202:
and abuses which are committed against the
Indians under our royal crown, or against those granted in encomiendas to other persons by the governors." The Audiencia was directed to exercise care that "the said Indians shall be better treated and instructed in our Holy Catholic Faith, as our free vassals." This was in conformance with the requirement to exercise great care in suits involving the local population, respecting their rites, customs, and practices to which they had always been accustomed. Appointed local government officials were ordered not to dispossess native chiefs of their rule or authority, and on the contrary, to appeal cases involving them without delay to the Audiencia, or to the visiting Oidor. The Audiencia was to devote two days a week to hearing suits to which Indians were parties. The fiscal, who acted as a prosecutor for the government and was the most important official directly connected with the tribunal, was also instructed to "take care to assist and favor poor Indians in the suits that they have, and to see that they are not oppressed, maltreated, or wronged."
389:, and again their request was denied by the tribunal. However the Audiencia's ruling was overturned by the Council of the Indies in 1653. In 1769, after the expulsion of the Jesuits, the Audiencia tried for a time to administer San Jose, but a cedula was issued ordering to close down the college and transfer all existing students over to secular colleges and seminaries. The Audiencia then reported to the Council of the Indies on the transaction details that involved revenues derived from Jesuit properties, whose income was remitted to the Royal Treasury. The Archbishop of Manila tried to obtain the administration over all those properties and revenues, but it was stopped by the Audiencia. The Crown sustained the Audiencia's measures and forbade the prelate from trying to appropriate any of these assets.
417:
341:, was convicted at the end of his term in 1701 for cheating on the native laborers. The Court concluded that "although the estimated cost of construction for the government house was 30,000 pesos, only 6,000 pesos were disbursed, the remainder representing what the natives contributed of their sweat and blood", at a time when one peso was the equivalent of the yearly salary of a native galleon builder in Cavite and a house could be bought for twenty pesos.
431:
159:, discovered and to be discovered. And we order that the governor and captain general of said Islands and Provinces, and president of their Royal Audiencia, have exclusively the superior government of the entire district of said Audiencia in war and peace, and shall make provisions and favors in our Royal Name, which in conformity to the laws of this Compilation and the rest of the
323:
his authority. He was then to be kept in bounds by realizing that a day of judgment was impending, when everyone, even the poorest Indian, might in perfect security bring forward his accusation. In the
Philippines the Residencia for a governor lasted six months and was conducted by his successor and all the charges made were forwarded to Spain."
256:
of the natives. Any person could bring suit against an Oidor. The
Audiencia was forbidden to act alone in the selection of the Judges, and magistrates were forbidden to hear cases affecting themselves or their relatives. No relative of the President or of an Oidor could be appointed legally to a government post. Criminal charges against the
347:, who first came to the Philippines during the administration of Governor Pedro Manuel de Arandia, as Oidor of the Audiencia, was also made to endure a Juicio de Residencia with charges brought against him in 1764, during which a review was made of his acts while as an Oidor he continued resistance once Manila had fallen during the brief
330:, Governor-General from 1636 to 1644, who during his rule had managed to anger several personalities from the ecclesiastic, military and civilian hierarchies. Upon leaving office he had a particularly severe Juicio de Residencia after which he was sentenced to a prison term of which he served five years at
315:
This judicial trial was conducted by a judicial official, and it combined the features of a general survey of the career of the official under investigation, an auditing of his accounts and a formal trial. Its purpose was to ascertain whether or not the official had faithfully executed his duties and
255:
Oidores were forbidden to receive any fees from or to act as advocates for any private person, and they could not hold income-yielding estates in arable land or cattle. Oidores were also forbidden to engage in business, either singly or in partnership, nor could they avail themselves of the services
229:
Although the
Governor-General had the right to make appointments in most departments of the government, except in the offices appointed directly by the Crown, the Audiencia imposed a very strict check on these appointments that was almost invariably a source of conflict throughout the history of the
201:
The
Audiencia was given supervision over the administration of the estates of deceased persons. Special attention received the trials of cases involving states from native owners, and a provision was made that: "our said president and Oidores shall always take great care to be informed of the crimes
363:
The
Audiencia exercised both executive and judicial powers over the Church. The tribunal ruled over disputes between orders, between the government and the Church or any of its representatives, over cases relating to land titles, over abuses against the natives by representatives of the Church, and
246:
to investigate about the correct administration of government and justice in the provinces. They were to note the state of the towns and their needs, the means taken for the construction and preservation of public buildings. Oidores were also required to check on the condition of the natives on the
205:
Although it was commanded not to interfere with governors of provinces, it had the right, when charges had been made by private individuals, to conduct investigations on government officials. The
