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1946:, Tibet's famous book of the dead, repeatedly states that all of reality is a figment of one's perception, although this occurs within the "Bardo" realm (post-mortem). For instance, within the sixth part of the section titled "The Root Verses of the Six Bardos", there appears the following line: "May I recognize whatever appeareth as being mine own thought-forms"; there are many lines in similar ideal.
1680:. Many people are intuitively unconvinced of the nonexistence of the external world from the basic arguments of solipsism, but a solid proof of its existence is not available at present. The central assertion of solipsism rests on the nonexistence of such a proof, and strong solipsism (as opposed to weak solipsism) asserts that no such proof can be made. In this sense, solipsism is logically related to
1535:. Descartes and dualism aim to prove the actual existence of reality as opposed to a phantom existence (as well as the existence of God in Descartes' case), using the realm of ideas merely as a starting point, but solipsism usually finds those further arguments unconvincing. The solipsist instead proposes that their own unconscious is the author of all seemingly "external" events from "reality".
1490:, which states that if two things share exactly the same qualities, then they must be identical, as in indistinguishable from each other and therefore one and the same thing. Dualists then attempt to identify attributes of mind that are lacked by matter (such as privacy or intentionality) or vice versa (such as having a certain temperature or electrical charge). One notable application of the
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1640:). One critical test is nevertheless to consider the induction from experience that the externally observable world does not seem, at first approach, to be directly manipulable purely by mental energies alone. One can indirectly manipulate the world through the medium of the physical body, but it seems impossible to do so through pure thought (
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independently of one's mind. For instance, it may be that a God-like being controls the sensations received by the mind, making it appear as if there is an external world when most of it (excluding the God-like being and oneself) is false. However, the point remains that epistemological solipsists consider this an "unresolvable" question.
1205:(which are attributes) can exist independent of some entity having this attribute (a capability in this case), i.e., that an attribute of an existent can exist apart from the existent itself. If one admits to the existence of an independent entity (e.g., the brain) having that attribute, the door is open to an independent reality. (See
1972:, saying that she was a solipsist, and was surprised that there were no others. Coming from a logician and a solipsist, her surprise surprised me". He also argues that the logic of solipsism compels you to believe in 'solipsism of the moment' where only the presently existing moment can be said to exist.
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posits a real "world out there", as well as in and through us, that can be sensed—seen, heard, tasted, touched and felt, sometimes with prosthetic technologies corresponding to human sensing organs. (Materialists do not claim that human senses or even their prosthetics can, even when collected, sense
1907:
thought), external objects do exist, but are devoid of any type of inherent identity: "Just as objects of mind do not exist , mind also does not exist ". In other words, even though a chair may physically exist, individuals can only experience it through the medium of their own mind, each with their
1577: – he can only make his own observations, and thus cannot be truly sure that this God or other people exist to observe "reality". The solipsist would say it is better to disregard the unreliable observations of alleged other people and rely upon the immediate certainty of one's own perceptions.
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It is mentioned in Yoga
Vasistha that “…..according to them (we can safely assume that them are present Solipsists) this world is mental in nature. There is no reality other than the ideas of one’s own mind. This view is incorrect, because the world cannot be the content of an individual’s mind. If
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For materialists, ideas have no primary reality as essences separate from our physical existence. From a materialist perspective, ideas are social (rather than purely biological), and formed and transmitted and modified through the interactions between social organisms and their social and physical
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Some philosophers hold that, while it cannot be proven that anything independent of one's mind exists, the point that solipsism makes is irrelevant. This is because, whether the world as we perceive it exists independently or not, we cannot escape this perception, hence it is best to act assuming
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The method of the typical scientist is naturalist: they first assume that the external world exists and can be known. But the scientific method, in the sense of a predict-observe-modify loop, does not require the assumption of an external world. A solipsist may perform a psychological test on
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of ideas, but we might say that from a materialist perspective pushed to a logical extreme communicable to an idealist, ideas are ultimately reducible to a physically communicated, organically, socially and environmentally embedded 'brain state'. While reflexive existence is not considered by
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Methodological solipsists do not intend to conclude that the stronger forms of solipsism are actually true. They simply emphasize that justifications of an external world must be founded on indisputable facts about their own consciousness. The methodological solipsist believes that subjective
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The Buddha stated, "Within this fathom long body is the world, the origin of the world, the cessation of the world and the path leading to the cessation of the world". Whilst not rejecting the occurrence of external phenomena, the Buddha focused on the illusion created within the mind of the
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the self, it could then follow that the external world should be somehow directly manipulable by that consciousness, and if it is not, then solipsism is false. An argument against this states that this argument is circular and incoherent. It assumes at the beginning a "construct of a single
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argued that physical objects do not exist independently of the mind that perceives them. An item truly exists only as long as it is observed; otherwise, it is not only meaningless but simply nonexistent. Berkeley does attempt to show things can and do exist apart from the human mind and our
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according to which only the directly accessible mental contents of the solipsistic philosopher can be known. The existence of an external world is regarded as an unresolvable question rather than actually false. Further, one cannot also be certain as to what extent the external world exists
1978:
wrote that one can know of others' minds because "First, they have bodies like me, which I know in my own case, to be the antecedent condition of feelings; and because, secondly, they exhibit the acts, and outward signs, which in my own case I know by experience to be caused by feelings".
1460:). On this scale, solipsism can be classed as idealism. Thoughts and concepts are all that exist, and furthermore, only the solipsist's own thoughts and consciousness exist. The so-called "reality" is nothing more than an idea that the solipsist has (perhaps unconsciously) created.
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consciousness" meaning something false, and then tries to manipulate the external world that it just assumed was false. Of course this is an impossible task, but it does not disprove solipsism. It is simply poor reasoning when considering pure idealized logic and that is why
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it were so, an individual would have created and destroyed the world according to his whims. This theory is called atma khyati – the pervasion of the little self (intellect). Yoga
Vasistha - Nirvana Prakarana - Uttarardha (Volume - 6) Page 107 by Swami Jyotirmayananda
1401:
materialists to be experienced on the atomic level, the individual's physical and mental experiences are ultimately reducible to the unique tripartite combination of environmentally determined, genetically determined, and randomly determined interactions of firing
745:. Methodological solipsism sometimes goes even further to say that even what we perceive as the brain is actually part of the external world, for it is only through our senses that we can see or feel the mind. Only the existence of thoughts is known for certain.
1878:, though, generally holds that the mind and external phenomena are both equally transient, and that they arise from each other. The mind cannot exist without external phenomena, nor can external phenomena exist without the mind. This relation is known as
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perception, but only because there is an all-encompassing Mind in which all "ideas" are perceived – in other words, God, who observes all. Solipsism agrees that nothing exists outside of perception, but would argue that
Berkeley falls prey to the
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is the only existing reality and that all other realities, including the external world and other persons, are representations of that self, having no independent existence. There are several versions of metaphysical solipsism, such as Caspar Hare's
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thought, adopts a view that matter exists independently of individual minds. Representation of an object in an individual mind is held to be a mental approximation of the object in the external world. Therefore, Samkhya chooses representational
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since one possessed a characteristic that the other did not: namely, it could be known to exist. Solipsism agrees with
Descartes in this aspect, and goes further: only things that can be known to exist for sure should be considered to exist.
