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1445:
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vast majority of its activities consist of unconscious appraisals and emotions. The significance of emotions in decision-making has generally been ignored by rationalism, according to these critics. Moreover, emotional choice theorists contend that the rationalist paradigm has difficulty incorporating emotions into its models, because it cannot account for the social nature of emotions. Even though emotions are felt by individuals, psychologists and sociologists have shown that emotions cannot be isolated from the social environment in which they arise. Emotions are inextricably intertwined with people's social norms and identities, which are typically outside the scope of standard rationalist accounts. Emotional choice theory seeks to capture not only the social but also the physiological and dynamic character of emotions. It represents a unitary action model to organize, explain, and predict the ways in which emotions shape decision-making.
82:
1050:. The two theses go their separate ways when describing how that knowledge is gained. As the name, and the rationale, suggests, the Innate Knowledge thesis claims knowledge is simply part of our rational nature. Experiences can trigger a process that allows this knowledge to come into our consciousness, but the experiences do not provide us with the knowledge itself. The knowledge has been with us since the beginning and the experience simply brought into focus, in the same way a photographer can bring the background of a picture into focus by changing the aperture of the lens. The background was always there, just not in focus.
2255:, free will, and the immortality of the human soul. Kant referred to these objects as "The Thing in Itself" and goes on to argue that their status as objects beyond all possible experience by definition means we cannot know them. To the empiricist, he argued that while it is correct that experience is fundamentally necessary for human knowledge, reason is necessary for processing that experience into coherent thought. He therefore concludes that both reason and experience are necessary for human knowledge. In the same way, Kant also argued that it was wrong to regard thought as mere analysis. "In Kant's views,
1173:
which marked out the figure of
Hercules rather than other figures, this stone would be more determined thereto, and Hercules would be as it were in some manner innate in it, although labour would be needed to uncover the veins, and to clear them by polishing, and by cutting away what prevents them from appearing. It is in this way that ideas and truths are innate in us, like natural inclinations and dispositions, natural habits or potentialities, and not like activities, although these potentialities are always accompanied by some activities which correspond to them, though they are often imperceptible."
54:
1193:, argue that the two theses are distinct from one another. As with the other theses covered under the umbrella of rationalism, the more types and greater number of concepts a philosopher claims to be innate, the more controversial and radical their position; "the more a concept seems removed from experience and the mental operations we can perform on experience the more plausibly it may be claimed to be innate. Since we do not experience perfect triangles but do experience pains, our concept of the former is a more promising candidate for being innate than our concept of the latter.
1207:
1941:
1063:. Here, Plato asks about inquiry; how do we gain knowledge of a theorem in geometry? We inquire into the matter. Yet, knowledge by inquiry seems impossible. In other words, "If we already have the knowledge, there is no place for inquiry. If we lack the knowledge, we don't know what we are seeking and cannot recognize it when we find it. Either way we cannot gain knowledge of the theorem by inquiry. Yet, we do know some theorems." The Innate Knowledge thesis offers a solution to this
982:
are not sufficient to establish the universal necessity of this same truth, for it does not follow that what happened before will happen in the same way again. … From which it appears that necessary truths, such as we find in pure mathematics, and particularly in arithmetic and geometry, must have principles whose proof does not depend on instances, nor consequently on the testimony of the senses, although without the senses it would never have occurred to us to think of them…
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3561:"Spinoza, "God-Intoxicated Man"; Three Books Which Mark the Three Hundredth Anniversary of the Philosopher's Birth 'Blessed Spinoza. A Biography'. By Lewis Browne. 319 pp. New York: Macmillan. 'Spinoza. Liberator of God and Man'. By Benjamin De Casseres, 145 pp. New York: E. Wickham Sweetland. 'Spinoza'. By Frederick Kettner. Introduction by Nicholas Roerich, New Era Library. 255 pp. New York: Roerich Museum Press. 'Spinoza'"
1281:
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1262:, which bears his name, and for discovering the mathematical relationship between the length of strings on lute and the pitches of the notes. Pythagoras "believed these harmonies reflected the ultimate nature of reality. He summed up the implied metaphysical rationalism in the words 'All is number'. It is probable that he had caught the rationalist's vision, later seen by
2238:, and set the terms by which all subsequent thinkers have had to grapple. He argued that human perception structures natural laws, and that reason is the source of morality. His thought continues to hold a major influence in contemporary thought, especially in fields such as metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, and aesthetics.
1723:, these dreams cannot provide persons with knowledge. Also, since conscious sense experience can be the cause of illusions, then sense experience itself can be doubtable. As a result, Descartes deduced that a rational pursuit of truth should doubt every belief about sensory reality. He elaborated these beliefs in such works as
1904:, because the rejection of their visions forced him to arrive at his own solution. Monads are the fundamental unit of reality, according to Leibniz, constituting both inanimate and animate objects. These units of reality represent the universe, though they are not subject to the laws of causality or space (which he called "
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1889:; he is also considered to be one of the last "universal geniuses". He did not develop his system, however, independently of these advances. Leibniz rejected Cartesian dualism and denied the existence of a material world. In Leibniz's view there are infinitely many simple substances, which he called "
1710:
Descartes thought that only knowledge of eternal truths – including the truths of mathematics, and the epistemological and metaphysical foundations of the sciences – could be attained by reason alone; other knowledge, the knowledge of physics, required experience of the
2251:. In it he argued that there were fundamental problems with both rationalist and empiricist dogma. To the rationalists he argued, broadly, that pure reason is flawed when it goes beyond its limits and claims to know those things that are necessarily beyond the realm of every possible experience: the
767:
In the past, particularly in the 17th and 18th centuries, the term 'rationalist' was often used to refer to free thinkers of an anti-clerical and anti-religious outlook, and for a time the word acquired a distinctly pejorative force (thus in 1670 Sanderson spoke disparagingly of 'a mere rationalist,
665:
Even then, the distinction between rationalists and empiricists was drawn at a later period and would not have been recognized by the philosophers involved. Also, the distinction between the two philosophies is not as clear-cut as is sometimes suggested; for example, Descartes and Locke have similar
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Modern
English textbooks and translations prefer "Theory of Forms" to "Theory of Ideas," but the latter has a long and respected tradition starting with Cicero and continuing in German philosophy until present, and some English philosophers prefer this in English too. See W. D. Ross, Plato's Theory
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i.e., prior to any kind of experience on the matter. The simple meaning is that doubting one's existence, in and of itself, proves that an "I" exists to do the thinking. In other words, doubting one's own doubting is absurd. This was, for
Descartes, an irrefutable principle upon which to ground all
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Although the three great Greek philosophers disagreed with one another on specific points, they all agreed that rational thought could bring to light knowledge that was self-evident – information that humans otherwise could not know without the use of reason. After
Aristotle's death,
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The senses, although they are necessary for all our actual knowledge, are not sufficient to give us the whole of it, since the senses never give anything but instances, that is to say particular or individual truths. Now all the instances which confirm a general truth, however numerous they may be,
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is a conscious and reflective process based on thoughts and beliefs. It presumes that people decide on the basis of calculation and deliberation. However, cumulative research in neuroscience suggests that only a small part of the brain's activities operate at the level of conscious reflection. The
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in the language of the philosophers. For if the soul were like those blank tablets, truths would be in us in the same way as the figure of
Hercules is in a block of marble, when the marble is completely indifferent whether it receives this or some other figure. But if there were veins in the stone
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is knowable in this thesis. Naturally, the more subjects the rationalists claim to be knowable by the
Intuition/Deduction thesis, the more certain they are of their warranted beliefs, and the more strictly they adhere to the infallibility of intuition, the more controversial their truths or claims
880:
At its core, rationalism consists of three basic claims. For people to consider themselves rationalists, they must adopt at least one of these three claims: the intuition/deduction thesis, the innate knowledge thesis, or the innate concept thesis. In addition, a rationalist can choose to adopt the
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While for
Spinoza all is God and all is Nature, the active/passive dualism enables us to restore, if we wish, something more like the traditional terms. Natura Naturans is the most God-like side of God, eternal, unchanging, and invisible, while Natura Naturata is the most Nature-like side of God,
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that are so fundamentally true that denying them causes one to fall into contradiction. The rationalists had such a high confidence in reason that empirical proof and physical evidence were regarded as unnecessary to ascertain certain truths – in other words, "there are significant
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when he says, "Among my ideas, some appear to be innate, some to be adventitious, and others to have been invented by me. My understanding of what a thing is, what truth is, and what thought is, seems to derive simply from my own nature. But my hearing a noise, as I do now, or seeing the sun, or
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In addition to different subjects, rationalists sometimes vary the strength of their claims by adjusting their understanding of the warrant. Some rationalists understand warranted beliefs to be beyond even the slightest doubt; others are more conservative and understand the warrant to be belief
1020:
Rationalists also have different understanding and claims involving the connection between intuition and truth. Some rationalists claim that intuition is infallible and that anything we intuit to be true is as such. More contemporary rationalists accept that intuition is not always a source of
1345:
logic and its use in argument. Aristotle defines syllogism as "a discourse in which certain (specific) things having been supposed, something different from the things supposed results of necessity because these things are so." Despite this very general definition, Aristotle limits himself to
1745:) can be classified as knowledge. These truths are gained "without any sensory experience," according to Descartes. Truths that are attained by reason are broken down into elements that intuition can grasp, which, through a purely deductive process, will result in clear truths about reality.
3451:
Spinoza, a Dutch Jewish thinker of the 17th century, not only preached a philosophy of tolerance and benevolence but actually succeeded in living it. He was reviled in his own day and long afterward for his supposed atheism, yet even his enemies were forced to admit that he lived a saintly
949:
knowledge or experiential belief characterized by its immediacy; a form of rational insight. We simply "see" something in such a way as to give us a warranted belief. Beyond that, the nature of intuition is hotly debated. In the same way, generally speaking, deduction is the process of
965:
For example, when we combine both concepts, we can intuit that the number three is prime and that it is greater than two. We then deduce from this knowledge that there is a prime number greater than two. Thus, it can be said that intuition and deduction combined to provide us with
795:, that is to say, through experience; either through the external senses or through such inner sensations as pain and gratification. The empiricist essentially believes that knowledge is based on or derived directly from experience. The rationalist believes we come to knowledge
594:
Different degrees of emphasis on this method or theory lead to a range of rationalist standpoints, from the moderate position "that reason has precedence over other ways of acquiring knowledge" to the more extreme position that reason is "the unique path to knowledge". Given a
3657:
3097:
Forms (usually given a capital F) were properties or essences of things, treated as non-material abstract, but substantial, entities. They were eternal, changeless, supremely real, and independent of ordinary objects that had their being and properties by 'participating' in
860:
s next move would normally be to provide justification for the claim. The precise method one uses to provide justification is where the lines are drawn between rationalism and empiricism (among other philosophical views). Much of the debate in these fields are focused on
1803:. Spinoza's philosophy is a system of ideas constructed upon basic building blocks with an internal consistency with which he tried to answer life's major questions and in which he proposed that "God exists only philosophically." He was heavily influenced by Descartes,
574:; on the other hand, the empiricists emphasized that knowledge is not primarily innate and is best gained by careful observation of the physical world outside the mind, namely through sensory experiences. Rationalists asserted that certain principles exist in
1231:
Although rationalism in its modern form post-dates antiquity, philosophers from this time laid down the foundations of rationalism. In particular, the understanding that we may be aware of knowledge available only through the use of rational thought.
