538:
515:
31:
6054:
957:
Ranolazine was approved by the FDA in
January 2006, for the treatment of patients with chronic angina as a second-line treatment in addition to other drugs. In 2007 the label was updated to make ranolazine a first-line treatment, alone or with other drugs. In April 2008 ranolazine was approved by the
928:
Syntex Inc. originally began developing ranolazine in 1985 and 61 studies were completed from then until 1994. Afterwards, Phase 2 studies were done; however, it was found that the formulation did not result in adequate plasma concentrations of drug. It is due to this that the sustained-release (SR)
970:
Ranolazine might constitute a therapeutic option to improve the two main strategies currently used to treat metastatic melanoma. Research suggests that the transfer of a neurotransmitter from one type of skin cell, melanocytes to another, keratinocytes altered electrical activity and promoted
940:, which had discovered the drug and had developed it through Phase II trials in angina. In 2006, CV Therapeutics acquired the remaining worldwide rights to ranolazine from Roche. In 2008 CV Therapeutics exclusively licensed rights for ranolazine in Europe and some other countries to
790:
in some patients and the FDA label contains a warning for doctors to beware of this effect in their patients. The drug's effect on the QT interval is increased in the setting of liver dysfunction; thus it is contraindicated in persons with mild to severe liver disease.
1317:
De
Vecchis R, Ariano C, Giasi A, Cioppa C (June 2018). "Antiarrhythmic effects of ranolazine used both alone for prevention of atrial fibrillation and as an add-on to intravenous amiodarone for its pharmacological cardioversion: a meta-analysis".
1203:
Banon D, Filion KB, Budlovsky T, Franck C, Eisenberg MJ (March 2014). "The usefulness of ranolazine for the treatment of refractory chronic stable angina pectoris as determined from a systematic review of randomized controlled trials".
1681:
1700:
966:
Ranolazine is manufactured and sold as Ranexa by Gilead. According to a Gilead annual income statement, combined sales for Ranexa and another Gilead product, AmBisom, were $ 621 million for the fourth quarter of 2016.
879:. Inhibiting that current leads to reductions in intracellular calcium levels. This in turn leads to reduced tension in the heart wall, leading to reduced oxygen requirements for the muscle. The
1527:
Thomsen MB, Matz J, Volders PG, Vos MA (October 2006). "Assessing the proarrhythmic potential of drugs: current status of models and surrogate parameters of torsades de pointes arrhythmias".
1626:
1678:
174:
786:
Some contraindications for ranolazine are related to its metabolism and are described under Drug
Interactions. Additionally, in clinical trials ranolazine slightly increased
727:
Ranolazine was approved for medical use in the United States in 2006. In 2021, it was the 202nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1
1697:
988:
705:. Typically it is used together with other medications when those are insufficient. Therapeutic benefits appear smaller in females than males. It is taken by mouth.
6032:
5983:
4748:
4593:
1716:
903:
potassium channels), it readily stimulates myogenesis, it reduces a pro-oxidant inflammation/oxidative condition, and activates the calcium signaling pathway.
3544:
944:. In 2009, Gilead acquired CV Therapeutics. In 2013 Gilead expanded the partnership with Menarini to include additional countries, including those in Asia.
129:
3415:
5865:
5860:
5850:
1562:
Banerjee K, Ghosh RK, Kamatam S, Banerjee A, Gupta A (January 2017). "Role of
Ranolazine in cardiovascular disease and diabetes: Exploring beyond angina".
1014:
5800:
5089:
3473:
3468:
677:
3539:
661:
InChI=1S/C24H33N3O4/c1-18-7-6-8-19(2)24(18)25-23(29)16-27-13-11-26(12-14-27)15-20(28)17-31-22-10-5-4-9-21(22)30-3/h4-10,20,28H,11-17H2,1-3H3,(H,25,29)
2731:
3425:
3135:
3075:
2980:
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607:
815:. For this reason, the doses of ranolazine and drugs that interact with those enzymes need to be adjusted when they are used by the same patient.
2756:
2721:
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1623:
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3300:
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53:
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1734:
Redondo-Muñoz M, Rodriguez-Baena FJ, Aldaz P, Caballé-Mestres A, Moncho-Amor V, Otaegi-Ugartemendia M, et al. (September 2023).
1274:
Rosa GM, Dorighi U, Ferrero S, Brunacci M, Bertero G, Brunelli C (June 2015). "Ranolazine for the treatment of atrial fibrillation".
5436:
4758:
4407:
3504:
2195:
906:
Ranolazine prolongs the action potential duration, with corresponding QT interval prolongation on electrocardiography, blocks the
5674:
3627:
1362:
Kloner RA, Hines ME, Geunes-Boyer S (November 2013). "Efficacy and safety of ranolazine in patients with chronic stable angina".
3524:
3450:
799:
The most common side effects are dizziness (11.5%) and constipation (10.9%). Other side effects include headache and nausea.
5969:
4459:
2250:
1812:
1153:
4899:
4877:
2973:
2137:
1252:
932:
Roche acquired Syntex in 1994 In 1996, CV Therapeutics licensed the North
American and European rights to ranolazine from
775:, and has been studied as monotherapy as well as in combination with other medications used to treat irregular heartbeat.
4772:
1600:
6094:
5701:
3006:
768:
684:
104:
1129:
653:
6109:
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304:
159:
85:
1679:
Memarii Group announces agreement with Gilead
Sciences to commercialize Ranexa® (ranolazine) in 50 new countries
1405:
1429:"Late sodium current in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease: consequences of sodium-calcium overload"
1624:
CV Therapeutics
Licenses Late-Stage Anti-Anginal Drug from Syntex (U.S.A.), an Affiliate of Roche Holding Ltd.
