311:
565:. One of the fundamental predictions of General Theory of Relativity is that of gravitational waves — waves of distortion of spacetime itself - propagating at a finite speed of light. This replaces the Newtonian gravitations forces which was instantaneous. Such waves are expected to be emitted when, for example, two massive inspiralling stars tend to coalesce under their mutual gravitations attraction. Accurate calculation of this gravitational radiation — its waveform — has been one of the major research programmes of the theoretical physics group at the institute. Their work is expected to be a crucial input towards its eventual detection.
264:
1125:
25:
296:, Dean of Research at the RRI and a liquid crystal scientist. As a Nobel Laureate, Raman enjoyed significant respect in Indian public life and was able to raise funds for the institute through private donations and fund-raisers without state involvement. Unashamed of his fundraising, Raman declared: "Our greatest men were beggars—the Buddha, Sankara and Mahatma Gandhi." Raman also found the scrutiny the Government was taking in funding scientific research in the 1950s and 1960s insufficient.
424:
materials to display electronics. Discoveries of the columnar phase formed by disc-like molecules and pressure induced mesomorphism are two of the early significant contributions made by the liquid crystal group. "Out of 36 liquid crystal materials discovered in the world, three were from this institute," Prof. Madhusudana has stated. Among them were two new liquid crystalline phases, namely the undulating twist grain boundary C phase and the biaxial smectic A phase.
2031:
91:
288:
it was not until 1948 that the institute was opened. Raman had planned the institute much before he retired as the head of the
Physics Department of the Indian Institute of Science. His idea had been to move directly to his newly founded institute when he retired from IISc. This happened in 1948 - Thus, the Raman Research Institute began under the umbrella of the Indian Academy of Sciences, and both under Raman's leadership.
493:
1033:
220:
303:
before his death, Raman established a framework for the running of the institute, separating it completely from the Indian
Academy of Sciences and giving it statutory autonomy. The Institute adopted the change immediately after Raman's death in 1971 with the consent of the government, and stepped into a new era as a statutory body, functioning since 1972 on annual grants received from the
557:. Gravitation is known to be the weakest of all known forces of nature, but it dominates all structure and motion on the astronomical scale because of its attractive universality, its long range and the fact that matter on the large scale is essentially neutral. The correct theory of gravitation is now believed to be
568:
Another major activity of the theoretical physics group has been in studying the propagation of light waves in certain types of liquid crystals and minerals and their associated polarization phenomenon. The RRI has been a pioneer in this field of study, initiated by one of Raman's research students,
287:
Raman, as
President of the IAS, held an extraordinary meeting of the academy in 1941, and proposed that a research institute (to be named after himself) be built on the land. The proposal was approved and a foundational stone was laid on the ground, signifying that the land was now in use. However,
330:
This discovery proved for the first time that geometric phase exists in optics. But this work was not known to the world until similar discovery was made by scientists elsewhere about two decades later. Subsequently, RRI could convincingly prove that
Pancharatnam discovered this long ago and today
427:
Techniques developed for driving passive matrix liquid crystal displays at the institute are now being widely used. In recent years the liquid crystal group has been working on electrochemical aspects of surface science and on other soft materials like surfactants, polymers, and on the physics of
339:
The institute also houses Raman's prized collection of gems, crystals, minerals, and rock specimens from all over the world. Raman, who was fascinated by the colours of the biological kingdom, also had a wide collection of stuffed birds, beetles, and butterflies in the museum. Raman is reputed to
436:
Astronomy and astrophysics have been another strong area of research for the RRI. According to Prof. Madhusudana, this department has the highest number of faculty and research students of the institute. In the first two decades of the twenty-first century, it has been carrying out observational
302:
Raman was clear that after his death, the
Presidency of the IAS and Director of the RRI could pass to different individuals. Equally the Raman Research Institute should not remain subordinate to the Indian Academy of Sciences but enjoy autonomy and a distinct statutory identity of its own. Just
291:
Raman had an apparent hatred for writing project reports or having to give periodic status reports to project funders. For this reason, Raman refused to accept any funds from the Indian government and other sources. "He was of the firm belief that science could not be done that way,” said Prof.