Audiencia was also empowered to investigate the judges of provinces, and had the authority to try cases
163:
and the instructions and powers that We shall grant, he should and can do; and in gubernatorial matters and cases that shall arise, that are of importance, said president-governor should consult on them with the judges of said
Audiencia, so that they give their consultive opinions, and having heard
384:
As early as 1585 the
Jesuits had requested to establish a college in Manila, but although the Audiencia reported satisfactorily on the work of the Jesuit order, it concluded that there was no need to finance such a costly enterprise, granting only permission to establish the college of San Jose in
322:
described the process as extremely harsh: "It was designed to provide a method by which officials could be held to strict accountability for all. acts during their term of office. ... To allow a contest in the courts involving the governor s powers during his term of office would be subversive of
251:
and make sure they were faithfully and efficiently instructed and not permitted to live in ignorance and idolatry. They also had to make reports on the state of the soil, the condition of the crops and harvests, extent of mineral wealth and timber, and just about everything that had to do with the
380:
The
Audiencia of Manila also exercised its authority over the colleges and universities. Therefore, Oidores and fiscals were automatically excluded as candidates rectories. Instead, they were to make sure that the level of education in the universities, colleges and seminaries was up to approved
96:
When the Real Audiencia of Manila was established, a justice system already existed that was similar to the judicial and administrative systems of Spain and Latin America. Although the powers and functions of the Royal Audience of Manila were basically the same as those exercised by the other
225:
The Audiencia exercised very pronounced authority over the services of public servants and government officials in the Philippines, and reported to the court all matters relative to the conduct, work, or attitude of any employee or official of the government. The Governor-General himself was
206:
of appeal from local governors, town and city mayors, and other magistrates of the provinces; it also had jurisdiction over civil cases appealed from government officials of the city and original jurisdiction over all criminal cases arising within five leagues of the city of Manila.
355:. His actions were not only approved, but he was also awarded high honors and promotions. On November 19, 1769, he was granted an annual pension of 3000 pesos for life. Basco y Vargas later went on to become the 44th Governor of the Philippines, ruling from 1778 until 1787.
316:
it served to clear him if he was found to have acted honestly, giving him a clean certificate of recommendation. If he was found guilty of official misconduct, dishonesty or any other crimes, he was apprehended, degraded, and punished, according to his wrongdoings.
371:
Some other ecclesiastical affairs could also claim the attention of the Audiencia, such as the supervision over the assignment of benefices, and especially with the settlement of the property and estates of Bishops and Archbishops who had died in the Philippines.
171:, seventh Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines, dissatisfied with the limits that the Audiencia imposed on his authority as a governor, dissolved the institution in 1590, and sent to Mexico all judges that composed the tribunal.
268:
The Audiencia did assume responsibility for the defense of the Philippines on many occasions, such as in 1607, when it maintained the defense of Manila and Cavite against the Dutch, or between 1762 and 1764, when Oidor
368:. However the Audiencia was ordered to exercise its mandate without harming the rights and prerogatives of the church and to assist the prelates on all occasions when they petitioned for aid from the Spanish Crown.
151:; a crown attorney ; a bailiff ; a lieutenant of the Gran Chancellor; and the other necessary ministers and officials; and which shall have for district said Island of Luzon, and the rest of the Philippines, the
142:
In the city of Manila on the Island of Luzon, Head of the Philippines, shall reside another Royal Audiencia and Chancellery of ours, with a president, who shall be governor and captain general; four judges of
306:
Among the most frequently complaints made against the Governor-General and his military subordinates was their abuse of power. In order to make all military personnel accountable for their actions a
273:
assumed military power on behalf of the Audiencia, organizing and maintaining a defense against the British who had invaded Manila, a move that was later approved by the King of Spain.
97:
Audiencias, several factors, such as the threat of naval attack by the Dutch and the British and the dependence of the colony on the commerce of China, called for a different approach.
385:
1601, that managed to maintain itself without royal aid until 1767. in 1648 the Jesuits asked again the Audiencia for the right to grant academic degrees at the newly upgraded
3127:
78:
was appointed as its highest judge, although on many occasions his absence forced other members to rule the tribunal and assume temporary civilian and military powers.
2257:
3316:
1266:
131:
Law XI (Audiencia y Chancillería Real de Manila en las Filipinas) of Title XV (De las Audiencias y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias) of Book II of the
2277:
1192:
3195:
3301:
3306:
2742:
2237:
138:
of 1680—which compiles the original decree and the one of May 25, 1596—describes the limits and functions of the Audiencia and its President.
3286:
3200:
2287:
507:
1892:
1250:
226:
forbidden to authorize extraordinary expenditures from the treasury without express royal permission, except in cases of riot or invasion.
632:
De los Receptores, y penas de Camara, gastos de Estrados, y Iusticia, y Obras pia de las Audiencias y chancillerias Reales de las Indias.
164:
them, he should provide the most convenient to the service of God and ours and the peace and tranquility of said Province and Republic.
