I confirm that the penalty of Rajam be inflicted on him who commits illegal sexual intercourse, if he is already married and the crime is proved by witnesses or pregnancy or confession." Sufyan added, "I have memorized this narration in this way." 'Umar added, "Surely Allah's Apostle carried out the penalty of Rajam, and so did we after him."
1160:(reports claiming to quote what Muhammad said verbatim on various matters, which most Muslims and Islamic scholars consider an authoritative source second only to Quran as a source of religious law and rulings), and therefore most schools of Islamic jurisprudence accept it as a prescribed punishment for adultery. The punishment has been rarely applied in the history of Islam owing to the very strict evidential requirements stipulated by Islamic law.
1175:
1304:
1745:, or concrete evidence (four male witnesses). In this case the person is bound, a pit dug, the bound person placed and partially buried inside the pit so that he or she may not escape, thereafter the public stoning punishment is executed. A woman sentenced to stoning must be partially buried up to her chest. The first stones are thrown by the witnesses and the accuser, thereafter the Muslim community present, stated
1702:, ۧÙÙŰ°Ùâare liable to a punishment of 80 lashes and to be unacceptable as witnesses unless they repent and reform. The testimony of a man who accuses his own spouse without any other witnesses may be accepted if they swear by God four times that they are telling the truth with a fifth oath to incur God's condemnation if they be lying. In this case, if his spouse counterswears, no punishment will be enforced.
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67:
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that they solemnly invoke the curse of Allah on themselves if they tell a lie. But it would avert the punishment from the wife, if she bears witness four times (with an oath) by Allah, that (her husband) is telling a lie; And the fifth (oath) should be that she solemnly invokes the wrath of Allah on herself if (her accuser) is telling the truth."
2628:
Quran 24:6-9, Quote - "And for those who launch a charge against their spouses, and have (in support) no evidence but their ownâ their solitary evidence (can be received) if they bear witness four times (with an oath) by Allah that they are solemnly telling the truth; And the fifth (oath) (should be)
1587:
Abu
Huraira reported that a person from amongst the Muslims came to Allah's Messenger while he was in the mosque. He called him saying: Allah's Messenger. I have committed adultery. He (the Holy Prophet) turned away from him, He (again) came round facing him and said to him: Allah's Messenger, I have
1485:
Narrated Abu
Huraira: A man from Bani Aslam came to Allah's Apostle while he was in the mosque and called (the Prophet) saying, "O Allah's Apostle! I have committed illegal sexual intercourse." On that the Prophet turned his face from him to the other side, whereupon the man moved to the side towards
1223:
in
Nigeria being cases in point. Out of the worldâs forty-nine Muslim-majority states, six retain the punishment in deference to Islamic legal tradition, ... Of these countries only Iran, which officially placed a moratorium on stoning in 2002 but still gives leeway to individual judges, has actually
1877:
in the Shi'i system, the witnesses may be four men, three men and two women, two men and four women, one man and six women, but witnesses must include at least one man. Furthermore, Shi'i jurists grant discretionary powers to the judge in cases of homosexuality, to sentence the accused to death by
1736:
is an adult, free, Muslim who has previously enjoyed legitimate sexual relations in matrimony, regardless of whether the marriage still exists. In other words, stoning does not apply to someone who was never married in his or her life (only lashing in public is the mandatory punishment in such
1799:
states, "Muslim jurists are unanimous on the fact that stoning to death is a specified punishment for the married adulterer and adulteress. The punishment is recorded in number of traditions and the practice of
Muhammad stands as an authentic source supporting it. This is the view held by all
1199:
punishment was very rare in
Islamic history. During the 623-year history of the Ottoman Empire, for which there are voluminous court records, there is only one recorded example of a judge sentencing a convict to death by stoning, and the ruling contravened Islamic law on at least two grounds
2181:, Quote - "The woman and the man guilty of adultery or fornication, flog each of them with a hundred stripes: Let not compassion move you in their case, in a matter prescribed by Allah, if ye believe in Allah and the Last Day: and let a party of the Believers witness their punishment."