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There is no conceptual or logically necessary link between mental and physical—between, for example, the occurrence of certain conscious experience or mental states and the "possession" and behavioral dispositions of a "body" of a particular
1556:. He believed, therefore, that we could gain knowledge about the thing-in-itself, something Kant said was impossible, since the rest of the relationship between representation and thing-in-itself could be understood by
596:
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themselves, to discern the nature of the reality in their mind – however
Deutsch uses this fact to counter-argue: "outer parts" of solipsist, behave independently so they are independent for "narrowly" defined (
1665:) self. A solipsist's investigations may not be proper science, however, since it would not include the co-operative and communitarian aspects of scientific inquiry that normally serve to diminish bias.
2796:"Transcreation of the Bhagavad Gita, and: Instant Nirvana: Americanization of Mysticism and Meditation, and: An Introduction to Yoga Philosophy: An Annotated Translation of the Yoga Sutras (review)"
1636:: there does not seem to be an imaginable disproof. According to Popper: a hypothesis that cannot be falsified is not scientific, and a solipsist can observe "the success of sciences" (see also
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Philosophers generally try to build knowledge on more than an inference or analogy. Well-known frameworks such as
Descartes' epistemological enterprise brought to popularity the idea that all
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in the philosophy of
Advaita could be interpreted as solipsism. However, the theological definition of the Self in Advaita protect it from true solipsism as found in the west. Similarly, the
1890:
perceiver by the process of ascribing permanence to impermanent phenomena, satisfaction to unsatisfying experiences, and a sense of reality to things that were effectively insubstantial.
1915:(sometimes translated as "Mind only") school of Buddhist philosophy contends that all human experience is constructed by mind. Some later representatives of one Yogacara subschool (
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The theory of solipsism also merits close examination because it relates to three widely held philosophical presuppositions, each itself fundamental and wide-ranging in importance:
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the totality of the universe; simply that they collectively cannot sense what cannot in any way be known to us.) Materialists do not find this a useful way of thinking about the
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One of the most fundamental debates in philosophy concerns the "true" nature of the world—whether it is some ethereal plane of ideas or a reality of atomic particles and energy.
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holds the mind to be the only god and all actions in the universe are thought to be a result of the mind assuming infinite forms. After the development of distinct schools of
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over epistemological solipsism. Having established this distinction between the external world and the mind, Samkhya posits the existence of two metaphysical realities
1315:. And this view, or some variant of it, has been influential in philosophy since René Descartes elevated the search for incontrovertible certainty to the status of the
3037:
This book presents an intriguing and scientifically based updating of solipsism involving the latest findings in quantum physics, neurology and consciousness studies.
757:) are the sole possible or proper starting point for philosophical construction. Often methodological solipsism is not held as a belief system, but rather used as a
6140:
1783:. By using various arguments, such as the analysis of the three states of experience—wakefulness, dream, and deep sleep, he established the singular reality of
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is to be preferred. In other words: additional "entities" can pay their way with enhanced explanatory power. So the naturalist can claim that, while their
1456:, but a perfect triangle or "beauty" is eternal. Religious thinking tends to be some form of idealism, as God usually becomes the highest ideal (such as
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1923:) propounded a form of idealism that has been interpreted as solipsism. A view of this sort is contained in the 11th-century treatise of Ratnakirti,
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The foundations of solipsism are in turn the foundations of the view that the individual's understanding of any and all psychological concepts (
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Buddhism also challenges the illusion of the idea that one can experience an 'objective' reality independent of individual perceiving minds.
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Solipsism as radical subjective idealism has often been criticized by well-known philosophers ("solipsism can only succeed in a madhouse" —
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believe that the mind and its thoughts are the only true things that exist. This is the reverse of what is sometimes called "
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One who sees everything as nothing but the Self, and the Self in everything one sees, such a seer withdraws from nothing.
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states that when also other scientific methods are used (not only logic) solipsism is "indefensible", also when using the
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wrote that it was "psychologically impossible" to believe, "I once received a letter from an eminent logician, Mrs.
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1620:, instead they only display traits of consciousness to the observer, who may be the only conscious being there is.
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has it that the simpler theory is always the best. In fact, the principle is that the simpler of two theories of
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However, Descartes' view does not provide any details about the nature of the "I" that has been proven to exist.
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own literal point of view. Therefore, an independent, purely 'objective' reality could never be experienced.
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provide the solipsist with a number of arguments not found in
Descartes. While Descartes defends ontological
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Radhakrishnan, Indian
Philosophy, London, George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1971 edition, Volume II, p. 342.
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in religion: the distinction between believing you do not know, and believing you could not have known.
1552:. Schopenhauer saw the human will as our one window to the world behind the representation, the Kantian
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2301:"Is there a convincing philosophical rebuttal to solipsism - See comment by Seth, Edinburgh Scotland"
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1644:). It might be argued that if the external world were merely a construct of a single consciousness,
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Much of the point of the sophists was to show that objective knowledge was a literal impossibility.
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and that therefore human knowledge is an ongoing, collective enterprise that is best produced via
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Russell, B. (1948). Human
Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 180.
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However, minimality (or parsimony) is not the only logical virtue. A common misapprehension of
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Even if something could be known about it, knowledge about it cannot be communicated to others.
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An Eleventh-Century Buddhist Logic of 'Exists': Ratnakīrti's Kṣaṇabhaṅgasiddhiḥ Vyatirekātmikā
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environments. This materialist perspective informs scientific methodology, insofar as that
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Origins of solipsist thought are found in Greece and later Enlightenment thinkers such as
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Mere denial of material existence, in itself, does not necessarily constitute solipsism.
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To expand on the second point, the conceptual problem is that the previous point assumes
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1374:) and God, Berkeley denies the existence of matter but not minds, of which God is one.
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the requirement that knowledge must be certain). It still entertains the points that
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2922:. Foundations of language. Vol. 2. Springer-Science Business Media. p. 1.
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1826:, escapes charge of solipsism because the real "I" is thought to be nothing but the
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Early Advaita Vedānta and Buddhism: the Mahāyāna context of the Gauḍapādīya-kārikā
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and Samkhya schools are thought to have originated concepts similar to solipsism.
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conventions adjusted specifically for material human capacities and limitations.
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so how could any suffering or delusion continue for those who know this oneness?
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is one of the six most known Hindu philosophical systems and literally means "
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Appropriating Hobbes: Legacies in Political, Legal, and International Thought
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3202:(Second, Unabridged ed.). Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam Company.
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There are varying degrees of solipsism that parallel the varying degrees of
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There is another option: the belief that both ideals and "reality" exist.