1129:
Adventitious ideas are those concepts that we gain through sense experiences, ideas such as the sensation of heat, because they originate from outside sources; transmitting their own likeness rather than something else and something you simply cannot
3680:"Tribute to Spinoza Paid by Educators; Dr. Robinson Extols Character of Philosopher, 'True to the Eternal Light Within Him.' Hailed as 'Great Rebel'; De Casseres Stresses Individualism of Man Whose Tercentenary Is Celebrated at Meeting"
3517:
Spinoza's Ethics is a recent addition to
Cambridge's Introductions to Key Philosophical Texts, a series developed for the purpose of helping readers with no specific background knowledge to begin the study of important works of Western
1021:
certain knowledge – thus allowing for the possibility of a deceiver who might cause the rationalist to intuit a false proposition in the same way a third party could cause the rationalist to have perceptions of
768:
that is to say in plain
English an atheist of the late edition...'). The use of the label 'rationalist' to characterize a world outlook which has no place for the supernatural is becoming less popular today; terms like '
990:
have been willing to accept this thesis for describing the relationships among our own concepts. In this sense, empiricists argue that we are allowed to intuit and deduce truths from knowledge that has been obtained
805:
once wrote, "you can see that it is true just lying on your couch. You don't have to get up off your couch and go outside and examine the way things are in the physical world. You don't have to do any science."
809:
Between both philosophies, the issue at hand is the fundamental source of human knowledge and the proper techniques for verifying what we think we know. Whereas both philosophies are under the umbrella of
3531:"Einstein Believes in "Spinoza's God"; Scientist Defines His Faith in Reply, to Cablegram From Rabbi Here. Sees a Divine Order But Says Its Ruler Is Not Concerned "Wit Fates and Actions of Human Beings.""
685:, whose attempts to grapple with the epistemological and metaphysical problems raised by Descartes led to a development of the fundamental approach of rationalism. Both Spinoza and Leibniz asserted that,
914:. When you claim some truths are innately known to us, one must reject skepticism in relation to those truths. Especially for rationalists who adopt the Intuition/Deduction thesis, the idea of epistemic
842:. Of these four terms, the term that has been most widely used and discussed by the early 21st century is "warrant". Loosely speaking, justification is the reason that someone (probably) holds a belief.
3590:"Spinoza's First Biography Is Recovered; The Oldest Biography of Spinoza Edited with Translations, Introduction, Annotations, &c., by A. Wolf. 196 pp. New York: Lincoln Macveagh. The Dial Press"
905:
by intuition and deduction or have innately is superior to any knowledge gained by sense experience". In other words, this thesis claims reason is superior to experience as a source for knowledge.
3620:"The Unique and Powerful Vision of Baruch Spinoza; Professor Wolfson's Long-Awaited Book Is a Work of Illuminating Scholarship. (Book review) 'The Philosophy of Spinoza. By Henry Austryn Wolfson"
789:. Taken very broadly, these views are not mutually exclusive, since a philosopher can be both rationalist and empiricist. Taken to extremes, the empiricist view holds that all ideas come to us
1411:
viewed
Rationalists as a threat, labeling them as those who "while admitting revelation, reject from the word of God whatever, in their private judgment, is inconsistent with human reason."
2306:
for being out of touch with reality. James also criticized rationalism for representing the universe as a closed system, which contrasts with his view that the universe is an open system.
2275:, and identified "linguistic rationalism", the claim that the contents of propositions "are essentially what can serve as both premises and conclusions of inferences", as a key thesis of
1748:
Descartes therefore argued, as a result of his method, that reason alone determined knowledge, and that this could be done independently of the senses. For instance, his famous dictum,
531:
as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification", often in contrast to other possible sources of knowledge such as
918:
tends to crop up. This is the view that we know some truths without basing our belief in them on any others and that we then use this foundational knowledge to know more truths.
570:. On the one hand, the rationalists emphasized that knowledge is primarily innate and the intellect, the inner faculty of the human mind, can therefore directly grasp or derive
1156:
defends the idea of innate concepts by suggesting the mind plays a role in determining the nature of concepts, to explain this, he likens the mind to a block of marble in the
1266:(1564–1642), of a world governed throughout by mathematically formulable laws". It has been said that he was the first man to call himself a philosopher, or lover of wisdom.
631:
domains of knowledge such as mathematics, combined with the emphasis of obtaining knowledge through the use of rational faculties (commonly rejecting, for example, direct
895:
that are innate to us, could not have been gained by us through sense experience." In short, this thesis claims that experience cannot provide what we gain from reason.
3687:
3627:
3568:
3439:
3007:
The name of this aspect of Plato's thought is not modern and has not been extracted from certain dialogues by modern scholars. The term was used at least as early as
1368:
3903:
3597:
3538:
2023:
1320:) world of forms (or ideas). For Plato, these forms were accessible only to reason and not to sense. In fact, it is said that Plato admired reason, especially in
938:"Some propositions in a particular subject area, S, are knowable by us by intuition alone; still others are knowable by being deduced from intuited propositions."
9084:
1444:
747:
was later softened by the adoption of pluralistic reasoning methods practicable regardless of religious or irreligious ideology. In this regard, the philosopher
908:
Rationalists often adopt similar stances on other aspects of philosophy. Most rationalists reject skepticism for the areas of knowledge they claim are knowable
3840:
1843:, contains unresolved obscurities and has a forbidding mathematical structure modeled on Euclid's geometry. Spinoza's philosophy attracted believers such as
9172:
9074:
3378:
1166:
This is why I have taken as an illustration a block of veined marble, rather than a wholly uniform block or blank tablets, that is to say what is called
1090:
Similar to the Innate Knowledge thesis, the Innate Concept thesis suggests that some concepts are simply part of our rational nature. These concepts are
3103:
2991:
8949:
689:, all knowledge, including scientific knowledge, could be gained through the use of reason alone, though they both observed that this was not possible
1096:
in nature and sense experience is irrelevant to determining the nature of these concepts (though, sense experience can help bring the concepts to our
9748:
619:
Rationalism – as an appeal to human reason as a way of obtaining knowledge – has a philosophical history dating from
2267:
Rationalism has become a rarer label of philosophers today; rather many different kinds of specialised rationalisms are identified. For example,
4324:
3474:
881:
claim of Indispensability of Reason and or the claim of Superiority of Reason, although one can be a rationalist without adopting either thesis.
642:
Since the Enlightenment, rationalism is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into philosophy as seen in the works of
9089:
502:
4205:
Dutch Cartesianism and the Birth of Philosophy of Science: A Reappraisal of the Function of Philosophy from Regius to 's Gravesande, 1640–1750
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By injecting different subjects into the Intuition/Deduction thesis, we are able to generate different arguments. Most rationalists agree
5847:
3309:
3227:
3167:
2788:
2756:
2720:
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3325:
Heidegger (2002) p. 76 "Descartes... that which he himself founded... modern (and that means, at the same time, Western) metaphysics."
2593:
2259:
concepts do exist, but if they are to lead to the amplification of knowledge, they must be brought into relation with empirical data".
1075:, a rationalist claims we don't really learn things in the traditional usage of the word, but rather that we simply use words we know.
3189:
9029:
6968:
4943:
2002:
3753:
611:) clear interpretation of authority (open to the underlying or essential cause of things as they appear to our sense of certainty).
9165:
8303:
4380:
2628:
7943:
4609:
2612:
Audi, Robert, The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1995. 2nd edition, 1999, p. 771.
2572:
2009:
1312:(or the Theory of Ideas) which asserts that the highest and most fundamental kind of reality is not the material world of change
9763:
3802:
2651:
8391:
5199:
1981:
801: – through the use of logic – and is thus independent of sensory experience. In other words, as
7605:
1150:, are those ideas we have as a result of mental processes that are beyond what experience can directly or indirectly provide.
8969:
5814:
4780:
3221:
2271:
has appropriated the terms "rationalist expressivism" and "rationalist pragmatism" as labels for aspects of his programme in
2127:
1963:
1588:
223:
3877:
2673:
3679:
3619:
3560:
1741:. Descartes developed a method to attain truths according to which nothing that cannot be recognised by the intellect (or
1703:
Descartes was the first of the modern rationalists and has been dubbed the 'Father of Modern Philosophy.' Much subsequent
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tradition. Many of Spinoza's ideas continue to vex thinkers today and many of his principles, particularly regarding the
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1583:
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1403:
sect also incorporated rationalism into their movement. One notable event in the Western timeline was the philosophy of
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Proponents of some varieties of rationalism argue that, starting with foundational basic principles, like the axioms of
6174:
5623:
4352:
4065:
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See, for example, David D. Franks (2014), "Emotions and Neurosociology," in Jan E. Stets and Jonathan H. Turner, eds.,
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3129:
2818:
2095:
495:
248:
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5471:
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1861:
Leibniz was the last major figure of seventeenth-century rationalism who contributed heavily to other fields such as
1158:
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3501:
1324:, so highly that he had the phrase "Let no one ignorant of geometry enter" inscribed over the door to his academy.
1246:
Pythagoras was one of the first Western philosophers to stress rationalist insight. He is often revered as a great
42:
1380:
Western rationalistic thought was generally characterized by its application to theology, such as in the works of
1189:), argue that the Innate Knowledge thesis and the Innate Concept thesis are the same. Other philosophers, such as
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3863:
The Rationalist's Guide to the Galaxy: Superintelligent AI and the Geeks Who Are Trying to Save Humanity's Future
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124:
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2547:, 1st edition, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976. 2nd edition, 1986. 3rd edition, Routledge, London, 1996. p. 286
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The Innate Knowledge thesis is similar to the Intuition/Deduction thesis in the regard that both theses claim
814:, their argument lies in the understanding of the warrant, which is under the wider epistemic umbrella of the
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488:
243:
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who attempted to merge Greek rationalism and Christian revelation in the thirteenth-century. Generally, the
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3371:"Spinoza stymies 'God's attorney' – Stewart argues the secular world was at stake in Leibniz face off"
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1988:
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into the category of things knowable by intuition and deduction. Furthermore, some rationalists also claim
294:
31:
1827:. To this day, many important thinkers have found Spinoza's "geometrical method" difficult to comprehend:
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5574:
5484:
4685:
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1536:
1521:
1085:"We have some of the concepts we employ in a particular subject area, S, as part of our rational nature."
17:
2290:
have described themselves as "rationalists." The term has also been used in this way by critics such as
1118:
feeling the fire, comes from things which are located outside me, or so I have hitherto judged. Lastly,
9911:
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8019:
7494:
7163:
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4162:, 1st edition, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976. 2nd edition, 1986. 3rd edition, Routledge, London, 1996.
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1828:
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830:. Epistemologists are concerned with various epistemic features of belief, which include the ideas of
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2016:
1940:
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derive the rest of all possible knowledge. Notable philosophers who held this view most clearly were
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87:
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5579:
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4503:
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2396:
1737:
1613:
1035:"We have knowledge of some truths in a particular subject area, S, as part of our rational nature."
469:
213:
188:
3339:
1781:, since the two substances in the Cartesian system are independent of each other and irreducible.
