Reconstruction era

10018:, who in his PhD dissertation, finished in 1924, developed a complex new interpretation of Reconstruction. The Dunning School portrayed freedmen as mere pawns in the hands of northern whites. Beale argued that the whites themselves were pawns in the hands of Northern industrialists, who had taken control of the nation during the Civil War and who Beale felt would be threatened by return to power of the Southern Whites. Beale further argued that the rhetoric of civil rights for Blacks, and the dream of equality, was rhetoric designed to fool idealistic voters, calling it "claptrap", arguing: "Constitutional discussions of the rights of the Negro, the status of Southern states, the legal position of ex-rebels, and the powers of Congress and the president determined nothing. They were pure sham." The Beard–Beale interpretation of Reconstruction became known as "revisionism", and replaced the Dunning School for most historians until the 1950s, after which it was largely discredited. 8032:

the Constitution of the United States and then engaged in rebellion.... Sheridan interpreted these restrictions stringently, barring from registration not only all pre-1861 officials of state and local governments who had supported the Confederacy but also all city officeholders and even minor functionaries such as sextons of cemeteries. In May Griffin ... appointed a three-man board of registrars for each county, making his choices on the advice of known scalawags and local Freedmen's Bureau agents. In every county where practicable a freedman served as one of the three registrars.... Final registration amounted to approximately 59,633 whites and 49,479 blacks. It is impossible to say how many whites were rejected or refused to register (estimates vary from 7,500 to 12,000), but blacks, who constituted only about 30 percent of the state's population, were significantly over-represented at 45 percent of all voters.

8440: 9867:, which set up a 15-member commission of eight Republicans and seven Democrats to settle the disputed 1876 election. Since the Constitution did not explicitly indicate how Electoral College disputes were to be resolved, Congress was forced to consider other methods to settle the crisis. Many Democrats argued that Congress as a whole should determine which certificates to count. However, the chances that this method would result in a harmonious settlement were slim, as the Democrats controlled the House, while the Republicans controlled the Senate. Several Hayes supporters, on the other hand, argued that the President pro tempore of the Senate had the authority to determine which certificates to count, because he was responsible for chairing the congressional session at which the electoral votes were to be tallied. Since the office of president pro tempore was occupied by a Republican, Senator 7192:

Black freedmen workers were tied to labor on plantations for one year at a pay rate of $ 10 a month. Only 10% of the state's electorate had to take the loyalty oath in order for the state to be readmitted into the U.S. Congress. The state was required to abolish slavery in its new state constitution. Identical Reconstruction plans would be adopted in Arkansas and Tennessee. By December 1864, the Lincoln plan of Reconstruction had been enacted in Louisiana and the legislature sent two senators and five representatives to take their seats in Washington. However, Congress refused to count any of the votes from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee, in essence rejecting Lincoln's moderate Reconstruction plan. Congress, at this time controlled by the Radicals, proposed the Wade–Davis Bill that required a majority of the state electorates to take the oath of loyalty to be admitted to Congress. Lincoln

9653:) hit the Southern economy hard and disillusioned many Republicans who had gambled that railroads would pull the South out of its poverty. The price of cotton fell by half; many small landowners, local merchants, and cotton factors (wholesalers) went bankrupt. Sharecropping for Black and White farmers became more common as a way to spread the risk of owning land. The old abolitionist element in the North was aging away, or had lost interest, and was not replenished. Many northern whites returned to the North or joined the Redeemers. Blacks had an increased voice in the Republican Party, but across the South it was divided by internal bickering and was rapidly losing its cohesion. Many local Black leaders started emphasizing individual economic progress in cooperation with White elites, rather than racial political progress in opposition to them, a conservative attitude that foreshadowed 7538:

judicial system had been wholly refigured to make one of its primary purposes the coercion of African Americans to comply with the social customs and labor demands of whites. Trials were discouraged and attorneys for Black misdemeanor defendants were difficult to find. The goal of county courts was a fast, uncomplicated trial with a resulting conviction. Most Blacks were unable to pay their fines or bail, and "the most common penalty was nine months to a year in a slave mine or lumber camp". The South's judicial system was rigged to generate fees and claim bounties, not to ensure public protection. Black women were socially perceived as sexually avaricious and since they were portrayed as having little virtue, society held that they could not be raped. One report indicates two freed women, Frances Thompson and Lucy Smith, described their violent sexual assault during the

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low. The planters had provided privately for their own needs. There was some fraudulent spending in the postwar years; a collapse in state credit because of huge deficits, forced the states to increase property tax rates. In places, the rate went up to 10 times higher—despite the poverty of the region. The planters had not invested in infrastructure and much had been destroyed during the war. In part, the new tax system was designed to force owners of large plantations with huge tracts of uncultivated land either to sell or to have it confiscated for failure to pay taxes. The taxes would serve as a market-based system for redistributing the land to the landless freedmen and White poor. Mississippi, for instance, was mostly frontier, with 90% of the bottom lands in the interior undeveloped.

6305: 8078:. "Proscription" was the policy of disqualifying as many ex-Confederates as possible. For example, in 1865 Tennessee had disenfranchised 80,000 ex-Confederates. However, proscription was soundly rejected by the Black element, which insisted on universal suffrage. The issue would come up repeatedly in several states, especially in Texas and Virginia. In Virginia, an effort was made to disqualify for public office every man who had served in the Confederate Army even as a private, and any civilian farmer who sold food to the Confederate States Army. Disenfranchising Southern Whites was also opposed by moderate Republicans in the North, who felt that ending proscription would bring the South closer to a republican form of government based on the 9071:

Nevertheless, thousands of miles of lines were built as the Southern system expanded from 11,000 miles (18,000 km) in 1870 to 29,000 miles (47,000 km) in 1890. The lines were owned and directed overwhelmingly by Northerners. Railroads helped create a mechanically skilled group of craftsmen and broke the isolation of much of the region. Passengers were few, however, and apart from hauling the cotton crop when it was harvested, there was little freight traffic. As Franklin explains: "numerous railroads fed at the public trough by bribing legislators ... and through the use and misuse of state funds". According to one businessman, the effect "was to drive capital from the state, paralyze industry, and demoralize labor".

7092:. Lincoln planned to free the Southern slaves in the Emancipation Proclamation and he was concerned that freedmen would not be well treated in the United States by Whites in both the North and South. Although Lincoln gave assurances that the United States government would support and protect any colonies that were established for former slaves, the leaders declined the offer of colonization. Many free Blacks had been opposed to colonization plans in the past because they wanted to remain in the United States. Lincoln persisted in his colonization plan in the belief that emancipation and colonization were both part of the same program. By April 1863, Lincoln was successful in sending Black colonists to 7326: 364: 9583: 7693:

the Fourteenth Amendment (except for Tennessee, all former Confederate states did refuse to ratify, as did the border states of Delaware, Maryland, and Kentucky). Radical Republicans in Congress, led by Stevens and Sumner, opened the way to suffrage for male freedmen. They were generally in control, although they had to compromise with the moderate Republicans (the Democrats in Congress had almost no power). Historians refer to this period as "Radical Reconstruction" or "congressional Reconstruction". The business spokesmen in the North generally opposed Radical proposals. Analysis of 34 major business newspapers showed that 12 discussed politics, and only one,

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of the war was accompanied by a large migration of newly freed people to the cities, where they were relegated to the lowest paying jobs, such as unskilled and service labor. Men worked as rail workers, rolling and lumber mills workers, and hotel workers. Black women were largely confined to domestic work employed as cooks, maids, and child nurses, or in hotels and laundries. The large population of slave artisans during the prewar period did not translate into a large number of free artisans during Reconstruction. The dislocations had a severe negative impact on the Black population, with a large amount of sickness and death.

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authorities. As to my personal experience, I will only mention that during my two days sojourn at Atlanta, one Negro was stabbed with fatal effect on the street, and three were poisoned, one of whom died. While I was at Montgomery, one Negro was cut across the throat evidently with intent to kill, and another was shot, but both escaped with their lives. Several papers attached to this report give an account of the number of capital cases that occurred at certain places during a certain period of time. It is a sad fact that the perpetration of those acts is not confined to that class of people which might be called the rabble.

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office. In most states, the more Whiggish Republicans fought for control with the more Radical Republicans and their Black allies. Most of the 430 Republican newspapers in the South were edited by native Southerners—only 20 percent were edited by northerners. White businessmen generally boycotted Republican papers, which survived through government patronage. Nevertheless, in the increasingly bitter battles inside the Republican Party, those who supported Reconstruction usually lost; many of the disgruntled losers switched over to the Whig-leaning or Democratic side. In Mississippi, the Whiggish faction led by

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April 1866, that limited the treasury to a currency contraction of only $ 10 million over six months. Meanwhile, the Senate refunded the entire national debt, but the House failed to act. By early 1867, postwar prosperity was a reality, and the optimists wanted an end to contraction, which Congress ordered in January 1868. Meanwhile, the Treasury issued new bonds at a lower interest rate to refinance the redemption of short-term debt. While the old state bank notes were disappearing from circulation, new national bank notes, backed by species, were expanding. By 1868 inflation was minimal.

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common-law marriages or community-recognized relationships. The acknowledgement of marriage by the state increased the state's recognition of freed people as legal actors and eventually helped make the case for parental rights for freed people against the practice of apprenticeship of Black children. These children were legally taken away from their families under the guise of "providing them with guardianship and 'good' homes until they reached the age of consent at twenty-one" under acts such as the Georgia 1866 Apprentice Act. Such children were generally used as sources of unpaid labor.

6594: 2101: 8875: 6988: 3584: 6810: 8332: 8183: 8258:. Within a year, the three remaining states—Mississippi, Virginia, and Texas—adopted the new amendment—and were admitted to Congress. Grant put military pressure on Georgia to reinstate its black legislators and adopt the new amendment. Georgia complied, and on February 24, 1871, its senators were seated in Congress, with all the former Confederate states represented. Southern Reconstructed states were controlled by Republicans and former slaves. Eight years later, in 1877, the Democratic Party had full control of the region and Reconstruction was dead. 10234:, "in the post-bellum South economic competition among Whites played an important part in protecting blacks from racial coercion", was accepted in whole or part by 66% of the economists, but by only 22% of the historians. Whaples says this highlights: "A recurring difference dividing historians and economists. The economists have more faith in the power of the competitive market. For example, they see the competitive market as protecting disenfranchised blacks and are less likely to accept the idea that there was exploitation by merchant monopolists." 7636: 7884: 10329: 8049: 6170:, Lincoln declared that "an extraordinary occasion" existed in the South and raised an army to quell "combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings." Over the next four years, 237 named battles were fought between the Union and Confederate armies, resulting in the dissolution of the Confederate States in 1865. During the war, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared that "all persons held as slaves" within the Confederate territory "are, and henceforward shall be free." 11594: 8652:

who had been pro-slavery were angry with governments that had African Americans in office. Furious white Southerners told the rumor that Reconstruction was secretly promoting Black Americans having full control over whites. Many congressional elections in the South were contested. Even states with majority-African-American populations often elected only one or two African American representatives to Congress. Exceptions included South Carolina; at the end of Reconstruction, four of its five congressmen were African Americans.

15637: 13603: 11606: 11476: 16874: 16602: 15135: 11459: 8319:"A condition of affairs now exists in some of the States of the Union rendering life and property insecure, and the carrying of the mails and the collection of the revenue dangerous. The proof that such a, condition of affairs exists in some localities is now before the Senate. That the power to correct these evils is beyond the control of State authorities, I do not doubt. That the power of the Executive of the United States, acting within the limits of existing laws, is sufficient for present emergencies, is not clear." 6872: 7685: 7221: 8082:, as called for by the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence. Strong measures that were called for in order to forestall a return to the defunct Confederacy increasingly seemed out of place, and the role of the United States Army and controlling politics in the state was troublesome. Historian Mark Summers states that increasingly "the disenfranchisers had to fall back on the contention that denial of the vote was meant as punishment, and a lifelong punishment at that ... Month by month, the un- 9414:. Democrats nominated some Blacks for political office and tried to entice other Blacks from the Republican side. When these attempts to combine with the Blacks failed, the planters joined the common farmers in simply trying to displace the Republican governments. The planters and their business allies dominated the self-styled "conservative" coalition that finally took control in the South. They were paternalistic toward the Blacks but feared they would use power to raise taxes and slow business development. 9434:

with sticks and stones, the firing of rival club-houses. Republican clubs marched the streets of Philadelphia, amid revolver shots and brickbats, to save the Negroes from the "rebel" savages in Alabama.... The project to make voters out of black men was not so much for their social elevation as for the further punishment of the Southern white people—for the capture of offices for Radical scamps and the entrenchment of the Radical party in power for a long time to come in the South and in the country at large.

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fighting the Radical positions. There is considerable debate on how well Lincoln, had he lived, would have handled Congress during the Reconstruction process that took place after the Civil War ended. One historical camp argues that Lincoln's flexibility, pragmatism, and superior political skills with Congress would have solved Reconstruction with far less difficulty. The other camp believes that the Radicals would have attempted to impeach Lincoln, just as they did to his successor, Andrew Johnson, in 1868.

9356: 7542:. However, Black women were vulnerable even in times of relative normalcy. Sexual assaults on African-American women were so pervasive, particularly on the part of their white employers, that Black men sought to reduce the contact between white males and Black females by having the women in their family avoid doing work that was closely overseen by whites. Black men were construed as being extremely sexually aggressive and their supposed or rumored threats to white women were often used as a pretext for 9501:", included founders of the party who expressed dismay that the party had succumbed to corruption. They were further wearied by the continued insurgent violence of Whites against Blacks in the South, especially around every election cycle, which demonstrated that the war was not over and changes were fragile. Leaders included editors of some of the nation's most powerful newspapers. Charles Sumner, embittered by the corruption of the Grant administration, joined the new party, which nominated editor 10064:

on the part of the dominant Republican Party. Some wanted high tariffs and some low. Some wanted greenbacks and others wanted gold. There was no conspiracy to use Reconstruction to impose any such unified economic policy on the nation. Northern businessmen were widely divergent on monetary or tariff policy, and seldom paid attention to Reconstruction issues. Furthermore, the rhetoric on behalf of the rights of the freedmen was not claptrap but deeply-held and very serious political philosophy.

9729: 34372: 31357: 5785: 8366:, who replaced Hoar, was zealous in his attempt to destroy the Klan. Akerman and South Carolina's U.S. marshal arrested over 470 Klan members, but hundreds of Klansmen, including the Klan's wealthy leaders, fled the state. Akerman returned over 3,000 indictments of the Klan throughout the South and obtained 600 convictions for the worst offenders. By 1872, Grant had crushed the Klan, and African Americans peacefully voted in record numbers in elections in the South. Attorney General 9451:, but retreated before federal troops reached the city. None was prosecuted. Their election-time tactics included violent intimidation of African American and Republican voters prior to elections, while avoiding conflict with the U.S. Army or the state militias, and then withdrawing completely on election day. White supremacist violence continued in both the North and South; the White Liners movement to elect candidates dedicated to white supremacy reached as far as Ohio in 1875. 9051: 9006:

were too expensive and unnecessary for a region where the vast majority of people were cotton or tobacco farmers. They had no expectation of better education for their residents. One historian found that the schools were less effective than they might have been because "poverty, the inability of the states to collect taxes, and inefficiency and corruption in many places prevented successful operation of the schools". After Reconstruction ended and White elected officials

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it. Meanwhile, white northern Republicans were becoming more conservative. Republicans and Black Americans lost power in the South. By 1870, most Republicans felt the war goals had been achieved, and they turned their attention to other issues such as economic policies. White Americans were in almost full control again by the start of the 1900s and did not enforce Black voting rights. The United States government eventually pulled all its troops from the Southern states.