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3549:
3498:
3464:
3403:
2117:
2022:
1932:
1681:
1633:
1629:
1585:
1414:
1410:
1388:
1364:
1351:
1308:
1238:
948:
848:
833:
754:
730:
348:
323:
237:
197:
177:
6573:
2610:
2526:
6806:
6728:
6628:
6548:
6518:
6473:
6150:
5876:
5841:
5791:
5676:
5574:
5461:
5386:
4786:
4614:
4563:
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4424:
4328:
4273:
4080:
4060:
3926:
3693:
3607:
3436:
3383:
3347:
3251:
2589:
2513:"Notes on Neoplatonism and the relation to Christianity and Gnosticism"
2369:
Law, Liberty and State: Oakeshott, Hayek and Schmitt on the Rule of Law
1904:
1900:
1874:, and sometimes this position is understood as metaphysical solipsism.
1776:
1699:
1677:
1601:
1418:
1296:
1111:
888:
858:
762:
750:
655:
623:
458:
318:
242:
232:
217:
192:
6878:
6811:
6438:
6403:
6351:
6310:
6275:
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5801:
5686:
5616:
5569:
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5401:
4801:
4796:
4656:
4583:
4518:
4389:
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4135:
4125:
4120:
4095:
3891:
3451:
2072:
1780:
1745:
1725:
1453:
1159:
1010:
988:
918:
913:
828:
635:
433:
338:
308:
187:
4026:
1870:
Some interpretations of Buddhism assert that external reality is an
1728:
that others have experiences much like theirs and reject solipsism.
923:
33:
6250:
5811:
5666:
5441:
5406:
4631:
4538:
4503:
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4449:
4237:
4031:
3931:
3874:
3678:
3632:
3516:
2127:
2017:
1912:
1893:
1871:
1855:
1819:
1429:
1397:
1393:
1355:
1288:
1179:
968:
953:
843:
792:
711:
22:
2466:
2448:
6821:
6100:
5806:
5736:
5706:
5671:
5606:
5564:
5549:
5416:
4258:
4232:
4227:
4169:
4164:
3996:
3884:
3879:
3838:
3660:
3506:
3388:
2851:
Proceedings. International conference on cognitive systems (1997)
1859:
1842:
1784:
1764:
1674:
1557:
1481:
1452:) which were not products of our thinking. The material world is
1422:
1402:
1300:
1259:
1245:
1241:
998:
993:
863:
838:
639:
202:
3129:
2359:
1616:
in that other seemingly conscious beings may actually lack true
6938:
5696:
5646:
5559:
5431:
4523:
4444:
4174:
3833:
3823:
3521:
3423:
2489:
2158:
2027:
1721:
1500:. Descartes concluded that he could not doubt the existence of
928:
363:
353:
298:
5316:
3200:
Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language
2653:
Knowledge and the body-mind problem: in defence of interaction
2566:
1175:
One's most certain knowledge is the content of one's own mind—
6583:
6201:
Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
5796:
5746:
4339:
4001:
3287:
3220:
1846:
1797:
For the enlightened, all that exists is nothing but the Self,
1736:
The earliest reference to solipsism is found in the ideas in
1593:
1589:
675:
solipsism is a variety of solipsism based on a philosophy of
585:
358:
2399:
1612:
The theory of solipsism crosses over with the theory of the
1323:, whilst also elevating epistemology to "first philosophy".
733:
variant of solipsism. It exists in opposition to the strict
16:
Philosophical idea that only one's own mind is sure to exist
6913:
6841:
5741:
5721:
5716:
5641:
5599:
5584:
3169:. Totowa, NJ: Littlefield, Adams, and Company. p. 295.
2904:
Ocean of Nectar: Wisdom and Compassion in Mahayana Buddhism
2265:. Totowa, NJ: Littlefield, Adams, and Company. p. 295.
1477:
1473:
1198:
680:
627:
313:
1702:
is more complex, it is more satisfying as an explanation.
564:
4184:
1931:), which provides a philosophical refutation of external
1830:
looked at through a particular unique point of interest.
579:
570:
3198:
Neilson, W.A.; Knott, T.A.; Carhart, P.W., eds. (1950).
2460:
2458:
2403:
Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Genealogy to Iqbal
1939:(as distinct from the perspective of everyday reality).
1272:
Even if something exists, nothing can be known about it.
6141:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
1560:
as the relationship between human will and human body.
2915:
646:
cannot be known and might not exist outside the mind.
2949:. Translated by Lāma Kazi Dawa-Samdup. holybooks.com.
2455:
603:
582:
576:
561:
3104:
3025:. Arcturus–Foulsham (Europe), Chartwell Books (US).
1986:
1845:
philosophy, which is sometimes seen as the basis of
1362:, thus accepting the existence of a material world (
573:
567:
3197:
2365:
1114:. In order to explore related topics, please visit
558:
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3165:Wood, Ledger (1962). "Solipsism". In Runes (ed.).
3042:
2694:
2655:(Repr. ed.). London: Routledge. p. 106.
1596:rather than by the use of the senses (see Plato's
638:of anything outside one's own mind is unsure; the
2325:
1623:
1213:that the world is independent of our minds. (See
7027:
2971:The Development of Bertrand Russell's Philosophy
1472:commonly argue that the distinction between the
1592:is best discovered by the use of reasoning and
1531:could only exist as an idea in the mind of the
3193:. Totowa, NJ: Littlefield, Adams, and Company.
2909:
2393:
2366:Dyzenhaus, D.; Poole, T.; Poole, T.M. (2015).
1724:are solipsistic, and that eventually children
6367:
5332:
3236:
2849:Isaac, J. R.; Dangwal, Ritu; Chakraborty, C.
2426:
1538:
1134:
530:
3142:
3132:. In Fieser, James; Dowden, Bradley (eds.).
3040:
1925:"Refutation of the existence of other minds"
1779:teachers, and that of his teacher's teacher
710:Epistemological solipsism is the variety of
679:. Metaphysical solipsists maintain that the
2372:. Cambridge University Press. p. 142.
1382:
6374:
6360:
5339:
5325:
3243:
3229:
3130:"Solipsism and the Problem of Other Minds"
3119:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3107:Über Transcendenz des Objects und Subjects
2793:
2776:. University of Chicago, 1984. pp. 120–1.
2735:
2674:
2672:
2611:"Solipsism and the Problem of Other Minds"
2564:
2487:
2464:
2281:"Solipsism and the Problem of Other Minds"
2145: – John Locke's response to solipsism
1377:
1237:Solipsism was first recorded by the Greek
1141:
1127:
537:
523:
3209:Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary
2983:
2763:. Divine Life Society, Rishikesh. P. 248.
2736:King, Richard; Ācārya, Gauḍapāda (1995),
1787:, in which Brahman, the universe and the
1480:') and matter can be proven by employing
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
3128:Thornton, Stephen P. (24 October 2004).
3127:
3049:. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
3007:
2692:
2629:
2623:
2609:Thornton, Stephen P. (24 October 2004).
2608:
2420:
2406:. Taylor & Francis US. p. 146.
2293:
2279:Thornton, Stephen P. (24 October 2004).
2278:
1775:, who continued the work of some of the
1744:, dated to early 1st millennium BC. The
1330:
3085:
3063:
2669:
2400:Edward Craig; Routledge (Firm) (1998).
2338:. Oxford University Press. p. 82.
2331:
1607:
7028:
6381:
3105:von Schubert Soldern, Richard (1982).
2906:, London: Tharpa Publications, p. 253.