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114:
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2913:"rationalism | Definition, Types, History, Examples, & Descartes | Britannica"
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1146:, are created by us from other ideas we possess. Lastly, innate ideas, such as our ideas of
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First published August 19, 2004; substantive revision March 31, 2013 cited on May 20, 2013.
2763:
First published August 19, 2004; substantive revision March 31, 2013 cited on May 20, 2013.
2727:
First published August 19, 2004; substantive revision March 31, 2013 cited on May 20, 2013.
2600:
First published August 19, 2004; substantive revision March 31, 2013 cited on May 20, 2013.
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Outside of academic philosophy, some participants in the internet communities surrounding
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2321:. They point out that the rationalist paradigm is generally based on the assumption that
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From Descartes to Hume: Continental Metaphysics and the Development of Modern Philosophy
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ways in which our concepts and knowledge are gained independently of sense experience".
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58. Burkert attempted to discredit this ancient tradition, but it has been defended by
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1777:"). This crucial distinction would be left unresolved and lead to what is known as the
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Detail of Pythagoras with a tablet of ratios, numbers sacred to the Pythagoreans, from
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knowledge – we gained this knowledge independently of sense experience.
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History of Rationalism Embracing a Survey of the Present State of Protestant Theology
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Plato held rational insight to a very high standard, as is seen in his works such as
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This thesis targets a problem with the nature of inquiry originally postulated by
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is knowable by applying the intuition and deduction. Some go further to include
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Meditations on First Philosophy With Selections from the Objections and Replies
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is a systematic, logical, rational philosophy developed in seventeenth-century
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4242:
3471:"God Exists, Philosophically (review of "Spinoza: A Life" by Steven Nadler)"
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Descartes and the Dutch: Early Reactions to Cartesian Philosophy, 1637–1650
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104:
3900:"The Wide Angle: Understanding TESCREAL — Silicon Valley's Rightward Turn"
3728:
2878:"rationalism | Definition, Types, History, Examples, & Descartes"
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criticize rationalism by drawing on new findings from emotion research in
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Leibniz developed his theory of monads in response to both Descartes and
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1357:
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776:' seem largely to have taken its place. But the old usage still survives.
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143:
38:
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the nature of knowledge and how it relates to connected notions such as
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2314:
2235:
2160:
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1890:
1824:
1812:
1811:, as well as theologians in the Jewish philosophical tradition such as
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1707:
is a response to his writings, which are studied closely to this day.
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6056:
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5678:
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4368:
3213:
The Secret Societies of All Ages & Countries (Two Volumes in One)
3149:
2283:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1255:
1251:
1135:
1041:
951:
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nature of much of philosophical enquiry, the awareness of apparently
399:
304:
274:
218:
153:
30:
This article is about the philosophical concept. For other uses, see
6631:
4181:
The Rationalists: Critical Essays on Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz
4148:. (Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 2005)
3966:
Emotional Choices: How the Logic of Affect Shapes Coercive Diplomacy
9926:
9823:
9793:
9487:
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3368:
3033:
Plato uses many different words for what is traditionally called
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1901:
1894:
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1294:
1217:
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651:
168:
4137:
Fraenkel, Carlos; Perinetti, Dario; Smith, Justin E. H. (eds.):
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3499:
3346:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.
2941:
1804:
1800:
1742:
1181:(who is considered one of the most influential thinkers of the
1139:
1005:
870:
827:
723:, historically emphasized a "politics of reason" centered upon
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3012:
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1716:
1317:
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1275:
1054:
866:
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324:
4085:, Oxford, 1994. Paperback edition with new Chronology, 1996.
2780:
2778:
2582:
2580:
1765:, distinguishing between the substances of the human body ("
1341:'s main contribution to rationalist thinking was the use of
9054:
4439:
3281:
2743:
1770:
1761:
forms of other knowledge. Descartes posited a metaphysical
1301:
1114:
1059:
279:
822:, this theory attempts to understand the justification of
6789:
3701:
3041:
in German and Latin translations (Cicero). These include
2775:
2577:
2559:
Bourke, Vernon J., "Rationalism," p. 263 in Runes (1962).
1815:. But his work was in many respects a departure from the
4214:. (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1992)
2245:", and he first laid out these views in his famous work
1067:. By claiming that knowledge is already with us, either
9039:
4096:
Spinoza and Dutch Cartesianism: Philosophy and Theology
3203:
1754:
or "I think, therefore I am", is a conclusion reached
3953:
The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling
3729:"Immanuel Kant (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)"
3502:"Spinoza's Ethics: An Introduction, by Steven Nadler"
3369:
Lisa Montanarelli (book reviewer) (January 8, 2006).
958:
to reach a logically certain conclusion. Using valid
635:) have made rationalist themes very prevalent in the
599:
understanding of reason, rationalism is identical to
4169:. (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1981)
4055:
3122:"Plato FAQ: "Let no one ignorant of geometry enter""
2302:
Rationalism was criticized by American psychologist
1908:"). Leibniz, therefore, introduced his principle of
4091:(1962), "Rationalism," p. 263 in Runes (1962).
3955:, 3rd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1831:admitted that he found this concept confusing. His
1134:away. Ideas invented by us, such as those found in
4139:The Rationalists: Between Tradition and Innovation
2806:
697:. On the other hand, Leibniz admitted in his book
693:for human beings except in specific areas such as
4060:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
3677:
9956:
4188:The Rationalists: Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz
3468:
3433:
2813:(revised ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1912:to account for apparent causality in the world.
1850:
4134:. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012)
4200:, Littlefield, Adams, and Company, Totowa, NJ.
4183:. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999)
4151:Huenemann, Charles; Gennaro, Rocco J. (eds.):
3500:Michael LeBuffe (book reviewer) (2006-11-05).
3495:
3493:
3491:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3398:
2622:Oakeshott, Michael,"Rationalism in Politics,"
1346:categorical syllogisms which consist of three
9166:
7951:
7937:
5841:
5193:
4318:
4127:Förster, Eckart; Melamed, Yitzhak Y. (eds.):
3011:, who called it (Plato's) "Theory of Forms:"
2975:Pythagoras: His Life, Teaching, And Influence
2234:Kant is one of the central figures of modern
1823:, have implications for modern approaches to
1784:
1678:
1419:
1316:, but rather the abstract, non-material (but
921:
539:. More formally, rationalism is defined as a
496:
2555:
2553:
1915:
4155:. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999)
4056:Baird, Forrest E.; Walter Kaufmann (2008).
3617:
3488:
3422:
3392:
2539:
2537:
2262:
1235:
1202:Rationalist philosophy in Western antiquity
562:, rationalism (sometimes here equated with
558:In a major philosophical debate during the
9173:
9159:
7944:
7930:
5848:
5834:
5200:
5186:
4325:
4311:
3917:
3504:. University of Notre Dame. Archived from
3328:
3276:
3209:
2804:
2649:, May 2006, vol. 43 (no. 5–6), pp. 863–878
2608:
2606:
1939:
1685:
1671:
1327:
1028:
901:: '"The knowledge we gain in subject area
887:: "The knowledge we gain in subject area,
503:
489:
4981:
4944:Relationship between religion and science
4332:
4098:. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015)
3558:
3464:
3462:
3460:
2645:Boyd, Richard, "The Value of Civility?,"
2550:
2003:Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason
1113:postulates three classifications for our
3647:
2534:
1975: Question: What Is Enlightenment?
1414:
1395:, and Jewish philosopher and theologian
1367:
1279:
1205:
1078:
1013:and the more radical their rationalism.
977:, a prominent German philosopher, says,
962:, we can deduce from intuited premises.
9180:
4101:
3678:Social News Books (November 25, 1932).
3671:
3641:
3611:
3582:
3552:
3523:
3362:
2838:René Descartes AT VII 37–38; CSM II 26.
2603:
2573:An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
666:views about the nature of human ideas.
27:Epistemological view centered on reason
14:
9957:
4046:The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
3559:Hutchison, Percy (November 20, 1932).
3457:
3334:
2241:Kant named his brand of epistemology "
1982:Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals
1269:
780:
743: – the latter aspect's
9154:
7925:
7587:
6329:
5867:
5829:
5181:
4306:
4275:
4052:, Cambridge, 1995. 2nd edition, 1999.
3951:See Arlie Russell Hochschild (2012),
3942:, vol. 2. New York: Springer, p. 267.
3940:Handbook of the Sociology of Emotions
3923:
3707:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
3403:. History of Philosophy As I See It.
3196:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
3174:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
2784:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
2752:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
2716:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
2024:On a Supposed Right to Tell Lies from
885:The indispensability of reason thesis
785:Rationalism is often contrasted with
9975:Philosophical schools and traditions
3822:
3247:
3241:
3079:"in itself." See Christian Schäfer:
3014:Πλάτων ἐν τῇ περὶ τῶν ἰδεῶν ὑπολήψει
2973:(1966), pp. 97–102, and C. Riedweg,
2562:
1126:and the like are my own invention."
551:is not sensory but intellectual and
4287:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4268:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4256:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
4235:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4079:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy
3731:. Plato.stanford.edu. 20 May 2010.
3648:Cummings, M E (September 8, 1929).
3473:. The New York Times – Books.
3250:Andalucía : a cultural history
3119:
3071:. He also uses expressions such as
2971:Pythagoras and Early Pythagoreanism
2587:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1584:Rules for the Direction of the Mind
24:
4190:. (Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2006)
3968:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3795:"Rationalist Movement – LessWrong"
3434:Anthony Gottlieb (July 18, 1999).
3101:Plato's theory of forms (or ideas)
3023:. Vol. Book III Paragraph 15.
1893:" (which he derived directly from
973:To argue in favor of this thesis,
710:
707:in three fourths of our actions."
25:
9991:
9135:Western European and Others Group
4964:Sociology of scientific knowledge
4959:Sociology of scientific ignorance
4912:History and philosophy of science
4276:Lennon, Thomas M.; Dea, Shannon.
4260:
4224:
4218:
3926:The Present Dilemma in Philosophy
3784:, 2000. Harvard University Press.
3417:transient, changing, and visible.
2849:New Essays on Human Understanding
2847:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1704,
2738:New Essays on Human Understanding
2736:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1704,
1847:and much intellectual attention.
1159:New Essays on Human Understanding
943:Generally speaking, intuition is
755:, became socially conflated with
607:life of inquiry, or the zetetic (
9937:
9925:
9819:Stratification of emotional life
9268:
9262:
9256:
7905:
7904:
7891:
5207:
5161:
5149:
4174:Spinoza's Radical Cartesian Mind
3924:James, William (November 1906).
3880:from the original on 18 May 2023
3216:. Cosimo Classics. p. 139.
3178:Aristotle Non-Modal Syllogistic.
2923:from the original on 18 May 2015
2888:from the original on 18 May 2015
2522:from the original on 18 May 2015
2214:
1443:
899:The superiority of reason thesis
80:
66:
52:
3958:
3945:
3932:
3906:from the original on 2023-06-06
3892:
3854:
3843:from the original on 2021-04-20
3816:
3805:from the original on 2023-06-17
3787:
3775:
3746:
3735:from the original on 2012-01-12
3721:
3690:from the original on 2010-03-26
3630:from the original on 2010-03-26
3600:from the original on 2010-03-26
3571:from the original on 2010-03-26
3541:from the original on 2011-05-13
3477:from the original on 2009-04-17
3469:Anthony Gottlieb (2009-09-07).