34360: 10119:, they rejected the Dunning School and found a great deal to praise in Radical Reconstruction. Foner, the primary advocate of this view, argued that it was never truly completed, and that a "Second Reconstruction" was needed in the late 20th century to complete the goal of full equality for African Americans. The neo-abolitionists followed the revisionists in minimizing the corruption and waste created by Republican state governments, saying it was no worse than 34315: 33988: 33084: 32514: 28422: 28386: 10497:"It is our hope that states and districts will adopt these guidelines for their own educational standards, curricula, and professional development," the report states. "In so doing, they will be better equipped to teach students the true history of Reconstruction, help students understand its significance and make connections to the present day. And they will empower teachers to educate their students and themselves about ongoing Reconstruction scholarship." 3509: 3470: 7676:

influence to block the amendment in the states since three-fourths of the states were required for ratification (the amendment was later ratified). The moderate effort to compromise with Johnson had failed, and a political fight broke out between the Republicans (both Radical and moderate) on one side, and on the other side, Johnson and his allies in the Democratic Party in the North, and the groupings (which used different names) in each Southern state.

6607: 7620: 7461: 28432: 3519: 6940:) held Black slaves and signed treaties supporting the Confederacy. During the war, a war among pro-Union and anti-Union Native Americans had raged. Congress passed a statute that gave the president the authority to suspend the appropriations of any tribe if the tribe is "in a state of actual hostility to the government of the United States ... and, by proclamation, to declare all treaties with such tribe to be abrogated by such tribe". 34434: 32526: 6110:. According to historians Downs and Masur, "Reconstruction began when the first US soldiers arrived in slaveholding territory, and enslaved people escaped from plantations and farms, some of them fleeing into free states, and others trying to find safety with US forces." Soon afterwards, early discourse and experimentation began in earnest regarding Reconstruction policies. The Reconstruction policies provided opportunities to enslaved 7161: 9623:. Across the South, some Democrats switched from the race issue to taxes and corruption, charging that Republican governments were corrupt and inefficient. With a continuing decrease in cotton prices, taxes squeezed cash-poor farmers who rarely saw $ 20 in currency a year, but had to pay taxes in currency or lose their farms. But major planters, who had never paid taxes before, often recovered their property even after confiscation. 7292:, and an alternative subordinate status of servitude for Blacks rather than slavery. Lincoln flatly rejected recognition of the Confederacy, and said that the slaves covered by his Emancipation Proclamation would not be re-enslaved. He said that the Union states were about to pass the Thirteenth Amendment, outlawing slavery. Lincoln urged the governor of Georgia to remove Confederate troops and "ratify this constitutional amendment 34417: 8344: 9265:, which was legal tender but not backed by gold or silver. In addition about $ 275 million of coin was in circulation. The new administration policy announced in October 1865 would be to make all the paper convertible into specie, if Congress so voted. The House of Representatives passed the Alley Resolution on December 18, 1865, by a vote of 144 to 6. In the Senate it was a different matter, for the key player was Senator 34451: 8045:", and in-between delegates. The Radicals were a coalition: 40% were Southern White Republicans; 25% were White and 34% were Black. In addition to expanding the franchise, they pressed for provisions designed to promote economic growth, especially financial aid to rebuild the ruined railroad system. The conventions set up systems of free public schools funded by tax dollars, but did not require them to be racially integrated. 9253: 9418:

the Negroes work better, drove the worst of the Radical leaders from the country and started the whites on the way to gain political supremacy". The evil result, Fleming said, was that lawless elements "made use of the organization as a cloak to cover their misdeeds ... The lynching habits of today are largely due to conditions, social and legal, growing out of Reconstruction." Historians have noted that the peak of

58: 7026:... the liberating slaves of traitorous owners, will alarm our Southern Union friends, and turn them against us—perhaps ruin our fair prospect for Kentucky." After Frémont refused to rescind the emancipation order, Lincoln terminated him from active duty on November 2, 1861. Lincoln was concerned that the border states would secede from the Union if slaves were given their freedom. On May 26, 1862, Union Major General 6301:

century, the South was locked into a system of poverty. How much of this failure was caused by the war and by previous reliance on slavery remains the subject of debate among economists and historians. In both the North and South, modernization and industrialization were the focus of the post-war recovery, built on the growth of cities, railroads, factories, and banks and led by Radical Republicans and former Whigs.

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Reconstruction. Some slaves had learned to read from White playmates or colleagues before formal education was allowed by law; African Americans started "native schools" before the end of the war; Sabbath schools were another widespread means that freedmen developed to teach literacy. When they gained suffrage, Black politicians took this commitment to public education to state constitutional conventions.

10060:, he wrote "when the war closed, Northern business men looked to the South as a colony into which business might expand". Further in the same book, he wrote: "Moderates, Liberals, and Democrats continued to deplore Southern conditions until the Northern business man was persuaded that only a restoration of native white government would bring the peace necessary for economic penetration into the South." 34348: 7607:

parties, and give evidence, to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property, and to full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property, as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, and penalties and to none other, any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or custom to the Contrary notwithstanding.

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years "about 15 percent of the officeholders in the South were Black—a larger proportion than in 1990". Most of those offices were at the local level. In 1860, Blacks constituted the majority of the population in Mississippi and South Carolina, 47% in Louisiana, 45% in Alabama, and 44% in Georgia and Florida, so their political influence was still far less than their percentage of the population.

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suffer the increased burden imposed upon them by the cruel taskmaster, whose only interest is their labor, wrung from them by every device an inhuman ingenuity can devise; hence the lash and murder is resorted to intimidate those whom fear of an awful death alone cause to remain, while patrols, Negro dogs and spies, disguised as Yankees, keep constant guard over these unfortunate people.

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the states and in authorizing military commissions for the trial of civilians in time of peace. There should have been as little military government as possible; no military commissions; no classes excluded from suffrage; and no oath except one of faithful obedience and support to the Constitution and laws, and of sincere attachment to the constitutional government of the United States.

6704:. The Radicals insisted that meant Congress decided how Reconstruction should be achieved. The issues were multiple: Who should decide, Congress or the president? How should republicanism operate in the South? What was the status of the former Confederate states? What was the citizenship status of the leaders of the Confederacy? What was the citizenship and suffrage status of freedmen? 183: 7867:, as originally passed, were initially called "An act to provide for the more efficient Government of the Rebel States". The legislation was enacted by the 39th Congress, on March 2, 1867. It was vetoed by President Johnson, and the veto then overridden by a two-thirds majority, in both the House and the Senate, the same day. Congress also clarified the scope of the federal writ of 7177:

states. Eventually, as the U.S. Army advanced into the Confederacy, millions of slaves were set free. Many of these freedmen joined the U.S. Army and fought in battles against the Confederate forces. Yet hundreds of thousands of freed slaves died during emancipation from illnesses that devastated army regiments. Freed slaves suffered from smallpox, yellow fever, and malnutrition.

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attempted to fix by federal law "a perfect equality of the white and black races in every state of the Union". Johnson said it was an invasion by federal authority of the rights of the states; it had no warrant in the Constitution and was contrary to all precedents. It was a "stride toward centralization and the concentration of all legislative power in the national government".

8422:, Grant sent in tens of thousands of armed, uniformed federal marshals and other election officials to regulate the 1870 and subsequent elections. Democrats across the North then mobilized to defend their base and attacked Grant's entire set of policies. On October 21, 1876, President Grant deployed troops to protect Black and White Republican voters in Petersburg, Virginia. 10191:, Cecelia O'Leary, Laura Edwards, LeeAnn Whites, and Edward J. Blum has encouraged greater attention to race, religion, and issues of gender while at the same time pushing the effective end of Reconstruction to the end of the 19th century, while monographs by Charles Reagan Wilson, Gaines Foster, W. Scott Poole, and Bruce Baker have offered new views of the Southern " 6297:

untouched areas, the lack of maintenance and repair, the absence of new equipment, the heavy over-use, and the deliberate relocation of equipment by the Confederates from remote areas to the war zone ensured the system would be ruined at war's end. Restoring the infrastructure—especially the railroad system—became a high priority for Reconstruction state governments.

9745:. The White League took over and held the state house and city hall, but they retreated before the arrival of reinforcing federal troops. Kellogg had asked for reinforcements before, and Grant finally responded, sending additional troops to try to quell violence throughout plantation areas of the Red River Valley, although 2,000 troops were already in the state. 9083:. In the South, wealthy landowners were allowed to self-assess the value of their own land. These fraudulent assessments were almost valueless, and pre-war property tax collections were lacking due to property value misrepresentation. State revenues came from fees and from sales taxes on slave auctions. Some states assessed property owners by a combination of 7118:

military governors kept the administration of Reconstruction under presidential control, rather than that of the increasingly unsympathetic Radical Congress. On March 3, 1862, Lincoln installed a loyalist Democrat, Senator Andrew Johnson, as military governor with the rank of brigadier general in his home state of Tennessee. In May 1862, Lincoln appointed

9269:, who said that inflation contraction was not nearly as important as refunding the short-term and long-term national debt. The war had been largely financed by national debt, in addition to taxation and inflation. The national debt stood at $ 2.8 billion. By October 1865, most of it in short-term and temporary loans. Wall Street bankers typified by 10230:, who studied American history in all time periods. He asked whether they wholly or partly accepted, or rejected, 40 propositions in the scholarly literature about American economic history. The greatest difference between economics PhDs and history PhDs came in questions on competition and race. For example, the proposition originally put forward by 6345:" under which a loyal unionist state government would be established when ten percent of its 1860 voters pledged an oath of allegiance to the Union, with a complete pardon for those who pledged such an oath. By 1864, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas had established fully functioning Unionist governments under this plan. However, Congress passed the 9545:

away from the river fronts, but freedmen often did not have the stake to get started. They hoped that the government would help them acquire land which they could work. Only South Carolina created any land redistribution, establishing a land commission and resettling about 14,000 freedmen families and some poor Whites on land purchased by the state.

9689:, freedmen fearing a Democratic attempt to take over the parish government reinforced defenses at the small Colfax courthouse in late March. White militias gathered from the area a few miles outside the settlement. Rumors and fears abounded on both sides. William Ward, an African American Union veteran and militia captain, mustered his company in 7500:, which gave the freedmen greater economic independence and social autonomy than gang labor. However, because they lacked capital and the planters continued to own the means of production (tools, draft animals, and land), the freedmen were forced into producing cash crops (mainly cotton) for the land-owners and merchants, and they entered into a 9469:, the classically liberal, pro-business faction of the Democratic Party. They were a coalition which sought to regain political power, reestablish white supremacy, and oust the Radical Republicans from influence. Led by rich former planters, businessmen, and professionals, they dominated Southern politics in most areas from the 1870s to 1910. 10044:

Fourteenth Amendment, which gave the Negro his citizenship, Beard found significant primarily as a result of a conspiracy of a few legislative draftsmen friendly to corporations to use the supposed elevation of the blacks as a cover for a fundamental law giving strong protection to business corporations against regulation by state government.

8960:, a Methodist bishop, played a leading role in mobilizing the Northern Methodists for the cause. Biographer Robert D. Clark called him the "High Priest of the Radical Republicans". The Methodist Ministers Association of Boston, meeting two weeks after Lincoln's assassination, called for a hard line against the Confederate leadership: 9875:, this method would have favored Hayes. Still others proposed that the matter should be settled by the Supreme Court. In a stormy session that began on March 1, 1877, the House debated the objection for about twelve hours before overruling it. Immediately, another spurious objection was raised, this time to the electoral votes from 7233:

without deference to a person's color, authorized the bureau to lease confiscated land for a period of three years and to sell it in portions of up to 40 acres (16 ha) per buyer. The bureau was to expire one year after the termination of the war. Lincoln was assassinated before he could appoint a commissioner of the bureau.

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Left unaffected was that states would still determine voter registration and electoral laws. The amendments were directed at ending slavery and providing full citizenship to freedmen. Northern congressmen believed that providing Black men with the right to vote would be the most rapid means of political education and training.

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and accommodations and ambitious economic development programs (including aid to railroads and other enterprises)." Despite these achievements the interpretation of Reconstruction has been a topic of controversy because nearly all historians hold that Reconstruction ended in failure, but for very different reasons.

10082:, published in 1935, compared results across the states to show achievements by the Reconstruction legislatures and to refute claims about wholesale African American control of governments. He showed Black contributions, as in the establishment of universal public education, charitable and social institutions and 9907:, including help with a railroad in Texas (which never happened) and name a Southerner to his cabinet (this did happen). With the end to the political role of Northern troops, the president had no method to enforce Reconstruction; thus, this "back room" deal signaled the end of American Reconstruction. 9713:, first in parishes of the Red River Valley. The new organization operated openly and had political goals: the violent overthrow of Republican rule and suppression of Black voting. White League chapters soon rose in many rural parishes, receiving financing for advanced weaponry from wealthy men. In the 9701:

This marked the beginning of heightened insurgency and attacks on Republican officeholders and freedmen in Louisiana and other Deep South states. In Louisiana, Judge T. S. Crawford and District Attorney P. H. Harris of the 12th Judicial District were shot off their horses and killed by ambush October

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Not all Democrats agreed; an insurgent element continued to resist Reconstruction no matter what. Eventually, a group called "Redeemers" took control of the party in the Southern states. They formed coalitions with conservative Republicans, including supporters of Reconstruction, emphasizing the need

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By 1870, the Democratic leadership across the South decided it had to end its opposition to Reconstruction and Black suffrage to survive and move on to new issues. The Grant administration had proven by its crackdown on the Ku Klux Klan that it would use as much federal power as necessary to suppress

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Finally, some of the more prosperous freedmen were joining the Democrats, as they were angered at the failure of the Republicans to help them acquire land. The South was "sparsely settled"; only 10 percent of Louisiana was cultivated, and 90 percent of Mississippi bottom land was undeveloped in areas

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Fleming described the first results of the insurgent movement as "good", and the later ones as "both good and bad". According to Fleming (1907), the KKK "quieted the Negroes, made life and property safer, gave protection to women, stopped burnings, forced the Radical leaders to be more moderate, made

9381:

groups, such as the White League in Louisiana and the Red Shirts in Mississippi and the Carolinas, that assassinated and intimidated both Black and White Republican leaders at election time. Historian George C. Rable called such groups the "military arm of the Democratic Party". By the mid-1870s, the

9281:

to the West Coast, and especially the flourishing of manufacturing during the war. The gold premium over greenbacks was $ 145 in greenbacks to $ 100 in gold, and the optimists thought that the heavy demand for currency in an era of prosperity would return the ratio to 100. A compromise was reached in

9260:

The Civil War had been financed primarily by issuing short-term and long-term bonds and loans, plus inflation caused by printing paper money, plus new taxes. Wholesale prices had more than doubled, and reduction of inflation was a priority for Secretary McCulloch. A high priority, and by far the most

8987:

God's gift of freedom. They appreciated opportunities to exercise their independence, to worship in their own way, to affirm their worth and dignity, and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man. Most of all, they could form their own churches, associations, and conventions. These