2650:
2230:
2228:
1518:body. From this, he inferred that the
1413:assumes that humans have no access to
6975:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
6355:
6171:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
5320:
4982:
3724:
3262:
3224:
3185:
3173:
3020:
2968:
2774:Dreams, Illusion, and Other Realities
2587:
2274:
2272:
2143:Primary/secondary quality distinction
1299:, etc.) is accomplished by making an
6271:Interpretations of quantum mechanics
6191:The World as Will and Representation
3206:
3164:
2984:Avramides, Anita (24 January 2024).
2973:. Taylor & Francis. p. 408.
2853:. Allied Publishers Ltd. pp. 341–2.
2577:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2500:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2477:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2260:
2236:"Philosophical Dictionary:Solipsism"
1791:or the Self, were one and the same.
1771:". Its first great consolidator was
1545:The World as Will and Representation
1463:
1189:The experience of a given person is
56:adding citations to reliable sources
27:
3211:. Springfield, MA: Merriam–Webster.
3135:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3041:Popper, K.R.; Eccles, J.C. (1977).
2992:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2616:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2595:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2532:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2286:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2225:
1837:
1588:is the philosophical position that
13:
3179:Philosophy for Kids!,『〈子ども〉のための哲学』
3001:
2510:
2269:
1759:
1600:). Solipsism is also skeptical of
1514:doubt the (separate) existence of
1440:" due to the influence of Plato's
699:
14:
7072:
3216:
3071:. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.
2565:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
2545:
2488:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
2465:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
1282:
1162:knowledge may go no further than
718:
6334:
6324:
6323:
5300:
5299:
5286:
3207:Mish, Frederick C., ed. (1983).
2427:Jones, N.; Berkeley, G. (2009).
1989:
1935:from the Buddhist standpoint of
554:
32:
6121:Meditations on First Philosophy
5346:
3008:Khashaba, D.R. (28 July 2002).
2977:
2962:
2953:
2936:
2916:A. C. Senape McDermott (2013).
2889:
2872:"Rohitassa Sutta: To Rohitassa"
2864:
2843:
2834:
2787:
2766:
2753:
2729:
2686:
2644:
2630:Khashaba, D.R. (28 July 2002).
2602:
2581:
2558:
2539:
2519:
2504:
2481:
1497:Meditations on First Philosophy
1368:) as well as immaterial minds (
1255:–375 BC), who is quoted by the
729:Methodological solipsism is an
661:
634:position, solipsism holds that
43:needs additional citations for
3250:
2254:
2208:
2048:Cognitive closure (philosophy)
2014: – The mind and the brain
1624:Falsifiability and testability
1580:
1303:with their own mental states;
779:
737:requirements for "knowledge" (
283:Analytic–synthetic distinction
1:
6832:Hard problem of consciousness
4983:
2794:Srinivasan, Vasanthi (2003).
2202:
1705:
1668:
1494:was by René Descartes in his
1436:" or, somewhat confusingly, "
1249:
1165:"I think; therefore I exist."
6306:Philosophy of space and time
4772:Ordinary language philosophy
3263:
3148:Philosophical Investigations
3010:"Subjectivism and Solipsism"
2761:The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
2632:"Subjectivism and Solipsism"
2588:Calef, Scott (9 June 2005).
1949:
1712:Infant cognitive development
1182:, experiences, affects, etc.
649:
7:
6181:The Phenomenology of Spirit
4822:Contemporary utilitarianism
4737:Internalism and externalism
3086:Russell, Bertrand (1995) .
2772:O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger.
2218:Online Etymology Dictionary
1982:
1958:, "solipsism is madness" —
1865:
1731:
1718:developmental psychologists
1632:hypothesis as described by
1563:
1326:
10:
7077:
4086:Svatantrika and Prasangika
3725:
3069:The Problems of Philosophy
3023:Is There Life After Death?
2740:, SUNY Press, p. 52,
2693:Flanagan, Owen J. (1991).
2433:. Continuum. p. 105.
1709:
1539:Philosophy of Schopenhauer
1492:identity of indiscernibles
1487:identity of indiscernibles
1232:
1220:
722:
703:
665:
618: 'alone' and
20:
6995:
6962:
6789:
6659:
6554:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
6544:David Lewis (philosopher)
6389:
6319:
6243:
6042:
5782:
5510:
5354:
5280:
5232:
5132:
5094:
5041:
5008:
4999:
4995:
4978:
4928:
4840:
4678:
4669:
4602:
4385:
4376:
4354:
4309:
4251:
4203:
4157:
4148:
4111:
3982:
3847:
3794:
3785:
3735:
3731:
3720:
3659:
3631:
3588:
3540:
3497:
3450:
3422:
3374:
3346:
3308:Philosophy of mathematics
3298:Philosophy of information
3273:
3269:
3258:
3181:. Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha.
1942:In addition to this, the
1568:The idealist philosopher
1522:must not be identical to
743:any induction is fallible
706:Epistemological solipsism
389:Evolutionary epistemology
7041:Epistemological theories
6296:Philosophy of psychology
6231:Simulacra and Simulation
3191:Dictionary of Philosophy
3167:Dictionary of Philosophy
2800:Philosophy East and West
2263:Dictionary of Philosophy
2191:The Truman Show delusion
1742:Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
1383:Idealism and materialism
725:Methodological solipsism
630:is sure to exist. As an
504:Philosophy of perception
21:Not to be confused with
6682:Eliminative materialism
6161:Critique of Pure Reason
4777:Postanalytic philosophy
4718:Experimental philosophy
3021:Peake, Anthony (2006).
2902:6:71cd, translation in
2900:Guide to the Middle Way
2876:www.accesstoinsight.org
2759:Krishnananda, (Swami).
2697:The Science of the Mind
2678:Deutsch, David. (1997)
2174:Stream of consciousness
2098:Model-dependent realism
1970:Christine Ladd-Franklin
1899:From the standpoint of
1673:Solipsism is a form of
1548:is the central work of
1510:argument), but that he
1405:and atomic collisions.
1378:Relation to other ideas
1217:and testability below)
1193:private to that person.
959:Incompleteness theorems
753:) or innate knowledge (
399:Historical epistemology
6934:Propositional attitude
6929:Problem of other minds
6837:Hypostatic abstraction
5752:Type–token distinction
5580:Hypostatic abstraction
5362:Abstract object theory
4910:Social constructionism
3922:Hellenistic philosophy
3338:Theoretical philosophy
3313:Philosophy of religion
3303:Philosophy of language
3045:The Self and Its Brain
2969:Jager, Ronald (2014).
2701:. MIT Press. pp.
2548:"A Defense of Dualism"
2430:Starting with Berkeley
2149:Problem of other minds
1812:
1575:egocentric predicament
1344:
668:Metaphysical solipsism
7005:Philosophers category
6909:Mental representation
6672:Biological naturalism
6559:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
6534:Frank Cameron Jackson
6341:Philosophy portal
6221:Being and Nothingness
5637:Mental representation
5293:Philosophy portal
4812:Scientific skepticism
4792:Reformed epistemology
3318:Philosophy of science
3090:. London: Routledge.
2812:10.1353/pew.2003.0030
2651:Popper, Karl (2000).