1915:
423:
One of the current research priority areas of the institute is liquid crystals. This has been an active area of research at the Raman
Research Institute for nearly three decades. The research programme covers a broad spectrum of activities ranging from the synthesis of new liquid crystalline
445:(IIA), Bengaluru. This is one of the few largest telescopes that operate at the wavelength of 10 metre and is being used by RRI scientists to study radio emission from various types of celestial objects such as the sun, Jupiter and similar radio sources in Milky Way and other galaxies.
283:
in 1934. However, the
Academy (then headed by Raman) made no use of the land for seven years. According to the terms of the deal with the Maharaja, the land could be to another use by the government of Mysore if it still remained unused at the end of 1941.
609:
327:, who joined the institute in 1954, discovered a fundamental quantum optic effect. This work, according to Jayaraman, was "the most outstanding original piece of research that came out of RRI at that time."
340:
have taken much pride in showing his precious collections to visitors to the institute. During Raman's time, many celebrated scientists from other countries paid a visit to the institute. Among them were:
1991:
331:"this phase is called Pancharatnam Phase world over," said Madhusudana. Pancharatnam unfortunately did not live long enough to see this and his career was cut short when he died in 1969 while in Oxford.
1896:
299:"Till Raman's death, this was his private research institute. He had a very small group of research students working with him and very few administrative staff”, said Prof. Madhusudana.
275:
seeking land to build office and conference premises for the Indian
Academy of Sciences (IAS). The Maharaja acceded to Raman's request and a 10-acre (40,000 m) plot of land in the
785:
881:
437:
programmes in radio astronomy, covering almost the entire radio spectrum. Besides having a millimetrewave telescope of 10.4 metre diameter on the campus, the RRI has set up the
1889:
1863:
402:
1981:
1114:
1935:
168:
2012:
1882:
966:
668:
1021:
1966:
503:
2112:
1074:
1700:
1099:
601:
251:
in 1948. Although it began as an institute privately owned by C. V. Raman, it became an autonomous institute in 1972, receiving funds from the
1996:
1905:
1726:
304:
252:
1853:
1426:
1159:
999:
915:
855:
1976:
1632:
323:
Despite budgetary and infrastructural constraints, scientists working under Raman carried out some ground-breaking work. For instance,
2117:
2091:
1961:
1940:
1084:
1014:
1474:
1526:
457:
2127:
1690:
612:. One of the objectives is to develop secure encrypted communication that are harder to break even with ongoing advances in
471:
The major astronomical investigations pursued at the
Institute can be broadly classified into the following categories: (i)
2122:
2017:
1411:
441:, a decametrewave Radio telescope at Gauribidanur, about 80 kilometres from Bengaluru. This has been done jointly with the
1212:
1007:
596:
demonstrated the distribution of quantum key using free space between two buildings at a distance of 50 meters that used
1552:
1400:
1196:
1144:
1079:
1064:
605:
746:
1405:
1186:
722:
532:
68:
46:
693:
39:
1971:
1953:
1721:
1670:
1154:
442:
1366:
1164:
453:
637:
1736:
1731:
1531:
1491:
1462:
438:
310:
2081:
514:
2066:
2007:
1660:
1094:
562:
1029:
1930:
1642:
1508:
122:
584:
During June 2020, QuIC was successful in developing the toolkit and ran a simulation that helps in safe
1685:
1627:
280:
1848:
1716:
1695:
1680:
461:
841:
827:
813:
799:
771:
1665:
1547:
585:
407:
33:
510:
1675:
1350:
1327:
941:"RRI comes up with simulation toolkit to ensure safety in secure quantum communication platforms"
465:
2030:
271:
Before Raman considered founding a research institute, he had approached the former
Maharaja of
2086:
1874:
1503:
1377:
1089:
1037:
267:
2023 Indian stamp, featuring C. V. Raman and dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the institute
263:
50:
856:"Budget 2020 announces Rs 8000 cr National Mission on Quantum Technologies & Applications"
1858:
1752:
1589:
1479:
1467:
1383:
1217:
1191:
1104:
593:
349:
1372:
1319:
1247:
1139:
1109:
617:
613:
597:
449:
1124:
8:
1958:
International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials, Hyderabad
1798:
1048:
397:
940:
786:"SRO and Raman Research Institute to develop quantum technologies for ISRO's satellites"
545:
Activity in theoretical physics at the institute has focused on relativity and gravity,
1914:
1830:
1819:
1433:
1181:
1069:
550:
1773:
1307:
1237:
889:
728:
718:
588:
between devices. In February 2021, a team of researchers under the guidance of Prof.