1635:
Narrated Jabir ibn
Abdullah: A man committed fornication with a woman. So the Apostle of Allah ordered regarding him and the prescribed punishment of flogging was inflicted on him. He was then informed that he was married. So he commanded regarding him and he was stoned to
1935:
only for those who habitually commit fornication as prostitutes do, which then constitute "mischief in the land" that is punishable by death according to
Quranic verses 5:33-34. This view is not popular and does not enjoy acceptance by most ulema.
1740:
For evidence, Hanafi fiqh accepts the following: self-confession, or testimony of four male witnesses (female witnesses are not acceptable). Hanafi
Islamic law literature specifies two types of stoning. One, when the punishment is based on
1251:
In Pakistan "more than three decades of official Islamization have so far failed to produce a single actual stoning..." Iran officially placed a moratorium on stoning in 2002 but still gives leeway to individual judges to sentence
1783:
school literature has the same Islamic law analysis as the Hanafi. However, it recommends, that the first stone be thrown by the Imam or his deputy in all cases, followed by the Muslim community witnessing the stoning punishment.
1575:
I asked `Abdullah bin Abi `Aufa, 'Did Allah's Messenger (SAWS) carry out the Rajam penalty ( i.e., stoning to death)?' He said, "Yes." I said, "Before the revelation of Surat-an-Nur or after it?" He replied, "I don't Know."
1749:
and other Hanafi scholars. In second type of stoning, when the punishment is based on self-confession, the stoning is to be performed without digging a pit or partially burying the person. In this case, the
2707:
1927:
either. His book Haqeeqat-e-Rajm was widely criticized by the ulama as he had tried to clear doubts against the punishments prescribed by Islam for different crimes. The islamic modernist
1228:
Saudi Arabia sentenced four people by stoning between the 1980 and 1992. As of 2005, stoning punishments have been considered or handed down in Nigeria and Somalia for the crimes of
1137:) found in Surah An-Nur, 2: "The woman and the man guilty of adultery or fornication â flog each of them with a hundred stripes." For this reason some minority Muslim sects such as
1894:
does not prescribe stoning as a punishment for any crime, mentioning only lashing as punishment for adultery. However most scholars maintain that there is sufficient evidence from
1890:
There is disagreement among modern Islamic thinkers as to the applicability of stoning for adultery. While religious texts often give examples both with and without stoning, the
1248:(fornication) because she may have been carrying her baby for as long as five years. Another Nigerian state court of appeal assessed the upper limit of gestation at seven years.
1916:
1902:, which describe the words, conduct and example set by Muhammad during his life, as a source of law and religious authority second only to the Quran. They consider
2486:
1211:
In almost all cases where it has been applied in recent years, stoning has taken place in tribal or rebel areas beyond the control of central governmentsâthe
1126:
committed by a married person which requires either a confession from either the adulterer or adulteress, or producing four witnesses of sexual penetration.
2711:
2148:
1830:) holds that stoning is the required punishment for illegal sex by a married or widowed person, as well as for any form of homosexual relations among men.
1873:
cases, allows some of the witnesses to be women but considers the witness of a woman as half as valid as a man's. Thus, before an accused is sentenced to
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1497:
1467:
2731:
Nisrine Abiad (2008), Sharia, Muslim States and International Human Rights Treaty Obligations, British Institute of International and Comparative Law,
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2215:
Nisrine Abiad (2008), Sharia, Muslim States and International Human Rights Treaty Obligations, British Institute of International and Comparative Law,
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1669:
1665:
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or capital punishment for adultery is unique in Islamic law in that it conflicts with the Qur'anic prescription for premarital and extramarital sex (
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James E. Baldwin, "Prostitution, Islamic Law and Ottoman Societies," Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 55, 2012, pp. 117-52
1621:
1617:
1613:
1599:
1477:
2378:
2773:
Ismail Poonwala (2004), The Pillars of Islam: Laws pertaining to human intercourse, Oxford University Press, Oxford University Press, pp. 448-457
2199:
OU Kalu (2003), Safiyya and Adamah: Punishing adultery with sharia stones in twentyâfirstâcentury Nigeria, African Affairs, 102(408), pp. 389-408
2523:
997:
2232:
Marc Baer, "Death in the Hippodrome: Sexual Politics and Legal Culture in the Reign of Mehmed IV," Past & Present 210, 2011, pp. 61-91
1452:
Narrated Ibn 'Abbas: 'Umar said, "I am afraid that after a long time has passed, people may say, "We do not find the Verses of the Rajam (
1118:
punishment wherein an organized group throws stones at a convicted individual until that person dies. Under some versions of Islamic law (
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have traditionally held that the witnesses should throw the first stones in case the conviction was brought about by witnesses, and the
2833:
2809:
2786:
2960:
2825:
2817:
2801:
2178:
2549:
3046:
1754:(judge) should throw the first stone before other Muslims join in. Further, if the person flees, the person is allowed to leave.