2574:Catholic Encyclopedia
2497:Catholic Encyclopedia
2474:Catholic Encyclopedia
2261:Wood, Ledger (1962).
2138:Philosophical realism
2088:Metaphysical nihilism
1793:
1655:simplest explanations
1350:'s arguments against
1334:
704:Further information:
686:egocentric presentism
626:idea that only one's
622: 'self') is the
509:Philosophy of science
6687:Emergent materialism
6266:Feminist metaphysics
4713:Critical rationalism
4420:Edo neo-Confucianism
4264:Acintya bheda abheda
4243:Renaissance humanism
3954:School of the Sextii
3328:Practical philosophy
3323:Political philosophy
3144:Wittgenstein, Ludwig
3088:The Analysis of Mind
2332:Boucher, D. (2018).
2196:Vertiginous question
2154:Protagoras of Abdera
2068:Existential nihilism
1638:no miracles argument
1614:philosophical zombie
1608:Philosophical zombie
984:Münchhausen trilemma
944:Continuum hypothesis
934:Après moi, le déluge
774:Cartesian skepticism
690:perspectival realism
384:Applied epistemology
52:improve this article
7051:Metaphysics of mind
6884:Language of thought
6634:Ludwig Wittgenstein
6464:Patricia Churchland
6111:Daneshnameh-ye Alai
5622:Linguistic modality
4284:Nimbarka Sampradaya
4195:Korean Confucianism
3942:Academic Skepticism
3014:Philosophy Pathways
2637:Philosophy Pathways
2552:New Dualism Archive
2468:"Materialism"
1929:Santanantara dusana
1880:"dependent arising"
1876:Buddhist philosophy
1814:The concept of the
1628:Solipsism is not a
1550:Arthur Schopenhauer
787:Part of a series on
677:subjective idealism
494:Epistemic cognition
414:Virtue epistemology
409:Social epistemology
394:Formal epistemology
133:Part of a series on
6712:Neurophenomenology
6383:Philosophy of mind
6301:Philosophy of self
6291:Philosophy of mind
5555:Embodied cognition
5467:Scientific realism
4905:Post-structuralism
4807:Scientific realism
4762:Quinean naturalism
4742:Logical positivism
4698:Analytical Marxism
3917:Peripatetic school
3829:Chinese naturalism
3356:Aesthetic response
3283:Applied philosophy
3187:Runes, Dagobert D.
2590:"Dualism and Mind"
2164:Solipsism syndrome
2113:Open individualism
2108:Objective idealism
1773:Adi Shankaracharya
1529:The Descartes body
1524:the Descartes body
1434:classical idealism
1345:
1265:as having stated:
759:thought experiment
7023:
7022:
6919:Mind–body problem
6817:Cognitive closure
6781:Substance dualism
6399:G. E. M. Anscombe
6349:
6348:
5528:Category of being
5497:Truthmaker theory
5314:
5313:
5276:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5267:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4693:Analytic feminism
4665:
4664:
4627:Kierkegaardianism
4589:Transcendentalism
4549:Neo-scholasticism
4395:Classical Realism
4372:
4371:
4144:
4143:
3959:Neopythagoreanism
3716:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3333:Social philosophy
3065:Russell, Bertrand
2929:978-94-017-6322-6
2747:978-0-7914-2513-8
2724:infant solipsism.
2681:Fabric of Reality
2527:"German Idealism"
2440:978-1-84706-186-7
2413:978-0-415-18709-1
2379:978-1-107-09338-6
2345:978-0-19-881721-5
2242:on 3 January 2017
2169:Standpoint theory
2103:Object permanence
2063:Ethical solipsism
2053:Consensus reality
1997:Philosophy portal
1884:pratityasamutpada
1862:(consciousness).
1750:Indian philosophy
1695:explanatory power
1484:principle of the
1464:Cartesian dualism
1438:Platonic idealism
1151:
1150:
547:
546:
128:
127:
120:
102:
7068:
6771:Representational
6766:Property dualism
6759:Type physicalism
6724:New mysterianism
6692:Epiphenomenalism
6514:Martin Heidegger
6376:
6369:
6362:
6353:
6352:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6327:
6326:
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6156:
6146:
6136:
6126:
6116:
6106:
6096:
6086:
6076:
6066:
6056:
5732:Substantial form
5544:Cogito, ergo sum
5487:Substance theory
5341:
5334:
5327:
5318:
5317:
5303:
5302:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5006:
5005:
4997:
4996:
4980:
4979:
4870:Frankfurt School
4817:Transactionalism
4767:Normative ethics
4747:Legal positivism
4723:Falsificationism
4708:Consequentialism
4703:Communitarianism
4676:
4675:
4544:New Confucianism
4383:
4382:
4190:Neo-Confucianism
4155:
4154:
3964:Second Sophistic
3949:Middle Platonism
3792:
3791:
3733:
3732:
3722:
3721:
3565:Epiphenomenalism
3432:Consequentialism
3366:Institutionalism
3271:
3270:
3260:
3259:
3245:
3238:
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3222:
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3212:
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2537:
2536:
2535:. 16 April 2001.
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2517:
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2508:
2502:
2501:
2493:
2491:"Idealism"
2485:
2479:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2309:. Archived from
2297:
2291:
2290:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2238:. Archived from
2232:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2123:Personal horizon
2093:Mind over matter
2083:LaVeyan Satanism
1999:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1976:John Stuart Mill
1966:Bertrand Russell
1838:Samkhya and Yoga
1810:
1738:Hindu philosophy
1533:person Descartes
1520:person Descartes
1313:inner experience
1263:Sextus Empiricus
1254:
1251:
1143:
1136:
1129:
964:Infinite regress
795:
784:
783:
606:
601:
600:
599:
598:
591:
588:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
539:
532:
525:
439:Sextus Empiricus
404:Metaepistemology
130:
129:
123:
116:
112:
109:
103:
101:
60:
36:
28:
7076:
7075:
7071:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7066:
7065:
7026:
7025:
7024:
7019:
6991:
6958:
6904:Mental property
6797:Abstract object
6785:
6655:
6609:Wilfrid Sellars
6484:Donald Davidson
6469:Paul Churchland
6429:George Berkeley
6385:
6380:
6350:
6345:
6335:
6333:
6315:
6239:
6234:
6224:
6214:
6204:
6194:
6184:
6174:
6164:
6154:
6144:
6134:
6124:
6114:
6104:
6094:
6084:
6081:De rerum natura
6074:
6064:
6054:
6038:
5778:
5682:Physical object
5518:Abstract object
5506:
5492:Theory of forms
5427:Meaning of life
5350:
5345:
5315:
5310:
5287:
5285:
5264:
5228:
5128:
5090:
5037:
4991:
4990:
4962:
4951:Russian cosmism
4924:
4920:Western Marxism
4885:New Historicism
4850:Critical theory
4836:
4832:Wittgensteinian
4728:Foundationalism
4661:
4598:
4579:Social contract
4435:Foundationalism
4368:
4350:
4334:Illuminationism
4319:Aristotelianism
4305:
4294:Vishishtadvaita
4247:
4199:
4140:
4107:
3978:
3907:Megarian school
3902:Eretrian school
3843:
3804:Agriculturalism
3781:
3727:
3708:
3655:
3627:
3584:
3536:
3493:
3477:Incompatibilism
3446:
3418:
3370:
3342:
3265:
3254:
3249:
3219:
3158:
3112:
3111:
3098:
3079:
3057:
3033:
3004:
3002:Further reading
2999:
2982:
2978:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2914:
2910:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2792:
2788:
2771:
2767:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2734:
2730:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2649:
2645:
2628:
2624:
2607:
2603:
2586:
2582:
2568:"Dualism"
2563:
2559:
2546:DePoe, John M.