3239:
850:. Original from the University of California: Ediciones Cultura Hispánica del Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana. p. 184.
3321:
3107:
2211:
889:
2191:
1329:
608:
De los Iuzgados de Provincia de los Oidores, y Alcaldes de el Crimen de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias.
2965:
1076:
1927:
1796:
1423:
1419:
3060:
3055:
2423:
1829:
1472:
925:
444:
91:
64:
3122:
2242:
75:
1111:
2889:
2206:
2142:
1864:
1844:
1319:
1051:
1014:
695:
3254:
2358:
312:(Trial of residence) was held at the end of their terms (although it could be held at any time, if deemed necessary).
3311:
2955:
2864:
2262:
1806:
1359:
989:
855:
588:
De los Alguaziles, Avogados, Procuradores, Porteros, Tassador, y los demás Oficiales del Consejo Real de las Indias.
3155:
1839:
1323:
1101:
2531:
2466:
327:
3092:
2884:
2671:
2471:
2020:
1955:
1541:
1443:
109:
3010:
2526:
1970:
1854:
503:
260:
were to be tried by the Governor-General, with the assistance of government officials fit to judge on the case.
252:
general welfare. On these trips the Oidores were authorized to take such action as they deemed to be necessary.
3112:
3050:
2849:
2267:
1980:
1960:
1932:
1849:
1824:
1684:
1492:
1399:
1339:
1306:
745:
52:
3075:
2904:
2661:
168:
3227:
3205:
3160:
3102:
3080:
2894:
2666:
2348:
2137:
2122:
1207:
1071:
1024:
656:
De los Oidores, Visitadores ordinarios de los distritos de Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias.
289:
125:
2456:
186:
Most of the laws dealing with the establishment of all 16th and 17th century Audiencias can be found in the
3097:
3065:
2596:
2461:
1897:
1277:
1086:
882:
352:
348:
3085:
2418:
175:
3070:
2970:
2601:
2053:
1985:
954:
121:
2521:
2428:
3291:
3005:
2368:
2015:
1902:
1814:
1786:
1413:
1383:
1188:
1019:
767:
640:
De los Receptores ordinarios, y su Repartidor de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias.
2388:
2343:
270:
2924:
2874:
2732:
2631:
2127:
2000:
1965:
1917:
1819:
1431:
1315:
1004:
974:
969:
386:
117:
1549:
660:
Del Iuzgado de bienes de difuntos, y su administracion, y cuenta en las Indias, Armadas, y Vageles.
499:
3281:
2869:
2752:
2712:
2651:
2646:
2586:
2005:
1781:
1484:
1395:
1096:
113:
105:
68:
44:
3249:
2328:
1561:
1081:
2919:
2777:
2621:
2561:
2511:
2413:
2010:
1975:
1922:
1557:
1427:
1391:
1121:
994:
979:
875:
513:
338:
2112:
293:
277:
3210:
2782:
2717:
2221:
2107:
1990:
1950:
1594:
1387:
1046:
1036:
2353:
285:
2656:
2066:
1887:
1776:
1715:
1643:
1553:
1254:
934:
779:
616:
De los Tenientes de Gran Chanciller de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias.
449:
319:
213:, that exercised supreme authority over all overseas territories, and acted as a last resort
210:
3190:
2591:
2378:
2338:
2297:
1271:
652:
De los Porteros, y otros Oficiales de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias.
405:. They were subordinated to Manila and only had jurisdiction over criminal cases on appeal.
3165:
2834:
2797:
2787:
2727:
2626:
2606:
2501:
2313:
2132:
1009:
999:
730:
The Audiencia in the Spanish Colonies as illustrated by the Audiencia of Manila (1583–1800)
636:
De los Tassadores, y Repartidores de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias.
2691:
2481:
2403:
8:
3234:
2990:
2975:
2859:
2839:
2792:
2772:
2576:
2571:
2516:
2486:
2252:
1877:
1834:
1791:
1720:
1689:
1460:
1439:
1405:
1311:
1281:
1212:
1056:
1029:
929:
464:
344:
87:
36:
2980:
2681:
824:
3296:
2995:
2985:
2960:
2914:
2879:
2737:
2446:
2323:
2196:
1694:
1674:
1334:
1222:
949:
685:
596:
De los Presidentes, y Oidores de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias.
422:
308:
189:
134:
2318:
2247:
3175:
3117:
2950:
2722:
2696:
2686:
2676:
2611:
2566:
2496:
2476:
2451:
2398:
2373:
1638:
1165:
1106:
1061:
920:
851:
772:
749:
724:
720:
701:
691:
1196:
2807:
2802:
2767:
2747:
2506:
2383:
2282:
2186:
1648:
1488:
681:
160:
24:
3185:
1217:
3250:
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
3000:
2940:
2854:
2762:
2636:
2616:
2581:
2363:
2333:
2272:
1882:
1872:
1768:
1653:
1545:
1502:
1262:
1170:
1041:
584:
De el Cosmografo, y Catedratico de Matematicas de el Consejo Real de las Indias.