8651:

guaranteed only that voting could not be restricted on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. From 1868 on, campaigns and elections were surrounded by violence as White insurgents and paramilitaries tried to suppress the Black vote, and fraud was rampant. Many white southerners

7597:

laws are to be enacted and enforced depriving persons of African descent of privileges which are essential to freemen.... A law that does not allow a colored person to go from one county to another, and one that does not allow him to hold property, to teach, to preach, are certainly laws in violation

7577:

In January 1866, Congress renewed the Freedmen's Bureau; however, Johnson vetoed the Freedmen's Bureau Bill in February 1866. Although Johnson had sympathy for the plight of the freedmen, he was against federal assistance. An attempt to override the veto failed on February 20, 1866. This veto shocked

7236:

With the help of the bureau, the recently freed slaves began voting, forming political parties, and assuming the control of labor in many areas. The bureau helped to start a change of power in the South that drew national attention from the Republicans in the North to the Democrats in the South. This

7070:

to "adopt a system of gradual emancipation which should work the extinction of slavery in twenty years". On March 26, 1862, Lincoln met with Senator Charles Sumner and recommended that a special joint session of Congress be convened to discuss giving financial aid to any border states who initiated a

7041:

On April 16, 1862, Lincoln signed a bill into law outlawing slavery in Washington, D.C., and freeing the estimated 3,500 slaves in the city. On June 19, 1862, he signed legislation outlawing slavery in all U.S. territories. On July 17, 1862, under the authority of the Confiscation Acts and an amended

6900:

African Americans held public office in the South; some of them were men who had escaped to the North and gained educations, and returned to the South. They did not hold office in numbers representative of their proportion in the population, but often elected Whites to represent them. The question of

6867:

As president in 1865, Johnson wrote to the man he appointed as governor of Mississippi, recommending: "If you could extend the elective franchise to all persons of color who can read the Constitution in English and write their names, and to all persons of color who own real estate valued at least two

6654:

swearing that they had never supported the Confederacy or been one of its soldiers. This oath also entailed having them to swear a loyalty to the Constitution and the Union before they could have state constitutional meetings. Lincoln blocked it. Pursuing a policy of "malice toward none" announced in

6317:

From its origins, questions existed as to the legal significance of the Civil War, whether secession had actually occurred, and what measures, if any, were necessary to restore the governments of the Confederate States. For example, throughout the conflict, the United States government recognized the

6178:

The Civil War had immense social implications for the United States. Emancipation had altered the legal status of 3.5 million persons, threatened the end of the plantation economy of the South, and provoked questions regarding the legal and social inequality of the races in the United States. The end

10441:

Politically, the film offers a conservative view of Georgia and the South. In her novel, despite her Southern prejudices, Mitchell showed clear awareness of the shortcomings of her characters and their region. The film is less analytical. It portrays the story from a clearly Old South point of view:

9951:

The first generation of Northern historians believed that the former Confederates were traitors and Johnson was their ally who threatened to undo the Union's constitutional achievements. By the 1880s, however, Northern historians argued that Johnson and his allies were not traitors but had blundered

9634:

In the North, a live-and-let-live attitude made elections more like a sporting contest. But in the Deep South, many White citizens had not reconciled with the defeat of the war or the granting of citizenship to freedmen. As an Alabamian supporter of Reconstruction explained: "Our contest here is for

9520:

In the South, political and racial tensions built up inside the Republican Party as they were attacked by the Democrats. In 1868, Georgia Democrats, with support from some Republicans, expelled all 28 Black Republican members from the state house, arguing Blacks were eligible to vote but not to hold

9422:

took place near the turn of the century, decades after Reconstruction ended, as Whites were imposing Jim Crow laws and passing new state constitutions that disenfranchised the Blacks. The lynchings were used for intimidation and social control, with a frequency associated more with economic stresses

9242:

The argument made by the taxpayers, however, was plausible and it may be conceded that, upon the whole, they were about right; for no doubt it would have been much easier upon the taxpayers to have increased at that time the interest-bearing debt of the state than to have increased the tax rate. The

9066:

Every Southern state subsidized railroads, which modernizers believed could haul the South out of isolation and poverty. Millions of dollars in bonds and subsidies were fraudulently pocketed. One ring in North Carolina spent $ 200,000 in bribing the legislature and obtained millions of state dollars

9025:

In the late 19th century, the federal government established land grant legislation to provide funding for higher education across the United States. Learning that Blacks were excluded from land grant colleges in the South, in 1890 the federal government insisted that Southern states establish Black

8969:

The denominations all sent missionaries, teachers and activists to the South to help the freedmen. Only the Methodists made many converts, however. Activists sponsored by the Northern Methodist Church played a major role in the Freedmen's Bureau, notably in such key educational roles as the bureau's

8430:

Grant's support from Congress and the nation declined due to scandals within his administration and the political resurgence of the Democrats in the North and South. Anti-Reconstruction whites claimed that wealthy white landowners had lost power, and they blamed governmental scandals in the South on

8100:

During the Civil War, many in the North believed that fighting for the Union was a noble cause—for the preservation of the Union and the end of slavery. After the war ended, with the North victorious, the fear among Radicals was that President Johnson too quickly assumed that slavery and Confederate

8031:

The first critical step ... was the registration of voters according to guidelines established by Congress and interpreted by Generals Sheridan and Charles Griffin. The Reconstruction Acts called for registering all adult males, white and black, except those who had ever sworn an oath to uphold

7716:

to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and granting them federal civil rights. The Fifteenth Amendment, proposed in late February 1869, and passed in early February 1870, decreed that the right to vote could not be denied because of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude".

7692:

Concerned by multiple reports of abuse of black freedmen by Southern white officials and plantation owners, Republicans in Congress took control of Reconstruction policies after the election of 1866. Johnson ignored the policy mandate, and he openly encouraged Southern states to deny ratification of

7483:

The Black Codes indicated the plans of the Southern whites for the former slaves. The freedmen would have more rights than did free Blacks before the war, but they would still have only second-class civil rights, no voting rights, and no citizenship. They could not own firearms, serve on a jury in a

7205:

Before 1864, slave marriages had not been recognized legally; emancipation did not affect them. When freed, many sought official marriages. Before emancipation, slaves could not enter into contracts, including the marriage contract. Not all free people formalized their unions. Some continued to have

7108:

activist, criticized Lincoln by stating that he was "showing all his inconsistencies, his pride of race and blood, his contempt for Negroes and his canting hypocrisy". African Americans, according to Douglass, wanted citizenship and civil rights rather than colonies. Historians are unsure if Lincoln

7006:

into law, the first on August 6, 1861, and the second on July 17, 1862, safeguarding fugitive slaves who crossed from the Confederacy across Union lines and giving them indirect emancipation if their masters continued insurrection against the United States. The laws allowed the confiscation of lands

6822:

for former Confederates was one of two main concerns. A decision needed to be made whether to allow just some or all former Confederates to vote (and to hold office). The moderates in Congress wanted virtually all of them to vote, but the Radicals resisted. They repeatedly imposed the Ironclad Oath,

6754:

no longer applied to counting the population of Blacks. After the 1870 Census, the South would gain numerous additional representatives in Congress, based on the full population of freedmen. One Illinois Republican expressed a common fear that if the South were allowed to simply restore its previous

6690:

vehemently opposed Johnson's plans for an abrupt end to Reconstruction, insisting that Reconstruction must "revolutionize Southern institutions, habits, and manners .... The foundations of their institutions ... must be broken up and relaid, or all our blood and treasure have been spent in

10478:

In social studies standards for 45 out of 50 states and the District of Columbia, discussion of Reconstruction is "partial" or "non-existent", according to historians who reviewed how the period is discussed in K-12 social studies standards for public schools nationwide. In a report produced by the

10170:

concluded that from the Black point of view "Reconstruction must be judged a failure." Foner stated Reconstruction was "a noble if flawed experiment, the first attempt to introduce a genuine inter-racial democracy in the United States". According to him, the many factors contributing to the failure

10063:

The Beard–Beale interpretation of the monolithic Northern industrialists fell apart in the 1950s when it was closely examined by numerous historians, including Robert P. Sharkey, Irwin Unger, and Stanley Coben. The younger scholars conclusively demonstrated that there was no unified economic policy

9938:

Numerous African-Americans were elected to local office through the 1880s, and in the 1890s in some states, biracial coalitions of populists and Republicans briefly held control of state legislatures. In the last decade of the 19th century, Southern states elected five Black U.S. congressmen before

9902:

The Democrats agreed not to block Hayes' inauguration based on a "back room" deal. Key to this deal was the understanding that federal troops would no longer interfere in Southern politics despite substantial election-associated violence against Blacks. The Southern states indicated that they would

9783:

The campaigns and elections of 1876 were marked by additional murders and attacks on Republicans in Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida. In South Carolina the campaign season of 1876 was marked by murderous outbreaks and fraud against freedmen. Red Shirts paraded with arms behind

9668:

president in 1876. President Grant was not running for re-election and seemed to be losing interest in the South. States fell to the Redeemers, with only four in Republican hands in 1873: Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina. Arkansas then fell after the violent Brooks–Baxter War in

9540:

Meanwhile, in state after state the freedmen were demanding a bigger share of the offices and patronage, squeezing out white allies but never commanding the numbers equivalent to their population proportion. By the mid-1870s: "The hard realities of Southern political life had taught the lesson that

9529:. The party lost support steadily as many supporters of Reconstruction left it; few recruits were acquired. The most bitter contest took place inside the Republican Party in Arkansas, where the two sides armed their forces and confronted each other in the streets; no actual combat took place in the 9491:

Congress was right in not limiting, by its Reconstruction acts, the right of suffrage to Whites; but wrong in the exclusion from suffrage of certain classes of citizens and all unable to take its prescribed retrospective oath, and wrong also in the establishment of despotic military governments for

9327:

leader (Forrest denied in his congressional testimony being a member). Other Southerners interviewed included farmers, doctors, merchants, teachers, and clergymen. The committee heard numerous reports of White violence against Blacks, while many Whites denied Klan membership or knowledge of violent

9261:

controversial, was the currency question. The old paper currency issued by state banks had been withdrawn, and Confederate currency was worthless. The national banks had issued $ 207 million in currency, which was backed by gold and silver. The federal treasury had issued $ 428 million in

9070:

There were complaints among taxpayers because taxes had historically been low, as the planter elite was not committed to public infrastructure or public education. Taxes historically had been much lower in the South than in the North, reflecting the lack of government investment by the communities.

8964:

Resolved, that no terms should be made with traitors, no compromise with rebels.... That we hold the national authority bound by the most solemn obligation to God and man to bring all the civil and military leaders of the rebellion to trial by due course of law, and when they are clearly convicted,

8891:

Freedmen were very active in forming their own churches, mostly Baptist or Methodist, and giving their ministers both moral and political leadership roles. In a process of self-segregation, practically all Blacks left White churches so that few racially integrated congregations remained (apart from

8451:

to local, state, and national offices; though they did not dominate any electoral offices, Black men as representatives voting in state and federal legislatures marked a drastic social change. At the beginning of 1867, no African American in the South held political office, but within three or four

8293:

between 1870 and 1871, designed to protect blacks and Reconstruction governments. These were criminal codes that protected the freedmen's right to vote, to hold office, to serve on juries, and receive equal protection of laws. Most important, they authorized the federal government to intervene when

8026:

in which the military closely supervised local government, supervised elections, and tried to protect office holders and freedmen from violence. Blacks were enrolled as voters; former Confederate leaders were excluded for a limited period. No one state was entirely representative. Randolph Campbell

7606:

All persons born in the United States ... are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States; and such citizens of every race and color, without regard to any previous condition of slavery ... shall have the same right in every State ... to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be

7437:

Historians generally agree that President Johnson was an inept politician who lost all his advantages by unskilled maneuvering. He broke with Congress in early 1866 and then became defiant and tried to block enforcement of Reconstruction laws passed by the U.S. Congress. He was in constant conflict

6879:

Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens, leaders of the Radical Republicans, were initially hesitant to enfranchise the largely illiterate freedmen. Sumner preferred at first impartial requirements that would have imposed literacy restrictions on Blacks and Whites. He believed that he would not succeed

6838:

proposed, unsuccessfully, that all former Confederates lose the right to vote for five years. The compromise that was reached disenfranchised many Confederate civil and military leaders. No one knows how many temporarily lost the vote, but one estimate placed the number as high as 10,000 to 15,000.

10466:

said, "for no other period of American history does so wide a gap exist between current scholarship and popular historical understanding, which, judging from references to Reconstruction in recent newspaper articles, films, popular books, and in public monuments across the country, still bears the

10318:

If we see Reconstruction's purpose as making sure that the main goals of the war would be fulfilled, of a Union held together forever, of a North and South able to work together, of slavery extirpated, and sectional rivalries confined, of the permanent banishment of the fear of vaunting appeals to

10259:

A fourth school sees the major reason for the failure of Reconstruction as the states' inability to suppress the violence of Southern Whites when they sought reversal for Blacks' gains. Etcheson (2009) points to the "violence that crushed black aspirations and the abandonment by Northern whites of

10130:

ideals. They argued that the tragedy of Reconstruction was not that it failed because Blacks were incapable of governing, especially as they did not dominate any state government, but that it failed because Whites raised an insurgent movement to restore White supremacy. White-elite-dominated state

10021:

The Beardian interpretation of the causes of the Civil War downplayed slavery, abolitionism, and issues of morality. It ignored constitutional issues of states' rights and even ignored American nationalism as the force that finally led to victory in the war. Indeed, the ferocious combat itself was

9996:

Reconstruction was a battle between two extremes: the Democrats, as the group which included the vast majority of the whites, standing for decent government and racial supremacy, versus the Republicans, the Negroes, alien carpetbaggers, and renegade scalawags, standing for dishonest government and

9947:

Besides the election of Southern black people to state governments and the United States Congress, other achievements of the Reconstruction era include "the South's first state-funded public school systems, more equitable taxation legislation, laws against racial discrimination in public transport

9693:

and went to the courthouse. On Easter Sunday, April 13, 1873, the Whites attacked the defenders at the courthouse. There was confusion about who shot one of the White leaders after an offer by the defenders to surrender. It was a catalyst to mayhem. In the end, three Whites died and 120–150 Blacks

9566:

with a few exceptions, were less efficient, less capable, and knew less about matters of state and governmental administration than many of the former slaves.... As a rule, therefore, the Whites that came into the leadership of the Republican Party between 1872 and 1875 were representatives of the

9433:

Outrages upon the former slaves in the South there were in plenty. Their sufferings were many. But white men, too, were victims of lawless violence, and in all portions of the North and the late "rebel" states. Not a political campaign passed without the exchange of bullets, the breaking of skulls

9005:

The rural areas faced many difficulties opening and maintaining public schools. In the country, the public school was often a one-room affair that attracted about half the younger children. The teachers were poorly paid, and their pay was often in arrears. Conservatives contended the rural schools

7554:

During fall 1865, out of response to the Black Codes and worrisome signs of Southern recalcitrance, the Radical Republicans blocked the readmission of the former rebellious states to the Congress. Johnson, however, was content with allowing former Confederate states into the Union as long as their

7519:

The number of murders and assaults perpetrated upon Negroes is very great; we can form only an approximative estimate of what is going on in those parts of the South which are not closely garrisoned, and from which no regular reports are received, by what occurs under the very eyes of our military

7415:

Smith argues that "Johnson attempted to carry forward what he considered to be Lincoln's plans for Reconstruction." McKitrick says that in 1865 Johnson had strong support in the Republican Party, saying: "It was naturally from the great moderate sector of Unionist opinion in the North that Johnson

7191:

Lincoln was determined to effect a speedy restoration of the Confederate states to the Union after the Civil War. In 1863, he proposed a moderate plan for the Reconstruction of the captured Confederate state of Louisiana. The plan granted amnesty to rebels who took an oath of loyalty to the Union.