2544:
2540:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2511:Loflin, Lewis.
2509:
2505:
2486:
2482:
2463:
2456:
2441:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2306:TheGuardian.com
2299:
2298:
2294:
2277:
2270:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2038:Cartesian doubt
2033:Boltzmann brain
1995:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1956:A. Schopenhauer
1952:
1917:Prajñakaragupta
1868:
1840:
1811:
1803:
1762:
1760:Advaita Vedanta
1754:Advaita Vedanta
1734:
1714:
1708:
1671:
1626:
1610:
1598:theory of forms
1583:
1570:George Berkeley
1566:
1554:thing-in-itself
1541:
1507:cogito ergo sum
1466:
1442:theory of forms
1385:
1380:
1348:George Berkeley
1337:George Berkeley
1329:
1285:
1269:Nothing exists.
1252:
1235:
1229:and Descartes.
1223:
1147:
1101:
1100:
1031:
1030:
1021:
1020:
979:Meaninglessness
974:Logical fallacy
909:
908:
899:
898:
824:
823:
814:
793:
782:
735:epistemological
727:
721:
708:
702:
700:Epistemological
670:
664:
652:
632:epistemological
604:
594:
593:
557:
553:
543:
514:
513:
499:Epistemic logic
489:
488:
479:
478:
429:
428:
427:Epistemologists
419:
418:
379:
378:
369:
368:
273:
272:
263:
262:
208:Foundationalism
173:
172:
163:
124:
113:
107:
104:
61:
59:
49:
37:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7074:
7064:
7063:
7061:Theory of mind
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6989:
6972:
6966:
6964:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6899:Mental process
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6869:Intentionality
6866:
6865:
6864:
6859:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6793:
6791:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6762:
6761:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6719:Neutral monism
6716:
6715:
6714:
6704:
6702:Interactionism
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6663:
6661:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6614:Baruch Spinoza
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6524:Edmund Husserl
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6494:René Descartes
6491:
6489:Daniel Dennett
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6459:David Chalmers
6456:
6451:
6446:
6444:Franz Brentano
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6424:Alexander Bain
6421:
6416:
6414:Thomas Aquinas
6411:
6406:
6401:
6395:
6393:
6387:
6386:
6379:
6378:
6371:
6364:
6356:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6331:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6247:
6245:
6244:Related topics
6241:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6227:
6217:
6211:Being and Time
6207:
6197:
6187:
6177:
6167:
6157:
6147:
6137:
6127:
6117:
6107:
6097:
6087:
6077:
6067:
6057:
6046:
6044:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5788:
5786:
5784:Metaphysicians
5780:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5540:
5538:Causal closure
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5412:Libertarianism
5409:
5404:
5399:
5397:Existentialism
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5344:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5321:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5296:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5149:
5144:
5138:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5100:
5098:
5096:Middle Eastern
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5014:
5012:
5003:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4860:Existentialism
4857:
4855:Deconstruction
4852:
4846:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4688:Applied ethics
4684:
4682:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4652:Nietzscheanism
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4612:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4594:Utilitarianism
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4492:Transcendental
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4430:Existentialism
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4315:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4218:Augustinianism
4215:
4209:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4161:
4159:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4131:Zoroastrianism
4128:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3988:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3974:Church Fathers
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3856:
3854:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3729:
3728:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3489:Libertarianism
3486:
3485:
3484:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3293:Metaphilosophy
3290:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3267:
3266:
3256:
3255:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3218:
3217:External links
3215:
3214:
3213:
3204:
3195:
3189:, ed. (1962).
3183:
3175:Nagai, Hitoshi
3171:
3162:
3156:
3140:
3125:
3102:
3096:
3083:
3077:
3061:
3055:
3038:
3031:
3018:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2976:
2961:
2952:
2935:
2928:
2908:
2888:
2863:
2842:
2833:
2806:(3): 421–425.
2786:
2765:
2752:
2746:
2728:
2711:
2685:
2668:
2661:
2643:
2622:
2601:
2580:
2557:
2538:
2518:
2503:
2480:
2454:
2439:
2419:
2412:
2392:
2378:
2358:
2344:
2324:
2313:on 5 June 2016
2292:
2268:
2253:
2224:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2058:Dream argument
2055:
2050:
2045:
2043:Centered world
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1984:
1981:
1951:
1948:
1937:ultimate truth
1867:
1864:
1839:
1836:
1828:absolute whole
1801:
1761:
1758:
1733:
1730:
1710:Main article:
1707:
1704:
1670:
1667:
1625:
1622:
1609:
1606:
1582:
1579:
1565:
1562:
1540:
1537:
1465:
1462:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1328:
1325:
1284:
1283:René Descartes
1281:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1234:
1231:
1222:
1219:
1215:Falsifiability
1207:Brain in a vat
1195:
1194:
1187:
1183:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1006:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
939:Cognitive bias
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
910:
906:
905:
904:
901:
900:
897:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
854:Existentialism
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
825:
821:
820:
819:
816:
815:
813:
812:
810:Disambiguation
807:
801:
798:
797:
789:
788:
781:
778:
770:René Descartes
723:Main article:
720:
719:Methodological
717:
701:
698:
666:Main article:
663:
660:
651:
648:
640:external world
545:
544:
542:
541:
534:
527:
519:
516:
515:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
490:
487:Related fields
486:
485:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
471:
469:W. V. O. Quine
466:
461:
456:
454:René Descartes
451:
446:
444:Edmund Gettier
441:
436:
430:
426:
425:
424:
421:
420:
417:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
380:
376:
375:
374:
371:
370:
367:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
285:
280:
274:
270:
269:
268:
265:
264:
261:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
174:
170:
169:
168:
165:
164:
162:
161:
156:
151:
145:
142:
141:
135:
134:
126:
125:
40:
38:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7073:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6994:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6961:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6949:Understanding
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6874:Introspection
6872:
6870:
6867:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6827:Consciousness
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6788:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6749:Phenomenology
6747:
6745:
6744:Phenomenalism
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6734:Occasionalism
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6708:
6707:Naïve realism
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6697:Functionalism
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6658:
6652:
6651:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6639:Stephen Yablo
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6594:Richard Rorty
6592:
6590:
6589:Hilary Putnam
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6564:Marvin Minsky
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6539:Immanuel Kant
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6529:William James
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6434:Henri Bergson
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6377:
6372:
6370:
6365:
6363:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6342:
6332:
6330:
6322:
6321:
6318:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6286:Phenomenology
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6223:
6222:
6218:
6213:
6212:
6208:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6193:
6192:
6188:
6183:
6182:
6178:
6173:
6172:
6168:
6163:
6162:
6158:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6143:
6142:
6138:
6133:
6132:
6128:
6123:
6122:
6118:
6113:
6112:
6108:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6093:
6092:
6088:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6073:
6072:
6068:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6053:
6052:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6043:Notable works
6041:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5447:Phenomenalism
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5367:Action theory
5365:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5342:
5337:
5335:
5330:
5328:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5307:
5306:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:Miscellaneous
5231:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5093:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4929:Miscellaneous
4927:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4915:Structuralism
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4900:Postmodernism
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4890:Phenomenology
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4827:Vienna Circle
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4757:Moral realism
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4559:Phenomenology
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4499:Individualism
4497:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4365:
4364:Judeo-Islamic
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4340:ʿIlm al-Kalām
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4289:Shuddhadvaita
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4223:Scholasticism
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3719:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3674:Conceptualism
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3603:Particularism
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:Functionalism
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:Eliminativism
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3460:Compatibilism
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:Particularism
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3234:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3157:0-631-19064-3
3153:
3150:. Blackwell.