548:
De el Gran Chanciller, y Registrador de las Indias, y su Teniente en el Consejo.
209:
Civil suits of sufficient importance could be appealed from the Audiencia to the
2909:
2844:
2757:
2641:
2393:
2216:
2201:
2102:
2076:
2061:
1942:
1537:
1531:
1435:
1202:
1116:
1066:
944:
898:
483:
454:
365:
276:
The Audiencia also assumed temporary military powers during the governments of
101:
60:
32:
1349:
3275:
2408:
1258:
1175:
984:
705:
644:
De los Procuradores de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias.
331:
281:
214:
753:
3180:
3170:
2899:
2438:
2292:
2117:
1633:
1409:
1091:
939:
436:
148:
2491:
381:
standards, and that candidates for the licentiate did deserve the degree.
2081:
1907:
1476:
1354:
628:
De los Avogados de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias.
620:
De los Relatores de la Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias.
604:
De los Fiscales de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias.
248:
144:
56:
2071:
728:
2945:
1679:
959:
296:, as they were engaged in lengthy military expeditions outside Manila.
1912:
1669:
1569:
1344:
1246:
1180:
459:
2086:
964:
624:
De los Escrivanos de Camara de las Audiencias Reales de la Indias.
498:
3244:
3215:
1725:
1710:
867:
240:
The president of the Audiencia was empowered to delegate on the
2181:
1735:
1730:
1507:
600:
De los Alcaldes del Crimen de las Audiencias de Lima y Mexico.
152:
3222:
1496:
1160:
402:
257:
242:
48:
100:
The Royal Audience of Manila was created by Royal Decree by
63:, it was the highest tribunal within the territories of the
1565:
1480:
398:
156:
40:
1458:
592:
De las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias.
536:
De las leyes, provisiones, cedulas, y ordenanças Reales.
397:
In 1893 two District Audiencias were established, one in
572:
Del Escrivano de Camara del Consejo Real de las Indias.
560:
Del Tesorero general de el Consejo Real de las Indias.
488:. Cleveland, Ohio: A.H. Clark Company. pp. 274–318.
484:
Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson. (1903).
807:
797:. Southwestern historical quarterly. pp. 253–278.
687:
Informe sobre el estado de las islas Filipinas en 1842
580:
De el Coronista mayor del Consejo Real de las Indias.
544:
Del Presidente, y los del Consejo Real de las Indias.
1213:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
556:
De los Secretarios de el Consejo Real de las Indias.
512:(in Spanish). Vol. Libro Segundo. Archived from
326:
One of the most famous Residencia trials was that of
412:
108:, to which it belonged, it had been preceded by the
568:De los Relatores de el Consejo Real de las Indias.
564:Del Alguazil mayor del Consejo Real de las Indias.
845:
771:
104:dated 5 May 1583, and established in 1584. In the
822:
810:Historical Introduction to the Philippine Islands
509:Recopilación de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias
181:
3273:
664:De las informaciones, y pareceres de servicios.
1757:
540:Del Consejo Real, y Iunta de Guerra de Indias.
576:De los Contadores del Consejo Real de Indias.
1402:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
883:
712:
680:
668:De los Visitadores generales, y particulares.
612:De los Alguaziles mayores de las Audiencias.
552:Del Fiscal de el Consejo Real de las Indias.
3317:1898 disestablishments in the Spanish Empire
1077:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
358:
59:. Similar to Real Audiencias throughout the
375:
890:
876:
718:
220:
3196:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
786:
477:
3201:Colonial universities in the Philippines
825:"An end-of-term court in Spanish Manila"
263:
3302:16th century in the Spanish East Indies
2192:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
778:. New York: Harper & Row. pp.
674:
492:
299:
3307:1584 establishments in the Philippines
3274:
3145:
823:G. Nakpil, Carmen (October 19, 2009).
792:
766:
392:
3144:
3040:
3039:
2163:
2041:
1756:
1615:
1583:
1520:
1457:
1372:
1295:
1235:
1149:
1138:
910:
909:
871:
839:
801:
744:. Publications in History. Berkeley:
486:Foundation of the Audiencia of Manila
196:
3287:Captaincy General of the Philippines
1473:Captaincy General of the Philippines
965:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
445:Captaincy General of the Philippines
334:and made to pay a substantial fine.
92:Captaincy General of the Philippines
65:Captaincy General of the Philippines
3176:Indochristian painting in New Spain
1296:
76:Governor-General of the Philippines
13:
2143:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
1616:
897:
795:Residencia in the Spanish colonies
719:CUNNINGHAM, Charles Henry (1919).