888:
2688:
Elyse Semerdjian (2008), "Off the Straight Path": Illicit Sex, Law, and Community in Ottoman Aleppo, Syracuse University Press,
2668:
Elyse Semerdjian (2008), "Off the Straight Path": Illicit Sex, Law, and Community in Ottoman Aleppo, Syracuse University Press,
2598:
Elyse Semerdjian (2008), "Off the Straight Path": Illicit Sex, Law, and Community in Ottoman Aleppo, Syracuse University Press,
3056:
2944:
2758:
2314:
1240:
in 2000, more than a dozen Muslims have been sentenced to death by stoning. In one case, an appellate court in the state of
3041:
2978:
Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia to the Streets of the Modern Muslim World
2880:
1268:
1216:
2379:"5th Delay in Nigerian Gay Trial. Two men facing death by stoning for the alleged crime of sodomy .... September 14, 2005"
1761:, to be the size of one's hand. It should not be too large to cause death too quickly, nor too small to extend only pain.
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2736:
2693:
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2029:
2009:
296:
2119:
Peters, R. (2012). "ZinÄ or ZinÄÊŸ". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
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1343:
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Sahih Muslim Book 17 has several hadith regarding Stoning specifically (17:4191-4209, and 17:4914). For example,
1372:
1256:. Sentences of stoning have generated heavy backlash by human rights groups, which considers stoning a form of
503:
2581:
Christopher Melchert (1997), The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law: 9th-10th Centuries CE, Brill Academic,
1084:
1018:
543:
44:
30:
2487:"Amnesty International - Afghanistan: Reject stoning, flogging, amputation and other Taliban-era punishments"
2063:
Ismail Poonwala (2007), The Pillars of Islam: Laws pertaining to human intercourse, Oxford University Press,
3021:
3016:
3061:
1807:. However, Hanabali scholars insist that homosexuality among men must be punished by beheading, instead of
750:
705:
332:
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hadiths to be a valid source of Sharia, justifying their belief on Quranic verse 33.21, and other verses.
1244:
overturned a stoning sentence on the basis that divorced defendant might not have conceived her child in
3051:
2134:
818:
1713:, state that contested pregnancy is sufficient proof of adultery and the woman must be stoned to death.
3066:
2382:
1691:, has been extensively discussed in the texts of early, medieval and modern era Islamic jurisprudence (
983:
261:
3026:
1803:
Hanbali Islamic law sentences all forms of consensual but religiously illegal sex as punishable with
1426:
1049:
351:
1971:
893:
727:
3002:
2844:
Muhammad Qasim Zaman (2012), Modern Islamic Thought in a Radical Age, Cambridge University Press,
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Persons who accuse a woman of adultery but are not able to bring four witnessesâa crime known as
475:
1923:
is not the punishment of the fornication, as generally been understood, and it is not among the
988:
2908:
2004:
E. Ann Black, Hossein Esmaeili and Nadirsyah Hosen (2014), Modern Perspectives on Islamic Law,
1444:
Sahih Bukhari, the book most trusted after Quran by most Muslims, has several sunnah regarding
899:
524:
451:
2504:
1834:, founded of Maliki fiqh, considered pregnancy in an unmarried woman as a conclusive proof of
1288:
Stoning is not mentioned as a form of capital punishment in the canonical text of the Quran.