383:
5229:
4959:
1736:"Metabolic rewiring induced by ranolazine improves melanoma responses to targeted therapy and immunotherapy"
708:
Common side effects include constipation, headache, nausea, and dizziness. Serious side effects may include
6028:
2037:
1608:
880:
533:
434:
6104:
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483:
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4891:
4789:
4473:
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1805:
857:
1065:
Jerling, M. (2006). Clinical pharmacokinetics of ranolazine. Clinical pharmacokinetics, 45, 469-491.
5896:
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423:
338:
270:
1253:"Ranexa (ranolazine) Extended-Release Tablets, for Oral Use. Full Prescribing Information"
8:
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Eureka Alert: Electrical signals between skin cells may influence melanoma initiation
1765:
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2017:
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1391:
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1283:
1213:
1175:
893:
748:
550:
217:
142:
1782:
1287:
1217:
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989:"Prescription medicines: registration of new chemical entities in Australia, 2017"
363:
63:
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245:
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1478:"Proton-dependent inhibition of the cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5 by ranolazine"
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2357:
1751:
1717:"Gilead Sciences Announces Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2016 Financial Results"
823:
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3005:
896:. Ranolazine also exhibits its effects on the delayed rectifier current (hERG/
883:
of ranolazine on the surface electrocardiogram is the result of inhibition of
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5753:
5539:
5476:
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2022:
2012:
2007:
1962:
1952:
1902:
1769:
1655:
Italy's
Menarini to pay up to $ 385 million for rights to CV Thera's Ranexa
1583:
1548:
1513:
1462:
1383:
1339:
1295:
1225:
860:, may need to be given at reduced doses when administered with ranolazine.
850:
819:
744:
137:
22:
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1982:
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1897:
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that strongly inhibit CYP3A, nor with drugs that activate CYP3A, such as
787:
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2322:
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2147:
2052:
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1854:
1601:"Cardiovascular and Renal Drugs Advisory Committee Briefing Document"
846:
842:
349:
283:
57:
920:
current, thus it stabilizes the membrane and reducing excitability.
5595:
5401:
5396:
5356:
5271:
5119:
4994:
4932:
4315:
4280:
4185:
3800:
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3700:
3660:
3554:
3345:
3305:
3285:
2947:
2942:
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2766:
2716:
2510:
2442:
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2240:
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394:
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3357:
2917:
2402:
2397:
2377:
2317:
2265:
1887:
1882:
1015:"Prescription medicines and biologicals: TGA annual summary 2017"
913:
current, and prevents calcium overload caused by the hyperactive
5490:
4754:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
4603:
4599:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
4275:
4195:
4078:
4068:
3850:
3619:
2892:
2827:
2472:
933:
812:
740:
702:
474:
288:
259:
1790:
868:
Ranolazine inhibits persistent or late inward sodium current (
5970:
4460:
4230:
4083:
2902:
2857:
2462:
1864:
808:
597:
454:
255:
251:
30:
4878:
1709:
1561:
499:
5806:
Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
5728:
4773:
4431:
4393:
4176:
1316:
884:
5702:
3007:
1475:
1273:
1202:
3972:
1124:(76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. p. 210.
4663:
4483:
1361:
841:
For drugs that are moderate CYP3A inhibitors, such as
811:
enzyme. It also inhibits another metabolizing enzyme,
6042:
4960:
1643:
CV Therapeutics
Acquires Rights to Ranolazine in Asia
1526:
1476:Sokolov S, Peters CH, Rajamani S, Ruben PC (2013).
778:Its use is not recommended in Scotland as of 2019.
382:
5995:
5569:
1595:
1593:
818:Ranolazine should not be used with drugs such as
6066:
5633:
1665:Reuters, via the New York Times. 12 March 2009.
362:
320:-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)-2-piperazin-1-yl]acetamide
6033:Transient receptor potential channel modulators
1099:. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
337:
1667:Gilead, a White Knight, to Buy CV Therapeutics
1590:
856:Drugs that are metabolized by CYP2D6, such as
641:O=C(Nc1c(cccc1C)C)CN3CCN(CC(O)COc2ccccc2OC)CC3
5975:Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels
4465:Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel
2974:
1806:
1622:CV Therapeutics press release. 1 April 1996
1255:. Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, CA 94404
1041:"Summary Basis of Decision (SBD) for Corzyna"
4883:Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel
1398:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
853:, the dose of ranolazine should be reduced.
720:. How it works is not clear but may involve
701:among others, is a medication used to treat
103:
4781:Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel
1406:"FDA Approves New Treatment for Chest Pain"
5707:Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel
3999:4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)
3012:Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels
2988:
2981:
2967:
1813:
1799:
1426:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
971:melanoma initiation in preclinical models
536:
513:
422:
1759:
1503:
1493:
1452:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1232:
442:
3977:Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels
1122:British national formulary : BNF 76
1093:"Ranolazine Monograph for Professionals"
807:Ranolazine is metabolized mainly by the
4671:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
4491:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
1276:Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs
1198:
1196:
1116:
1114:
1068:
929:formulation of ranolazine was created.
509:
402:
76:
6067:
1653:Thepharmaletter.com 22 September 2008
1346:
1019:Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)
993:Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)
947:
863:
527:
204:
4965:Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels
2962:
1794:
1677:Menarini press release. 18 June 2013
1176:"Atomoxetine - Drug Usage Statistics"
961:
771:. It is also effective at preventing
482:
462:
192:
94:
62:
4900:12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
2659:(piperazine attached via side chain)
1193:
1156:from the original on 15 January 2024
1111:
802:
781:
743:. It may be used concomitantly with
739:Ranolazine is used to treat chronic
141:
3994:3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)
1564:International Journal of Cardiology
353:
13:
1206:The American Journal of Cardiology
875:) in heart muscle in a variety of
48:Ranexa, Aspruzyo Sprinkle, Corzyna
14:
6121:
6000:Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels
5574:Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel
958:European EMEA for use in angina.