546:
293:
272:
1342:
361:
345:
2076:
2048:
1232:
558:
554:
324:
747:"Raman Research Institute opens admission for PhD programme : Notification"
90:
1945:
1788:
1444:
373:
882:"Budget 2020 | â‚ą8,000 crore outlay for national mission on quantum technology"
549:, and optics. The current activity in gravitation concentrates on two themes,
2106:
1992:
Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum
1360:
1337:
1314:
1302:
893:
479:; (ii) cosmology; (iii) Diffuse matter in space; and (iv) Radio Sky Surveys.
365:
183:
170:
2071:
732:
1793:
589:
472:
392:
369:
357:
341:
276:
1778:
916:"Raman Research Institute Achieves Breakthrough In Quantum Communication"
712:
248:
244:
104:
1283:
353:
579:
2001:
The Institute of Advanced Study in Science & Technology, Guwahati
1803:
1783:
1619:
1420:
1273:
1252:
645:
388:
236:
155:
149:
1824:
1268:
1169:
1115:
Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN–SPACe)
101:
2004:
Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC)
1835:
1605:
1904:
464:, a low-frequency radio telescope in Mauritius jointly with the
1768:
1579:
1278:
1222:
476:
616:. Prof. Urbasi Sinha and her team at RRI have been working on
1584:
1242:
1227:
1176:
1032:
240:
219:
161:
600:
based quantum-key distribution technique. It is part of the
448:
Other radio telescopes being used by RRI scientists are the
2045:
National Atlas & Thematic Mapping Organisation, Kolkata
1486:
1149:
967:"Bengaluru scientists make quantum technology breakthrough"
994:
610:
National Mission on Quantum Technologies and Applications
211:
1982:
Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
1936:
Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences
1075:
Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST)
460:(TIFR). RRI also played an active role in building the
2013:
North East Centre for Technology Application and Reach
1100:
Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU)
235:) is an institute for scientific research located in
1950:
Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Bangalore
669:"No Raman effect: How his dream died a quiet death"
592:in collaboration with Prof. Barry Sanders from the
580:
Quantum Information and Computing (QuIC) laboratory
1967:Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
16:Scientific research institute in Bengaluru, India
2104:
1085:National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL)
1701:Development and Educational Communication Unit
602:Quantum Experiments using Satellite Technology
1997:S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences
1890:
1015:
431:
1906:Department of Science and Technology (India)
1727:ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network
711:Venkataraman, G. (1995). "The Final Years".
710:
1854:List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches
572:
1897:
1883:
1633:Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station
1022:
1008:
305:Department of Science and Technology (DST)
1080:Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS)
1065:Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
533:Learn how and when to remove this message
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1962:Institute of Nano Science and Technology
1941:Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences
717:. Hyderabad, India: Universities Press.
666:
413:
309:
279:suburb of Bengaluru was allotted to the
262:
218:
32:This article includes a list of general
2113:Research institutes established in 1948
964:
504:not related to the topic of the article
2105:
1977:National Innovation Foundation – India
1527:RLV Technology Demonstration Programme
482:
458:Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
456:(GMRT), near Pune, both set up by the
2067:Scientific & Engineering Research
1878:
1691:Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems
1003:
913:
694:"Raman Research Institute, Bangalore"
2082:S&T for Socio Economic Programme
2018:Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology
914:Goled, Shraddha (24 February 2021).
667:Srikanth, B. R. (28 February 2017).
486:
253:Department of Science and Technology
18:
965:Kadidal, Akhil (23 February 2021).