14:
3333:
1373:
1236:
1117:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
500:de León Pinelo, Antonio Rodríguez
190:Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias
3228:Criollos in the colonial society
3156:Spanish missions in the Americas
2278:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
429:
415:
3322:1890s disestablishments in Asia
3255:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
1139:
848:Historia de Filipinas, Volume 1
808:Gaylord Bourne, Edward (1903).
351:, in defiance of the orders of
110:Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo
1584:
1307:Captaincy General of Guatemala
1015:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
816:
760:
746:University of California Press
690:(in Spanish). Madrid: Sancha.
182:Jurisdictions of the Audiencia
1:
3206:General Archive of the Indies
2467:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
2138:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
2123:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
1072:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
1025:War of the Spanish Succession
990:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
470:
328:Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera
290:Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera
147:, who will also be judges of
126:Real Audiencia of Guadalajara
2164:
1278:Captaincy General of Yucatan
1208:Union with Holy Roman Empire
1187:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
1102:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
349:British occupation of Manila
39:, which included modern-day
7:
2042:
1758:Administrative subdivisions
955:War of the League of Cognac
846:M. Molina, Antonio (1984).
408:
122:Real Audiencia of Guatemala
10:
3338:
2472:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
2457:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
2359:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
1521:
1257:), Western United States (
1150:
1020:Portuguese Restoration War
504:de Solórzano Pereira, Juan
337:Another Governor-General,
233:
178:reestablished it in 1596.
85:
81:
3240:Slavery in Spanish Empire
3151:
3140:
3046:
3035:
2933:
2827:
2820:
2705:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2527:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
2437:
2306:
2268:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
2230:
2174:
2170:
2159:
2128:Barcelona Trading Company
2095:
2052:
2048:
2037:
1941:
1893:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
1863:
1805:
1767:
1763:
1752:
1703:
1662:
1626:
1622:
1611:
1590:
1527:
1468:
1400:Venezuela, part of Guyana
1379:
1302:
1253:, Central United States (
1242:
1156:
1145:
1134:
985:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
970:Expulsion of the Moriscos
916:
905:
387:University of Santo Tomas
364:over cases involving the
359:Ecclesiastic jurisdiction
176:Francisco Tello de Guzmán
3312:1580s in the Philippines
3181:Quito painting tradition
3171:Cusco painting tradition
2532:García López de Cárdenas
2522:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
2429:Felipe González de Ahedo
2349:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
926:Conquest of the Americas
682:de MAS Y SANS, Sinibaldo
376:Educational jurisdiction
118:Real Audiencia of Panama
114:Real Audiencia of Mexico
106:Viceroyalty of New Spain
69:Viceroyalty of New Spain
45:Northern Mariana Islands
29:Real Audiencia de Manila
21:Real Audiencia of Manila
2966:Comuneros (New Granada)
2743:Balearic Islands (1558)
2462:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
2389:Ruy López de Villalobos
2344:Miguel López de Legazpi
2258:García de Toledo Osorio
1122:Western Sahara conflict
1112:Independence of Morocco
1052:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
995:Piracy in the Caribbean
980:French Wars of Religion
339:Fausto Cruzat y Gongora
271:Simón de Anda y Salazar
221:Government jurisdiction
3211:Colonial Spanish Horse
2885:Colonia del Sacramento
2108:Spanish treasure fleet
1685:Royal Decree of Graces
169:Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas
166:
67:, a dependency of the
28:
2369:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
2329:Juan Sebastián Elcano
1644:Council of the Indies
1005:Spanish–Moro conflict
975:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
935:Treaty of Tordesillas
450:Council of the Indies
320:Edward Gaylord Bourne
264:Military jurisdiction
230:colonial government.
211:Council of the Indies
140:
16:Spanish Empire entity
3166:Mesoamerican Codices
2890:Comuneros (Paraguay)
2728:Siege of Castelnuovo
2314:Christopher Columbus
2133:Consulate of the Sea
2113:Casa de Contratación
1704:Titles and positions
1097:Spanish–American War
1087:Liberal constitution
930:Asia and the Pacific
648:De los Interpretes.