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
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3116:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3097:0-415-09097-0
3093:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3078:0-7546-1210-4
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3056:0-387-08307-3
3052:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3034:
3032:0-7858-2162-7
3028:
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3019:
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2859:81-7023-746-7
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2782:0-226-61855-2
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2712:9780262560566
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2662:0-415-13556-7
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2220:
2219:
2215:"solipsism".
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2134:
2133:Phenomenalism
2131:
2129:
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2119:
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2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
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2078:Immaterialism
2076:
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2036:
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2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2007:World as Myth
2004:
2003:
1998:
1987:
1980:
1977:
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1971:
1967:
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1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
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1906:
1903:(a branch of
1902:
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1873:
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1858:(matter) and
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1729:
1727:
1723:
1720:believe that
1719:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1689:Occam's razor
1685:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1651:David Deutsch
1647:
1643:
1642:psychokinesis
1639:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1618:consciousness
1615:
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1406:
1404:
1399:
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1390:
1375:
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1372:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1354:in favour of
1353:
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1258:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1227:Thomas Hobbes
1218:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1203:consciousness
1200:
1192:
1188:
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1178:
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1024:
1017:
1016:Valuelessness
1014:
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1005:
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1000:
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917:
915:
912:
911:
903:
902:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
879:Postmodernism
877:
875:
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870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
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832:
830:
827:
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796:
791:
790:
786:
785:
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771:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
749:impressions (
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
726:
716:
713:
707:
697:
695:
691:
687:
682:
678:
674:
669:
659:
657:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:philosophical
621:
617:
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609:
608:
597:
590:
551:
540:
535:
533:
528:
526:
521:
520:
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505:
502:
500:
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495:
492:
491:
483:
482:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
464:Immanuel Kant
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
449:Wang Yangming
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
431:
423:
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415:
412:
410:
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405:
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372:
365:
362:
360:
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342:
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335:
332:
330:
329:Justification
327:
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315:
312:
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300:
297:
295:
294:
290:
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279:
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275:
267:
266:
259:
258:Structuralism
256:
254:
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246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
228:Perspectivism
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
213:Infallibilism
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
183:Contextualism
181:
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176:
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167:
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160:
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155:
152:
150:
147:
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144:
143:
140:
137:
136:
132:
131:
122:
119:
111:
108:December 2022
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69: –
68:
64:
63:Find sources:
57:
53:
47:
46:
41:This article
39:
35:
30:
29:
24:
19:
6985: /
6981: /
6977: /
6894:Mental image
6889:Mental event
6852:Intelligence
6802:Chinese room
6775:
6648:
6599:Gilbert Ryle
6579:Derek Parfit
6569:Thomas Nagel
6499:Fred Dretske
6419:J. L. Austin
6391:Philosophers
6261:Epistemology
6229:
6219:
6209:
6199:
6189:
6179:
6169:
6159:
6149:
6139:
6129:
6119:
6109:
6099:
6089:
6079:
6071:Nyāya Sūtras
6069:
6059:
6049:
6031:
5947:Wittgenstein
5892:Schopenhauer
5771:
5762:Unobservable
5612:Intelligence
5542:
5482:Subjectivism
5477:Spiritualism
5471:
5392:Essentialism
5372:Anti-realism
5298:
5284:
4955:
4946:Postcritique
4936:Kyoto School
4895:Posthumanism
4875:Hermeneutics
4730: /
4671:Contemporary
4647:Newtonianism
4610:Cartesianism
4569:Reductionism
4405:Conservatism
4400:Collectivism
4338:
4066:Sarvāstivadā
4044:Anekantavada
3969:Neoplatonism
3937:Epicureanism
3870:Pythagoreans
3809:Confucianism
3775:Contemporary
3765:Early modern
3669:Anti-realism
3623:Universalism
3580:Subjectivism
3413:
3376:Epistemology
3208:
3199:
3190:
3178:
3166:
3147:
3133:
3106:
3087:
3068:
3044:
3022:
3013:
2986:
2979:
2970:
2964:
2955:
2938:
2918:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2896:Chandrakirti
2891:
2879:. Retrieved
2875:
2866:
2845:
2836:
2803:
2799:
2789:
2768:
2755:
2737:
2731:
2723:
2716:. Retrieved
2696:
2688:
2679:
2652:
2646:
2635:
2625:
2614:
2604:
2593:
2583:
2572:
2560:
2551:
2541:
2530:
2521:
2506:
2495:
2483:
2472:
2429:
2422:
2402:
2395:
2383:. Retrieved
2368:
2361:
2349:. Retrieved
2334:
2327:
2315:. Retrieved
2311:the original
2304:
2295:
2284:
2262:
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2240:the original
2216:
2210:
2184:
2179:Subjectivity
2012:Alfred Binet
1974:
1964:
1953:
1944:Bardo Thodol
1941:
1933:mind-streams
1928:
1924:
1910:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1869:
1841:
1832:
1824:Yogavasistha
1813:
1809:: sloka 6, 7
1806:Ishopanishad
1804:
1796:
1794:
1763:
1735:
1715:
1692:
1686:
1672:
1662:
1659:
1645:
1627:
1611:
1584:
1567:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1504:(the famous
1501:
1495:
1485:
1467:
1458:neoplatonism
1449:
1445:
1427:
1407:
1386:
1371:res cogitans
1369:
1363:
1346:
1341:John Smybert
1335:Portrait of
1321:epistemology
1317:primary goal
1316:
1312:
1304:
1286:
1278:
1236:
1224:
1211:
1196:
1190:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1152:
989:Nonexistence
893:
884:Reductionism
766:
747:
738:
728:
709:
693:
673:Metaphysical
671:
662:Metaphysical
653:
619:
615:
549:
548:
293:a posteriori
292:
288:
252:
139:Epistemology
114:
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
18:
6979:information
6970:Metaphysics
6944:Tabula rasa
6754:Physicalism
6739:Parallelism
6667:Behaviorism
6624:Michael Tye
6619:Alan Turing
6604:John Searle
6479:Dharmakirti
6454:Tyler Burge
6449:C. D. Broad
6091:Metaphysics
6075:(c. 200 BC)
6065:(c. 350 BC)
6055:(c. 350 BC)
5942:Collingwood
5847:Malebranche
5595:Information
5523:Anima mundi
5502:Type theory
5457:Physicalism
5422:Materialism
5377:Determinism
5348:Metaphysics
4941:Objectivism
4880:Neo-Marxism
4842:Continental
4752:Meta-ethics
4732:Coherentism
4637:Hegelianism
4574:Rationalism
4534:Natural law
4514:Materialism
4440:Historicism
4410:Determinism
4301:Navya-Nyāya
4076:Sautrāntika
4071:Pudgalavada
4007:Vaisheshika
3860:Presocratic
3760:Renaissance
3699:Physicalism
3684:Materialism
3590:Normativity
3575:Objectivism
3560:Emergentism
3550:Behaviorism
3499:Metaphysics
3465:Determinism
3404:Rationalism
2987:Other Minds
2118:Panpsychism
2023:Antiscience
2005:Heinlein's
1777:Upanishadic
1769:non-duality
1682:agnosticism
1634:Karl Popper
1630:falsifiable
1586:Rationalism
1581:Rationalism
1415:omniscience
1411:methodology
1389:Materialism
1365:res extensa
1352:materialism
1309:abstraction
1239:presocratic
1191:necessarily
1076:Kierkegaard
1041:Baudrillard
1004:of nihilism
994:Nothingness
949:God is dead
849:Determinism
834:Agnosticism
780:Main points
755:rationalism
644:other minds
610:; from
349:Rationality
324:Information
238:Rationalism
198:Fallibilism
178:Coherentism
67:"Solipsism"
7030:Categories
7015:Task Force
6983:perception
6857:Artificial
6807:Creativity
6729:Nondualism
6629:Vasubandhu
6549:John Locke
6519:David Hume
6474:Andy Clark
6151:Monadology
6085:(c. 80 BC)
5792:Parmenides
5677:Perception
5575:Experience
5462:Relativism
5437:Naturalism
5387:Enactivism
5240:Amerindian
5147:Australian
5086:Vietnamese
5066:Indonesian
4615:Kantianism
4564:Positivism
4554:Pragmatism
4529:Naturalism
4509:Liberalism
4487:Subjective
4425:Empiricism
4329:Avicennism
4274:Bhedabheda
4158:East Asian
4081:Madhyamaka
4061:Abhidharma
3927:Pyrrhonism
3694:Nominalism
3689:Naturalism
3618:Skepticism
3608:Relativism
3598:Absolutism
3527:Naturalism
3437:Deontology
3409:Skepticism
3394:Naturalism
3384:Empiricism
3348:Aesthetics
3252:Philosophy
3109:. Leipzig.
2718:22 October
2449:2008053026
2385:19 January
2351:19 January
2203:References
1960:M. Gardner
1921:Ratnakīrti
1905:Madhyamaka
1901:Prasangika
1706:In infants
1700:world view
1678:minimalism
1669:Minimalism
1602:sense-data
1419:scientific
1297:perceiving
1253: 483
1116:navigation
1112:philosophy
1106:This is a
1061:Dostoevsky
889:Skepticism
874:Presentism
859:Nominalism
763:skepticism
761:to assist
751:empiricism
656:skepticism
607:-ip-siz-əm
459:David Hume
319:Experience
248:Skepticism
243:Relativism
233:Pragmatism
223:Naturalism
218:Infinitism
193:Empiricism
78:newspapers
7056:Solipsism
6879:Intuition
6812:Cognition
6776:Solipsism
6439:Ned Block
6409:Armstrong
6404:Aristotle
6311:Teleology
6276:Mereology
6256:Cosmology
6115:(c. 1000)
6012:Plantinga
6002:Armstrong
5952:Heidegger
5927:Whitehead
5912:Nietzsche
5832:Descartes
5802:Aristotle
5757:Universal
5687:Principle
5657:Necessity
5617:Intention
5570:Existence
5533:Causality
5472:Solipsism
5402:Free will
5119:Pakistani
5081:Taiwanese
5028:Ethiopian
5001:By region
4987:By region
4802:Scientism
4797:Systemics
4657:Spinozism
4584:Socialism
4519:Modernism
4482:Objective
4390:Anarchism
4324:Averroism
4213:Christian
4165:Neotaoism
4136:Zurvanism
4126:Mithraism
4121:Mazdakism
3892:Cyrenaics
3819:Logicians
3452:Free will
3414:Solipsism
3361:Formalism
3115:cite book
3067:(1988) .
2828:170761905
2820:1529-1898
2073:Externism
1950:Criticism
1781:Gaudapada
1746:Upanishad
1663:conscious
1482:Leibniz's
1454:ephemeral
1430:idealists
1108:subseries
1081:Nietzsche
1071:Heidegger
1011:Vagueness
919:Amorality
914:Ambiguity
894:Solipsism
869:Pessimism
829:Absurdism
650:Varieties
636:knowledge
550:Solipsism
434:Aristotle
339:Knowledge
334:Induction
309:Certainty
253:Solipsism
188:Dogmatism
7046:Idealism
7000:Category
6847:Identity
6790:Concepts
6660:Theories
6644:Zhuangzi
6574:Alva Noë
6329:Category
6251:Axiology
6105:(c. 270)
6033:more ...
5987:Anscombe
5982:Strawson
5977:Davidson
5872:Berkeley
5812:Plotinus
5773:more ...
5712:Relation
5692:Property
5667:Ontology
5590:Identity
5511:Concepts
5442:Nihilism
5407:Idealism
5355:Theories
5305:Category
5260:Yugoslav
5250:Romanian
5157:Scottish
5142:American
5071:Japanese
5051:Buddhist
5033:Africana
5023:Egyptian
4865:Feminist
4787:Rawlsian
4782:Quietism
4680:Analytic
4632:Krausism
4539:Nihilism
4504:Kokugaku
4467:Absolute
4462:Idealism
4450:Humanism
4238:Occamism
4205:European
4150:Medieval
4096:Yogacara
4056:Buddhist
4049:Syādvāda
3932:Stoicism
3897:Cynicism
3885:Sophists
3880:Atomists
3875:Eleatics
3814:Legalism
3755:Medieval
3679:Idealism
3633:Ontology
3613:Nihilism
3517:Idealism
3275:Branches
3264:Branches
3177:(1996).
3146:(1974).
2881:14 April
2128:Phaneron
2018:Anathema
1983:See also
1913:Yogacara
1894:Mahayana
1872:illusion
1866:Buddhism
1856:Prakriti
1820:Vedantic
1802:—
1732:Hinduism
1564:Idealism
1470:Dualists
1448:or ἰδέα
1398:ontogeny
1394:ontology
1356:idealism
1327:Berkeley
1289:thinking
1180:thoughts
1066:Foucault
1029:Thinkers
969:Last man
954:Illusion
907:Concepts
844:Buddhism
805:Category
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6235:(1981)
6225:(1943)
6215:(1927)
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