1965:
1263:
From July 2014 to February 2015, at least 16 people of whom nine were executed (not all by
966:
17:
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1325:
8:
2931:
2260:
1945:
1928:
1882:(death by stoning), death by throwing from a high wall, or burning the accused to death.
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561:
510:
1437:
reports of stoning linked to Muhammad, and 100 to his companions and other authorities.
1976:
1077:
722:
464:
268:
2094:"Rape in Islamic law: Establishing the crime and upholding the rights of the innocent"
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must throw the first stones in case the conviction was brought about by a confession.
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2005:
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482:
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Companions, Successors and other Muslim scholars with the exception of Kharijites."
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1515:
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2024:
Rudolph Peters, Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law, Cambridge University Press,
1913:
Muslims who reject all Hadith, and as a consequence the Rajm punishment as well.
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1101:
1060:
610:
389:
368:
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1862:, declare stoning as the required punishment for sex that is not allowed under
1831:
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1319:
1314:
382:
213:
1271:(ISIL) in Syria for the crimes of adultery or homosexuality, according to the
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375:
317:
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Muslim and Christian women in dialogue : the case of northern Nigeria
1236:(homosexuality). Since the Sharia legal system was introduced in northern
2422:
2093:
1796:
1183:
808:
167:
2550:"Syrian Woman Reportedly Survives Islamic State's Execution by Stoning"
1851:
1220:
1138:
437:
2952:
2553:
1039:
303:
276:
2885:(1st ed.). India: Idara ehyae deen. p. 230. Archived from
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Dmitry V. Frolov (2006). "Stoning". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.).
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843:
791:
588:
289:
141:
86:
34:
2861:
Neal Robinson (2013), Islam: A Concise Introduction, Routledge,
1950:
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1812:
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1721:
1628:
1441:
1434:
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121:
76:
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2361:"JURIST | School of Law | University of Pittsburgh"
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234:
227:
208:
187:
114:
107:
95:
1728:
at the time of religiously disallowed sex to be punished by
2524:"Death by Stoning: Why Is This Sickening Punishment Legal?"
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1827:
1751:
1692:
1245:
1134:
1123:
913:
829:
797:
628:
577:
517:
357:
196:
178:
160:
52:
2190:
e.g. Sahih Muslim 17:4191 - 4209 and 17:4916 & 17:4194
1898:
to derive a ruling. The vast majority of Muslims consider
1387:
66:
1383:
2293:
2291:
2289:
1705:
One of the widely followed Islamic legal commentaries,
1757:
Hanafi scholars specify the stone size to be used for
1631:
also mention stoning as the punishment for adultery.
2467:
2341:
2286:
2242:
1606:See also other hadiths from the Sahih Muslim book:
2505:"Sudan: Ban Death by Stoning - Human Rights Watch"
2753:. Oxford New York: Peter Lang. pp. 203â204.
2515:
3033:
2909:"Apostasy does not carry death penalty in Islam"
2566:
2315:"How She Wants to Modify Muslims [Review of
1654:See also other hadiths from the Abu Dawud book:
2699:
2308:
2306:
1122:), it is the prescribed punishment in cases of
3012:Stoning to death does not appear in the Qurâan
2708:"Stoning: Does It Have Any Basis in Shari'ah?"
2637:
2635:
1869:In contrast to Sunni schools, Shi'i fiqh, in
1724:jurists have held that the accused must be a
1382:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
1078:
3027:Stoning to Death: A Violation of the Qur'an
2619:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), pp. 178â181
2303:
2140:
2086:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
1850:schools of fiqh, as well as Volume 7 of the
1504:See also other hadiths from Sahih Bukhari:
1315:texts from within a religion or faith system
2705:
2479:
2632:
2317:Heretic: Why Islam Needs a Reformation Now
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2137:, Malayan Law Journal Articles 5 MLJ cxiv
1679:
1156:However, stoning is mentioned in multiple
1085:
1071:
2906:
2312:
2059:
2057:
2035:
1931:postulates that Quranic verses prescribe
1909:The reliability of Hadith is disputed by
1344:Learn how and when to remove this message
2748:
1173:
2878:
2684:
2682:
2521:
2447:
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2202:
14:
3034:
2664:
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2547:
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2156:. Oxford University Press. p. 140
2118:
2054:
2974:
2522:Seifert, Kathryn (18 February 2014).