3442:from the original on 2023-10-18
3407:from the original on 2012-01-04
3381:from the original on 2009-09-03
3350:from the original on 7 May 2015
3319:
3294:
3283:"Low Sunday: Rationalism"
3270:
3230:from the original on 2023-02-11
3181:
3159:
3143:
3132:from the original on 2013-05-19
3113:
3090:
3027:
3001:
2980:
2935:
2854:
2841:
2832:
2825: – The original
2798:
2766:
2730:
2696:
2683:
2669:FactCheck.org Mission Statement
1732:Meditations on First Philosophy
1715:. He also argued that although
1609:Meditations on First Philosophy
1258:, but he is best known for the
1106:Meditations on First Philosophy
5855:
5624:Analytic–synthetic distinction
4353:Analytic–synthetic distinction
4153:New Essays on the Rationalists
2862:Concerning Human Understanding
2829:, translated, in its entirety.
2718:The Intuition/Deduction Thesis
2661:
2638:
2615:
2096:Analytic–synthetic distinction
1966: Any Future Metaphysics
1363:
249:Analytic–synthetic distinction
13:
1:
7588:
4141:. (Dordrecht: Springer, 2011)
3825:"Silicon Valley's Safe Space"
3618:Irwin Edman (July 22, 1934).
3438:. The New York Times: Books.
3436:"God Exists, Philosophically"
3306:History of western philosophy
3021:Lives of Eminent Philosophers
2805:Cottingham, J., ed. (1996) .
2490:
1851:Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716)
1356:. These included categorical
1314:known to us through sensation
614:
7377:Ordinary language philosophy
5868:
4230:"Rationalism vs. Empiricism"
4207:. (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2018)
4035:
3401:"Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677)"
3037:in English translations and
2591:"Rationalism vs. Empiricism"
2297:
1989:Critique of Practical Reason
32:Rationalism (disambiguation)
7:
9411:Theological intellectualism
7427:Contemporary utilitarianism
7342:Internalism and externalism
5669:Internalism and externalism
4686:Hypothetico-deductive model
4661:Deductive-nomological model
4646:Constructivist epistemology
3964:See Robin Markwica (2018),
3928:(Speech). Lowell Institute.
2864:, Book I, Ch. III, Par. 20.
2754:The Innate Knowledge Thesis
2329:
2248:The Critique of Pure Reason
1177:Some philosophers, such as
1017:beyond a reasonable doubt.
547:"in which the criterion of
10:
9996:
9789:Principle of double effect
6691:Svatantrika and Prasangika
6330:
4160:A Dictionary of Philosophy
4107:The Life of Mahatma Gandhi
4050:Cambridge University Press
3980:
3975:
3013:
2545:A Dictionary of Philosophy
2417:Phenomenology (philosophy)
2227:
2026: Benevolent Motives
1854:
1788:
1785:Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677)
1696:
1637:Christina, Queen of Sweden
1420:René Descartes (1596–1650)
1331:
1273:
1239:
1196:
925:
922:Intuition/deduction thesis
654:. This is commonly called
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5913:Philosophy of mathematics
5903:Philosophy of information
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5500:Evolutionary epistemology
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4804:
4747:Semantic view of theories
4666:Epistemological anarchism
4618:
4603:dependent and independent
4340:
4278:"Continental Rationalism"
4263:"Continental Rationalism"
3823:Metz, Cade (2021-02-13).
3709:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
3210:Heckethorn, C.W. (2011).
3087:, Darmstadt 2007, p. 157.
2786:The Innate Concept Thesis
2462:Rationalist International
2017:The Metaphysics of Morals
1916:Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
1652:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
1507:Causal adequacy principle
1154:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
975:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
954:from one or more general
751:noted how rationalism, a
719:, rationalism, since the
355:Evolutionary epistemology
9970:Epistemological theories
9045:Lancaster House Treaties
8535:Christian existentialism
8495:Ancient Roman philosophy
8485:Ancient Greek philosophy
5772:Philosophy of perception
5575:Representational realism
5545:Naturalized epistemology
4489:Intertheoretic reduction
4478:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
4455:Functional contextualism
4198:Dictionary of Philosophy
3650:"Roth Evaluates Spinoza"
2689:Cottingham, John. 1984.
2397:Objectivity (philosophy)
2263:Contemporary rationalism
1738:Principles of Philosophy
1614:Principles of Philosophy
1348:categorical propositions
1236:Pythagoras (570–495 BCE)
470:Philosophy of perception
37:Not to be confused with
9416:Theological voluntarism
8823:Equality before the law
8030:Romano-Germanic culture
7382:Postanalytic philosophy
7323:Experimental philosophy
5752:Outline of epistemology
5585:Transcendental idealism
4974:Philosophers of science
4752:Scientific essentialism
4701:Model-dependent realism
4636:Constructive empiricism
4529:Evidence-based practice
4094:Douglas, Alexander X.:
4083:Oxford University Press
4028:Critique of Pure Reason
3992:Discourse on the Method
3866:. Orion. 13 June 2019.
3399:Kelley L. Ross (1999).
3375:San Francisco Chronicle
3344:Encyclopædia Britannica
3288:Sermons from the Latins
3254:Oxford University Press
3081:Idee/Form/Gestalt/Wesen
2882:Encyclopædia Britannica
2740:, Preface, pp. 150–151.
2680:. Retrieved 2020-01-01.
2658:. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
2635:. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
2479:Pluralistic rationalism
2407:Pancritical rationalism
2347:Emotional choice theory
2337:17th-century philosophy
2311:emotional choice theory
2243:Transcendental Idealism
2116:Hypothetical imperative
2058:Transcendental idealism
1957:Critique of Pure Reason
1910:pre-established harmony
1726:Discourse on the Method
1599:Discourse on the Method
1375:Portrait on Silver Vase
1328:Aristotle (384–322 BCE)
1029:Innate knowledge thesis
849:makes a claim and then
816:theory of justification
656:continental rationalism
365:Historical epistemology
9932:Catholicism portal
8985:Eastern European Group
8574:Continental philosophy
8505:Judeo-Christian ethics
8490:Hellenistic philosophy
7971:Cradle of civilization
7515:Social constructionism
6527:Hellenistic philosophy
5943:Theoretical philosophy
5918:Philosophy of religion
5908:Philosophy of language
5699:Problem of other minds
5057:Alfred North Whitehead
5047:Charles Sanders Peirce
4294:John F. Hurst (1867),
4179:Pereboom, Derk (ed.):
4172:Nyden-Bullock, Tammy:
3200:Aristotle Modal Logic.
2702:Sommers (2003), p. 15.
2442:Rational choice theory
2437:Psychological nativism
2111:Categorical imperative
1906:well-founded phenomena
1887:philosophy of religion
1376:
1297:
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1038:
984:
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928:Intuition (philosophy)
778:
703:that "we are all mere
9944:Philosophy portal
9759:Infused righteousness
9105:Three Seas Initiative
9080:Pacific Islands Forum
8945:British–Irish Council
8693:Greek Orthodox Church
8152:Industrial Revolution
8122:Scientific Revolution
7898:Philosophy portal
7417:Scientific skepticism
7397:Reformed epistemology
5923:Philosophy of science
5777:Philosophy of science
5757:Faith and rationality
5639:Descriptive knowledge
5510:Feminist epistemology
5450:Nicholas Wolterstorff
5156:Philosophy portal
4907:Hard and soft science
4902:Faith and rationality
4771:Scientific skepticism
4551:Scientific Revolution
4334:Philosophy of science
4146:Spinoza and Spinozism
4058:From Plato to Derrida
3596:. December 11, 1927.
2947:Tusculan Disputations
2647:Urban Studies Journal
2624:The Cambridge Journal
2474:Realistic rationalism
2468:Rationality and Power
2447:Rational expectations
2422:Philosophical realism
2402:Objectivity (science)
2221:Philosophy portal
1791:Philosophy of Spinoza
1415:Classical rationalism
1409:Roman Catholic Church
1371:
1283:
1209:
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1082:
1079:Innate concept thesis
1032:
979:
935:
765:
637:history of philosophy
475:Philosophy of science
9892:Doctor of the Church
9774:Ontological argument
9100:Special Relationship
8510:Christian philosophy
8455:Western Christianity
8117:Age of Enlightenment
7991:Hellenistic Kingdoms
7318:Critical rationalism
7025:Edo neo-Confucianism
6869:Acintya bheda abheda
6848:Renaissance humanism
6559:School of the Sextii
5933:Practical philosophy
5928:Political philosophy
5709:Procedural knowledge
5694:Problem of induction
4882:Criticism of science
4757:Scientific formalism
4641:Constructive realism
4546:Scientific pluralism
4519:Problem of induction
4186:Phemister, Pauline:
4158:Lacey, A.R. (1996),
4113:. pp. 306–307.
3782:Articulating reasons
3290:. Benziger Brothers.
3256:. pp. 108–110.
3120:Suzanne, Bernard F.
3075:, "the x itself" or
2987:of Ideas (1951) and
2543:Lacey, A.R. (1996),
2484:Theistic rationalism
2352:Historical criticism
2342:Critical rationalism
2273:Articulating Reasons
2128:Political philosophy
1996:Critique of Judgment
1711:world, aided by the
1619:Passions of the Soul
1589:The Search for Truth
1393:Averroes (Ibn Rushd)
1290:The School of Athens
1213:The School of Athens
986:Empiricists such as
350:Applied epistemology
9719:Divine illumination
9375:Augustinian realism
9243:Theological virtues
9182:Catholic philosophy
9125:West Nordic Council
8990:Eastern Partnership
8579:Analytic philosophy
8280:Classical tradition
8102:Early modern period
8058:Classical antiquity
8053:European Bronze Age
6889:Nimbarka Sampradaya
6800:Korean Confucianism
6547:Academic Skepticism
5787:Virtue epistemology
5782:Social epistemology
5762:Formal epistemology
5649:Epistemic injustice
5644:Exploratory thought
5445:Ludwig Wittgenstein
4949:Rhetoric of science
4887:Descriptive science
4631:Confirmation holism
4524:Scientific evidence
4484:Inductive reasoning
4413:Demarcation problem
4203:Strazzoni, Andrea:
4176:. (Continuum, 2007)
4144:Hampshire, Stuart:
3248:Gill, John (2009).
3126:plato-dialogues.org
2952:Heraclides Ponticus
2171:Arthur Schopenhauer
2063:Critical philosophy
1642:Nicolas Malebranche
1512:Mind–body dichotomy
1480:Doubt and certainty
1389:Avicenna (Ibn Sina)
1386:Islamic philosopher
1308:. He taught on the
1270:Plato (427–347 BCE)
1260:Pythagorean theorem
1023:nonexistent objects
932:Deductive reasoning
853:casts doubt on it,
781:Philosophical usage
527:view that "regards
460:Epistemic cognition
380:Virtue epistemology
375:Social epistemology
360:Formal epistemology
99:Part of a series on
9887:Islamic philosophy
9841:Trademark argument
9734:Formal distinction
9684:Augustinian values
9357:Analytical Thomism
9337:Christian humanism
8584:Post-structuralism
8547:Christian humanism
8177:Universal suffrage
7510:Post-structuralism
7412:Scientific realism
7367:Quinean naturalism
7347:Logical positivism
7303:Analytical Marxism
6522:Peripatetic school
6434:Chinese naturalism
5961:Aesthetic response
5888:Applied philosophy
5440:Timothy Williamson
5230:Augustine of Hippo
5168:Science portal
5097:Carl Gustav Hempel
5052:Wilhelm Windelband
4939:Questionable cause
4762:Scientific realism
4583:Underdetermination
4418:Empirical evidence
4408:Creative synthesis
4194:Runes, Dagobert D.