7168:

In July 1862, Lincoln became convinced that "a military necessity" was needed to strike at slavery in order to win the Civil War for the Union. The Confiscation Acts were only having a minimal effect to end slavery. On July 22, he wrote a first draft of the Emancipation Proclamation that freed the

6649:

of 1864 passed in Congress by the Radicals was designed to permanently disfranchise the Confederate element in the South. The bill asked the government to grant African American men the right to vote and that anyone who willingly gave weapons to the fight against the United States should be denied

9677:

In the lower South, violence increased as new insurgent groups arose, including the Red Shirts in Mississippi and the Carolinas, and the White League in Louisiana. The disputed election in Louisiana in 1872 found both Republican and Democratic candidates holding inaugural balls while returns were

9099:

The following table shows property tax rates for South Carolina and Mississippi. Many local town and county assessments effectively doubled the tax rates reported in the table. These taxes were still levied upon the landowners' own sworn testimony as to the value of their land, which remained the

9095:

During Reconstruction, the state legislature mobilized to provide for public need more than had previous governments: establishing public schools and investing in infrastructure, as well as charitable institutions such as hospitals and asylums. They set out to increase taxes, which were unusually

8997:

Historian James D. Anderson argues that the freed slaves were the first Southerners "to campaign for universal, state-supported public education". Blacks in the Republican coalition played a critical role in establishing the principle in state constitutions for the first time during congressional

7537:

Much of the violence that was perpetrated against African Americans was shaped by gender prejudices regarding African Americans. Black women were in a particularly vulnerable situation. To convict a white man of sexually assaulting Black women in this period was exceedingly difficult. The South's

7304:

Lincoln continued to advocate his Louisiana Plan as a model for all states up until his assassination on April 15, 1865. The plan successfully started the Reconstruction process of ratifying the Thirteenth Amendment in all states. Lincoln is typically portrayed as taking the moderate position and

6842:

Second, and closely related, was the issue of whether the 4 million freedmen were to be received as citizens: Would they be able to vote? If they were to be fully counted as citizens, some sort of representation for apportionment of seats in Congress had to be determined. Before the war, the

10043:

the Northern capitalists were able to impose their economic program, quickly passing a series of measures on tariffs, banking, homesteads, and immigration that guaranteed the success of their plans for economic development. Solicitude for the freedmen had little to do with Northern policies. The

9963:

during Reconstruction, concluded later that: "the Reconstruction experiment in racial democracy failed because it began at the wrong end, emphasizing political means and civil rights acts rather than economic means and self-determination". His solution was to concentrate on building the economic

9795:

A 2019 study found that counties that were occupied by the U.S. Army to enforce enfranchisement of emancipated slaves were more likely to elect Black politicians. The study also found that "political murders by White-supremacist groups occurred less frequently" in these counties than in Southern

8946:

A War Department order of November 1863, applicable to the Southwestern states of the Confederacy, authorized the Northern Methodists to occupy "all houses of worship belonging to the Methodist Episcopal Church South in which a loyal minister, appointed by a loyal bishop of said church, does not

8120:

to protect and gradually incorporate refugee slaves in west Tennessee and northern Mississippi into the Union war effort and pay them for their labor. It was the beginning of his vision for the Freedmen's Bureau. Grant opposed President Johnson by supporting the Reconstruction Acts passed by the

8017:

from Virginia in 1863, and Tennessee, which had already been re-admitted in 1866, were not included in the military districts. Federal troops, however, were kept in West Virginia through 1868 in order to control civil unrest in several areas throughout the state. Federal troops were removed from

7532:

who board some of the boats; after the boats leave they hang, shoot, or drown the victims they may find on them, and all those found on the roads or coming down the rivers are almost invariably murdered. The bewildered and terrified freedmen know not what to do—to leave is death; to remain is to

7176:

On January 1, 1863, the actual Emancipation Proclamation was issued, specifically naming 10 states in which slaves would be "forever free". The proclamation did not name the states of Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware, and specifically excluded numerous counties in some other

6895:

Sumner soon concluded that "there was no substantial protection for the freedman except in the franchise". This was necessary, he stated, "(1) For his own protection; (2) For the protection of the white Unionist; and (3) For the peace of the country. We put the musket in his hands because it was

10138:

Re-establishment of White supremacy meant that within a decade African Americans were excluded from virtually all local, state, and federal governance in all states of the South. Lack of representation meant that they were treated as second-class citizens, with schools and services consistently

7702:

The South's White leaders, who held power in the immediate post-bellum era before the vote was granted to the freedmen, renounced secession and slavery, but not White supremacy. People who had previously held power were angered in 1867 when new elections were held. New Republican lawmakers were

7650:

Although strongly urged by moderates in Congress to sign the Civil Rights bill, Johnson broke decisively with them by vetoing it on March 27, 1866. His veto message objected to the measure because it conferred citizenship on the freedmen at a time when 11 out of 36 states were unrepresented and

6788:

personnel to administer the region until new governments loyal to the Union—that accepted the Fourteenth Amendment and the right of freedmen to vote—could be established. Congress temporarily suspended the ability to vote of approximately 10,000 to 15,000 former Confederate officials and senior

6300:

Over a quarter of Southern White men of military age—the backbone of the White workforce—died during the war, leaving their families destitute, and per capita income for White Southerners declined from $ 125 in 1857 to a low of $ 80 in 1879. By the end of the 19th century and well into the 20th

9736:

Later in 1874 the White League mounted a serious attempt to unseat the Republican governor of Louisiana, in a dispute that had simmered since the 1872 election. It brought 5,000 troops to New Orleans to engage and overwhelm forces of the metropolitan police and state militia to turn Republican

7232:

became law, sponsored by the Republicans to aid freedmen and White refugees. A federal bureau was created to provide food, clothing, fuel, and advice on negotiating labor contracts. It attempted to oversee new relations between freedmen and their former masters in a free labor market. The act,

6899:

The Republicans believed that the best way for men to get political experience was to be able to vote and to participate in the political system. They passed laws allowing all male freedmen to vote. In 1867, Black men voted for the first time. Over the course of Reconstruction, more than 1,500

6275:

The Confederate States in 1861 had 297 towns and cities, with a total population of 835,000 people; of these, 162, with 681,000 people, were at some point occupied by Union forces. Eleven cities were destroyed or severely damaged by military action, including Atlanta, Charleston, Columbia, and

7725:

most Blacks and many poor Whites in the South. From 1890 to 1910, Southern states passed new state constitutions that completed the disenfranchisement of Blacks. U.S. Supreme Court rulings on these provisions upheld many of these new Southern state constitutions and laws, and most Blacks were

7675:

on reservations), penalized states that did not give the vote to freedmen, and most important, created new federal civil rights that could be protected by federal courts. It guaranteed the federal war debt would be paid (and promised the Confederate debt would never be paid). Johnson used his

7196:

the bill and the rift widened between the moderates, primarily concerned with preserving the Union and winning the war, and the Radicals, who wanted to effect a more complete change within Southern society. Frederick Douglass denounced Lincoln's 10% electorate plan as undemocratic since state

7117:

Starting in March 1862, in an effort to forestall Reconstruction by the Radicals in Congress, Lincoln installed military governors in certain rebellious states under Union military control. Although the states would not be recognized by the Radicals until an undetermined time, installation of

6863:

veterans. Johnson also believed that such service should be rewarded with citizenship. Lincoln proposed giving the vote to "the very intelligent, and especially those who have fought gallantly in our ranks". In 1864, Governor Johnson said: "The better class of them will go to work and sustain

6050:

Historians continue to disagree about the legacy of Reconstruction. Criticism of Reconstruction focuses on the early failure to prevent violence, corruption, starvation, disease, and other problems. Some consider the Union's policy toward freed slaves as inadequate and it policy toward former

9829:

The White Democrats in the South agreed to accept Hayes' victory if he withdrew the last federal troops. By this point, the North was weary of insurgency. White Democrats controlled most of the Southern legislatures and armed militias controlled small towns and rural areas. Blacks considered

6847:

of a corresponding number of free Whites. By having 4 million freedmen counted as full citizens, the South would gain additional seats in Congress. If Blacks were denied the vote and the right to hold office, then only Whites would represent them. Many, including most White Southerners,

6296:

service available to move crops and animals to market. Railroad mileage was located mostly in rural areas; over two-thirds of the South's rails, bridges, rail yards, repair shops, and rolling stock were in areas reached by Union armies, which systematically destroyed what they could. Even in

10086:

as important results, and he noted their collaboration with Whites. He also pointed out that Whites benefited most by the financial deals made, and he put excesses in the perspective of the war's aftermath. He noted that despite complaints, several states kept their Reconstruction-era state

8978:

God had chastised them and given them a special mission—to maintain orthodoxy, strict biblicism, personal piety, and traditional race relations. Slavery, they insisted, had not been sinful. Rather, emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God's

10279:

Historian Donald R. Shaffer maintained that the gains during Reconstruction for African Americans were not entirely extinguished. The legalization of African American marriages and families and the independence of Black churches from White denominations were a source of strength during the

9930:

The Democrats gained control of the Senate, and had complete control of Congress, having taken over the House in 1875. Hayes vetoed bills from the Democrats that outlawed the Republican Enforcement Acts; however, with the military underfunded, Hayes could not adequately enforce these laws.

8460:

before the war, who had achieved education and positions of leadership elsewhere. Other African American men elected to office were already leaders in their communities, including a number of preachers. As happened in White communities, not all leadership depended upon wealth and literacy.

7445:

However, the fears of the planter elite and other leading white citizens were partly assuaged by the actions of President Johnson, who ensured that a wholesale land redistribution from the planters to the freedmen did not occur. President Johnson ordered that confiscated or abandoned lands

7432:

It is likely that had he lived, Lincoln would have followed a policy similar to Johnson's, that he would have clashed with congressional Radicals, that he would have produced a better result for the freedmen than occurred, and that his political skills would have helped him avoid Johnson's

9087:

and a capitation tax, a tax on each worker employed. This tax was often assessed in a way to discourage a free labor market, where a slave was assessed at 75 cents, while a free White was assessed at a dollar or more, and a free African American at $ 3 or more. Some revenue also came from

10401:(1915); it stimulated the formation of the 20th-century version of the KKK. Many other authors romanticized the supposed benevolence of slavery and the elite world of the antebellum plantations, in memoirs and histories which were published in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; the 8922:

Blacks in the South made up a core element of the Republican Party. Their ministers had powerful political roles that were distinctive since they did not depend on White support, in contrast to teachers, politicians, businessmen, and tenant farmers. Acting on the principle as stated by

9369:

While Republican whites supported measures for black civil rights, other whites typically opposed these measures. Some supported armed attacks to suppress blacks. They self-consciously defended their own actions within the framework of a white American discourse of resistance against

7438:

constitutionally with the Radicals in Congress over the status of freedmen and whites in the defeated South. Although resigned to the abolition of slavery, many former Confederates were unwilling to accept both social changes and political domination by former slaves. In the words of

8370:, Akerman's replacement, suspended his prosecutions of the Klan in North Carolina and South Carolina in the Spring of 1873, but prior to the election of 1874, he changed course and prosecuted the Klan. Civil rights prosecutions continued but with fewer yearly cases and convictions. 8927:, an AME minister in Florida: "A man in this state cannot do his whole duty as a minister except he looks out for the political interests of his people." More than 100 Black ministers were elected to state legislatures during Reconstruction, as well as several to Congress and one, 6361:

In addition to the legal status of the seceded states, Congress debated the legal consequences for Confederate veterans and others who had engaged in "insurrection and rebellion" against the government and the legal rights of those freed from slavery. These debates resulted in the

10459:" dominated white scholarship about Reconstruction during most of the 20th century. Black scholarship on the Reconstruction era was mostly ignored until the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, though the racist interpretations of the Dunning School continue to this day. 6699:

Since the war had ended, Congress rejected Johnson's argument that he had the war power to decide what to do. Congress decided it had the primary authority to decide how Reconstruction should proceed, because the Constitution stated the United States had to guarantee each state a

7720:

Many Blacks took an active part in voting and political life, and rapidly continued to build churches and community organizations. Following Reconstruction, White Democrats and insurgent groups used force to regain power in the state legislatures, and pass laws that effectively

9752:, another paramilitary group, arose in 1875 in Mississippi and the Carolinas. Like the White League and White Liner rifle clubs, to which 20,000 men belonged in North Carolina alone, these groups operated as a "military arm of the Democratic Party", to restore White supremacy. 9630:

used state troops against the Klan, but the prisoners were released by federal judges. Holden became the first governor in American history to be impeached and removed from office. Republican political disputes in Georgia split the party and enabled the Redeemers to take over.

9512:" faction of his party (which depended on his patronage), and the Southern Republican Party. Grant won with 55.6% of the vote to Greeley's 43.8%. The Liberal Republican Party vanished and many former supporters—even former abolitionists—abandoned the cause of Reconstruction. 8222:

used his patronage powers to integrate the postal system and appointed a record number of African-American men and women as postal workers across the nation, while also expanding many of the mail routes. Grant appointed Republican abolitionist and champion of black education

7699:, supported radicalism. The other 11 opposed a "harsh" Reconstruction policy, favored the speedy return of the Southern states to congressional representation, opposed legislation designed to protect the freedmen, and deplored the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson. 7296:, so as to take effect—say in five years... Slavery is doomed." Lincoln also urged compensated emancipation for the slaves as he thought the North should be willing to share the costs of freedom. Although the meeting was cordial, the parties did not settle on agreements. 5970:

over Johnson's vetoes, setting out the terms by which the former Confederate states could be readmitted to the Union. Constitutional conventions held throughout the South gave Black men the right to vote. New state governments were established by a coalition of freedmen,

9397:

The Negro troops, even at their best, were everywhere considered offensive by the native whites.... The Negro soldier, impudent by reason of his new freedom, his new uniform, and his new gun, was more than Southern temper could tranquilly bear, and race conflicts were

19937: 9988:, analyzed Reconstruction as a failure after 1866 for different reasons. They claimed that Congress took freedoms and rights from qualified Whites and gave them to unqualified Blacks who were being duped by what they called "corrupt carpetbaggers and scalawags". As 7244:

Even with the benefits that it gave to the freedmen, the Freedmen's Bureau was unable to operate effectively in certain areas. Terrorizing freedmen for trying to vote, hold a political office, or own land, the Ku Klux Klan was the nemesis of the Freedmen's Bureau.

9792:, South Carolina massacres. One historian estimated 150 Blacks were killed in the weeks before the 1876 election across South Carolina. Red Shirts prevented almost all Black voting in two majority-Black counties. The Red Shirts were also active in North Carolina. 9299:), on the same day, the U.S. Congress launched a 21-member investigation committee on the status of the Southern Reconstruction states North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. Congressional members on the committee included Rep. 6852:, and some Northern Republicans, opposed voting rights for African-Americans. The small fraction of Republican voters opposed to Black suffrage contributed to the defeats of several suffrage measures voted on in most Northern states. Some Northern states that had 6075:

in 1863 until the withdrawal of the final federal troops stationed in the South in 1877. However, historians have proposed different start and end dates for the Reconstruction era, and the exact period of Reconstruction may vary depending on the state or subject.