13:
1401:Indian human spaceflight programme
1095:Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)
860:Ministry of Science and Technology
606:Indian Space Research Organization
418:
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2139:
2077:International S&T Cooperation
988:
608:(ISRO). This work is part of the
379:
2118:Research institutes in Bangalore
2029:
1972:Indian Institute of Astrophysics
1954:Indian Institute of Geomagnetism
1913:
1722:Indian Space Science Data Centre
1671:Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre
1123:
1031:
491:
443:Indian Institute of Astrophysics
384:The main areas of research are:
89:
23:
1367:Lunar Polar Exploration Mission
958:
933:
907:
874:
848:
834:
820:
454:Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
372:, L. Rosenfeld, G. Wentzel and
318:
1737:National Remote Sensing Centre
806:
792:
778:
764:
739:
704:
686:
660:
630:
439:Gauribidanur Radio Observatory
334:
1:
1090:NewSpace India Limited (NSIL)
623:
604:(QuEST) project supported by
513:or discuss this issue on the
408:Soft Condensed Matter Physics
2128:1948 establishments in India
2087:Technology Missions Division
2062:Scientific Programmes :
2008:Technology Development Board
1661:Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
563:General Theory of Relativity
255:of the Government of India.
7:
2123:Physics research institutes
1931:Agharkar Research Institute
1643:Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport
1197:Human Spaceflight Programme
123:Jawaharlal Nehru University
10:
2144:
1686:ISRO Inertial Systems Unit
1628:Satish Dhawan Space Centre
1121:
842:"Raman_Research_Institute"
828:"Raman_Research_Institute"
814:"Raman_Research_Institute"
800:"Raman_Research_Institute"
772:"Raman_Research_Institute"
432:Astronomy and Astrophysics
281:Indian Academy of Sciences
258:
2092:Women Scientists Programs
2057:
2049:Survey of India, Dehradun
2038:
2027:
1912:
1864:List of ISRO chairpersons
1849:List of Indian satellites
1844:
1812:
1761:
1745:
1717:Indian Deep Space Network
1709:
1696:Human Space Flight Centre
1681:Space Applications Centre
1653:
1618:
1598:
1572:
1565:
1540:
1519:
1452:
1443:
1393:
1293:
1261:
1205:
1132:
1057:
1049:Department of Space (DoS)
1044:
462:Mauritius Radio Telescope
207:
199:
184:13.0129194°N 77.5810500°E
144:
136:
128:
118:
110:
97:
88:
2022:Vigyan Prasar, New Delhi
1987:Raman Research Institute
1921:science and technology
1666:U R Rao Satellite Centre
920:Analytics India Magazine
888:. PTI. 1 February 2020.
586:quantum key distribution
573:Light and Matter Physics
403:Light and Matter Physics
314:Raman Research Institute
229:Raman Research Institute
84:Raman Research Institute
1732:Master Control Facility
1676:ISRO Propulsion Complex
551:gravitational radiation
466:University of Mauritius
307:, Government of India.
53:more precise citations.
2072:Technology Development
1746:Legislation and policy
1378:Mars Orbiter Mission 2
1038:Indian space programme
315:
268:
224:
189:13.0129194; 77.5810500
2039:Attached Institutions
1859:List of ISRO missions
1753:Space Activities Bill
1384:Venus Orbiter Mission
1105:Integrated Space Cell
751:indiatoday.intoday.in
594:University of Calgary
502:may contain material
414:Soft condensed matter
350:Charles Galton Darwin
313:
266:
222:
1373:Mars Orbiter Mission
1296:planetary spacecraft
1248:South Asia Satellite
1110:Defence Space Agency
945:Press Trust of India
714:Raman and his effect
618:Quantum cryptography
614:computing technology
598:quantum entanglement
511:improve this section
450:Ooty Radio Telescope
428:biological systems.