4011:Leibniz, Gottfried
3829:The New York Times
3714:2020-08-05 at the
3684:The New York Times
3624:The New York Times
3594:The New York Times
3565:The New York Times
3537:. April 25, 1929.
3535:The New York Times
3336:Watson, Richard A.
3312:2023-10-18 at the
3278:Bellarmine, Robert
3192:2018-08-28 at the
3170:2018-08-28 at the
3106:2011-09-27 at the
2994:2011-09-27 at the
2917:www.britannica.com
2851:, Preface, p. 153.
2791:2018-09-29 at the
2759:2018-09-29 at the
2723:2018-09-29 at the
2676:2019-11-02 at the
2654:2012-04-01 at the
2631:2018-09-13 at the
2596:2018-09-29 at the
2452:Rational mysticism
2382:Natural philosophy
2212: •
2049: •
1795:The philosophy of
1719:appear as real as
1705:Western philosophy
1657:Francine Descartes
1502:Trademark argument
1377:
1298:
1229:
537:sensory experience
9952:
9951:
9867:Catholic theology
9814:Seven deadly sins
9784:Peripatetic axiom
9694:Cartesian dualism
9429:
9428:
9395:Scotistic realism
9352:Neo-scholasticism
9148:
9147:
8975:Council of Europe
8877:International law
8830:Constitutionalism
8688:Eastern Orthodoxy
8194:Post–Cold War era
8127:Age of Revolution
7981:Greco-Roman world
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7298:Analytic feminism
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7194:Transcendentalism
7154:Neo-scholasticism
7000:Classical Realism
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6564:Neopythagoreanism
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5689:Privileged access
5325:Søren Kierkegaard
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4929:Normative science
4786:Uniformitarianism
4541:Scientific method
4435:Explanatory power
4089:Bourke, Vernon J.
3799:www.lesswrong.com
3758:abyss.uoregon.edu
3654:Los Angeles Times
3338:(31 March 2012).
3223:978-1-61640-555-7
3009:Diogenes Laërtius
2956:Diogenes Laërtius
2693:. Paladi/Granada.
2226:
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1857:Gottfried Leibniz
1779:mind–body problem
1713:scientific method
1695:
1694:
1547:Balloonist theory
1522:Coordinate system
1517:Analytic geometry
683:Gottfried Leibniz
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535:, tradition, or
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9754:Homo unius libri
9699:Cogito, ergo sum
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2897:
2895:
2893:
2874:
2865:
2858:
2852:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2812:
2802:
2796:
2782:
2773:
2770:
2764:
2750:
2741:
2734:
2728:
2714:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2687:
2681:
2665:
2659:
2642:
2636:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2601:
2584:
2575:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2548:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2508:
2457:Rational realism
2427:Platonic realism
2288:Slate Star Codex
2253:existence of God
2219:
2218:
2217:
2025:
1974:
1965:
1943:
1920:
1919:
1721:sense experience
1687:
1680:
1673:
1527:Cartesian circle
1491:Cogito, ergo sum
1447:
1424:
1423:
1191:Peter Carruthers
859:
505:
498:
491:
405:Sextus Empiricus
370:Metaepistemology
96:
95:
84:
83:
70:
69:
56:
55:
21:
9995:
9994:
9990:
9989:
9988:
9986:
9985:
9984:
9955:
9954:
9953:
9948:
9938:
9936:
9924:
9916:
9877:Aristotelianism
9855:
9704:Dehellenization
9652:
9425:
9421:Foundationalism
9399:
9361:
9318:
9273:
9269:
9267:
9263:
9261:
9257:
9252:
9238:Social teaching
9184:
9179:
9149:
9144:
9110:UKUSA Agreement
9050:Lublin Triangle
8935:Baltic Assembly
8887:
8881:
8799:
8636:
8471:
8341:Eurolinguistics
8210:
8199:Information age
8172:Interwar period
8039:
7959:
7950:
7920:
7915:
7892:
7890:
7869:
7833:
7733:
7695:
7642:
7596:
7595:
7567:
7556:Russian cosmism
7529:
7525:Western Marxism
7490:New Historicism
7455:Critical theory
7441:
7437:Wittgensteinian
7333:Foundationalism
7266:
7203:
7184:Social contract
7040:Foundationalism
6973:
6955:
6939:Illuminationism
6924:Aristotelianism
6910:
6899:Vishishtadvaita
6852:
6804:
6745:
6712:
6583:
6512:Megarian school
6507:Eretrian school
6448:
6409:Agriculturalism
6386:
6332:
6313:
6260:
6232:
6189:
6141:
6098:
6082:Incompatibilism
6051:
6023:
5975:
5947:
5870:
5859:
5854:
5824:
5819:
5791:
5740:
5659:Gettier problem
5589:
5520:Foundationalism
5466:
5415:Wilfrid Sellars
5370:Alvin Plantinga
5250:George Berkeley
5217:Epistemologists
5211:
5206:
5176:
5171:
5160:
5150:
5148:
5136:
5117:Paul Feyerabend
5077:Michael Polanyi
5013:
4999:Galileo Galilei
4968:
4954:Science studies
4870:
4800:
4791:Verificationism
4696:Instrumentalism
4681:Foundationalism
4656:Conventionalism
4614:
4450:Feminist method
4336:
4331:
4221:
4210:Verbeek, Theo:
4131:German Idealism
4121:
4068:
4038:
3999:Spinoza, Baruch
3987:Descartes, René
3983:
3978:
3973:
3972:
3963:
3959:
3950:
3946:
3937:
3933:
3922:
3918:
3909:
3907:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3881:
3874:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3846:
3844:
3821:
3817:
3808:
3806:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3780:
3776:
3767:
3765:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3738:
3736:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3716:Wayback Machine
3706:
3702:
3693:
3691:
3676:
3672:
3663:
3661:
3646:
3642:
3633:
3631:
3616:
3612:
3603:
3601:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3574:
3572:
3557:
3553:
3544:
3542:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3511:
3509:
3498:
3489:
3480:
3478:
3467:
3458:
3445:
3443:
3432:
3423:
3410:
3408:
3397:
3393:
3384:
3382:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3351:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3314:Wayback Machine
3299:
3295:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3246:
3242:
3233:
3231:
3224:
3208:
3204:
3194:Wayback Machine
3186:
3182:
3172:Wayback Machine
3164:
3160:
3154:Prior Analytics
3148:
3144:
3135:
3133:
3118:
3114:
3108:Wayback Machine
3095:
3091:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3006:
3002:
2998:reference site.
2996:Wayback Machine
2985:
2981:
2954:fr. 88 Wehrli,
2940:
2936:
2926:
2924:
2919:. 28 May 2023.
2911:
2910:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2884:. 28 May 2023.
2876:
2875:
2868:
2859:
2855:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2821:
2803:
2799:
2793:Wayback Machine
2783:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2761:Wayback Machine
2751:
2744:
2735:
2731:
2725:Wayback Machine
2715:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2688:
2684:
2678:Wayback Machine
2666:
2662:
2656:Wayback Machine
2643:
2639:
2633:Wayback Machine
2620:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2598:Wayback Machine
2585:
2578:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2551:
2542:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2518:. 28 May 2023.
2510:
2509:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2332:
2323:decision-making
2300:
2277:Wilfred Sellars
2265:
2232:
2215:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2194:German idealism
2189:
2181:
2180:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2122:Kingdom of Ends
2075:Thing-in-itself
2053:
2039:
2038:
2010:Perpetual Peace
1951:
1918:
1859:
1853:
1845:Albert Einstein
1817:Judeo-Christian
1793:
1787:
1751:cogito ergo sum
1701:
1691:
1662:
1661:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1542:Cartesian diver
1470:Foundationalism
1455:
1422:
1417:
1366:
1353:Prior Analytics
1336:
1330:
1310:Theory of Forms
1278:
1272:
1244:
1238:
1204:
1199:
1081:
1031:
934:
926:Main articles:
924:
916:foundationalism
857:
783:
749:John Cottingham
725:rational choice
713:
711:Political usage
617:
525:epistemological
509:
480:
479:
465:Epistemic logic
455:
454:
445:
444:
395:
394:
393:Epistemologists
385:
384:
345:
344:
335:
334:
239:
238:
229:
228:
174:Foundationalism
139:
138:
129:
94:
93:
92:
91:
90:
85:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
46:
43:rationalization
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9993:
9983:
9982:
9977:
9972:
9967:
9950:
9949:
9947:
9946:
9934:
9921:
9918:
9917:
9915:
9914:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9894:
9889:
9884:
9879:
9874:
9869:
9863:
9861:
9857:
9856:
9854:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9837:
9836:
9831:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9779:Pascal's wager
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9739:Guardian angel
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9666:
9660:
9658:
9654:
9653:
9651:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9439:
9437:
9431:
9430:
9427:
9426:
9424:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9407:
9405:
9401:
9400:
9398:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9371:
9369:
9363:
9362:
9360:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9328:
9326:
9320:
9319:
9317:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9294:Augustinianism
9290:
9288:
9279:
9275:
9274:
9255:
9253:
9251:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9203:Divine command
9200:
9194:
9192:
9186:
9185:
9178:
9177:
9170:
9163:
9155:
9146:
9145:
9143:
9142:
9140:Westernization
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9120:Visegrád Group
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9060:Nordic Council
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8955:Bucharest Nine
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8920:Arctic Council
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8891:
8889:
8883:
8882:
8880:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8868:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8832:
8827:
8826:
8825:
8815:
8809:
8807:
8801:
8800:
8798:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8786:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8764:
8763:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8718:
8717:
8716:
8715:
8714:
8704:
8703:
8702:
8697:
8696:
8695:
8685:
8684:
8683:
8673:
8672:
8671:
8646:
8644:
8638:
8637:
8635:
8634:
8633:
8632:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8611:
8610:
8598:
8597:
8596:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8555:
8554:
8549:
8539:
8538:
8537:
8530:Existentialism
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8481:
8479:
8473:
8472:
8470:
8469:
8468:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8442:
8441:
8440:
8430:
8429:
8428:
8423:
8413:
8412:
8411:
8401:
8396:
8395:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8362:
8361:
8360:
8350:
8349:
8348:
8343:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8317:
8316:
8306:
8301:
8300:
8299:
8289:
8288:
8287:
8277:
8276:
8275:
8265:
8260:
8259:
8258:
8248:
8243:
8242:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8220:
8218:
8212:
8211:
8209:
8208:
8207:
8206:
8201:
8191:
8190:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8094:
8089:
8088:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8067:
8066:
8065:
8063:Late antiquity
8055:
8049:
8047:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8016:
8015:
8014:
8013:
8008:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7978:
7973:
7967:
7965:
7961:
7960:
7949:
7948:
7941:
7934:
7926:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7913:
7901:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7875:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7841:
7839:
7835:
7834:
7832:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7765:
7764:
7754:
7749:
7743:
7741:
7735:
7734:
7732:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7705:
7703:
7701:Middle Eastern
7697:
7696:
7694:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7652:
7650:
7644:
7643:
7641:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7619:
7617:
7608:
7598:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7589:
7581:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7537:
7535:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7465:Existentialism
7462:
7460:Deconstruction
7457:
7451:
7449:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7293:Applied ethics
7289:
7287:
7278:
7272:
7271:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7264:
7259:
7257:Nietzscheanism
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7217:
7211:
7209:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7201:
7199:Utilitarianism
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7100:
7099:
7097:Transcendental
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7064:
7063:
7062:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7035:Existentialism
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6991:
6985:
6979:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6971:
6965:
6963:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6948:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6920:
6918:
6912:
6911:
6909:
6908:
6903:
6902:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6860:
6858:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6823:Augustinianism
6820:
6814:
6812:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6766:
6764:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6736:Zoroastrianism
6733:
6728:
6722:
6720:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6709:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6658:
6657:
6656:
6651:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6593:
6591:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6581:
6579:Church Fathers
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6493:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6461:
6459:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6405:
6403:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6352:
6346:
6344:
6334:
6333:
6323:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6270:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6242:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6199:
6197:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6151:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6108:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6094:Libertarianism
6091:
6090:
6089:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6067:
6061:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6033:
6031:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5985:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5957:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5898:Metaphilosophy
5895:
5890:
5884:
5882:
5872:
5871:
5861:
5860:
5853:
5852:
5845:
5838:
5830:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5748:
5746:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5608:
5599:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5485:Constructivism
5482:
5476:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5435:Baruch Spinoza
5432:
5430:P. F. Strawson
5427:
5422:
5420:Susanna Siegel
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5395:W. V. O. Quine
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5295:Nelson Goodman
5292:
5287:
5285:Edmund Gettier
5282:
5277:
5272:
5270:René Descartes
5267:
5262:
5260:Gilles Deleuze
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5235:William Alston
5232:
5227:
5225:Thomas Aquinas
5221:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5205:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5182:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5158:
5146:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5102:W. V. O. Quine
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5037:Rudolf Steiner
5034:
5029:
5027:Henri Poincaré
5024:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4985:
4983:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4897:Exact sciences
4894:
4889:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4875:Related topics
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4834:Social science
4831:
4830:
4829:
4827:Space and time
4819:
4814:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4740:
4731:
4726:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4536:Scientific law
4533:
4532:
4531:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4445:Falsifiability
4442:
4437:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4374:Mill's Methods
4366:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4330:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4292:
4273:
4258:
4249:
4240:
4220:
4219:External links
4217:
4216:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4125:
4119:
4103:Fischer, Louis
4099:
4092:
4086:
4072:
4067:978-0131585911
4066:
4053:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4023:Kant, Immanuel
4020:
4008:
3996:
3982:
3979:
3977:
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3931:
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3720:
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3670:
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3581:
3551:
3522:
3487:
3456:
3421:
3391:
3361:
3327:
3318:
3293:
3269:
3263:978-0195376104
3262:
3240:
3222:
3202:
3180:
3158:
3142:
3112:
3089:
3085:Platon-Lexikon
3026:
3000:
2979:
2977:(2005), p. 92.