2473:
2398:"Nigerian Woman Fights Stoning Death"
2347:
2297:
2248:
2051:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (2012)
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1425:are reliable. The early Islamic text
1373:too many or overly lengthy quotations
2679:
2193:
2168:
2150:The Koran, A Very Brief Introduction
2146:
2020:
2018:
1355:
1297:
1269:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
2879:Subhani, Mohd. Enayatullah (1996).
2838:
2647:
2548:Becker, Olivia (January 31, 2015).
1278:
1273:Syrian Observatory for Human Rights
1105:
24:
2571:. Vol. 5. Brill. p. 130.
2313:Rodenbeck, Max (3 December 2015).
2135:Punishment for rape in Islamic Law
1989:
1191:or his atelier. Tehran, 1853â1857.
1181:, illustration to a manuscript of
25:
3078:
2996:
2423:"Gay Nigerians face Sharia death"
2015:
1360:
1302:
65:
2925:
2900:
2872:
2855:
2791:
2776:
2767:
2742:
2725:
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2592:
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2560:
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2441:
2415:
2389:
2371:
2353:
2270:
2267:, Oneworld Publications, p. 288
2254:
2226:
2184:
1414:describe stoning. According to
594:(unlawful warfare and banditry)
3047:Islamic criminal jurisprudence
2617:An Introduction to Islamic Law
2396:Jacinto, Leela (18 Mar 2011).
2127:
2112:
2074:
1149:disagree with the legality of
31:Islamic criminal jurisprudence
13:
1:
1983:
1811:as recommended by the Maliki
1322:that critically analyze them.
3057:Islam and capital punishment
2450:"Nigeria: Stoning Suspended"
1179:The Stoning of an Adulteress
7:
3042:Islam-related controversies
2749:McGarvey, Kathleen (2009).
2569:Encyclopaedia of the QurÊŸÄn
2448:Coleman, Sarah (Dec 2003).
1939:
1856:The Book of Legal Penalties
1579:Bukhari Book 86 hadith 42.
1163:
10:
3083:
2968:
1787:
1774:
1167:
1129:The punishment of stoning/
28:
2589:, pp. 16 with footnote 78
2319:by Ayaan Hirsi Ali ]"
1841:
1826:school of jurisprudence (
1818:
1716:
1427:Musannaf of Abd al-Razzaq
1291:
29:This is a sub-article to
2323:New York Review of Books
2282:10.1163/156852012X628518
1972:The Stoning of Soraya M.
1917:Enayatullah Asad Subhani
1885:
1380:summarize the quotations
1283:
1203:According to journalist
1195:Legal imposition of the
615:("spreading corruption")
2975:Kadri, Sadakat (2012).
1687:, sometimes spelled as
1680:In jurisprudence (fiqh)
1572:Narrated Ash Shaibani:
2942:The Penal Law of Islam
2869:, Chapter 7, pp. 85-89
2402:ABC News International
2147:Cook, Michael (2000).
2123:(2nd ed.). Brill.
2121:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1652:
1604:
1581:
1502:
1482:
1226:
1192:
1108:; meaning stoning) in
1633:
1585:
1570:
1483:
1450:
1318:without referring to
1209:
1177:
1168:Further information:
53:Islamic jurisprudence
2385:on October 25, 2005.
2238:10.1093/pastj/gtq062
2133:Dr Azman Mohd Noor,
1966:Stoning of the Devil
1429:, in the chapter on
1326:improve this article
1258:execution by torture
1189:Abu'l Hasan Ghaffari
3062:Islamic terminology
3022:Punishment of Rajam
2932:Javed Ahmed Ghamidi
2493:. 26 November 2013.