892:, which prolongs the ventricular
168:
6052:
5638:Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel
1541:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.04.009
716:(not recommended) in those with
567:
561:
29:
1820:
1776:
1727:
1690:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1616:
1555:
1529:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1520:
1469:
1427:Noble D, Noble PJ (July 2006).
1420:
1310:
1267:
952:
794:
734:
666:Key:XKLMZUWKNUAPSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
3456:Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)
1641:CV Therapeutics, 22 June 2006
1332:10.23736/S0026-4725.17.04349-3
1168:
1138:
1059:
1033:
1007:
981:
573:
555:
181:
1:
6029:Receptor/signaling modulators
3431:Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)
1288:10.1517/13543784.2015.1036984
1218:10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.11.070
974:
877:voltage-gated sodium channels
769:angiotensin receptor blockers
2310:(benzhydrylalkylpiperazines)
1609:Food and Drug Administration
1576:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.102
697:, sold under the brand name
7:
1698:Ranolazine page at the EMEA
1408:. FDA News. 31 January 2006
10:
6126:
4992:Antiarrhythmics (class I):
1752:10.1038/s42255-023-00861-4
923:
545:Chemical and physical data
6095:2-Methoxyphenyl compounds
6022:
5993:
5968:
5961:
5895:
5888:
5841:
5813:
5799:
5777:
5714:
5700:
5691:
5645:
5631:
5609:
5581:
5567:
5510:
5502:Tricyclic antidepressants
4972:
4958:
4949:
4923:
4890:
4876:
4820:
4788:
4771:
4652:
4511:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
4472:
4458:
4421:
3984:
3970:
3961:
3929:
3019:
2996:
2815:
2653:
2612:
2569:
2486:
2304:
2186:
1873:
1828:
1482:Frontiers in Pharmacology
1320:Minerva Cardioangiologica
858:tricyclic antidepressants
674:
649:
629:
617:
595:
582:
549:
544:
525:
493:
473:
453:
433:
413:
393:
373:
348:
328:
300:
295:
282:
269:
244:
234:
224:
216:
158:
153:
128:
114:
84:
70:
52:
42:
37:
28:
16:Drug used to treat angina
2388:Diphenylmethylpiperazine
2306:Diphenylalkylpiperazines
2201:3-Methylbenzylpiperazine
1495:10.3389/fphar.2013.00078
1376:10.3810/pgm.2013.11.2711
753:calcium channel blockers
703:heart related chest pain
6110:Sodium channel blockers
5115:Eslicarbazepine acetate
1684:7 November 2017 at the
1629:7 November 2017 at the
1445:10.1136/hrt.2005.078782
731:million prescriptions.
4859:Rottlerin (mallotoxin)
2990:Ion channel modulators
2488:Pyrimidinylpiperazines
1703:5 October 2016 at the
881:QT prolongation effect
761:lipid-lowering therapy
722:adenosine triphosphate
3216:Ryodipine (riodipine)
2531:Pyrimidinylpiperazine
1832:(no additional rings)
1364:Postgraduate Medicine
1146:"The Top 300 of 2021"
291:(75%) and fecal (25%)
5205:Valproate semisodium
3736:Carboxyamidotriazole
3671:Gabapentin enacarbil
3651:Arbaclofen placarbil
2863:Cyclohexylpiperazine
2816:Others/Uncategorized
2571:Pyridinylpiperazines
1840:Aminoethylpiperazine
1439:(Suppl 4): iv1–iv5.
757:antiplatelet therapy
5856:1,10-Phenanthroline
4413:Spooky toxin (SsTx)
3398:Tetrahydropalmatine
2614:Benzo(iso)thiazolyl
2604:Pyridinylpiperazine
948:Society and culture
864:Mechanism of action
773:atrial fibrillation
177:(Prescription only)
25:
6105:Secondary alcohols
5866:7,8-Benzoquinoline
5861:4,7-Phenanthroline
5851:1,7-Phenanthroline
5227:Local anesthetics:
4759:ML-297 (VU0456810)
4266:Diallyl trisulfide
4261:Dextropropoxyphene
4164:Tetraethylammonium
3871:Pinaverium bromide
3641:4-Methylpregabalin
2058:Naphthylpiperazine
1948:Diphenylpiperazine
1845:Diethylcarbamazine
1829:Simple piperazines
962:Commercial aspects
936:, a subsidiary of
21:
6085:CYP3A4 inhibitors
6040:
6039:
6018:
6017:
5957:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5915:Meclofenamic acid
5884:
5883:
5795:
5794:
5687:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5627:
5626:
5563:
5562:
5437:RG7893 (GDC-0287)
5200:Valproate pivoxil
5090:Acetylpheneturide
4945:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4872:
4871:
4844:Meclofenamic acid
4807:Ethanol (alcohol)
4767:
4766:
4716:Minoxidil sulfate
4454:
4453:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3856:Otilonium bromide
3781:Ethanol (alcohol)
3545:ω-Conotoxin MVIIC
3281:Phenylalkylamines
2956:
2955:
2660:
2311:
2261:Methoxypiperamide
2188:Benzylpiperazines
1875:Phenylpiperazines
1833:
1740:Nature Metabolism
1047:. 23 October 2014
813:cytochrome CYP2D6
803:Drug interactions
782:Contraindications
692:
691:
608:Interactive image
495:CompTox Dashboard
208:
196:
184:
172:
97:
6117:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6048:
6001:
5997:
5976:
5972:
5966:
5965:
5893:
5892:
5811:
5810:
5807:
5803:
5712:
5711:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5643:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5571:
5190:Sodium valproate
5105:Chlorphenacemide
5087:Anticonvulsants:
4970:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4905:Arachidonic acid
4888:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4778:
4755:
4751:
4672:
4668:
4624:Dextromethorphan
4600:
4596:
4492:
4488:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4462:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3940:L-type-selective
3751:Dimeditiapramine
3713:Others/unsorted:
3495:T-type-selective
3482:R-type-selective
3464:P-type-selective
3416:ω-Conotoxin GVIA
3406:N-type-selective
3036:Dihydropyridines
3030:L-type-selective
3017:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2823:6-Nitroquipazine
2787:Thiethylperazine
2782:Prochlorperazine
2658:
2353:Chlorbenzoxamine
2309:
2226:Chlorbenzoxamine
2018:Levodropropizine
1831:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1763:
1746:(9): 1544–1562.