2934:
2899:
2866:
2853:
2840:
2831:
2820:978-0521558181
2819:
2797:
2774:
2765:
2742:
2729:
2704:
2695:
2682:
2671:, January 2020
2660:
2637:
2614:
2602:
2576:
2561:
2549:
2533:
2516:Britannica.com
2495:
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2471:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2412:Panrationalism
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2309:Proponents of
2299:
2296:
2269:Robert Brandom
2264:
2261:
2228:Main article:
2224:
2223:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:Neo-Kantianism
2196:
2190:
2188:Related topics
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:Baruch Spinoza
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2156:G. W. F. Hegel
2153:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2051:Kantian ethics
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1969:
1964:Prolegomena to
1960:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1917:
1914:
1855:Main article:
1852:
1849:
1797:Baruch Spinoza
1789:Main article:
1786:
1783:
1699:René Descartes
1697:Main article:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1647:Baruch Spinoza
1644:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1487:
1485:Dream argument
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1439:
1437:René Descartes
1433:
1432:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1405:Thomas Aquinas
1365:
1362:
1332:Main article:
1329:
1326:
1274:Main article:
1271:
1268:
1240:Main article:
1237:
1234:
1222:Vatican Palace
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1111:René Descartes
1098:conscious mind
1080:
1077:
1030:
1027:
1006:ethical truths
923:
920:
803:Galen Strawson
782:
779:
733:utilitarianism
712:
709:
679:Baruch Spinoza
616:
613:
572:logical truths
511:
510:
508:
507:
500:
493:
485:
482:
481:
478:
477:
472:
467:
462:
456:
453:Related fields
452:
451:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
437:
435:W. V. O. Quine
432:
427:
422:
420:René Descartes
417:
412:
410:Edmund Gettier
407:
402:
396:
392:
391:
390:
387:
386:
383:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
346:
342:
341:
340:
337:
336:
333:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
251:
246:
240:
236:
235:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
140:
136:
135:
134:
131:
130:
128:
127:
122:
117:
111:
108:
107:
101:
100:
86:
79:
78:
74:Baruch Spinoza
72:
65:
64:
60:René Descartes
58:
51:
50:
49:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9992:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9962:
9960:
9945:
9935:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9922:
9919:
9913:
9912:Phenomenology
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9865:
9864:
9862:
9858:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9826:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9809:Rota Fortunae
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9769:Occam's razor
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9749:Head of a pin
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9664:Actus Essendi
9662:
9661:
9659:
9655:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9498:Chateaubriand
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9440:
9438:
9436:
9432:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9408:
9406:
9402:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9385:Conceptualism
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9372:
9370:
9368:
9364:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9329:
9327:
9325:
9321:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9299:Scholasticism
9297:
9295:
9292:
9291:
9289:
9287:
9283:
9280:
9276:
9249:
9248:Virtue ethics
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9233:Seven virtues
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9195:
9193:
9191:
9187:
9183:
9176:
9171:
9169:
9164:
9162:
9157:
9156:
9153:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9085:PROSUR/PROSUL
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8980:Craiova Group
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8895:ABCANZ Armies
8893:
8892:
8890:
8884:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8837:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8824:
8821:
8820:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8810:
8808:
8806:
8802:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8743:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8723:
8722:
8719:
8713:
8710:
8709:
8708:
8705:
8701:
8700:Protestantism
8698:
8694:
8691:
8690:
8689:
8686:
8682:
8679:
8678:
8677:
8674:
8670:
8666:
8663:
8662:
8661:
8658:
8657:
8656:
8653:
8652:
8651:
8648:
8647:
8645:
8643:
8639:
8631:
8628:
8627:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8620:Sovereigntism
8618:
8616:
8613:
8609:
8608:
8604:
8603:
8602:
8599:
8595:
8592:
8591:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8544:
8543:
8540:
8536:
8533:
8532:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8515:Scholasticism
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8482:
8480:
8478:
8474:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8447:
8446:
8443:
8439:
8436:
8435:
8434:
8431:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8418:
8417:
8414:
8410:
8407:
8406:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8379:
8378:
8375:
8371:
8368:
8367:
8366:
8363:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8354:
8351:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8338:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8315:
8312:
8311:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8298:
8295:
8294:
8293:
8290:
8286:
8283:
8282:
8281:
8278:
8274:
8271:
8270:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8257:
8254:
8253:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8226:
8225:
8222:
8221:
8219:
8217:
8213:
8205:
8204:War on terror
8202:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8195:
8192:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8099:
8098:
8097:Modern period
8095:
8093:
8090:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8072:
8071:
8068:
8064:
8061:
8060:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8050:
8048:
8046:
8042:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8003:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7968:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7953:Western world
7947:
7942:
7940:
7935:
7933:
7928:
7927:
7924:
7912:
7911:
7902:
7900:
7899:
7888:
7887:
7884:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7840:
7838:Miscellaneous
7836:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7763:
7760:
7759:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7744:
7742:
7740:
7736:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7706:
7704:
7702:
7698:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7649:
7645:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7620:
7618:
7616:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7591:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7564:
7563:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7538:
7536:
7534:Miscellaneous
7532:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7520:Structuralism
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7505:Postmodernism
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7495:Phenomenology
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7448:
7444:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7432:Vienna Circle
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7362:Moral realism
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7286:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7273:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7226:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7206:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7164:Phenomenology
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7104:Individualism
7102:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7065:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6980:
6970:
6969:Judeo-Islamic
6967:
6966:
6964:
6962:
6958:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6946:
6945:ʿIlm al-Kalām
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6917:
6913:
6907:
6904:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6894:Shuddhadvaita
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6828:Scholasticism
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6811:
6807:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6715:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6659:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6586:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6451:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6389:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6328:
6324:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6279:Conceptualism
6277:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6267:
6263:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6208:Particularism
6206:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6196:
6192:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6175:Functionalism
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6160:Eliminativism
6158:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6095:
6092:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6065:Compatibilism
6063:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6004:Particularism
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5950:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5851:
5846:
5844:
5839:
5837:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5674:Justification
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5550:Phenomenalism
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5540:Naïve realism
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5490:Contextualism
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5456:
5455:Vienna Circle
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5390:Hilary Putnam
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5365:Robert Nozick
5363:
5361:
5360:John McDowell
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5320:Immanuel Kant
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5290:Alvin Goldman
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5203:
5198:
5196:
5191:
5189:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5157:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5087:Rudolf Carnap
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5022:Auguste Comte
5020:
5019:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4994:Francis Bacon
4992:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4922:Pseudoscience
4920:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4781:Structuralism
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4743:Received view
4741:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4651:Contextualism
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4323:
4321:
4316:
4314:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4196:(ed., 1962),
4195:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4112:
4111:HarperCollins
4108:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4044:(ed., 1999),
4043:
4040:
4039:
4030:
4029:
4025:(1781/1787),
4024:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3967:
3961:
3954:
3948:
3941:
3935:
3927:
3920:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3879:
3875:
3873:9781474608800
3869:
3865:
3864:
3857:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3783:
3778:
3764:on 2012-12-27
3763:
3759:
3755:
3754:"Rationalism"
3749:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3704:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3660:on 2010-03-24
3659:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3519:
3518:philosophy...