2265:Misquoting Muhammad
2261:Jonathan A.C. Brown
1946:Repentance in Islam
1929:Javed Ahmad Ghamidi
1141:found in Iraq, and
3052:Islam and violence
2947:2007-01-27 at the
2907:Ubaidurrahman, s.
1977:Soraya Manutchehri
1193:
1143:Islamic Modernists
706:Gender segregation
269:Islamic leadership
3067:Deaths by stoning
3008:, Ibrahim B. Syed
2913:the Milli Gazette
2760:978-3-03911-417-7
2706:IslamOnline.net.
2100:. 23 January 2022
1405:
1404:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1320:secondary sources
1095:
1094:
1009:
1008:
867:
866:
681:
680:
534:
533:
459:
458:
252:
251:
16:(Redirected from
3074:
3017:Stoning to Death
2992:
2963:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2876:
2870:
2859:
2853:
2842:
2836:
2795:
2789:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2746:
2740:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2710:. Archived from
2703:
2697:
2686:
2677:
2666:
2645:
2639:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2615:Joseph Schacht,
2613:
2607:
2596:
2590:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2528:Psychology Today
2519:
2513:
2512:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2381:. Archived from
2375:
2369:
2368:
2365:www.law.pitt.edu
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2310:
2301:
2295:
2284:
2274:
2268:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2230:
2224:
2213:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2182:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2144:
2138:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2061:
2052:
2046:
2033:
2022:
2013:
2002:
1657:Sunan Abu Dawood
1650:
1643:Sunan Abu Dawood
1602:
1561:Sahih al-Bukhari
1552:Sahih al-Bukhari
1543:Sahih al-Bukhari
1534:Sahih al-Bukhari
1525:Sahih al-Bukhari
1516:Sahih al-Bukhari
1507:Sahih al-Bukhari
1500:
1493:Sahih al-Bukhari
1480:
1463:Sahih al-Bukhari
1454:stoning to death
1400:
1397:
1391:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1279:Scriptural basis
1215:in Afghanistan,
1107:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1050:Prisoners of war
1045:
1003:
998:Comparison with
882:
881:
747:
746:
674:
663:
652:
635:
625:
616:
606:
595:
584:
573:
549:
548:
461:
460:
338:
337:
297:Wilayat al-faqih
283:Majlis-ash-Shura
82:
81:
69:
40:
39:
21:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3032:
3031:
2999:
2989:
2971:
2966:
2949:Wayback Machine
2930:
2926:
2917:
2915:
2905:
2901:
2892:
2890:
2882:Haqeeqat-e-Rajm
2877:
2873:
2860:
2856:
2843:
2839:
2796:
2792:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2747:
2743:
2730:
2726:
2717:
2715:
2704:
2700:
2687:
2680:
2667:
2648:
2640:
2633:
2627:
2623:
2614:
2610:
2597:
2593:
2580:
2576:
2565:
2561:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2520:
2516:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2456:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2394:
2390:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2287:
2275:
2271:
2259:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2231:
2227:
2214:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2128:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2036:
2023:
2016:
2003:
1990:
1986:
1942:
1888:
1844:
1821:
1790:
1777:
1719:
1682:
1651:
1640:
1603:
1592:
1501:
1490:
1481:
1460:
1448:. For example,
1401:
1395:
1392:
1386:or excerpts to
1377:
1365:
1361:
1350:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1323:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1286:
1281:
1224:carried it out.