1731:
1725:
1724:
1713:
1707:
1694:
1688:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1507:
1497:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1359:
1344:
1343:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1249:
1230:
1229:
1212:(6): 1075–1082.
1200:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1089:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
985:
894:action potential
730:
712:. Ranolazine is
688:
687:
680:
610:
590:
575:
569:
563:
557:
540:
529:
518:
517:
503:
501:
486:
466:
446:
426:
406:
386:
366:
356:
355:
341:
278:1.4 to 1.9 hours
274:
206:
203:
194:
191:
183:
180:
170:
167:
145:
107:
96:
93:
80:
66:
33:
26:
24:
20:
6125:
6124:
6120:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6053:
6051:
6043:
6041:
6036:
6014:
5999:
5989:
5974:
5949:
5945:Trifluoperazine
5940:Tolfenamic acid
5910:Flufenamic acid
5880:
5837:
5805:
5791:
5773:
5739:Flufenamic acid
5734:Ethacrynic acid
5706:
5679:
5637:
5623:
5605:
5573:
5559:
5506:
5337:Metabutoxycaine
5302:Diphenhydramine
5292:Cyclomethycaine
5257:Levobupivacaine
4964:
4937:
4919:
4882:
4868:
4864:Tolfenamic acid
4839:Flufenamic acid
4834:
4816:
4802:
4780:
4777:
4763:
4753:
4670:
4667:
4648:
4598:
4490:
4487:
4464:
4450:
4435:
4417:
4397:
4306:Norpropoxyphene
4183:11.1)-specific:
4182:
3976:
3949:
3925:
3881:Rhynchophylline
3631:
3011:
2992:
2987:
2957:
2952:
2811:
2797:Trifluoperazine
2732:Octomethothepin
2657:
2649:
2608:
2565:
2482:
2308:
2300:
2182:
1869:
1830:
1824:
1819:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1777:
1732:
1728:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1705:Wayback Machine
1695:
1691:
1686:Wayback Machine
1676:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1631:Wayback Machine
1621:
1617:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1560:
1556:
1525:
1521:
1474:
1470:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1360:
1347:
1315:
1311:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1233:
1201:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1091:
1090:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1013:
1012:
1008:
998:
996:
987:
986:
982:
977:
964:
955:
950:
926:
919:
912:
902:
890:
874:
866:
805:
797:
784:
737:
728:
718:liver cirrhosis
714:contraindicated
710:QT prolongation
683:
681:
678:(what is this?)
675:
670:
667:
662:
657:
656:
645:
642:
637:
636:
624:Racemic mixture
613:
588:
578:
572:
566:
560:
521:
497:
489:
469:
449:
429:
409:
389:
369:
352:
344:
324:
321:
308:
307:
272:
236:Protein binding
226:Bioavailability
218:Pharmacokinetic
212:
149:
117:
110:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6123:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6062:
6061:
6038:
6037:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6012:
6004:
6002:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5979:
5977:
5963:
5959:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5920:Mefenamic acid
5917:
5912:
5907:
5901:
5899:
5890:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5876:Phenanthridine
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5847:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5819:
5817:
5808:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5783:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5709:
5695:
5689:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5651:
5649:
5640:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5615:
5613:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5587:
5585:
5576:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5524:Atracotoxins (
5522:
5516:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5484:
5479:
5470:
5469:
5467:Zetekitoxin AB
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5367:Proxymetacaine
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5277:Chloroprocaine
5274:
5269:
5264:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4988:
4987:
4978:
4976:
4967:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4929:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4885:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4832:
4826:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4783:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4665:
4658:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4551:Glyclopyramide
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4506:Chlorpropamide
4503:
4498:
4485:
4478:
4476:
4467:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4251:Clarithromycin
4248:
4243:
4241:Chlorpromazine
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4180:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3979:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3935:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3861:Paramethadione
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3636:gabapentinoids
3629:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:Non-selective:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3490:
3489:
3477:
3476:
3474:ω-Agatoxin IVB
3471:
3469:ω-Agatoxin IVA
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3426:Huwentoxin XVI
3423:
3418:
3413:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3378:Cyproheptadine
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3136:Levniguldipine
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3076:Dexniguldipine
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3025:
3023:
3014:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2848:Cinepazic acid
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2807:Zuclopenthixol
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2712:Isofloxythepin
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2358:Chlorcyclizine
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1775:
1726:
1708:
1689:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1615:
1589:
1554:
1519:
1468:
1419:
1397:
1345:
1326:(3): 349–359.
1309:
1282:(6): 825–836.