3508:on 2011-06-15
3507:
3503:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3453:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3418:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3322:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3206:
3199:
3198:Ancient Logic
3195:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3176:Ancient Logic
3173:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3022:
3010:
3004:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2967:C.J. de Vogel
2964:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2863:
2857:
2850:
2844:
2835:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2801:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2769:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2733:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2699:
2692:
2686:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2664:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2618:
2609:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2556:
2554:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2512:"Rationalism"
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2496:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:Logical truth
2375:
2373:
2372:Irrationalism
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2304:William James
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2230:Immanuel Kant
2222:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2034:
2033:Opus Postumum
2030:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1973:Answering the
1970:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:Immanuel Kant
1931:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1883:jurisprudence
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1809:Thomas Hobbes
1806:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1537:Rule of signs
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:mathematician
1243:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:Enlightenment
1180:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1073:unconsciously
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
995:
989:
983:
978:
976:
971:
969:
963:
961:
957:
953:
948:
947:
940:
939:
933:
929:
919:
917:
913:
912:
906:
904:
900:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
876:
875:justification
872:
868:
864:
856:
852:
848:
843:
841:
837:
833:
832:justification
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
807:
804:
800:
799:
794:
793:
788:
777:
775:
771:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:Enlightenment
718:
708:
706:
702:
701:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
592:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:Enlightenment
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
506:
501:
499:
494:
492:
487:
486:
484:
483:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
449:
448:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
430:Immanuel Kant
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
415:Wang Yangming
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
389:
388:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
339:
338:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
295:Justification
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
260:
256:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
233:
232:
225:
224:Structuralism
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
194:Perspectivism
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
179:Infallibilism
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
149:Contextualism
147:
145:
142:
141:
133:
132:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
110:
109:
106:
103:
102:
98:
97:
89:
75:
61:
44:
40:
33:
19:
9901:
9882:Neoplatonism
9804:Ressentiment
9799:Quinque viae
9764:Memento mori
9724:Double truth
9669:Actus primus
9435:Philosophers
9342:Cartesianism
9130:Western Bloc
8930:AUSCANNZUKUS
8886:Contemporary
8835:Human rights
8681:Latin Church
8655:Christianity
8605:
8564:Conservatism
8519:
8409:contemporary
8246:Architecture
8182:World War II
8142:Emancipation
8137:Abolitionism
8025:Romanization
8020:Roman legacy
8001:Roman Empire
7903:
7889:
7560:
7551:Postcritique
7541:Kyoto School
7500:Posthumanism
7480:Hermeneutics
7335: /
7276:Contemporary
7252:Newtonianism
7215:Cartesianism
7178:
7174:Reductionism
7010:Conservatism
7005:Collectivism
6943:
6671:Sarvāstivadā
6649:Anekantavada
6574:Neoplatonism
6542:Epicureanism
6475:Pythagoreans
6414:Confucianism
6380:Contemporary
6370:Early modern
6274:Anti-realism
6228:Universalism
6185:Subjectivism
6008:
5981:Epistemology
5733:
5634:Common sense
5612:A posteriori
5611:
5603:
5565:Reductionism
5559:
5459:
5410:Gilbert Ryle
5280:Fred Dretske
5265:Keith DeRose
5209:Epistemology
5132:Larry Laudan
5112:Imre Lakatos
5067:Otto Neurath
5042:Karl Pearson
5032:Pierre Duhem
5004:Isaac Newton
4934:Protoscience
4892:Epistemology
4766:Anti-realism
4764: /
4745: /
4736: /
4733:
4722: /
4720:Reductionism
4718: /
4691:Inductionism
4671:Evolutionism
4476:
4363:a posteriori
4362:
4358:
4295:
4285:
4266:
4233:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4129:Spinoza and
4128:
4106:
4095:
4078:
4057:
4045:
4042:Audi, Robert
4026:
4014:
4002:
3990:
3965:
3960:
3952:
3947:
3939:
3934:
3925:
3919:
3908:. Retrieved
3902:. May 2023.
3894:
3882:. Retrieved
3862:
3856:
3845:. Retrieved
3828:
3818:
3807:. Retrieved
3798:
3789:
3781:
3777:
3766:. Retrieved
3762:the original
3757:
3748:
3737:. Retrieved
3723:
3703:
3692:. Retrieved
3683:
3673:
3662:. Retrieved
3658:the original
3653:
3643:
3632:. Retrieved
3623:
3613:
3602:. Retrieved
3593:
3584:
3573:. Retrieved
3564:
3554:
3543:. Retrieved
3534:
3525:
3516:
3510:. Retrieved
3506:the original
3479:. Retrieved
3450:
3444:. Retrieved
3415:
3409:. Retrieved
3394:
3383:. Retrieved
3374:
3364:
3352:. Retrieved
3343:
3330:
3321:
3305:
3296:
3287:
3272:
3249:
3243:
3232:. Retrieved
3212:
3205:
3197:
3183:
3175:
3161:
3153:
3145:
3134:. Retrieved
3125:
3115:
3096:
3092:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3020:
3003:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2962:
2950:, 5.3.8–9 =
2945:
2937:
2925:. Retrieved
2916:
2890:. Retrieved
2881:
2861:
2856:
2848:
2843:
2834:
2826:
2808:
2800:
2772:Meno, 80d–e.
2768:
2737:
2732:
2698:
2690:
2685:
2668:
2663:
2646:
2640:
2626:1947, vol. 1
2623:
2617:
2586:
2564:
2544:
2524:. Retrieved
2466:
2319:neuroscience
2308:
2301:
2292:Timnit Gebru
2281:
2272:
2266:
2246:
2240:
2233:
2166:F. H. Jacobi
2151:J. G. Fichte
2090:a posteriori
2089:
2085:
2067:
2031:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1962:
1955:
1899:
1867:epistemology
1860:
1838:
1832:
1794:
1775:res cogitans
1774:
1766:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1709:
1702:
1604:La Géométrie
1563:
1558:Res cogitans
1556:
1552:Wax argument
1489:
1464:
1460:Cartesianism
1378:
1360:syllogisms.
1351:
1350:in his work
1337:
1306:The Republic
1299:
1288:
1245:
1230:
1226:Vatican City
1211:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1157:
1152:
1128:
1104:
1103:In his book
1102:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1019:
1015:
999:
994:a posteriori
993:
985:
980:
972:
967:
964:
945:
942:
937:
936:
910:
907:
902:
898:
897:
892:
888:
884:
883:
879:
854:
850:
846:
844:
824:propositions
820:epistemology
812:epistemology
808:
797:
792:a posteriori
791:
784:
766:
714:
698:
690:
687:in principle
686:
673:, one could
668:
664:
655:
641:
618:
593:
557:
520:
514:
259:a posteriori
258:
254:
203:
105:Epistemology
9965:Rationalism
9902:Rationalism
9897:Renaissance
9829:Augustinian
9714:Disputation
9709:Differentia
9674:Actus purus
9578:Malebranche
9493:Bonaventure
9228:Personalism
9223:Natural law
9218:Probabilism
9070:Open Balkan
8888:integration
8818:Rule of law
8813:Natural law
8790:Agnosticism
8768:Hellenistic
8746:Anglo-Saxon
8676:Catholicism
8615:Atlanticism
8520:Rationalism
8326:Immigration
8309:Esotericism
8167:World War I
8132:Romanticism
8112:Reformation
8092:Renaissance
8070:Middle Ages
8035:Christendom
7964:Foundations
7546:Objectivism
7485:Neo-Marxism
7447:Continental
7357:Meta-ethics
7337:Coherentism
7242:Hegelianism
7179:Rationalism
7139:Natural law
7119:Materialism
7045:Historicism
7015:Determinism
6906:Navya-Nyāya
6681:Sautrāntika
6676:Pudgalavada
6612:Vaisheshika
6465:Presocratic
6365:Renaissance
6304:Physicalism
6289:Materialism
6195:Normativity
6180:Objectivism
6165:Emergentism
6155:Behaviorism
6104:Metaphysics
6070:Determinism
6009:Rationalism
5714:Proposition
5684:Objectivity
5570:Reliabilism
5560:Rationalism
5505:Fallibilism
5480:Coherentism
5425:Ernest Sosa
5400:Thomas Reid
5385:James Pryor
5355:G. E. Moore
5345:David Lewis
5335:Saul Kripke
5330:Peter Klein
5310:Susan Haack
5240:Robert Audi
5122:Ian Hacking
5107:Thomas Kuhn
5092:Karl Popper
5072:C. D. Broad
4989:Roger Bacon
4917:Non-science
4859:Linguistics
4839:Archaeology
4734:Rationalism
4724:Determinism
4711:Physicalism
4676:Fallibilism
4626:Coherentism
4556:Testability
4509:Observation
4504:Objectivity
4465:alternative
4396:Correlation
4386:Consilience
4252:Rationalism
4243:Rationalism
3156:, 24b18–20.
3057:, but also
2958:1.12, 8.8,
2827:Meditations
2691:Rationalism
2069:Sapere aude
1950:Major works
1875:mathematics
1863:metaphysics
1834:magnum opus
1769:") and the
1767:res extensa
1565:Res extensa
1465:Rationalism
1401:Waldensians
1364:Middle Ages
1343:syllogistic
1318:substantial
1169:tabula rasa
1144:fairy tales
1124:hippogriffs
1069:consciously
1010:metaphysics
1002:mathematics
840:probability
836:rationality
834:, warrant,
774:materialist
753:methodology
695:mathematics
691:in practice
675:deductively
662:dominated.
588:metaphysics
580:mathematics
541:methodology
521:rationalism
315:Rationality
290:Information
204:Rationalism
164:Fallibilism
144:Coherentism
39:rationality
18:Rationalist
9959:Categories
9907:Empiricism
9729:Evil demon
9503:Chesterton
9380:Nominalism
9367:Universals
9208:Just price
9090:Rio Treaty
8601:Relativism
8559:Liberalism
8525:Empiricism
8477:Philosophy
8465:Secularism
8416:Philosophy
8353:Literature
8147:Capitalism
7845:Amerindian
7752:Australian
7691:Vietnamese
7671:Indonesian
7220:Kantianism
7169:Positivism
7159:Pragmatism
7134:Naturalism
7114:Liberalism
7092:Subjective
7030:Empiricism
6934:Avicennism
6879:Bhedabheda
6763:East Asian
6686:Madhyamaka
6666:Abhidharma
6532:Pyrrhonism
6299:Nominalism
6294:Naturalism
6223:Skepticism
6213:Relativism
6203:Absolutism
6132:Naturalism
6042:Deontology
6014:Skepticism
5999:Naturalism
5989:Empiricism
5953:Aesthetics
5857:Philosophy
5815:Discussion
5805:Task Force
5724:Simplicity
5704:Perception
5580:Skepticism
5555:Positivism
5530:Infinitism
5495:Empiricism
5350:John Locke
5315:David Hume
5305:Anil Gupta
5300:Paul Grice
5275:John Dewey
5245:A. J. Ayer
5009:David Hume
4982:Precursors
4864:Psychology
4844:Economics
4738:Empiricism
4729:Pragmatism
4716:Positivism
4706:Naturalism
4576:scientific
4460:Hypothesis
4423:Experiment
4247:PhilPapers
4120:0006388876
4016:Monadology
3910:2023-06-06
3847:2023-06-19
3809:2023-06-19
3768:2013-05-22
3739:2011-10-22
3694:2009-09-08
3664:2009-09-08
3634:2009-09-08
3604:2009-09-08
3575:2009-09-08
3545:2009-09-08
3512:2009-12-07
3481:2009-09-07
3446:2009-12-07
3411:2009-12-07
3385:2009-09-08
3252:. Oxford:
3234:2023-02-11
3136:2013-05-22
3077:kath' auto
3055:parádeigma
2960:Iamblichus
2569:John Locke
2491:References
2432:Positivism
2387:Nominalism
2315:psychology
2236:philosophy
2161:David Hume
2047:Kantianism
1885:, and the
1825:psychology
1813:Maimonides
1773:or soul ("
1497:Evil demon
1454:Philosophy
1397:Maimonides
1242:Pythagoras
1187:empiricist
1179:John Locke
1148:perfection
1044:is gained
988:David Hume
818:. Part of
787:empiricism
745:antitheism
741:irreligion
737:secularism
729:deontology
700:Monadology
660:empiricism
633:revelation
625:analytical
615:Background
601:philosophy
597:pre-modern
568:empiricism
517:philosophy
425:David Hume
285:Experience
214:Skepticism
209:Relativism
199:Pragmatism
189:Naturalism
184:Infinitism
159:Empiricism
9980:Reasoning
9872:Platonism
9846:Univocity
9744:Haecceity
9623:Ratzinger
9588:Montaigne
9568:MacIntyre
9523:Dionysius
9518:Descartes
9478:Augustine
9332:Salamanca
9035:Five Eyes
9030:EU–UK TCA
8872:Democracy
8761:Old Norse
8650:Abrahamic
8607:Peritrope
8589:Tolerance
8569:Socialism
8399:Mythology
8387:Classical
8336:Languages
8314:Astrology
8162:Modernism
7976:Old World
7724:Pakistani
7686:Taiwanese
7633:Ethiopian
7606:By region
7592:By region
7407:Scientism
7402:Systemics
7262:Spinozism
7189:Socialism
7124:Modernism
7087:Objective
6995:Anarchism
6929:Averroism
6818:Christian
6770:Neotaoism
6741:Zurvanism
6731:Mithraism
6726:Mazdakism
6497:Cyrenaics
6424:Logicians
6057:Free will
6019:Solipsism
5966:Formalism
5679:Knowledge
5664:Induction
5614:knowledge
5606:knowledge
4849:Geography
4817:Chemistry
4776:Scientism
4571:ladenness
4391:Construct
4369:Causality
4036:Secondary
3837:0362-4331
3150:Aristotle
3073:to x auto
3019:"Plato".