1172:
1166:
1091:
1061:Islamic studies
1055:
1054:
1043:
1021:
1011:
1010:
996:
993:
961:
879:
869:
868:
856:
804:
744:
734:
733:
732:
693:
683:
682:
672:
661:
651:(discretionary)
650:
633:
623:
614:
611:Mofsed-e-filarz
604:
593:
582:
571:
546:
536:
535:
530:
443:
395:
363:
335:
325:
324:
323:
264:
254:
253:
248:
156:
155:
127:
79:
54:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3080:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
2998:
2997:External links
2995:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2924:
2899:
2871:
2867:978-0878402243
2854:
2850:978-1107096455
2837:
2790:
2775:
2766:
2759:
2741:
2737:978-1905221417
2724:
2698:
2694:978-0815631736
2678:
2674:978-0815631736
2646:
2631:
2621:
2608:
2604:978-0815631736
2591:
2587:978-9004109520
2574:
2559:
2540:
2514:
2511:. 31 May 2012.
2496:
2478:
2476:, p. 225.
2466:
2440:
2414:
2388:
2370:
2352:
2350:, p. 232.
2340:
2302:
2300:, p. 231.
2285:
2269:
2253:
2251:, p. 217.
2241:
2225:
2221:978-1905221417
2201:
2192:
2183:
2167:
2139:
2126:
2111:
2085:
2073:
2069:978-0195689075
2053:
2034:
2030:978-0521796705
2014:
2010:978-0857934475
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1968:
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1832:Malik ibn Anas
1820:
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1711:Malik ibn Anas
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1310:
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1277:
1165:
1162:
1112:refers to the
1093:
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689:
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685:
684:
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678:
677:
676:
673:(compensation)
665:
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231:
224:
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204:
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183:
182:
174:
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172:
171:
164:
157:
154:
153:
145:
136:
130:
126:
125:
118:
111:
103:
100:
99:
91:
90:
80:
75:
74:
71:
70:
62:
61:
49:
48:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3079:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2988:9780099523277
2984:
2981:. Macmillan.
2980:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2889:on 2018-02-15
2888:
2884:
2883:
2875:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2831:
2827:
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2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2770:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2714:on 2010-06-16
2713:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2661:
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2655:
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2651:
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2638:
2636:
2625:
2618:
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2601:
2595:
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2570:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2475:
2470:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2429:. 10 Aug 2007
2428:
2424:
2418:
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2250:
2245:
2239:
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2218:
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2210:
2208:
2206:
2196:
2187:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2152:
2151:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2122:
2115:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:, pp. 448-457
2070:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2012:, pp. 222-223
2011:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1860:Kitab al-Kafi
1857:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1798:
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1782:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1732:(stoning). A
1731:
1727:
1723:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1677:
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1671:
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1659:
1658:
1649:
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1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1601:
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1563:
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1499:
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1447:
1443:
1438:
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1421:
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1413:
1410:
1399:
1396:December 2017
1389:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1369:This section
1367:
1358:
1357:
1348:
1345:
1337:
1334:December 2017
1327:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1311:This section
1309:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1219:in Iraq, and
1218:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1205:Max Rodenbeck
1201:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1002:
1001:
995:
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987:
985:
982:
980:
979:
975:
974:
972:
971:
968:
965:
964:
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951:
950:
946:
944:
943:
939:
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932:
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923:
922:
918:
916:
915:
911:
909:
908:
904:
902:
901:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
886:
884:
883:
878:
873:
872:
863:
860:
859:
853:
852:
848:
846:
845:
841:
839:
838:
834:
832:
831:
827:
826:
824:
823:
820:
817:
816:
811:
810:
806:
805:
800:
799:
794:
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789:
787:
786:
782:
780:
779:
775:
773:
772:
768:
767:
765:
764:
761:
760:
756:
755:
752:
749:
748:
743:
738:
737:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
718:
714:
711:
707:
704:
702:
701:
697:
696:
692:
687:
686:
675:
670:
666:
664:
662:(retaliation)
659:
655:
653:
648:
644:
643:
642:
641:
636:
631:
627:
621:
618:
612:
609:
607:
602:
598:
596:
591:
587:
585:
583:(illicit sex)
580:
576:
574:
569:
565:
563:
560:
558:
557:
553:
552:
551:
550:
545:
540:
539:
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526:
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519:
515:
513:
512:
508:
506:
505:
501:
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491:
487:
485:
484:
480:
478:
477:
473:
472:
470:
469:
466:
463:
462:
453:
452:Breastfeeding
450:
448:
445:
444:
440:
439:
435:
433:
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428:
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423:
419:
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416:
412:
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407:
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169:
165:
163:
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158:
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144:
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138:
137:
135:
134:
133:Sunnah prayer
129:
128:
124:
123:
119:
117:
116:
112:
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2912:
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2887:the original
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2712:the original
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2088:
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1879:
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1607:
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1471:
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2852:, pp. 30-31
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2696:, pp. 23-25
2676:, pp. 22-23
2641:Al-Muwatta
2533:18 November
2491:amnesty.org
2454:World Press
2333:18 November
2223:, pp. 24-25
2080:Al Muwatta
1797:Ibn Qudamah
1433:, lists 70
1184:1001 Nights
862:Inheritance
809:Bayt al-mal
168:Nafl prayer
3036:Categories
2918:2018-02-16
2893:2018-02-16
2718:2010-07-25
2606:, pp. 8-14
2474:Kadri 2012
2348:Kadri 2012
2298:Kadri 2012
2249:Kadri 2012
1984:References
1815:of Islam.