9067:

for its railroads. Instead of building new track, however, it used the funds to speculate in bonds, reward friends with extravagant fees, and enjoy lavish trips to Europe. Taxes were quadrupled across the South to pay off the railroad bonds and the school costs.

6911:

From 1890 to 1908, Southern states passed new state constitutions and laws that disenfranchised most Blacks and tens of thousands of poor Whites with new voter registration and electoral rules. When establishing new requirements such as subjectively administered

10131:

legislatures passed disenfranchising state constitutions from 1890 to 1908 that effectively barred most Blacks and many poor Whites from voting. This disenfranchisement affected millions of people for decades into the 20th century, and closed African Americans

9883:, refused to entertain dilatory motions. Eventually, the filibusterers gave up, allowing the House to reject the objection in the early hours of March 2. The House and Senate then reassembled to complete the count of the electoral votes. At 4:10 am on March 2, 10358:

during Grady's time as editor from 1880 to 1889. Harris wrote many editorials in which he encouraged Southerners to accept the changed conditions along with some Northern influences, but he asserted his belief that change should proceed under White supremacy.

9402:

Often, these White Southerners identified as the "Conservative Party" or the "Democratic and Conservative Party" in order to distinguish themselves from the national Democratic Party and to obtain support from former Whigs. These parties sent delegates to the

6789:

officers, while constitutional amendments gave full citizenship to all African Americans, and suffrage to the adult men. With the power to vote, freedmen began participating in politics. While many enslaved people were illiterate, educated Blacks (including

10442:

the South is presented as a great civilization, the practice of slavery is never questioned, and the plight of the freedmen after the Civil War is implicitly blamed on their emancipation. A series of scenes whose racism rivals that of D. W. Griffith's film

9001:

The Republicans created a system of public schools, which were segregated by race everywhere except New Orleans. Generally, elementary and a few secondary schools were built in most cities, and occasionally in the countryside, but the South had few cities.

6793:) moved down from the North to aid them, and natural leaders also stepped forward. They elected White and Black men to represent them in constitutional conventions. A Republican coalition of freedmen, Southerners supportive of the Union (derisively called " 9021:

in Mississippi. The normal schools and state colleges produced generations of teachers who were integral to the education of African American children under the segregated system. By the end of the century, the majority of African Americans were literate.

9328:

activities. The majority report by Republicans concluded that the government would not tolerate any Southern "conspiracy" to resist violently the congressional Reconstruction. The committee completed its 13-volume report in February 1872. While President

10487:, highlights the historical connections to Reconstruction that surround us today and examines Reconstruction's place in state social studies standards across the United States and the barriers to teaching effective Reconstruction history. According to a 9496:

By 1872, President Ulysses S. Grant had alienated large numbers of leading Republicans, including many Radicals, by the corruption of his administration and his use of federal soldiers to prop up Radical state regimes in the South. The opponents, called

6133:

The conventional end of Reconstruction is 1877, when the federal government withdrew the last troops stationed in the South as part of the Compromise of 1877. However, some scholars offer later dates, such as 1890, when Republicans failed to pass the

9347:, with chapters active in Mississippi and the Carolinas. They used intimidation and outright attacks to run Republicans out of office and repress voting by Blacks, leading to White Democrats regaining power by the elections of the mid-to-late 1870s. 8988:

institutions offered self-help and racial uplift, and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed. As a result, black preachers continued to insist that God would protect and help them; God would be their rock in a stormy land.

8210:. Grant met with prominent black leaders for consultation and signed a bill into law, on March 18, 1869, that guaranteed equal rights to both blacks and whites, to serve on juries, and hold office, in Washington D.C. In 1870 Grant signed into law a 6695:

on March 27, 1866. While Democrats celebrated, the Republicans rallied, passed the bill again, and overrode Johnson's repeat veto. Full-scale political warfare now existed between Johnson (now allied with the Democrats) and the Radical Republicans.

1862: 9755:

Democrats and many Northern Republicans agreed that Confederate nationalism and slavery were dead—the war goals were achieved—and further federal military interference was an undemocratic violation of historical Republican values. The victory of

8021:

The 10 Southern state governments were re-constituted under the direct control of the United States Army. One major purpose was to recognize and protect the right of African Americans to vote. There was little to no combat, but rather a state of

10479:

education nonprofit Zinn Education Project, the study's authors say they are concerned that American children will grow up to be uninformed about a critical period of history that helps explain why full racial equality remains unfulfilled today.

8973:

Many Americans interpreted great events in religious terms. Historian Wilson Fallin Jr. contrasts the interpretation of the Civil War and Reconstruction in White versus Black Baptist sermons in Alabama. White Baptists expressed the view that:

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plan. In April 1862, the joint session of Congress met; however, the border states were not interested and did not make any response to Lincoln or any congressional emancipation proposal. Lincoln advocated compensated emancipation during the

7253:

Other legislation was signed that broadened equality and rights for African Americans. Lincoln outlawed discrimination on account of color, in carrying U.S. mail, in riding on public street cars in Washington, D.C., and in pay for soldiers.

6042:

on the understanding that federal troops would be withdrawn from the South, effectively bringing Reconstruction to an end. Post-Civil War efforts to enforce federal civil rights protections in the South ended in 1890 with the failure of the

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offered the chance for a clean slate without having to re-fight the Civil War every election. Furthermore, many wealthy Southern landowners thought they could control part of the newly enfranchised Black electorate to their own advantage.

6887:

before the war. In 1880, for example, the White illiteracy rate was about 25% in Tennessee, Kentucky, Alabama, South Carolina, and Georgia, and as high as 33% in North Carolina. This compares with the 9% national rate, and a Black rate of

7446:

administered by the Freedmen's Bureau would not be redistributed to the freedmen but would be returned to pardoned owners. Land was returned that would have been forfeited under the Confiscation Acts passed by Congress in 1861 and 1862.

6622:, 1865, entitled "The Rail Splitter At Work Repairing the Union". The caption reads (Johnson): "Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than ever." (Lincoln): "A few more stitches Andy and the good old Union will be mended." 22995: 14363: 7711:

Three constitutional amendments, known as the Reconstruction amendments, were adopted. The Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery was ratified in 1865. The Fourteenth Amendment was proposed in 1866 and ratified in 1868, guaranteeing

10183:

explained that although the constitutional amendments and civil rights legislation on their own merit were remarkable achievements, no permanent government agency whose specific purpose was civil rights enforcement had been created.

9438:

As Reconstruction continued, Whites accompanied elections with increased violence in an attempt to run Republicans out of office and suppress Black voting. The victims of this violence were overwhelmingly African American, as in the

7383:

had taken a hard line and spoke of hanging Confederates, but when he succeeded Lincoln as president, Johnson took a much softer position, pardoning many Confederate leaders and other former Confederates. Former Confederate President

14745: 7504:. Widespread poverty, disruption to an agricultural economy too dependent on cotton, and the falling price of cotton, led within decades to the routine indebtedness of the majority of the freedmen, and the poverty of many planters. 33248: 8163:

landslide of 214 votes to Seymour's 80. Seymour received a majority of white votes, but Grant was aided by 500,000 votes cast by blacks, winning him 52.7 percent of the popular vote. He lost Louisiana and Georgia primarily due to

7495:

work patterns that had been used in slavery. Instead of gang labor, freed people preferred family-based labor groups. They forced planters to bargain for their labor. Such bargaining soon led to the establishment of the system of

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The Democratic Party, proclaiming itself the party of white men, North and South, supported Johnson. However, the Republicans in Congress overrode his veto (the Senate by the close vote of 33–15, and the House by 122–41) and the

5720: 5607: 7442:, President Johnson's choice as the provisional governor of South Carolina: "First, the Negro is to be invested with all political power, and then the antagonism of interest between capital and labor is to work out the result." 9552:

celebrated a cross-racial coalition of poor Whites and Blacks, such coalitions rarely formed in these years. Writing in 1913, former Congressman Lynch, recalling his experience as a Black leader in Mississippi, explained that:

8124:

In northern cities Grant contended with a strong immigrant, and particularly in New York City an Irish, anti-Reconstructionist Democratic bloc. Republicans sought to make inroads campaigning for the Irish taken prisoner in the

7408:—were ever executed for war crimes. Andrew Johnson's racist view of Reconstruction did not include the involvement of blacks in government, and he refused to heed Northern concerns when Southern state legislatures implemented 6051:

slaveholders as too lenient. However, Reconstruction is credited with restoring the federal Union, limiting reprisals against the South, and establishing a legal framework for racial equality via the constitutional rights to

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The Statutes at Large of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America, from the Institution of the Government, February 8, 1861, to its Termination, February 18, 1862, Inclusive; Arranged in Chronological

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in 1939. In each case, the second half of the story focuses on Reconstruction in Atlanta. The book sold millions of copies nationwide; the film is regularly re-broadcast on television. In 2018, it remained at the top of the

21884: 7528:, Major J. P. Houston noted that whites who killed 12 African Americans in his district never came to trial. Many more killings never became official cases. Captain Poillon described white patrols in southwestern Alabama: 9914:

to have full control of these states. President Grant had already removed troops from Florida, before Hayes was inaugurated, and troops from the other Reconstruction states had long since been withdrawn. Hayes appointed

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to provide for Black higher education, in order to continue to receive funds for their already established White schools. Some states classified their Black state colleges as land grant institutions. Former Congressman

8455:

About 137 Black officeholders had lived outside the South before the Civil War. Some who had escaped from slavery to the North and had become educated returned to help the South advance in the postwar era. Others were

6959:

in September 1865, and was attended by hundreds of Native Americans representing dozens of tribes. Over the next several years the commission negotiated treaties with tribes that resulted in additional re-locations to

6357:

supported the Confederate government and disfranchised all those who had. Lincoln vetoed the Wade–Davis Bill, but it established a lasting conflict between the presidential and congressional visions of reconstruction.

8951:

Across the North, several denominations—especially the Methodists, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians, as well as the Quakers—strongly supported Radical policies. The focus on social problems paved the way for the

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stock of horses, mules, and cattle was much depleted. Forty percent of Southern livestock had been killed. The South's farms were not highly mechanized, but the value of farm implements and machinery according to the

9557:

While the colored men did not look with favor upon a political alliance with the poor whites, it must be admitted that, with very few exceptions, that class of whites did not seek, and did not seem to desire such an

10313:

magazine the effects if Reconstruction had not failed. However, in 2014, historian Mark Summers argued that the "failure" question should be looked at from the viewpoint of the war goals; in that case, he argues:

8406:, schools, transportation, and selecting juries. Although weakly enforceable, the law spread fear among whites opposed to interracial justice and was overturned by the Supreme Court in 1883. The later enforceable 6817:

Congress had to consider how to restore to full status and representation within the Union those Southern states that had declared their independence from the United States and had withdrawn their representation.

10055:

politician and historian, adhered to the point that there were Northeastern businessmen wanting to control the Southern economy before and after the war, implying that they did by owning railroads. In his book,

6230:

vision, which demanded strict segregation of the races and the preservation of political and cultural domination of Blacks by Whites, opposed any right to vote by Blacks, and accepted intimidation and violence;

7659:

became law. Congress also passed a watered-down Freedmen's Bureau bill; Johnson quickly vetoed as he had done to the previous bill. Once again, however, Congress had enough support and overrode Johnson's veto.

9779:

asked Grant for federal troops to fight back; Grant initially refused, saying public opinion was "tired out" of the perpetual troubles in the South. Ames fled the state as the Democrats took over Mississippi.

7578:

the congressional Radicals. In response, both the Senate and House passed a joint resolution not to allow any senator or representative seat admittance until Congress decided when Reconstruction was finished.

9775:, in which Red Shirts and Democratic rifle clubs, operating in the open, threatened or shot enough Republicans to decide the election for the Democrats. Hundreds of Black men were killed. Republican Governor 28884: 8382:, which restored political rights to former Confederates, except for a few hundred former Confederate officers. Grant wanted people to vote and practice free speech despite their "views, color or nativity." 7726:

prevented from voting in the South until the 1960s. Full federal enforcement of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments did not reoccur until after passage of legislation in the mid-1960s as a result of the

10034:

The Beards were especially interested in the Reconstruction era, as the industrialists of the Northeast and the farmers of the West cashed in on their great victory over the Southern aristocracy. Historian

9694:

were killed, some 50 that evening while being held as prisoners. The disproportionate numbers of Black to White fatalities and documentation of brutalized bodies are why contemporary historians call it the

14983: 6682:

became president. Radicals considered Johnson to be an ally, but upon becoming president, he rejected the Radical program of Reconstruction. He was on good terms with ex-Confederates in the South and ex-

9382:"conservatives" and Democrats had aligned with the national Democratic Party, which enthusiastically supported their cause even as the national Republican Party was losing interest in Southern affairs. 30729: 30724: 9042:, increases in Black politicians led to greater tax revenue, which was put towards public education spending (and land tenancy reforms). Logan finds that this led to greater literacy among Black men. 7173:

was enough of a battlefield victory to enable him to release the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation that gave the rebels 100 days to return to the Union or the actual proclamation would be issued.

28721: 19818: 16834:, p. 256: Foner adds: "What remains certain is that Reconstruction failed, and that for blacks its failure was a disaster whose magnitude cannot be obscured by the accomplishments that endured." 13608: 13606: 11613: 11611: 11609: 8448: 6801:")—some of whom were returning natives, but were mostly Union veterans—organized to create constitutional conventions. They created new state constitutions to set new directions for Southern states. 1857: 9702:

8, 1873, while going to court. One widow wrote to the Department of Justice that her husband was killed because he was a Union man, telling "the efforts made to screen those who committed a crime".

5889:

Throughout the war, the Union was confronted with the issue of how to administer areas it captured and how to handle the steady stream of slaves who were escaping to Union lines. In many cases, the

10226:

Economists and economic historians have different interpretations of the economic impact of race on the postwar Southern economy. In 1995, Robert Whaples took a random survey of 178 members of the

8056:'s caricature of the forces arraigned against Grant and Reconstruction in the 1868 election. Atop a black Union veteran reaching for a ballot box: the New York City Irish; Confederate and Klansman 15140: 15138: 11466: 11464: 11462: 10587:

Although Grant and Attorney General Amos T. Akerman set up a strong legal system to protect African Americans, the Department of Justice did not set up a permanent Civil Rights Division until the

6758:

The election of 1866 decisively changed the balance of power, giving the Republicans two-thirds majorities in both houses of Congress, and enough votes to overcome Johnson's vetoes. They moved to

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Other historians emphasize the failure to fully incorporate Southern Unionists into the Republican coalition. Derek W. Frisby points to "Reconstruction's failure to appreciate the challenges of

7169:

slaves in states in rebellion. After he showed his Cabinet the document, slight alterations were made in the wording. Lincoln decided that the defeat of the Confederate invasion of the North at

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Southern Republicans". Etcheson wrote that it is hard to see Reconstruction "as concluding in anything but failure". Etcheson adds: "W. E. B. DuBois captured that failure well when he wrote in

6079:

In the twentieth century, most scholars of the Reconstruction era began their review in 1865, with the end of formal hostilities between the North and South. However, in his landmark monograph

5592: 14357: 9234:

Called upon to pay taxes on their property, essentially for the first time, angry plantation owners revolted. The conservatives shifted their focus away from race to taxes. Former Congressman

8378:

In addition to fighting for African American civil rights, Grant wanted to reconcile with white southerners, out of a spirit of Appomattox. To placate the South, in May 1872, Grant signed the

5897:

in the South, protecting freedmen's legal rights, and creating educational and religious institutions. Despite its reluctance to interfere with the institution of slavery, Congress passed the

30477: 24348: 19713:

Influential book which blamed Carpetbaggers for what it deemed to be the failure of Reconstruction; the Dunning School has been referred to as "part of the edifice of the Jim Crow System";

14735: 11013: 9447:, the White League entered New Orleans with 5,000 members and defeated the police and militia, to occupy federal offices for three days in an attempt to overturn the disputed government of 9377:

The opponents of Reconstruction formed state political parties, affiliated with the national Democratic Party and often named the "Conservative Party." They supported or tolerated violent

5924:

Republicans disagreed over the nature of secession, the conditions for readmission, and the desirability of social reforms as a consequence of the Confederate defeat. Lincoln favored the "

22229: 7671:. It was designed to put the key provisions of the Civil Rights Act into the Constitution, but it went much further. It extended citizenship to everyone born in the United States (except 7022:, confiscated Confederate property, and emancipated their slaves. Lincoln immediately ordered Frémont to rescind his emancipation declaration, stating: "I think there is great danger that 5524: 9017:

After the war, Northern missionaries founded numerous private academies and colleges for freedmen across the South. In addition, every state founded state colleges for freedmen, such as

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wrote: "there are very many liberal, fair-minded and influential Democrats in the state who are strongly in favor of having the state provide for the liberal education of both races".