1266:
1231:
1192:
1167:
1137:
1130:
1110:
1067:
1058:
1032:
1021:. 21 June 2022
1006:
995:. 21 June 2022
979:
978:
976:
973:
963:
960:
954:
951:
949:
946:
925:
922:
917:
910:
900:
888:
872:
865:
862:
824:clarithromycin
804:
801:
796:
793:
783:
780:
765:ACE inhibitors
736:
733:
690:
689:
672:
671:
669:
668:
665:
663:
660:
652:
651:
650:
647:
646:
644:
643:
640:
632:
631:
630:
627:
626:
621:
615:
614:
612:
611:
603:
601:
593:
592:
586:
580:
579:
576:
570:
564:
558:
553:
547:
546:
542:
541:
531:
523:
522:
520:
519:
506:
504:
491:
490:
488:
487:
479:
477:
471:
470:
468:
467:
459:
457:
451:
450:
448:
447:
439:
437:
431:
430:
428:
427:
419:
417:
411:
410:
408:
407:
399:
397:
391:
390:
388:
387:
379:
377:
371:
370:
368:
367:
359:
357:
346:
345:
343:
342:
334:
332:
326:
325:
323:
322:
311:
303:
302:
301:
298:
297:
293:
292:
286:
280:
279:
276:
267:
266:
248:
242:
241:
238:
232:
231:
228:
222:
221:
214:
213:
211:
210:
201:
189:
178:
164:
162:
156:
155:
151:
150:
148:
147:
134:
132:
126:
125:
120:
118:administration
112:
111:
109:
108:
90:
88:
82:
81:
74:
68:
67:
60:
50:
49:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6122:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6060:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6027:
6021:
6010:
6006:
6005:
6003:
5998:
5992:
5985:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5973:
5967:
5964:
5960:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5930:Niflumic acid
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5887:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5823:Glibenclamide
5821:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5804:
5798:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5770:
5769:Niflumic acid
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5754:Glibenclamide
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5710:
5705:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5690:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5641:
5636:
5630:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5580:
5577:
5572:
5566:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5550:Grayanotoxins
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5540:Batrachotoxin
5538:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5526:ω-Atracotoxin
5523:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5477:Buprenorphine
5475:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5210:Valproic acid
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5155:Oxitriptyline
5153:
5151:
5150:Oxcarbazepine
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5140:Licarbazepine
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5095:Carbamazepine
5093:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4982:Antianginals:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4963:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4915:Norfluoxetine
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4881:
4875:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4849:Niflumic acid
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4779:
4770:
4760:
4757:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4701:Levcromakalim
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4669:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4496:Acetohexamide
4494:
4489:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4341:Roxithromycin
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4034:Charybdotoxin
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3916:Trimethadione
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:Diproteverine
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3615:Ruthenium red
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:Levetiracetam
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3540:ω-Agatoxin TK
3538:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3510:Niflumic acid
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3131:Levamlodipine
3129:
3127:
3126:Lercanidipine
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:Peradithiepin
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:Meperathiepin
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Docloxythepin
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2383:Diphenpipenol
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:Trimetazidine
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:Sonepiprazole
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:Ciprofloxacin
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1784:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:(1): 150–70.
1534:
1530:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1407:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1197:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1133:
1131:9780857113382
1127:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1062:
1046:
1045:Health Canada
1042:
1036:
1020:
1016:
1010:
994:
990:
984:
980:
972:
968:
959:
945:
943:
939:
935:
930:
921:
916:
909:
904:
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
878:
871:
861:
859:
854:
852:
848:
844:
839:
837:
836:phenobarbital
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
800:
792:
789:
779:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
732:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
686:
679:
673:
664:
659:
658:
655:
648:
639:
638:
635:
628:
625:
622:
620:
616:
609:
605:
604:
602:
599:
594:
587:
585:
581:
554:
552:
548:
543:
539:
535:
532:
530:
528:ECHA InfoCard
524:
516:
512:
511:DTXSID3045196
508:
507:
505:
496:
492:
485:
481:
480:
478:
476:
472:
465:
461:
460:
458:
456:
452:
445:
441:
440:
438:
436:
432:
425:
421:
420:
418:
416:
412:
405:
401:
400:
398:
396:
392:
385:
381:
380:
378:
376:
372:
365:
361:
360:
358:
351:
347:
340:
336:
335:
333:
331:
327:
319:
315:
310:
309:
306:
299:
294:
290:
287:
285:
281:
277:
275:
268:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:Extensive in
249:
247:
243:
239:
237:
233:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
209: Rx-only
202:
200:
190:
188:
179:
176:
166:
165:
163:
161:
157:
152:
144:
139:
136:
135:
133:
131:
127:
124:
121:
119:
113:
106:
101:
92:
91:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
45:
41:
38:Clinical data
36:
32:
27:
19:
6090:HERG blocker
6080:Carboxamides
6075:Antianginals
6025:
6024:
5935:Talniflumate
5473:
5462:Tetrodotoxin
5452:Neosaxitoxin
5443:
5388:
5362:Propoxycaine
5297:Dimethocaine
5230:
5226:
5195:Valnoctamide
5125:Fosphenytoin
5086:
5060:Procainamide
5050:Pilsicainide
5005:Disopyramide
4991:
4984:
4981:
4829:
4797:
4747:
4661:
4629:Ethosuximide
4614:Cloperastine
4592:
4561:Metahexamide
4556:Glycyclamide
4516:Glibornuride
4481:
4430:
4392:
4371:Thioridazine
4335:
4326:Promethazine
4311:Orphenadrine
4301:Ketoconazole
4286:Erythromycin
4175:
3938:
3866:Phensuximide
3846:Ochratoxin A
3786:Ethosuximide
3712:
3634:-selective (
3626:
3536:
3493:
3480:
3462:
3411:ω-Conotoxins
3404:
3354:
3336:Norverapamil
3301:Dexverapamil
3279:
3253:derivatives:
3249:
3246:Vatanidipine
3241:Trombodipine
3206:Palonidipine
3191:Nitrendipine
3146:Mepirodipine
3051:Azelnidipine
3034:
3028:
2912:
2802:Trifluthepin
2772:Perphenazine
2752:Oxyprothepin
2747:Oxyclothepin
2707:Fluphenazine
2672:Clopenthixol
2541:Tandospirone
2168:Vortioxetine
2143:Tolpiprazole
2093:Posaconazole
2023:Lorpiprazole
2013:Ketoconazole
2008:Itraconazole
1963:Elopiprazole
1953:Dropropizine
1903:Aripiprazole
1778:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1692:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1618:
1607:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1400:
1370:(6): 43–52.