243:. It was founded by
1799:Bellatrix Aerospace
1654:Research facilities
1262:Space observatories
483:Theoretical physics
398:Theoretical Physics
180: /
85:
1831:Statio Shiv Shakti
1820:National Space Day
1639:under development
1434:ISRO Space Station
1070:Antrix Corporation
648:on 3 November 2021
316:
269:
225:
83:
2100:
2099:
1872:
1871:
1774:Skyroot Aerospace
1762:Private companies
1614:
1613:
1561:
1560:
1394:Human spaceflight
1308:Moon Impact Probe
543:
542:
535:
344:, E. C. Bullard,
217:
216:
79:
78:
71:
2135:
2033:
1919:DST Autonomous
1917:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1570:
1569:
1450:
1449:
1127:
1036:
1035:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1001:
1000:
982:
981:
979:
977:
962:
956:
955:
953:
951:
937:
931:
930:
928:
926:
911:
905:
904:
902:
900:
878:
872:
871:
869:
867:
852:
846:
845:
838:
832:
831:
824:
818:
817:
810:
804:
803:
796:
790:
789:
782:
776:
775:
768:
762:
761:
759:
757:
743:
737:
736:
708:
702:
701:
690:
684:
683:
681:
679:
673:Deccan Chronicle
664:
658:
657:
655:
653:
644:. Archived from
634:
538:
531:
527:
524:
518:
495:
494:
487:
362:J. B. S. Haldane
346:Patrick Blackett
294:N. V Madhusudana
195:
194:
192:
191:
190:
185:
181:
178:
177:
176:
173:
93:
86:
82:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2053:
2034:
2025:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1908:
1903:
1873:
1868:
1840:
1827:(supercomputer)
1808:
1757:
1741:
1705:
1649:
1610:
1594:
1557:
1536:
1515:
1445:Launch vehicles
1439:
1389:
1295:
1289:
1257:
1233:Megha-Tropiques
1201:
1128:
1119:
1053:
1040:
1030:
1028:
991:
986:
985:
975:
973:
963:
959:
949:
947:
939:
938:
934:
924:
922:
912:
908:
898:
896:
880:
879:
875:
865:
863:
854:
853:
849:
840:
839:
835:
826:
825:
821:
812:
811:
807:
798:
797:
793:
784:
783:
779:
770:
769:
765:
755:
753:
745:
744:
740:
725:
709:
705:
692:
691:
687:
677:
675:
665:
661:
651:
649:
636:
635:
631:
626:
582:
575:
555:quantum gravity
539:
528:
522:
519:
508:
496:
492:
485:
452:, at Ooty, and
434:
421:
419:Liquid crystals
416:
382:
337:
325:S. Pancharatnam
321:
261:
188:
186:
182:
179:
174:
171:
169:
167:
166:
165:
164:
158:
152:
132:Tarun Souradeep
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2141:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1946:Bose Institute
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1789:AgniKul Cosmos
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1710:Communications
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1599:In development
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1520:In development
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1456:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1299:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1004:
998:
997:
990:
989:External links
987:
984:
983:
957:
932:
906:
873:
847:
833:
819:
805:
791:
777:
763:
738:
723:
703:
698:www.dst.gov.in
685:
659:
642:www.rri.res.in
628:
627:
625:
622:
581:
578:
574:
571:
569:Pancharatnam.
547:quantum theory
541:
540:
499:
497:
490:
484:
481:
433:
430:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
410:
405:
400:
395:
381:
380:Research areas
378:
374:Norbert Wiener
336:
333:
320:
317:
260:
257:
215:
214:
212:www.rri.res.in
209:
205:
204:
201:
197:
196:
160:
154:
148:
146:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
99:
95:
94:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2140:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1923:institutions
1916:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1361:Chandrayaan-4
1359:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1338:Chandrayaan-3
1336:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1315:Chandrayaan-2
1313:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1303:Chandrayaan-1
1301:
1300:
1298:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:Organisations
1056:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1002:
996:
993:
992:
972:
971:Deccan Herald
968:
961:
946:
942:
936:
921:
917:
910:
895:
891:
887:
883:
877:
861:
857:
851:
843:
837:
829:
823:
815:
809:
801:
795:
787:
781:
773:
767:
752:
748:
742:
734:
730:
726:
724:81-7371-008-2
720:
716:
715:
707:
699:
695:
689:
674:
670:
663:
647:
643:
639:
633:
629:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
577:
570:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
537:
534:
526:
523:November 2022
516:
512:
506:
505:
500:This section
498:
489:
488:
480:
478:
474:
473:Neutron Stars
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
429:
425:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
390:
387:
386:
385:
377:
375:
371:
367:
366:Linus Pauling
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
332:
328:
326:
312:
308:
306:
300:
297:
295:
289:
285:
282:
278:
274:
265:
256:
254:
250:
247:laureate Sir
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
221:
213:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
175:77°34′51.78″E
163:
157:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
103:
100:
96:
92:
87:
81:
73:
70:
62:
59:February 2013
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2061:
1986:
1794:Dhruva Space
1419:
1410:
1351:
1343:
1328:
1320:
974:. Retrieved
970:
960:
948:. Retrieved
944:
935:
923:. Retrieved
919:
909:
897:. Retrieved
885:
876:
864:. Retrieved
859:
850:
836:
822:
808:
794:
780:
766:
754:. Retrieved
750:
741:
713:
706:
697:
688:
676:. Retrieved
672:
662:
650:. Retrieved
646:the original
641:
632:
620:since 2017.