7007:

for colonization from those who aided and supported the rebellion. However, these laws had limited effect as they were poorly funded by Congress and poorly enforced by Attorney General

5602: 8281:

to prosecute the Klan. In Grant's two terms he strengthened Washington's legal capabilities to directly intervene to protect citizenship rights even if the states ignored the problem.

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reviewed. Both certified their own slates for local parish offices in many places, causing local tensions to rise. Finally, federal support helped certify the Republican as governor.

5587: 28841: 28468: 23141: 22708: 22632: 22520: 22459: 22408: 10299:

What remains certain is that Reconstruction failed, and that for Blacks its failure was a disaster whose magnitude cannot be obscured by the genuine accomplishments that did endure.

10179:

Supreme Court decisions that dismantled previous congressional civil rights legislation; and the economic reestablishment of Whiggish white planters in the South by 1877. Historian

9810:

Reconstruction continued in South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida until 1877. The elections of 1876 were accompanied by heightened violence across the Deep South. A combination of

6007:

to disrupt the efforts of the Reconstruction governments and terrorize Republicans. Congressional anger at President Johnson's repeated attempts to veto radical legislation led to

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violence against African-American voters. At the age of 46, Grant was the youngest president yet elected, and the first president elected after the nation had outlawed slavery.

6338:

focused on whether secession was legally valid, the implications of secession for the nature of the seceded states, and the legitimate method of their readmission to the Union.

4240: 33817: 17401: 8074:

Until 1872, most former Confederate or prewar Southern office holders were disqualified from voting or holding office; all but 500 top Confederate leaders were pardoned by the

7555:

state governments adopted the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery. By December 6, 1865, the amendment was ratified and Johnson considered Reconstruction over. According to

32824: 32100: 30412: 29171: 28671: 28626: 28541: 24713: 19964: 13355: 9814:

and intimidating Blacks suppressed their vote even in majority Black counties. The White League was active in Louisiana. After Republican Rutherford B. Hayes won the disputed

8919:

had split before the war due to disagreements about slavery. By 1871, the Northern Methodists had 88,000 Black members in the South, and had opened numerous schools for them.

6202:

and rented small lots to the freedmen and their families. Thus, the main structure of the Southern economy changed from an elite minority of landed gentry slaveholders into a

6118:

when all the white residents and slaveholders fled the area after the arrival of the Union. After the Battle of Port Royal, reconstruction policies were implemented under the

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open anti-Black violence. Democrats in the North concurred with these Southern Democrats. They wanted to fight the Republican Party on economic grounds rather than race. The

8402:. Grant endorsed the measure, despite his previous feud with Sumner, signing it into law on March 1, 1875. The law, ahead of its times, outlawed discrimination for blacks in 33479: 32661: 29176: 29166: 28581: 28546: 20373: 6727:

was convinced that Johnson's Southern appointees were disloyal to the Union, hostile to loyal Unionists, and enemies of the Freedmen. Radicals used as evidence outbreaks of

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After assuming office on March 4, 1877, President Hayes removed troops from the capitals of the remaining Reconstruction states, Louisiana and South Carolina, allowing the

8156:

of Missouri for vice president. The Democrats advocated the immediate restoration of former Confederate states to the Union and amnesty from "all past political offenses".

6026:. However, continuing resistance to Reconstruction by Southern whites and its high cost contributed to its losing support in the North during the Grant administration. The 20814: 20809: 20804: 20799: 20794: 20789: 20784: 7611:

The bill did not give freedmen the right to vote. Congress quickly passed the Civil Rights Bill; the Senate on February 2 voted 33–12; the House on March 13 voted 111–38.

7241:

between Grant and Seymour (Johnson did not get the Democratic nomination), where almost 700,000 Black voters voted and swayed the election 300,000 votes in Grant's favor.

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social cataclysm in which the capitalists, laborers, and farmers of the North and West drove from power in the national government the planting aristocracy of the South.

8676: 5597: 5549: 22771: 33273: 32270: 24435: 14680:"Table I. Population of the United States (by States and Territories) in the Aggregate and as White, Colored, Free Colored, Slave, Chinese, and Indian, at Each Census" 9410:

Most White members of both the planter and business class and common farmer class of the South opposed Reconstruction, Black civil rights and military rule and sought

8669: 5559: 5554: 4156: 1988: 13181:. Foner (1988) entitles his sixth chapter "The Making of Radical Reconstruction". Benedict argues the Radical Republicans were conservative on many other issues, in: 33293: 33288: 33278: 33268: 27649: 26828: 24530: 23870: 23740: 23350: 23107: 22751: 10555:

Georgia had a Republican governor and legislature, but the Republican hegemony was tenuous at best, and Democrats continued to win presidential elections there. See

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black constituents needed to be represented by black officials." The financial depression increased the pressure on Reconstruction governments, dissolving progress.

7627:

was nationwide. This 1866 Pennsylvania election poster alleged that the bureau kept the Negro in idleness at the expense of the hardworking white taxpayer. A racist

5825: 5569: 2809: 2361: 19766: 9311:. Subcommittee members traveled into the South to interview the people living in their respective states. Those interviewed included top-ranking officials, such as 34681: 29119: 19639: 11034: 6268:

had nearly zero value, and the Southern banking system was in collapse by the war's end. Where scarce Union dollars could not be obtained, residents resorted to a

229: 31606: 14999: 8916: 34198: 31847: 25120: 24000: 22475: 18806: 10798: 7703:

elected by a coalition of White Unionists, freedmen and Northerners who had settled in the South. Some leaders in the South tried to accommodate new conditions.

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protect the lives of African Americans; however, such promises were largely not kept. Hayes' friends also let it be known that he would promote federal aid for

34591: 31554: 31262: 31257: 30806: 29538: 29395: 29114: 28958: 28901: 27511: 27330: 25879: 24607: 24375: 24209: 23865: 23310: 23212: 22746: 22295: 22265: 22025: 20378: 19126: 10507: 10379: 7695: 7664: 6905: 6639: 6534: 6462: 4442: 2671: 2528: 1847: 1378: 17312: 13443:

Chin, Gabriel Jackson (September 14, 2004). "The 'Voting Rights Act of 1867': The Constitutionality of Federal Regulation of Suffrage During Reconstruction".

10446:(1915) mainly portrays Reconstruction as a time when Southern whites were victimized by freed slaves, who themselves were exploited by Northern carpetbaggers. 10211:(1988) focusing on the situation in the South, covers 1863 to 1865. While 1877 is the usual date given for the end of Reconstruction, some historians such as 6750:. The Republicans sought to prevent Johnson's Southern politicians from "restoring the historical subordination of Negroes". Since slavery was abolished, the 34581: 31069: 30941: 29526: 28461: 27952: 24896: 24463: 24353: 22424: 9876: 8648: 8251: 7420:

under the leadership of Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, favored a mild policy toward the South." David A. Lincove, citing Lincoln biographers

6541: 5474: 5464: 4283: 3099: 22839: 19810: 10694: 10014:, revisionists focused on economics, downplaying politics and constitutional issues. The central figure was a young scholar at the University of Wisconsin, 34686: 33258: 28811: 25952: 24231: 18231: 9443:

of 1873. After federal suppression of the Klan in the early 1870s, White insurgent groups tried to avoid open conflict with federal forces. In 1874 in the

7480:". However, they were abolished in 1866 and seldom had effect, because the Freedmen's Bureau (not the local courts) handled the legal affairs of freedmen. 5544: 4221: 1732: 1104: 841: 31532: 5955:

that restricted the rights of freedmen. His actions outraged many Northerners and stoked fears that the Southern elite would regain its political power.

31798: 31765: 31690: 31631: 31423: 28796: 27675: 27665: 26040: 25874: 24268: 19867: 17548: 13270: 11117: 6896:

necessary; for the same reason we must give him the franchise." The support for voting rights was a compromise between moderate and Radical Republicans.

5534: 5529: 2835: 2825: 1468: 1109: 20117: 19613: 19354: 13572: 11387:

Trelease, Allen W. (August 1976). "Republican Reconstruction in North Carolina: A Roll-call Analysis of the State House of Representatives, 1866–1870".

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The year 1877 is also commonly used as a dividing point for two-semester survey courses and two-volume textbooks that aim to cover all of U.S. history.

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Chacón, Mario L.; Jensen, Jeffrey L. (2020). "Democratization, De Facto Power, and Taxation: Evidence from Military Occupation during Reconstruction".

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that was over 70% in the South. By 1900, however, with emphasis within the Black community on education, the majority of Blacks had achieved literacy.

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considered failure inevitable because it felt that taking the right to vote or hold office away from Southern Whites was a violation of republicanism.

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nationalism were dead and that the Southern states could return. The Radicals sought out a candidate for president who represented their viewpoint.

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Force Bill of 1795, he authorized the recruitment of freed slaves into the U.S. Army and seizure of any Confederate property for military purposes.

6334:.) As additional territory came under Union control, reconstructed governments were established in Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Debates over 34249: 30719: 29090: 29054: 28889: 28454: 27871: 27496: 27445: 24862: 24835: 24152: 23021: 21717: 13332: 9079:

Reconstruction changed the means of taxation in the South. In the U.S. from the earliest days until today, a major source of state revenue was the

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in part of South Carolina and he also sent federal troops to help marshals, who initiated prosecutions of Klan members. Grant's Attorney General,

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writing in 1913, Johnson was following the moderate Lincoln presidential Reconstruction policy to get the states readmitted as soon as possible.

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Grant was so adamant about the passage of the Ku Klux Klan Act, he earlier had sent a message to Congress, on March 23, 1871, in which he said:

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was held in prison for two years, but other Confederate leaders were not. There were no trials on charges of treason. Only three people—Captain

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hundred and fifty dollars, and pay taxes thereon, you would completely disarm the adversary , and set an example the other states will follow."

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constitutions into the early 20th century. Despite receiving favorable reviews, his work was largely ignored by White historians of his time.

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of 1867 which outlined the terms in which the rebel states would be readmitted to the Union. Under these acts Republican Congress established

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with the rank of brigadier general. Stanly resigned almost a year later when he angered Lincoln by closing two schools for Black children in

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Northern anger over the assassination of Lincoln and the immense human cost of the war led to demands for punitive policies. Vice President

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However, Radical politicians took up the task at the state level. In Tennessee alone, over 80,000 former Confederates were disenfranchised.

6330:. (This recognition was rendered moot when the Pierpont government separated the northwestern counties of the state and sought admission as 34566: 32596: 32210: 32036: 31682: 31037: 30873: 30582: 30572: 30230: 30220: 28856: 28831: 27536: 27476: 27375: 27122: 27050: 26951: 26862: 26838: 26744: 26625: 26541: 26464: 26412: 26332: 24850: 24447: 24263: 24204: 23787: 23745: 23501: 23496: 23491: 23486: 23481: 23476: 23471: 23466: 23461: 23456: 23325: 20241: 17533: 14694: 10163:

of 1965 that segregation was outlawed and suffrage restored, under what has in retrospect been referred to as the "Second Reconstruction".

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There were few African Americans elected or appointed to national office. African Americans voted for both White and Black candidates. The

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Republicans took control of all Southern state governorships and state legislatures, except for Virginia. The Republican coalition elected

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in the House of Representatives. Congress, on December 4, 1865, rejected Johnson's moderate presidential Reconstruction, and organized the

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proposed 1861 as a starting date, interpreting Reconstruction as beginning "as soon as the Union captured territory in the Confederacy" at

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state sovereignty, backed by armed force, then Reconstruction looks like what in that respect it was, a lasting and unappreciated success.

8116:, a Radical, to be reinstated as secretary of war. As early as 1862, during the Civil War, Grant had appointed the Ohio military chaplain 7688:

1868 Republican cartoon identifies Democratic candidates Seymour and Blair (right) with KKK violence and with Confederate soldiers (left).

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Highly detailed narrative by Pulitzer Prize winner; argues was a political disaster because it violated the rights of White Southerners.

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for economic modernization. Railroad building was seen as a panacea since Northern capital was needed. The new tactics were a success in

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The 11 Southern states held constitutional conventions giving Black men the right to vote, where the factions divided into the Radical, "

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gave up on the idea of African American colonization at the end of 1863 or if he actually planned to continue this policy up until 1865.

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says that in 1866 congressmen "described the oath as the last bulwark against the return of ex-rebels to power, the barrier behind which

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This article is about the history of the United States from 1865 until 1877. For the U.S. legislation enacted between 1867 and 1868, see

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met with three Southern representatives to discuss the peaceful Reconstruction of the Union and the Confederacy on February 3, 1865, in

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A second school sees the reason for failure as Northern Republicans' lack of effectiveness in guaranteeing political rights to Blacks.

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Instead, they emphasized that suppression of the rights of African Americans was a worse scandal, and a grave corruption of America's

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As it became clear that the war would end in a Union victory, Congress debated the process for the readmission of the seceded states.

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Conklin, Forrest (1993). "'Wiping Out' Andy" Johnson's Moccasin Tracks: The Canvass of Northern States By Southern Radicals, 1866".

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Reconstruction a failure because the federal government withdrew from enforcing their ability to exercise their rights as citizens.

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themselves, and that class ought to be allowed to vote, on the ground that a loyal Negro is more worthy than a disloyal White man."

6341:

The first plan for legal reconstruction was introduced by Lincoln in his Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, the so-called "

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life, for the right to earn our bread, ... for a decent and respectful consideration as human beings and members of society."

9498: 9478: 8095: 7948:, placed 10 of the former Confederate states—all but Tennessee—under military control, grouping them into five military districts: 7484:

lawsuit involving whites, or move about without employment. The Black Codes outraged Northern opinion. They were overthrown by the

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Report of the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States February 19, 1872

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Williams, Frank J. (2006). "'Doing Less' and 'Doing More': The President and the Proclamation Legally, Militarily, Politically".