1367:
1363:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1209:
1205:
1183:. Retrieved
1179:
1170:
1158:. Retrieved
1149:
1140:
1121:
1101:. Retrieved
1096:
1061:
1049:. Retrieved
1044:
1035:
1023:. Retrieved
1018:
1009:
997:. Retrieved
992:
983:
969:
965:
956:
953:Legal status
931:
927:
914:
907:
905:
897:
885:
869:
867:
855:
851:erythromycin
840:
820:ketoconazole
817:
806:
798:
795:Side effects
785:
777:
738:
735:Medical uses
726:
707:
698:
694:
693:
682:
676:
317:
313:
271:Elimination
160:Legal status
154:Legal status
86:License data
18:
6100:Piperazines
5601:Triamterene
5555:Poneratoxin
5545:Ciguatoxins
5432:Raxatrigine
5427:Ralfinamide
5422:PF-05089771
5417:PF-04531083
5389:Analgesics:
5347:Piperocaine
5332:Meprylcaine
5327:Mepivacaine
5282:Cinchocaine
5261:Ropivacaine
5253:Bupivacaine
5180:Sipatrigine
5165:Pheneturide
5160:Phenacemide
5145:Mephenytoin
5130:Lamotrigine
5110:Elpetrigine
5065:Propafenone
5010:Dronedarone
4586:Tolbutamide
4576:Repaglinide
4571:Nateglinide
4566:Mitiglinide
4546:Glisoxepide
4531:Glimepiride
4521:Glicaramide
4501:Carbutamide
4403:Linopirdine
4386:Vernakalant
4376:Tolterodine
4366:Terfenadine
4356:Tamulotoxin
4351:Solifenacin
4321:PNU-282,987
4296:Haloperidol
4291:Gigactonine
4271:Domperidone
4256:Darifenacin
4221:Bedaquiline
4206:Azaspiracid
4169:Vernakalant
4104:Linopirdine
4064:Dronedarone
4054:Dendrotoxin
4039:Clamikalant
3911:Tolperisone
3906:Tetrandrine
3896:Sipatrigine
3891:Silperisone
3876:Prenylamine
3816:Lidoflazine
3771:Elpetrigine
3681:Mirogabalin
3585:Lamotrigine
3580:Flunarizine
3575:Efonidipine
3565:Cinnarizine
3560:Cilnidipine
3515:NNC 55-0396
3441:Ralfinamide
3388:Fantofarone
3383:Dronedarone
3368:Budiodarone
3363:Brinazarone
3326:Levemopamil
3226:Sornidipine
3221:Sagandipine
3211:Pranidipine
3186:Nisoldipine
3176:Nilvadipine
3166:Niguldipine
3156:Nicardipine
3121:Lemildipine
3106:Iganidipine
3101:Furnidipine
3066:Cronidipine
3061:Clevidipine
3056:Barnidipine
3046:Aranidipine
2898:Mirodenafil
2883:JNJ-7777120
2873:Hexocyclium
2838:Bucinnazine
2792:Thiothixene
2777:Pirenzepine
2762:Perathiepin
2702:Flupentixol
2692:Doclothepin
2687:Cyanothepin
2677:Clorotepine
2645:Ziprasidone
2635:Revospirone
2630:Perospirone
2617:piperazines
2594:Mirtazapine
2589:Delavirdine
2561:Zalospirone
2536:Revospirone
2448:Lidoflazine
2438:Hydroxyzine
2368:Clocinizine
2363:Cinnarizine
2296:Vesnarinone
2178:WAY-100,635
2173:WAY-100,135
2158:Vesnarinone
2078:Pardoprunox
2043:Mepiprazole
1998:Flibanserin
1983:Etoperidone
1973:Enpiprazole
1968:Eltoprazine
1958:EGIS-12,233
1933:Dapiprazole
1908:Batoprazine
1898:Antrafenine
1822:Piperazines
1570:: 556–564.