1747:Abƫ កanīfa
1707:Al-Muwatta
1418:scholars,
1388:Wikisource
1221:Boko Haram
1139:Kharijites
723:Honorifics
572:(gambling)
3003:Opposing
2953:Al-Mawrid
2554:VICE News
2104:2 January
1765:Hanafites
1470:see also
1407:Numerous
1384:Wikiquote
1371:contains
1147:Quranists
1041:Istijarah
691:Etiquette
634:(stoning)
562:Blasphemy
277:Caliphate
262:Political
2945:Archived
2427:BBC News
2329:(19): 36
2263:(2014),
2098:Al Hakam
2032:, pp. 37
1940:See also
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1737:cases).
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1164:Practice
1124:adultery
1044:(asylum)
1019:Military
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935:Tayammum
837:Murabaha
742:Economic
544:Criminal
483:Abortion
447:Adoption
404:Polygyny
352:Contract
342:Marriage
214:clothing
149:Tahajjud
45:a series
43:Part of
2969:Sources
2961:5:33â34
2509:hrw.org
1961:Stoning
1956:Hirabah
1900:hadiths
1896:hadiths
1878:sword,
1852:Shi'ite
1795:jurist
1793:Hanbali
1788:Hanbali
1775:Shafi'i
1743:bayyina
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1670:38:4429
1666:38:4426
1662:38:4421
1648:38:4424
1629:hadiths
1622:17:4199
1618:17:4198
1614:17:4191
1600:17:4196
1557:6:60:79
1478:17:4194
1446:stoning
1423:hadiths
1412:hadiths
1238:Nigeria
1213:Taliban
1170:Stoning
1158:hadiths
1000:kashrut
984:Alcohol
967:Dietary
956:Istinja
900:Taharah
877:Hygiene
844:Takaful
819:Banking
795: (
792:Sadaqah
751:History
590:Hirabah
504:Hygiene
438:Kafa'ah
409:Divorce
290:Imamate
238: (
212: (
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108:Raka'ah
87:Shahada
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2459:8 June
2433:8 June
2407:8 June
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2160:4 July
2082:41 1.8
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2028:
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1951:Sharia
1925:Hudood
1864:Sharia
1842:Others
1824:Maliki
1819:Maliki
1813:madhab
1781:Shafii
1734:Muhsan
1726:muhsan
1722:Hanafi
1717:Hanafi
1636:death.
1627:Other
1442:hadith
1435:hadith
1293:Hadith
1242:Sokoto
1234:sodomy
1120:Sharia
1102:Arabic
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894:Toilet
889:Sexual
728:Toilet
717:Mahram
710:Purdah
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490:Baligh
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376:Halala
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304:Bay'ah
220:Mut'ah
122:Turbah
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2957:Quran
2937:Mizan
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2830:Quran
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1904:sahih
1892:Quran
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1848:Sunni
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1284:Quran
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1115:Hudud
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3005:rajm
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