590:Urbasi Sinha
583:
576:
567:
544:
529:
520:
509:Please help
501:
470:
447:
435:
426:
422:
393:Astrophysics
383:
370:C. F. Powell
342:J. D. Bernal
338:
329:
322:
319:Achievements
301:
298:
290:
286:
277:Malleshwaram
270:
232:
228:
226:
172:13°0′46.51″N
80:
65:
56:
37:
1779:Sisir Radar
1500:Suborbital
1192:Chandrayaan
995:RRI website
678:1 September
335:Collections
249:C. V. Raman
187: /
119:Affiliation
111:Established
105:Institution
51:introducing
2107:Categories
1620:Spaceports
1436:(proposed)
1386:(proposed)
1380:(proposed)
1369:(proposed)
1363:(upcoming)
1286:(proposed)
1284:AstroSat-2
1206:Satellites
1133:Programmes
756:30 October
624:References
354:Paul Dirac
223:Raman Tree
34:references
1804:TeamIndus
1784:Satellize
1421:Gaganyaan
1294:Lunar and
1274:Aditya-L1
1253:Kalpana-1
1218:Aryabhata
894:0971-751X
886:The Hindu
652:14 August
515:talk page
468:and IIA.
389:Astronomy
237:Bengaluru
156:Karnataka
150:Bangalore
1825:SAGA-220
1480:Launches
1468:Launches
1459:Orbital
1269:Astrosat
1170:Cartosat
1140:Bhaskara
976:22 March
950:22 March
925:22 March
899:22 March
866:22 March
733:36886428
638:"People"
559:Einstein
358:G. Gamow
145:Location
137:Students
129:Director
102:Research
1836:RESPOND
1813:Related
1606:SCE-200
1566:Engines
1541:Retired
1352:Pragyan
1329:Pragyan
477:Pulsars
259:History
208:Website
47:improve
1769:Pixxel
1580:CE-7.5
1573:Active
1504:Rohini
1453:Active
1412:SRE-II
1346:lander
1344:Vikram
1323:lander
1321:Vikram
1279:XPoSat
1223:HAMSAT
1182:Rohini
892:
731:
721:
273:Mysore
200:Campus
36:, but
1590:Vikas
1585:CE-20
1406:SRE-1
1354:rover
1331:rover
1243:SARAL
1238:NISAR
1228:IMS-1
1213:APPLE
1187:SROSS
1177:RISAT
1160:IRNSS
1155:INSAT
1145:GAGAN
862:. DST
245:Nobel
241:India
203:Urban
162:India
1553:ASLV
1532:NGLV
1492:SSLV
1487:LVM3
1475:GSLV
1463:PSLV
1427:CARE
1150:GSAT
978:2021
952:2021
927:2021
901:2021
890:ISSN
868:2021
758:2017
729:OCLC
719:ISBN
680:2018
654:2023
553:and
475:and
391:and
227:The
114:1948
98:Type
1548:SLV
1509:ATV
1165:IRS
561:'s
233:RRI
2109::
969:.
943:.
918:.
884:.
858:.
749:.
727:.
696:.
671:.
640:.
376:.
368:,
364:,
360:,
356:,
352:,
348:,
239:,
159:,
153:,
140:90
1898:e
1891:t
1884:v
1023:e
1016:t
1009:v
980:.
954:.
929:.
903:.
870:.
844:.
830:.
816:.
802:.
788:.
774:.
760:.
735:.
700:.
682:.
656:.
536:)
530:(
525:)
521:(
517:.
507:.
231:(
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)