309:juicio de residencia
301:Juicio de residencia
294:Diego Fajardo Chacón
278:Pedro Bravo de Acuña
153:Archipelago of China
2895:Cartagena de Indias
2517:Diego de Mazariegos
2487:Pere Fages i Beleta
2354:Sebastián de Ocampo
1835:Provincias Internas
1807:Captaincies General
1721:Municipal president
1690:School of Salamanca
1461:Spanish East Indies
1440:Misiones Orientales
1312:Spanish West Indies
1276:, Central America (
1223:Pyrénées-Orientales
1176:Union with Portugal
1067:Napoleonic invasion
1047:War of Jenkins' Ear
465:Spanish East Indies
393:District Audiencias
345:Jose Basco y Vargas
286:Juan Niño de Tabora
161:Kingdoms of Castile
135:Leyes de las Indias
88:Spanish East Indies
37:Spanish East Indies
3191:Academia Antártica
3146:Other civil topics
2512:Pánfilo de Narváez
2414:Sebastián Vizcaíno
2379:Andrés de Urdaneta
2339:Juan Ponce de León
2324:Ferdinand Magellan
2298:Bernardo de Gálvez
2197:Indian auxiliaries
1695:Trial of residence
1675:Laws of the Indies
1459:Asia and Oceania (
1320:Dominican Republic
423:Philippines portal
197:Civil jurisdiction
3292:History of Manila
3267:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3136:
3135:
3041:Spanish conquests
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3018:
2816:
2815:
2497:Pedro de Alvarado
2482:Gaspar de Portolà
2477:Pedro de Valdivia
2452:Francisco Pizarro
2404:Nicolás de Ovando
2399:Alonso de Ercilla
2374:Alonso de Salazar
2207:Ships of the line
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1579:
1578:
1536:Northern Africa (
1532:Equatorial Guinea
1516:
1515:
1453:
1452:
1368:
1367:
1291:
1290:
1282:Spanish Caribbean
1255:Spanish Louisiana
1231:
1230:
1166:Crown of Castille
1130:
1129:
1107:Spanish Civil War
1082:Adams–Onís Treaty
1062:Nootka Convention
1010:Thirty Years' War
1000:Eighty Years' War
921:Catholic Monarchs
911:Timeline–immersed
812:. pp. 51–52.
725:BOLTON, Herbert E
721:STEPHENS, H Morse
401:and the other in
174:Governor-General
3329:
3142:
3141:
3108:Chibchan Nations
3037:
3036:
3006:Santiago de Cuba
2865:Guadalupe Island
2825:
2824:
2552:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2507:Diego de Almagro
2384:Antonio de Ulloa
2288:Ambrosio Spinola
2283:Pedro de Zubiaur
2253:Alfonso d'Avalos
2243:Antonio de Leyva
2187:Army of Flanders
2172:
2171:
2161:
2160:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2038:
1765:
1764:
1754:
1753:
1624:
1623:
1613:
1612:
1581:
1580:
1554:Peñón of Algiers
1518:
1517:
1455:
1454:
1370:
1369:
1293:
1292:
1275:
1233:
1232:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1135:
1057:Seven Years' War
1030:Queen Anne's War
907:
906:
892:
885:
878:
869:
868:
862:
861:
843:
837:
836:
834:
832:
820:
814:
813:
805:
799:
798:
790:
784:
783:
777:
774:Spain in America
764:
758:
757:
743:
741:
737:
716:
710:
709:
678:
672:
671:
669:
525:
524:
518:
496:
490:
489:
481:
439:
434:
433:
432:
425:
420:
419:
418:
292:(1635-1644) and
193:issued in 1680.
188:Recopilación de
133:Recopilación de
124:(1543), and the
3337:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3282:Real Audiencias
3272:
3271:
3268:
3259:
3235:Old inquisition
3147:
3132:
3042:
3015:
2971:Trinidad (1797)
2941:La Noche Triste
2929:
2925:San Juan (1797)
2875:San Juan (1595)
2812:
2701:
2541:Notable battles
2536:
2502:Martín de Ursúa
2433:
2364:Alonso de Ojeda
2334:Juan de la Cosa
2319:Pinzón brothers
2302:
2273:John of Austria
2248:Martín de Goiti
2226:
2166:
2147:
2091:
2044:
2025:
1937:
1933:Terra Australis
1928:Río de la Plata
1873:Castilla de Oro
1859:
1801:
1797:Río de la Plata
1759:
1740:
1699:
1658:
1654:Santa Hermandad
1618:
1599:
1595:Terra Australis
1586:
1575:
1542:Spanish Morocco
1523:
1512:
1503:Northern Taiwan
1464:
1449:
1420:Río de la Plata
1375:
1364:
1298:
1297:Central America
1287:
1269:
1238:
1227:
1171:Crown of Aragon
1152:
1141:
1126:
1042:Bourbon Reforms
912:
901:
896:
866:
865:
858:
844:
840:
830:
828:
821:
817:
806:
802:
791:
787:
768:Gibson, Charles
765:
761:
739:
735:
733:
717:
713:
698:
679:
675:
528:
522:
520:
516:
506:, eds. (1680).