1259:8 September
788:QT interval
591: g·mol
534:100.149.259
464:CHEBI:87681
296:Identifiers
72:MedlinePlus
44:Trade names
6069:Categories
5905:Bumetanide
5843:Activators
5833:Piretanide
5828:Lonidamine
5779:Activators
5764:Mibefradil
5759:Mefloquine
5749:Furosemide
5744:Fluoxetine
5724:Crofelemer
5611:Activators
5534:Versutoxin
5530:Robustoxin
5512:Activators
5497:Safinamide
5447:Conotoxins
5382:Trimecaine
5377:Tetracaine
5352:Prilocaine
5342:Orthocaine
5317:Iontocaine
5312:Hexylcaine
5307:Etidocaine
5248:Benzocaine
5238:Amylocaine
5220:Zonisamide
5215:Valpromide
5185:Topiramate
5175:Rufinamide
5135:Lacosamide
5100:Cenobamate
5055:Prajmaline
5045:Moricizine
5040:Mexiletine
5035:Lorcainide
5020:Flecainide
4985:Ranolazine
4925:Activators
4910:Fluoxetine
4854:Nimesulide
4836:-specific:
4822:Activators
4804:-specific:
4756:-specific:
4736:Rilmakalim
4726:Nicorandil
4686:Cromakalim
4673:-specific:
4654:Activators
4644:Tipepidine
4634:Ifenprodil
4609:Caramiphen
4601:-specific:
4581:Tolazamide
4541:Gliquidone
4526:Gliclazide
4493:-specific:
4446:Retigabine
4441:Flupirtine
4438:-specific:
4423:Activators
4400:-specific:
4381:Vanoxerine
4361:Terodiline
4346:Sertindole
4336:Ranolazine
4201:Astemizole
4191:Amiodarone
4159:Terikalant
4134:Pinokalant
4119:Nifekalant
4114:Maurotoxin
4109:Lolitrem B
4099:Kaliotoxin
4059:Dofetilide
4049:Dalazatide
4044:Conotoxins
4014:Amiodarone
4009:Almokalant
3931:Activators
3921:Valperinol
3901:Terodiline
3841:Naftopidil
3831:Mesuximide
3761:Enpiperate
3741:Cycleanine
3726:Bevantolol
3716:Bencyclane
3706:Pregabalin
3696:PD-299,685
3691:PD-217,014
3686:PD-200,347
3676:Imagabalin
3666:Gabapentin
3656:Atagabalin
3646:Arbaclofen
3605:Mibefradil
3600:Loperamide
3595:Lomerizine
3570:Dotarizine
3550:Benidipine
3530:Zonisamide
3446:Safinamide
3421:Caroverine
3373:Celivarone
3321:Gallopamil
3276:Siratiazem
3266:Iprotiazem
3256:Clentiazem
3236:Tiamdipine
3231:Teludipine
3196:Olradipine
3181:Nimodipine
3171:Niludipine
3161:Nifedipine
3151:Mesudipine
3141:Manidipine
3116:Lacidipine
3111:Isradipine
3096:Flordipine
3091:Felodipine
3086:Elnadipine
3081:Elgodipine
3071:Darodipine
3041:Amlodipine
2933:Vardenafil
2923:Sildenafil
2913:Ranolazine
2853:Cinepazide
2737:Olanzapine
2727:Metitepine
2655:Tricyclics
2640:Tiospirone
2625:Lurasidone
2579:Atevirdine
2556:Umespirone
2551:Trimazosin
2516:Ipsapirone
2506:Eptapirone
2478:Vanoxerine
2453:Manidipine
2433:GBR-13,119
2428:GBR-13,098
2423:GBR-13,069
2418:GBR-12,935
2413:GBR-12,783
2393:Dotarizine
2348:Cetirizine
2333:BRL-15,572
2328:Amperozide
2271:Piberaline
2211:Bifeprunox
2206:Befuraline
2163:Vilazodone
2128:SB-399,885
2123:SB-357,134
2118:SB-271,046
2113:SB-258,585
2073:Oxypertine
2068:Niaprazine
2063:Nefazodone
2048:Naftopidil
2003:Fluprazine
1993:Fluanisone
1988:Flesinoxan
1918:BRL-15,572
1913:Bifeprunox
1893:Acaprazine
1860:Piperazine
1185:14 January
1160:14 January
975:References
828:nelfinavir
745:β blockers
695:Ranolazine
596:3D model (
584:Molar mass
484:ChEMBL1404
444:A6IEZ5M406
415:ChemSpider
375:IUPHAR/BPS
339:95635-55-5
330:CAS Number
305:IUPAC name
246:Metabolism
105:Ranolazine
23:Ranolazine
6026:See also:
5925:Mepacrine
5871:Ivacaftor
5787:Carbachol
5670:Ibuprofen
5660:Amiloride
5619:Solnatide
5591:Amiloride
5520:Aconitine
5482:Evenamide
5457:Saxitoxin
5372:Risocaine
5322:Lidocaine
5267:Butacaine
5243:Articaine
5170:Phenytoin
5080:Tocainide
5075:Sparteine
5070:Quinidine
5030:Lorajmine
5025:Lidocaine
5015:Encainide
5000:Aprindine
4741:Sarakalim
4731:Pinacidil
4721:Naminidil
4711:Minoxidil
4706:Mazokalim
4691:Diazoxide
4681:Bimakalim
4676:Aprikalim
4639:Tertiapin
4619:Clozapine
4536:Glipizide
4331:Quinidine
4281:Ergtoxins
4246:Cisapride
4236:BRL-32872
4216:Azimilide
4179:(KCNH2, K
4154:Tedisamil
4139:Quinidine
4129:Paxilline
4094:Inakalant
4089:Ibutilide
4074:Hanatoxin
4029:Bunaftine
4024:Bretylium
4019:Azimilide
4004:Adekalant
3963:Potassium
3945:Bay K8644
3886:Sesamodil
3836:Monatepil
3826:Manoalide
3821:Magnesium
3806:Imepitoin
3796:Fendiline
3776:Ethadione
3766:Eperisone
3746:Dauricine
3721:Berbamine
3632:δ subunit
3436:PD-173212
3351:Verapamil
3341:Ronipamil
3331:Nexopamil
3316:Falipamil
3311:Etripamil
3296:Devapamil
3291:Dagapamil
3271:Nictiazem
3261:Diltiazem
3251:Diltiazem
3201:Oxodipine
2928:Tadalafil
2908:Quipazine
2888:Lodenafil
2878:Indinavir
2868:EGIS-7625
2843:Cinepazet
2833:Azimilide
2742:Opipramol
2682:Clozapine
2667:Amoxapine
2599:ORG-12962
2584:Azaperone
2546:Tirilazad
2526:Prazitone
2521:Piribedil
2501:Dasatinib
2496:Buspirone
2468:Oxatomide
2458:Meclozine
2373:Cyclizine
2338:Buclizine
2323:Almitrine
2286:Sunifiram
2276:Piribedil
2256:Meclozine
2216:Buclizine
2148:Trazodone
2053:Naluzotan
1978:Ensaculin
1855:Midafotel
1097:Drugs.com
847:verapamil
843:diltiazem
619:Chirality
284:Excretion
273:half-life
264:intestine
230:35 to 50%
116:Routes of
64:Monograph
58:Drugs.com
6059:Medicine
6011:instead.