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Nationally, President Grant was blamed for the depression; the Republican Party lost 96 seats in all parts of the country in the

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Grant's Justice Department destroyed the Ku Klux Klan, but during both of his terms, Blacks lost their political strength in the

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regularly skewered Andrew Johnson's reconstruction policies as dangerous and destructive; clockwise from top left: Johnson as a

7288:. The Southerners proposed the Union recognition of the Confederacy, a joint Union–Confederate attack on Mexico to oust Emperor 34661: 34571: 34541: 34501: 34158: 33429: 33226: 32265: 32056: 32051: 31827: 31468: 31331: 31326: 31294: 31064: 30968: 30931: 30878: 30712: 27564: 27403: 27388: 27313: 27296: 26023: 25732: 25415: 25320: 25150: 25098: 25059: 24626: 24621: 24475: 24412: 24365: 24343: 24308: 23963: 23819: 22984: 22030: 21637: 21605: 21394: 21354: 21193: 21086: 20992: 20838: 12268: 12095: 11494: 8275: 5434: 5419: 5326: 3610: 2724: 2563: 2548: 1166: 584: 18051: 16963: 13812:

Simpson, Brooks D. (1999). "Ulysses S. Grant and the Freedmen's Bureau". In Cimbala, Paul A. & Miller, Randall M. (eds.).

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Paskoff, Paul F. (2008). "Measures of War: A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War's Destructiveness in the Confederacy".

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Four main groups competed with each other across the South to form new Methodist churches composed of freedmen. They were the

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The enormous cost of the Confederate war effort took a high toll on the region's economic infrastructure. The direct costs in

6095:, and the earnest debate of Reconstruction policies during the Civil War. Many historians now follow this 1863 periodization. 34666: 34621: 33807: 33732: 32850: 31867: 31718: 31677: 31451: 31289: 31247: 31059: 29607: 29473: 29468: 29353: 29306: 29256: 29069: 28425: 27993: 27890: 27798: 27543: 27425: 27382: 27247: 26215: 26210: 26197: 25839: 25727: 25597: 25501: 25410: 25334: 24879: 24845: 23860: 23850: 23845: 23703: 23698: 23562: 23527: 21905: 21745: 21687: 21672: 21553: 21528: 21446: 21409: 21389: 21275: 21240: 21163: 21126: 21111: 21012: 20987: 20977: 20920: 20888: 20878: 20858: 20196:. 2015. – This is part of an extensive assessment of the Civil War and slavery which gives particular attention to children. 19384:

Twenty Years of Congress: From Lincoln to Garfield. With a review of the events which led to the political revolution of 1860

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passed over as merely an ephemeral event. Much more important was the calculus of class conflict. As the Beards explained in

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finally prevailed when the White House intervened, but both sides were badly weakened, and the Democrats soon came to power.

7828: 7672: 5847: 5386: 4463: 4452: 4314: 4268: 4263: 4236: 4123: 4118: 3512: 3140: 3104: 3045: 2953: 2703: 2585: 2542: 2350: 2140: 1744: 1421: 1193: 27335: 18123: 17046:(March 1995). "Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions". 7142:, elected in December 1862, to the House, which capitulated and voted to seat them. In July 1862, Lincoln installed Colonel 6655:

his second inaugural address, Lincoln asked voters only to support the Union in the future, regardless of the past. Lincoln

34481: 34125: 33592: 33451: 33343: 32869: 32809: 31900: 31877: 31237: 31222: 31086: 30995: 30990: 30924: 29385: 29216: 29059: 28686: 28651: 27209: 26122: 26035: 25932: 25869: 25859: 25742: 25533: 25496: 25425: 25257: 25222: 24773: 24503: 24236: 24007: 23958: 23931: 23855: 23814: 22870: 22376: 21876: 21765: 21760: 21730: 21704: 21662: 21652: 21600: 21595: 21575: 21548: 21466: 21461: 21436: 21379: 21369: 21317: 21312: 21297: 21265: 21183: 21178: 21153: 21101: 21044: 21029: 20940: 20935: 20925: 20910: 20848: 20715: 20710: 16506: 16452: 16043: 14603: 12091: 10512: 10350:(mostly after Reconstruction), tried to advance racial and sectional reconciliation in the late 19th century. He supported 9864: 9839: 8904: 8892:

some Catholic churches in Louisiana). They started many new Black Baptist churches and soon, new Black state associations.

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July 19, 1867: Congress passes the third Reconstruction Act, creating a system of military government throughout the South.

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Quigley, David (January 2008). "Constitutional Revision and the City: The Enforcement Acts and Urban America, 1870–1894".

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era. Reconstruction was never forgotten within the Black community and it remained a source of inspiration. The system of

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Stevens and his followers viewed secession as having left the states in a status like new territories. Sumner argued that

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A third school blames the failure on not giving land to the freedmen so they could have their own economic base of power.

9896: 9765: 9749: 9742: 9404: 9344: 9092:. These taxes were more than poor people could pay, with the designed and inevitable consequence that they did not vote. 8323:

Grant also recommended the enforcement of laws in all parts of the United States to protect life, liberty, and property.

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Frisby, Derek W. (2010). "A Victory Spoiled: West Tennessee Unionists During Reconstruction". In Cimbala, Paul (ed.).

13580:. 2016 Annual Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, San Juan, Puerto Rico. p. 18. Archived from 10750: 6554:

February 24, 1871: Representatives from Georgia, the final Confederate state to be readmitted, are seated in Congress.

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Smith, Stacey L. (November 3, 2016). "Beyond North and South: Putting the West in the Civil War and Reconstruction".

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At the national level, textbooks typically date the era from 1865 to 1877. Eric Foner's textbook of national history

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had destroyed statehood but the Constitution still extended its authority and its protection over individuals, as in

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prosecuted the Ku Klux Klan, believing that the strong arm of the federal Justice Department could pacify the South.

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Northern officials gave varying reports on conditions for the freedmen in the South. One harsh assessment came from

7038:... forever free". Lincoln, embarrassed by the order, rescinded Hunter's declaration and canceled the emancipation. 34521: 34516: 34406: 34130: 33722: 33651: 33199: 33018: 32845: 32215: 32093: 31973: 31927: 31601: 31277: 31242: 31227: 30985: 30587: 29831: 29801: 29617: 29346: 28911: 28821: 28641: 28636: 28511: 27858: 27112: 26941: 26774: 26734: 26613: 26147: 26011: 25957: 25942: 25844: 25679: 25155: 25108: 25103: 25005: 24932: 24632: 24397: 23926: 22069: 22064: 21973: 21677: 21647: 21538: 21513: 21399: 21364: 21250: 21225: 21116: 20997: 20868: 20234: 18959: 12346: 10879: 10659: 10096: 9920: 9815: 9761: 9243:

latter course, however, had been adopted and could not then be changed unless of course they wanted to change them.

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African-Americans remained involved in Southern politics, particularly in Virginia, which was run by the biracial

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state superintendent or assistant superintendent of education for Virginia, Florida, Alabama, and South Carolina.

6739:. Radical Republicans demanded a prompt and strong federal response to protect freedmen and curb Southern racism. 1667: 34641: 33839: 33827: 33303: 33298: 33283: 32724: 32719: 32714: 32709: 32320: 32157: 32078: 32066: 32041: 31621: 31616: 31284: 31207: 31002: 30846: 30577: 30442: 30147: 29786: 29271: 28731: 28696: 28601: 28576: 28059: 27793: 27749: 27145: 26643: 26499: 26045: 25834: 25775: 25684: 25575: 25550: 25047: 25037: 24602: 24520: 24458: 24442: 24288: 24283: 24047: 24027: 24017: 24012: 23071: 23002: 22944: 22854: 22781: 22571: 22403: 22342: 22249: 22084: 22009: 21983: 21892: 19682: 18756:

Stewart, Megan A., and Karin E. Kitchens. "Social transformation and violence: Evidence from US Reconstruction."

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Tyack, David; Lowe, Robert (1986). "The constitutional moment: Reconstruction and Black education in the South".

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and incorporate these loyal Southerners into a strategy that would positively affect the character of the peace".

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White Leaguers attacking the New Orleans integrated police force and state militia, Battle of Liberty Place, 1874

9717:

in 1874, the White League assassinated six White Republican officeholders and five to 20 Black witnesses outside

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The distribution of wealth per capita in 1872, illustrating the disparity between North and South in that period

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Benedict, Michael Les (1974). "Preserving the Constitution: The Conservative Basis of Radical Reconstruction".

11644: 10430: 9892: 9856: 8190: 8177: 7574:, a 15-member panel to devise Reconstruction requirements for the Southern states to be restored to the Union. 6995: 6743: 6686:

in the North. He appointed his own governors and tried to close the Reconstruction process by the end of 1865.

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indicated his "let alone" policy toward the South would become Republican policy, as happened when he won the

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March 2 and 3, 1868: Congress impeaches President Johnson on eleven articles of impeachment for violating the

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Lash, Jeffrey N. (1993). "Civil War Irony: Confederate Commanders and the Destruction of Southern Railways".

10192: 9992:(who was a sharp critic of the Dunning School) noted, the Dunning scholars portrayed the era in stark terms: 9419: 8134: 7131: 6759: 6675: 6159: 6008: 5859: 5396: 5366: 5351: 5336: 5311: 5291: 4913: 4547: 4414: 3987: 3854: 3784: 3769: 3677: 3391: 3008: 2993: 2923: 2913: 2884: 2874: 1993: 1771: 632: 154: 14608: 13117: 7325: 34651: 34318: 34219: 34011: 32676: 32557: 32470: 32172: 32129: 32011: 31775: 30914: 30890: 30885: 30868: 30836: 30779: 29892: 29841: 29674: 29276: 29129: 28874: 28851: 28836: 28788: 28566: 28496: 28477: 27843: 27817: 27803: 27778: 27768: 27719: 27635: 27242: 26752: 26526: 26420: 26205: 26131: 26075: 26068: 26001: 25864: 25747: 25669: 25659: 25513: 25474: 25430: 25390: 25347: 25295: 25227: 25200: 25160: 25138: 24947: 24761: 24708: 24641: 24498: 24454: 24382: 24303: 24221: 24032: 23896: 23725: 23633: 23441: 22849: 22817: 22703: 22566: 22454: 22337: 22207: 22176: 22169: 22115: 22004: 21870: 21838: 21833: 21828: 21823: 21818: 21813: 21808: 19590: 19579: 17529: 17362: 17229: 16992: 16242: 10927: 10227: 9582: 9300: 8130: 7974: 7355: 7314: 7224:

Northern teachers traveled into the South to provide education and training for the newly freed population.

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After the war ended, President Andrew Johnson gave back most of the land to the former White slave owners.

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Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational, and Industrial

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Lynch reported that poor Whites resented the job competition from freedmen. Furthermore, the poor Whites:

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believed that the economy was about to grow rapidly, thanks to the development of agriculture through the

8013:

that had not joined the Confederacy were not subject to military Reconstruction. West Virginia, which had

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was marked by widespread Black voter suppression in the South, and the result was close and contested. An

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to recognize a lawful state of war between Ireland and England. In 1867 Grant personally intervened with

7804: 7477: 7455: 7409: 6763: 6524: 6411: 5960: 5952: 5647: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5371: 4843: 4634: 4604: 4542: 4491: 4419: 4309: 3739: 3422: 3316: 2889: 2879: 2058: 2008: 1727: 1645: 772: 553: 373: 19467: 16299: 12324:. The Centennial History of the Civil War. Vol. 2. New York: Doubleday. pp. 365–367, 461–468. 10832:

Stazak, Luke; Masur, Kate; Williams, Heather Andrea; Downs, Gregory P.; Glymph, Thavolia; Hahn, Steven;

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used the Army to seize control of Methodist churches in large cities, over the vehement protests of the

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14 mills (1.4%) "a rate which virtually amounted to confiscation" (highest rate between 1822 and 1898)

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The Civil War had a devastating economic and material impact on the South, where most combat occurred.

6000: 5867: 5662: 5642: 5145: 5080: 4853: 4755: 4722: 4509: 4394: 3992: 3982: 3894: 3834: 3799: 3764: 3721: 3589: 3018: 3003: 2863: 1912: 1764: 1749: 1640: 836: 506: 293: 31517: 22541: 20039: 19687:. Explores the economics and politics of the era from a labor perspective; an early rejection of the 17466:"Erasing the Black Freedom Struggle: How State Standards Fail to Teach the Truth About Reconstruction" 14797:

A Rock in a Weary Land: The African Methodist Episcopal Church During the Civil War and Reconstruction

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Journal of the Senate of the State of West Virginia for the Sixth Session, Commencing January 21, 1868

10655:

Reconstruction in the Cane Fields: From Slavery to Free Labor in Louisiana's Sugar Parishes, 1862–1880

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Reconstruction is widely considered a failure, though the reason for this is a matter of controversy.

9277:, the expansion of railroads, especially rebuilding the devastated Southern railroads and opening the 8235:

Immediately upon inauguration in 1869, Grant bolstered Reconstruction by prodding Congress to readmit

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Richmond, though the rate of damage in smaller towns was much lower. Farms were in disrepair, and the

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bills, he pardoned thousands of Confederate leaders, and he allowed Southern states to pass draconian

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Railroads, Reconstruction, and the Gospel of Prosperity: Aid Under the Radical Republicans, 1865–1877

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Foner, Eric (2016). ""Epilogue" in The Reconstruction Era: Official National Park Service Handbook".

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between Hayes and Tilden results in an electoral dispute over Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana.

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Locks, Catherine; Mergel, Sarah; Roseman, Pamela; Spike, Tamara; Lasseter, Marie (October 1, 2013).

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The Macroeconomic Effects of War Finance in the United States: Taxes, Inflation, and Deficit Finance

10485:

Erasing the Black Freedom Struggle: How State Standards Fail to Teach the Truth About Reconstruction

10264:(1935): 'The slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward slavery. 9100:

dubious and exploitable system used by wealthy landholders in the South well into the 20th century.

8214:

that opened a path to citizenship for foreign-born Black residents in the US. Additionally, Grant's

7511:, who reported on the situation in the states along the Gulf Coast. His report documented dozens of 34085: 33641: 33543: 32909: 32751: 32518: 32305: 32227: 31657: 31527: 31380: 30796: 30360: 30273: 29917: 29706: 29521: 29461: 29451: 29377: 29075: 28358: 28333: 28249: 28154: 28114: 27706: 27252: 27095: 27080: 26981: 26929: 26887: 26875: 26712: 26514: 26115: 25592: 24972: 24942: 24937: 24927: 24693: 24649: 24490: 24251: 24037: 23901: 23715: 23655: 22844: 22731: 22510: 22110: 22105: 21921: 21916: 20066: 16152: 12943: 12775: 12134: 10689: 10634: 10588: 10156: 9789: 9619:

built a winning coalition. In Tennessee, the Redeemers formed a coalition with Republican Governor

9508:

Grant made up for the defections by new gains among Union veterans and by strong support from the "

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In August 1862, Lincoln met with African American leaders and urged them to colonize some place in

7077: 7051: 6692: 6579: 6476: 6469: 6418: 6390: 6376: 6264:, government expenditures, and physical destruction totaled $ 3.3 billion. By early 1865, the 6023: 5196: 4976: 4823: 4707: 4481: 4362: 4190: 3864: 3396: 3301: 3261: 2856: 1788: 1657: 1210: 999: 484: 385: 31626: 26789: 19988: 18194:

Climbing up to Glory: A Short History of African Americans During the Civil War and Reconstruction

15890: 15495:"Resistance, Rebirth, and Redemption: The Rhetoric of White Supremacy in Post-Civil War Louisiana" 15068: 14711: 9848: 9211: 8983:

In sharp contrast, Black Baptists interpreted the Civil War, emancipation, and Reconstruction as:

8247:

into the Union, while ensuring their state constitutions protected every citizen's voting rights.