497:
493:
482:
478:
473:
435:
430:
428:
421:
416:
414:
411:
395:
378:
361:
353:Archbishop Rojo
304:
266:
238:
223:
199:
184:
94:
84:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3335:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3051:Canary Islands
3047:
3044:
3043:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2905:Túpac Amaru II
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2850:Bogotá savanna
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2758:Spanish Armada
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2652:White Mountain
2649:
2647:Cape Celidonia
2644:
2642:English Armada
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2419:Juan Fernández
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2394:Diego Columbus
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2222:Army of Africa
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2202:Spanish Armada
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2168:
2167:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2103:Manila galleon
2099:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2046:
2045:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1617:Administration
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1538:Western Sahara
1534:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1436:Banda Oriental
1417:
1403:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1251:Coastal Alaska
1243:
1240:
1239:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
923:
917:
914:
913:
903:
902:
899:Spanish Empire
895:
894:
887:
880:
872:
864:
863:
856:
838:
827:. Philstar.com
815:
800:
785:
759:
711:
697:978-1271385782
696:
673:
491:
475:
474:
472:
469:
468:
467:
462:
457:
455:Spanish Empire
452:
447:
441:
440:
426:
410:
407:
394:
391:
377:
374:
366:Jus patronatus
360:
357:
303:
298:
265:
262:
237:
232:
222:
219:
198:
195:
183:
180:
149:criminal cases
102:King Felipe II
83:
80:
61:Spanish Empire
33:Real Audiencia
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3334:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3270:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3186:Tapada limeña
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3038:
3034:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2778:Montes Claros
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:Vienna (1529)
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:Hernán Cortés
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2439:Conquistadors
2436:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2409:Juan de Ayala
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2263:Duke of Savoy
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2158:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:Dollar (Peso)
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2022:
2021:Santo Domingo
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1898:New Andalusia
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:Santo Domingo
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1769:Viceroyalties
1766:
1762:
1755:
1751:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1610:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1582:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1519:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1374:South America
1371:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1294:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1259:Spanish Texas
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1237:North America
1234:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:Franche-Comté
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
915:
908:
904:
900:
893:
888:
886:
881:
879:
874:
873:
870:
859:
857:84-7232-323-4
853:
849:
842:
826:
819:
811:
804:
796:
789:
781:
776:
775:
769:
763:
755:
751:
747:
732:
731:
726:
722:
715:
707:
703:
699:
693:
689:
688:
683:
677:
670:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
519:on 2011-05-27
515:
511:
510:
505:
501:
495:
487:
480:
476:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
438:
427:
424:
413:
406:
404:
400:
390:
388:
382:
373:
369:
367:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
340:
335:
333:
332:Fort Santiago
329:
324:
321:
317:
313:
311:
310:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:Juan de Silva
279:
274:
272:
261:
259:
253:
250:
245:
244:
236:
231:
227:
218:
216:
215:Supreme Court
212:
207:
203:
194:
192:
191:
179:
177:
172:
170:
165:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
139:
137:
136:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
93:
89:
79:
77:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3269:
3161:Architecture
3056:The Americas
2920:Newfoundland
2910:Túpac Katari
2900:Cuerno Verde
2835:Tenochtitlan
2667:Valenciennes
2424:Luis Fajardo
2293:Blas de Lezo
2238:Duke of Alba
2118:Spanish Road
1995:
1956:Buenos Aires
1865:Governorates
1634:Ayuntamiento
1627:Organization
1092:Carlist Wars
940:Italian Wars
847:
841:
829:. Retrieved
818:
809:
803:
794:
793:Cunningham.
788:
773:
762:
738:roject
729:
714:
686:
676:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
527:
521:. Retrieved
514:the original
508:
494:
485:
479:
437:Spain portal
396:
383:
379:
370:
362:
343:
336:
325:
318:
314:
307:
305:
300:
275:
267:
254:
241:
239:
234:
228:
224:
208:
204:
200:
187:
185:
173:
167:
141:
132:
130:
120:(1538), the
116:(1527), the
112:(1511), the
99:
95:
73:
20:
18:
3128:Philippines
3093:El Salvador
2713:Capo d'Orso
2597:St. Quentin
2572:Rome (1527)
2231:Strategists
1981:Guadalajara
1908:New Navarre
1903:New Castile
1888:La Luisiana
1840:Puerto Rico
1830:Philippines
1787:New Granada
1477:Philippines
1438:(Uruguay),
1434:(Bolivia),
1384:New Granada
1324:Puerto Rico
1270: [
1140:Territories
960:Encomiendas
249:encomiendas
145:civil cases
57:Philippines
3276:Categories
2798:Somosierra
2788:Manila Bay
2662:Nördlingen
2602:Gravelines
2082:Columnario
2054:Currencies
1971:Concepción
1943:Audiencias
1918:New Toledo
1883:La Florida
1716:Corregidor
1680:Papal bull
1585:Antarctica
1493:Micronesia
950:Golden Age
523:2014-10-22
471:References
155:, and its
86:See also:
53:Micronesia
31:) was the
3297:New Spain
3103:Nicaragua
3081:Guatemala
2991:Pichincha
2976:Chacabuco
2915:Pensacola
2860:Mataquito
2840:Cajamarca
2821:New World
2793:Trafalgar
2697:Alhucemas
2577:Landriano
2562:Comuneros
2548:Old World
2492:Joan Orpí
2212:Royalists
1986:Guatemala
1913:New Spain
1850:Venezuela
1825:Guatemala
1782:New Spain
1777:Columbian
1670:Exequatur
1570:Cape Juby
1424:Argentina
1247:New Spain
1181:Gibraltar
945:Habsburgs
831:August 5,
742:utenberg)
706:368566354
460:New Spain
3113:Colombia
3098:Honduras
3011:Asomante
2996:Ayacucho
2986:Carabobo
2961:Curalaba
2738:Ceresole
2632:Gembloux
2592:Mühlberg
2307:Mariners
2165:Military
2087:Doubloon
2072:Maravedí
2016:Santiago
1923:Paraguay
1649:Germania
1489:Caroline
1444:Malvinas
1428:Paraguay
1388:Colombia
1330:Trinidad
1197:Sardinia
1037:Bourbons
770:(1966).