5986:instead.
5897:Blockers
5889:Unsorted
5815:Blockers
5716:Blockers
5693:Chloride
5655:A-317567
5647:Blockers
5596:Benzamil
5583:Blockers
5412:NKTR-171
5407:GDC-0276
5402:Funapide
5397:DSP-2230
5392:AZD-3161
5357:Procaine
5272:Butamben
5120:Ethotoin
4995:Ajmaline
4974:Blockers
4933:Riluzole
4892:Blockers
4790:Blockers
4696:Emakalim
4474:Blockers
4316:Pimozide
4186:Ajmaline
3986:Blockers
3801:Fostedil
3731:Canadine
3701:Phenibut
3661:Baclofen
3610:NP078585
3555:Bepridil
3393:SR-33805
3346:Tiapamil
3306:Emopamil
3286:Anipamil
3021:Blockers
2948:Zipeprol
2943:WY-46824
2938:VUF-6002
2767:Perazine
2717:Loxapine
2511:Gepirone
2443:JJC8-088
2408:DPI-3290
2343:BW373U86
2241:Imatinib
2236:Fipexide
2196:2C-B-BZP
2153:Urapidil
2108:S-15,535
2103:S-14,671
2098:S-14,506
1928:CSP-2503
1770:37563469
1761:10513932
1701:Archived
1682:Archived
1627:Archived
1584:27838121
1549:16714061
1514:23801963
1463:16775091
1384:24200760
1340:28497941
1304:31659714
1296:25872749
1226:24462341
1180:ClinCalc
1154:Archived
1150:ClinCalc
1103:22 March
1025:31 March
942:Menarini
832:rifampin
749:nitrates
685:(verify)
395:DrugBank
130:ATC code
123:By mouth
100:DailyMed
5665:Aspirin
5487:Menthol
5474:Others:
5444:Toxins:
5287:Cocaine
4812:GAL-021
4432:KCNQ (K
4394:KCNQ (K
4211:AZD1305
4149:Sotalol
4144:ShK-186
4124:Notoxin
3811:JTV-519
3791:Fasudil
3520:ProTx I
3500:ABT-639
3487:SNX-482
3358:AH-1058
3355:Others:
2998:Calcium
2918:SA-4503
2403:DPI-287
2398:DPI-221
2378:DBL-583
2318:AD-1211
2281:RN-1747
2266:NSI-189
1888:3,4-CFP
1883:2C-B-PP
1505:3689222
1454:1861316
1412:2 March
1392:2084618
999:9 April
924:History
589:427.545
551:Formula
404:DB00243
350:PubChem
185::
146:)
140: (
138:C01EB18
102::
78:a606015
6045:Portal
5962:Others
4951:Sodium
4604:Barium
4408:XE-991
4276:E-4031
4226:BeKm-1
4196:AmmTX3
4079:HgeTx1
4069:E-4031
3851:Osthol
3620:TROX-1
3505:ML-218
2893:MK-212
2828:AP-238
2473:SNC-80
2033:Mefway
1768:
1758:
1721:Gilead
1582:
1547:
1512:
1502:
1488:: 78.
1461:
1451:
1390:
1382:
1338:
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1294:
1224:
1128:
1051:29 May
934:Syntex
849:, and
826:, and
767:, and
741:angina
729:
699:Ranexa
634:SMILES
475:ChEMBL
289:Kidney
262:) and
260:CYP2D6
199:℞-only
197:
187:℞-only
173:
98:
5996:LGICs
5703:CaCCs
5675:PcTX1
5634:ASICs
4961:VGSCs
4231:BmTx3
4084:HsTx1
3973:VGKCs
3008:VDCCs
2903:PB-28
2858:CPD-1
2463:MT-45
2251:MDBZP
2138:TFMPP
2038:MeOPP
1865:PIPES
1850:HEPPS
1696:EMEA
1604:(PDF)
1433:Heart
1388:S2CID
1300:S2CID
938:Roche
809:CYP3A
654:InChI
598:JSmol
455:ChEBI
424:51354
364:56959
256:CYP3A
252:liver
6009:here
6007:See
5984:here
5982:See
5971:TRPs
5802:CFTR
5729:DIDS
5570:ENaC
5491:mint
4879:K2Ps
4750:GIRK
4595:GIRK
4461:IRKs
4177:hERG
3525:Z944
3451:Z160
2246:MBZP
2231:DBZP
2088:pFPP
2083:pCPP
2028:mCPP
1943:DMPP
1938:DCPP
1766:PMID
1580:PMID
1545:PMID
1510:PMID
1459:PMID
1414:2011
1380:PMID
1336:PMID
1292:PMID
1261:2016
1222:PMID
1187:2024
1162:2024
1126:ISBN
1105:2019
1053:2022
1027:2024
1001:2023
834:and
435:UNII
384:7291
240:~62%
220:data
54:AHFS
5233:FBT
4666:ATP
4486:ATP
2221:BZP
1756:PMC
1748:doi
1572:doi
1568:227
1537:doi
1533:112
1500:PMC
1490:doi
1449:PMC
1441:doi
1372:doi
1368:125
1328:doi
1284:doi
1214:doi
1210:113
500:EPA
354:CID
143:WHO
6071::
6031:•
5532:,
5528:,
5259:,
4833:Ca
4831:BK
4801:Ca
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911:Na
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873:Na
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838:.
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763:,
759:,
755:,
751:,
747:,
724:.
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559:24
316:)-
314:RS
258:,
205:EU
193:US
182:CA
175:S4
169:AU
95:US
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