2298:Criticism
2284:LessWrong
2133:Teleology
1594:The World
1475:Mechanism
1382:Augustine
1339:Aristotle
1334:Aristotle
1256:scientist
1136:mythology
1042:knowledge
960:arguments
952:reasoning
863:analyzing
761:worldview
644:Descartes
621:antiquity
609:skeptical
553:deductive
400:Aristotle
305:Knowledge
300:Induction
275:Certainty
219:Solipsism
154:Dogmatism
9834:Irenaean
9824:Theodicy
9794:Quiddity
9657:Concepts
9583:Maritain
9553:Krasicki
9543:Gassendi
9533:Eriugena
9488:Boethius
9463:Anscombe
9453:Albertus
9347:Molinism
9314:Occamism
9286:Medieval
9213:Just war
9095:Schengen
9025:Eurozone
8865:Property
8860:Religion
8751:Frankish
8741:Germanic
8721:Paganism
8642:Religion
8630:European
8542:Humanism
8445:Religion
8404:Painting
8370:Internet
8321:Folklore
8292:Clothing
8263:Calendar
8239:Cyrillic
8224:Alphabet
8187:Cold War
7910:Category
7865:Yugoslav
7855:Romanian
7762:Scottish
7747:American
7676:Japanese
7656:Buddhist
7638:Africana
7628:Egyptian
7470:Feminist
7392:Rawlsian
7387:Quietism
7285:Analytic
7237:Krausism
7144:Nihilism
7109:Kokugaku
7072:Absolute
7067:Idealism
7055:Humanism
6843:Occamism
6810:European
6755:Medieval
6701:Yogacara
6661:Buddhist
6654:Syādvāda
6537:Stoicism
6502:Cynicism
6490:Sophists
6485:Atomists
6480:Eleatics
6419:Legalism
6360:Medieval
6284:Idealism
6238:Ontology
6218:Nihilism
6122:Idealism
5880:Branches
5869:Branches
5800:Category
5619:Analysis
5604:A priori
5595:Concepts
5535:Innatism
5472:Theories
5144:Category
4796:Vitalism
4619:Theories
4593:Variable
4514:Paradigm
4401:function
4359:A priori
4348:Analysis
4341:Concepts
4105:(1997).
4077:(1996),
4013:(1714),
4001:(1677),
3989:(1637),
3904:Archived
3878:Archived
3841:Archived
3803:Archived
3733:Archived
3712:Archived
3688:Archived
3628:Archived
3598:Archived
3569:Archived
3539:Archived
3475:Archived
3440:Archived
3405:Archived
3379:Archived
3354:31 March
3348:Archived
3310:Archived
3280:(1902).
3228:Archived
3190:Archived
3168:Archived
3130:Archived
3104:Archived
2992:Archived
2921:Archived
2886:Archived
2789:Archived
2757:Archived
2721:Archived
2674:Archived
2652:Archived
2629:Archived
2594:Archived
2571:(1690),
2520:Archived
2367:Innatism
2362:Idealism
2357:Humanism
2330:See also
2257:a priori
2210:Category
2106:Category
2101:Noumenon
2086:A priori
1925:a series
1923:Part of
1821:emotions
1757:a priori
1429:a series
1427:Part of
1373:Ibn Sina
1322:geometry
1093:a priori
1047:a priori
968:a priori
956:premises
946:a priori
911:a priori
798:a priori
770:humanist
717:politics
705:Empirics
671:geometry
629:a priori
605:Socratic
564:innatism
270:Credence
255:A priori
237:Concepts
120:Category
9860:Related
9648:Wojtyła
9628:Scheler
9573:Maistre
9563:Lombard
9548:Isidore
9528:Erasmus
9508:Clement
9473:Aquinas
9443:Abelard
9309:Scotism
9304:Thomism
9278:Schools
8940:Benelux
8845:Thought
8795:Atheism
8736:Finnish
8712:Culture
8707:Judaism
8669:Eastern
8665:Western
8660:Culture
8594:Paradox
8460:Decline
8421:Science
8297:History
8285:Studies
8268:Cuisine
8256:Periods
8216:Culture
8045:History
8011:Eastern
8006:Western
7957:culture
7860:Russian
7829:Spanish
7824:Slovene
7814:Maltese
7809:Italian
7789:Finland
7757:British
7739:Western
7729:Turkish
7714:Islamic
7709:Iranian
7661:Chinese
7648:Eastern
7615:African
7562:more...
7247:Marxism
7077:British
7020:Dualism
6916:Islamic
6874:Advaita
6864:Vedanta
6838:Scotism
6833:Thomism
6775:Tiantai
6718:Persian
6706:Tibetan
6696:Śūnyatā
6637:Cārvāka
6627:Ājīvika
6622:Mīmāṃsā
6602:Samkhya
6517:Academy
6470:Ionians
6444:Yangism
6401:Chinese
6392:Ancient
6355:Western
6350:Ancient
6309:Realism
6266:Reality
6256:Process
6137:Realism
6117:Dualism
6112:Atomism
5994:Fideism
5735:more...
5515:Fideism
5461:more...
4854:History
4822:Physics
4812:Biology
4610:more...
4598:control
4494:Inquiry
4284:(ed.).
4254:at the
4228:(ed.).
3981:Primary
3976:Sources
3884:23 June
3303:(2004)
2860:Locke,
2392:Noology
1902:Spinoza
1895:Proclus
1879:physics
1763:dualism
1295:Raphael
1264:Galileo
1218:Raphael
1197:History
1185:and an
1140:legends
1065:paradox
828:beliefs
757:atheism
652:Spinoza
648:Leibniz
523:is the
440:more...
343:Domains
310:Meaning
169:Fideism
137:Schools
115:Outline
9851:Utopia
9643:Suárez
9633:Scotus
9618:Rahner
9608:Pascal
9598:Newman
9538:Ficino
9468:Anselm
9458:Alcuin
9324:Modern
9190:Ethics
8960:CANZUK
8850:Speech
8778:Slavic
8756:Gothic
8731:Celtic
8726:Baltic
8625:Values
8426:Values
7986:Greece
7819:Polish
7799:German
7794:French
7779:Danish
7769:Canada
7719:Jewish
7681:Korean
7666:Indian
7208:People
7129:Monism
7082:German
7050:Holism
6983:Modern
6961:Jewish
6884:Dvaita
6857:Indian
6780:Huayan
6632:Ajñana
6589:Indian
6454:Greco-
6439:Taoism
6429:Mohism
6375:Modern
6342:By era
6331:By era
6246:Action
6127:Monism
6047:Virtue
6029:Ethics
5629:Belief
5525:Holism
4566:choice
4561:Theory
4499:Nature
4428:design
4117:
4064:
4004:Ethics
3870:
3835:
3260:
3220:
3065:, and
3063:phýsis
3053:, and
3047:morphē
3017:....,
2942:Cicero
2927:14 May
2892:14 May
2817:
2526:22 May
2145:People
2080:Schema
1891:monads
1840:Ethics
1829:Goethe
1805:Euclid
1801:Europe
1743:reason
1735:, and
1717:dreams
1631:People
1532:Folium
1399:. The
1384:, the
1252:mystic
1120:sirens
873:, and
871:belief
838:, and
772:' or '
739:, and
650:, and
623:. The
603:, the
586:, and
584:ethics
545:theory
529:reason
330:Wisdom
320:Reason
265:Belief
244:Action
9679:Aevum
9638:Stein
9603:Occam
9558:Llull
9483:Bacon
9448:Adler
9404:Other
9115:USMCA
8970:CEFTA
8925:AUKUS
8915:ANZUS
8910:ANZUK
8855:Press
8773:Roman
8438:Sport
8382:Chant
8377:Music
8365:Media
8358:Canon
8304:Dance
8234:Latin
8229:Greek
8075:early
7850:Aztec
7804:Greek
7784:Dutch
7774:Czech
7623:Bantu
7060:Anti-
6607:Nyaya
6597:Hindu
6457:Roman
6251:Event
5893:Logic
5810:Stubs
5729:Truth
5375:Plato
4280:. In
3452:life.
3098:them.
3083:, in
3068:ousía
3059:génos
3051:eîdos
1871:logic
1578:Works
1358:modal
1293:, by
1285:Plato
1276:Plato
1115:ideas
1055:Plato
867:truth
858:'
576:logic
549:truth
543:or a
533:faith
325:Truth
125:Index
9613:Pico
9593:More
9513:Cusa
9075:OSCE
9055:NATO
9000:EFTA
8965:CBSS
8950:BSEC
8840:Life
8392:Folk
8273:Diet
8085:late
8080:high
7996:Rome
7955:and
6951:Sufi
6785:Chan
6644:Jain
6617:Yoga
6147:Mind
6087:Hard
6075:Hard
4470:null
4440:Fact
4361:and
4115:ISBN
4062:ISBN
3886:2023
3868:ISBN
3833:ISSN
3356:2012
3258:ISBN
3218:ISBN
3043:idéa
3039:idea
3035:form
2989:this
2929:2021
2894:2021
2815:ISBN
2528:2013
2317:and
2286:and
2088:and
1807:and
1771:mind
1304:and
1302:Meno
1254:and
1142:and
1132:will
1060:Meno
930:and
826:and
759:, a
681:and
280:Data
257:and
9065:OAS
9010:ESA
9005:EPC
8995:EEA
8900:AER
8805:Law
8783:Neo
8331:Law
8251:Art
7225:Neo
6790:Zen
4245:at
1897:).
1287:in
1216:by
1100:).
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