754:19679822
727:(eds.).
684:(1843).
409:See also
157:Mainland
128:(1548).
55:and the
3245:Asiento
3216:Mustang
3076:Yucatán
3071:Chiapas
2951:Tucapel
2783:Passaro
2733:Algiers
2723:Preveza
2692:Tetouan
2687:Vitoria
2677:Bitonto
2617:Antwerp
2612:Lepanto
2567:Bicocca
2043:Economy
1966:Charcas
1961:Caracas
1855:Yucatán
1726:Regidor
1711:Alcalde
1639:Cabildo
1546:Tripoli
1485:Mariana
1432:Charcas
1408:(Peru,
1392:Ecuador
1355:Bonaire
1350:Curazao
1335:Jamaica
1263:Florida
530:Títulos
258:oidores
243:oidores
235:Oidores
82:History
35:of the
25:Spanish
3223:Castas
2981:Boyacá
2956:Guiana
2946:Iguape
2870:Recife
2808:Mactan
2803:Annual
2768:Rocroi
2763:Leiden
2748:Djerba
2682:Bailén
2637:Ostend
2622:Azores
2217:Legión
2182:Tercio
2175:Armies
2077:Escudo
2006:Panamá
2001:Mexico
1996:Manila
1951:Bogotá
1736:Vecino
1731:Syndic
1562:Béjaïa
1522:Africa
1508:Tidore
1396:Panama
1360:Belize
1267:Mexico
1193:Sicily
1189:Naples
1151:Europe
854:
752:
704:
694:
662:xxxiii
642:xxviii
502:&
43:, the
3118:Chile
3086:Petén
3061:Aztec
2880:Bahia
2855:Penco
2845:Cusco
2773:Downs
2753:Tunis
2672:Ceuta
2657:Breda
2607:Malta
2587:Tunis
2582:Pavia
2096:Trade
2011:Quito
1976:Cusco
1815:Chile
1550:Tunis
1497:Palau
1414:Chile
1345:Aruba
1340:Haiti
1274:]
1203:Milan
1161:Spain
780:94–95
666:xxxiv
658:xxxii
638:xxvii
622:xxiii
602:xviii
517:(pdf)
403:Vigan
49:Palau
3123:Inca
3066:Maya
3001:Guam
2934:Lost
2706:Lost
2627:Mons
2067:Real
1991:Lima
1878:Cuba
1820:Cuba
1792:Perú
1568:and
1566:Ifni
1558:Oran
1481:Guam
1410:Acre
1406:Peru
1316:Cuba
1195:and
852:ISBN
833:2011
750:OCLC
702:OCLC
692:ISBN
654:xxxi
646:xxix
634:xxvi
626:xxiv
618:xxii
598:xvii
582:xiii
562:viii
399:Cebu
90:and
74:The
41:Guam
19:The
2828:Won
2555:Won
1663:Law
1560:,
1280:),
1261:),
650:xxx
630:xxv
614:xxi
606:xix
594:xvi
586:xiv
578:xii
558:vii
542:iii
3278::
1564:,
1556:,
1552:,
1548:,
1544:,
1540:,
1495:,
1491:,
1487:,
1483:,
1479:,
1442:,
1430:,
1426:,
1412:,
1398:,
1394:,
1390:,
1322:,
1318:,
1272:es
1265:,
1191:,
928:,
748:.
723:;
700:.
610:xx
590:xv
574:xi
566:ix
554:vi
546:iv
538:ii
532::
526:.
288:,
284:,
280:,
217:.
71:.
51:,
47:,
27::
1572:)
1499:)
1475:(
1463:)
1446:)
1422:(
1416:)
1386:(
1326:)
1314:(
1284:)
1249:(
1199:)
891:e
884:t
877:v
860:.
835:.
782:.
756:.
740:G
736:P
734:(
708:.
570:x
550:v
534:i
23:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.