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Pulitzer-prize winning history, and most detailed synthesis of original and previous scholarship.

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Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction

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Slavery by Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II

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and the settlement of sharecropper accounts at the end of the season, than for any other reason.

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was one of the last major acts of Congress and Grant to preserve Reconstruction and equality for

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had to be permanently destroyed. Moderates said this could be easily accomplished as soon as the

6548: 6493: 6327: 6130:, and labor reform. This transition to a free society was called "Rehearsal for Reconstruction." 5710: 5652: 5115: 5075: 4798: 4697: 4575: 4389: 4095: 3889: 3829: 3824: 3759: 3754: 3361: 3351: 3346: 3326: 1978: 1712: 1662: 1590: 1363: 1141: 1085: 1068: 499: 308: 31493: 26265: 19478:. Vol. XII. Atlanta, Georgia: Confederate Publishing Company. pp. 267–568 – via 14679: 13067:. Vol. 7: The Reconstruction Period (Revised ed.). New York: Kraus Reprints. pp. 13021:

Freedwomen and the Freedmen's Bureau: Race, Gender, and Public Policy in the Age of Emancipation

9374:

government, and they broadly succeeded in convincing many fellow White citizens, says Steedman.

34244: 34148: 33832: 33516: 33446: 32997: 32992: 32903: 32167: 31991: 31832: 31044: 30774: 30012: 29806: 29796: 29734: 29544: 29483: 29144: 29108: 28766: 28379: 28363: 28302: 28129: 28044: 27988: 27272: 27204: 27140: 27068: 26833: 26586: 26531: 26442: 26365: 26270: 26255: 26084: 25538: 24888: 24698: 24678: 24480: 24335: 24130: 24077: 24062: 23906: 23594: 23315: 23204: 23038: 22823: 22480: 20442: 20172:– Historians Eric Foner, David Blight and Ed Ayers discuss "Civil Rights During Reconstruction" 18610:

History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley–Bryan Campaign of 1896

17252:

Mixon, Wayne (1977). "Joel Chandler Harris, the Yeoman Tradition, and the New South Movement".

15159:

A Century of Agriculture in the 1890 Land Grant Institutions and Tuskegee University, 1890–1990

13327: 12630: 11350:

Alexander, Thomas B. (August 1961). "Persistent Whiggery in the Confederate South, 1860–1877".

10368: 10007: 9686: 9386: 9320: 8903:, both independent Black denominations founded in Philadelphia and New York, respectively; the 8355: 8138: 8057: 8000: 7598:

of the rights of a freeman... The purpose of this bill is to destroy all these discriminations.

7397: 7289: 6768:. Johnson was acquitted by one vote, but he lost the influence to shape Reconstruction policy. 6683: 6597:

The Southern economy had been ruined by the war. Charleston, South Carolina: Broad Street, 1865

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February 3, 1865: Lincoln meets to discuss reconciliation with Southern representatives at the

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Weisberger, Bernard A. (1959). "The dark and bloody ground of Reconstruction historiography".

18203:

Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family, from Slavery to the Present

17183: 16768:

McPherson, James M. (1978). "The Dimensions of Change: The First and Second Reconstructions".

16424: 16325: 14833: 13885:"Failing to 'unite with the abolitionists': the Irish Nationalist Press and U.S. emancipation" 13850: 13677: 13574:

Republican Party Politics and the American South: From Reconstruction to Redemption, 1865–1880

13548:

Blacks, Carpetbaggers, and Scalawags: the Constitutional Conventions of Radical Reconstruction

13346:"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875" 12750: 12656:. North's Civil War. Vol. 2. New York: Fordham University Press. pp. 138, 141, 145. 12356: 12304: 12230: 12092:"Act of Congress, R.S. Sec. 2080 derived from act July 5, 1862, ch. 135, Sec. 1, 12 Stat. 528" 11575: 10653: 9952:

badly in rejecting the Fourteenth Amendment and setting the stage for Radical Reconstruction.

7134:

as military governor of Louisiana in May 1862, Shepley sent two anti-slavery representatives,

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Coben, Stanley (1959). "Northeastern Business and Radical Reconstruction: A Re-examination".

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Feminism and suffrage: The emergence of an independent women's movement in America, 1848–1869

11258: 10397: 10212: 10152: 10116: 10048: 9904: 9620: 9530: 9222: 8403: 8367: 7941: 7727: 7589:, leader of the moderate Republicans, took affront to the Black Codes. He proposed the first 7539: 7524:

The report included sworn testimony from soldiers and officials of the Freedmen's Bureau. In

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In an effort to keep border states in the Union, Lincoln, as early as 1861, designed gradual

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article entitled "The South's schools are failing to teach accurate Reconstruction history":

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Blair, William (2005). "The use of military force to protect the gains of reconstruction".

16174:

Green, Fletcher M. (November 1936). "Walter Lynwood Fleming: Historian of Reconstruction".

15881: 12162:. North's Civil War (1st ed.). New York: Fordham University Press. pp. 285, 305. 11532: 10343: 9956: 9654: 9627: 9448: 8874: 8457: 8117: 7684: 7624: 7465: 7393: 7215: 7031: 6956: 6809: 6650:

the right to vote. The bill required voters, fifty-one percent of White males, to take the

6503:

return large majorities for the radicals, ending presidential reconstruction under Johnson.

6115: 5910: 5789: 5241: 4486: 4278: 4211: 4007: 3977: 3972: 3819: 3522: 3401: 3366: 3271: 3246: 2943: 2933: 2240: 2229: 2174: 2025: 1924: 1887: 1815: 1759: 1628: 1585: 1399: 1329: 1004: 784: 686: 570: 477: 138: 71: 19895: 18055: 17439: 15044:. Religion and American culture. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp. 52–53. 13926:"The Irish Republic: Reconstructing Liberty, Right Principles, and the Fenian Brotherhood" 8331: 8182: 7097: 6510:, establishing requirements for the readmission of additional states, over Johnson's veto. 8: 34282: 34228: 34034: 33977: 33949: 33802: 33768: 33374: 33194: 33189: 32927: 32766: 32741: 32392: 32368: 31960: 31941: 31917: 31672: 31488: 31144: 30502: 30417: 29897: 29686: 29576: 29506: 29296: 28239: 28189: 28144: 28134: 28119: 28109: 28094: 28074: 28049: 28039: 28029: 27783: 27603: 27593: 27035: 26784: 26477: 26395: 26390: 26340: 26240: 26108: 25629: 25545: 25355: 25071: 24756: 24387: 23584: 23388: 23167: 23094: 23028: 22989: 22906: 22829: 22617: 22444: 22391: 22325: 22239: 22217: 22197: 21999: 21932: 20343: 20291: 20154: 19917:

Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868

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The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction

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Reconstructing Democracy: Grassroots Black Politics in the Deep South after the Civil War

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as their vice-presidential candidate. Grant won favor with the Radicals after he allowed

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Congress, however, controlled by the Radicals, had other plans. The Radicals were led by

7359: 7285: 6901: 6797:" by White Democrats), and Northerners who had migrated to the South (derisively called " 6777: 6762:

because of his constant attempts to thwart Radical Reconstruction measures, by using the

6716: 6646: 6627: 6507: 6346: 6039: 6018:, Radical Republicans passed additional legislation to enforce civil rights, such as the 5967: 5929: 5917: 5886:

to intimidate and control people of color and to discourage or prevent them from voting.

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Searching for Freedom after the Civil War: Klansman, Carpetbagger, Scalawg, and Freedman

17892:

The Wars of Reconstruction: The Brief, Violent History of America's Most Progressive Era

16956:"History in the Making: A History of the People of the United States of America to 1877" 16450:

Hesseltine, William B. (1935). "Economic Factors in the Abandonment of Reconstruction".

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Political violence was endemic in Louisiana. In 1874, the White militias coalesced into

6194:

had minimal capital to pay freedmen workers to bring in crops. As a result, a system of

6114:

populations in the Sea Islands who became free overnight on November 7, 1861, after the

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Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1867

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reads "My boy, we've toiled and taken care of you long enough. Now you've got to work!"

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that gave the freedmen more legal equality (although still without the right to vote).

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in Central America; however, none of the colonies were able to remain self-sufficient.

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I Saw Death Coming: A History of Terror and Survival in the War Against Reconstruction

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2 vols. Presents a broad collection of primary sources; Vol. 1: On National Politics;

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Remembering Reconstruction: Struggles over the Meaning of America's Most Turbulent Era

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Grant won the popular vote by 300,000 votes out of 5,716,082 votes cast, receiving an

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was also debated but was rejected. Women eventually gained the right to vote with the

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established powers, that the "reward of treason will be an increased representation".

691: 637: 207: 34304: 33624: 33184: 32885: 32641: 32362: 32295: 32248: 32147: 31954: 31935: 31576: 31478: 30664: 30385: 30047: 30017: 29612: 29369: 28431: 28194: 28149: 28089: 28064: 28019: 27962: 27199: 27030: 26843: 26430: 26225: 26186: 25612: 24768: 24120: 23618: 23537: 23522: 23294: 23148: 22807: 22397: 22163: 21968: 20681: 20463: 20204: 20127: 19920: 19912: 19702: 19538:

large collection of speeches and primary documents, 1865–1870, complete text online.

19431: 19374: 19199: 19170: 19149:

Simpson, Brooks D. (2016). "Mission Impossible: Reconstruction Policy Reconsidered".

19077: 19035: 18993: 18979: 18944: 18923: 18913: 18900: 18852: 18823: 18783: 18721: 18717: 18703: 18691: 18679: 18665: 18643: 18594: 18573: 18543: 18519: 18504: 18415: 18395: 18385: 18361: 18327: 18286: 18254: 18223: 18156: 18113: 18092: 18071: 18064: 18033: 18014: 17992: 17957: 17933: 17914: 17895: 17864: 17836: 17826: 17798: 17791: 17765: 17733: 17700: 17674: 17652: 17623: 17563: 17393: 17341: 17189: 17146: 17127: 17106:

Etcheson, Nicole (June 2009). "Reconstruction and the Making of a Free-Labor South".

17077: 16934: 16908: 16898: 16861: 16713: 16659: 16633: 16568: 16547: 16430: 16407: 16356: 16331: 16306: 16271: 16216: 16085: 16009: 15997: 15936: 15686: 15661: 15531: 15494: 15463: 15436: 15409: 15380: 15351: 15205: 15162: 15098: 15045: 14989: 14950: 14943: 14923: 14888: 14839: 14800: 14659: 14559: 14144: 14116: 13984: 13949: 13906: 13856: 13817: 13757: 13744: 13683: 13659: 13551: 13499: 13452: 13423: 13420:

The Rivers Ran Backward: The Civil War and the Remaking of the American Middle Border

13170: 13072: 13024: 12999: 12974: 12830: 12812: 12785: 12754: 12743: 12721: 12682: 12657: 12625: 12571: 12546: 12503: 12476: 12412: 12380: 12370: 12335: 12325: 12248: 12207: 12163: 12058: 12025: 12000: 11951: 11922: 11870: 11810: 11798: 11780: 11711: 11686: 11661: 11581: 11268: 11216: 11191: 11009: 10875: 10794: 10774: 10663: 10417: 10328: 10272: 10176: 10160: 9989: 9880: 9690: 9522: 9466: 8924: 8255: 8207: 8048: 7405: 7363: 7269: 7135: 7003: 6880:

in passing legislation to disenfranchise illiterate Whites who already had the vote.

6859:

Lincoln had supported a middle position: to allow some Black men to vote, especially

6856:

on the subject limited the ability of their own small populations of Blacks to vote.

6611: 6482:

July 24, 1866: Tennessee is the first state reestablished or readmitted to the Union.

6451: 6407:" for the recognizing unionist governments in Union-controlled Confederate territory. 6245: 6226: 5898: 4833: 4674: 4181: 4047: 3682: 3518: 3341: 3296: 3236: 3211: 3166: 3109: 2128: 1842: 1560: 1555: 1498: 1483: 1463: 1285: 1280: 1215: 1178: 1011: 977: 806: 659: 548: 427: 17143:

The Great Task Remaining Before Us: Reconstruction as America's Continuing Civil War

17091:

Burton, Vernon (2006). "Civil War and Reconstruction". In Barney, William L. (ed.).

15310:

Schell, Herbert S. (1930). "Hugh McCulloch and the Treasury Department, 1865–1869".

12276: 11158: 10952: 9939:

disenfranchising state constitutions were passed throughout the former Confederacy.

7883: 7146:

as military governor of Arkansas, though he resigned soon after due to poor health.

6691:

vain." Johnson broke decisively with the Republicans in Congress when he vetoed the

5213: 34297: 34080: 33901: 33844: 33614: 33548: 33521: 33506: 33169: 33130: 33061: 32434: 32205: 31728: 31537: 30820: 30791: 30786: 30684: 30652: 30625: 30350: 29967: 29937: 29927: 29922: 29489: 28921: 28746: 28224: 28104: 28069: 27967: 27882: 27877: 27368: 26806: 26769: 26695: 26653: 26549: 26509: 26310: 26305: 25528: 25375: 25081: 24901: 23911: 23752: 23735: 23730: 23569: 23251: 23198: 23078: 23065: 23055: 23015: 22797: 22741: 22698: 22693: 22609: 22485: 22156: 21963: 20552: 20530: 20520: 20286: 20213: 19833: 19654: 19527: 19519: 19479: 19471: 19236: 19187: 19158: 19118: 19025: 19005: 18470: 18379: 18313: 17745: 17640: 17609: 17599: 17588:"The Long Shadow of Slavery: The Persistence of Slave Owners in Southern Lawmaking" 17560:

Passage of the Republic: An Interdisciplinary History of Nineteenth Century America

17296: 17115: 17057: 16955: 16628: 16556: 16515: 16461: 16251: 16185: 16116: 15989: 15717: 15506: 15319: 15195: 14547: 13937: 13896: 13639: 13231: 13194: 12538: 12039: 11772: 11398: 11361: 11225: 11138: 10997: 10916:. National Park Service: The National Historic Landmarks Program. pp. 3–4, 91. 10855: 10766: 10363: 10120: 10073: 10011: 9932: 9785: 9772: 9722: 9665: 9549: 9329: 9312: 9308: 8395: 8299: 8290: 8278: 8224: 8203: 8186: 8105: 7872: 7567: 7501: 7421: 7186: 6961: 6933: 6884: 6835: 6720: 6687: 6565: 6440: 6404: 6342: 6277: 6221:

vision, which focused on coping with the death and devastation the war had brought;

6019: 6015: 5925: 5894: 5208: 5065: 4893: 4828: 4808: 4717: 4080: 3909: 3371: 3251: 3216: 3114: 3037: 3032: 2514: 2339: 2037: 1610: 1605: 1595: 1570: 1535: 1503: 1473: 1346: 1334: 1312: 1290: 1237: 1073: 1041: 343: 324: 158: 124: 67: 19971:

major Southern conservative magazine; stress on business, economics and statistics

18890: 18461:

Morrow, Ralph E. (1954). "Northern Methodism in the South during Reconstruction".

18346: 15683:

For Free Press and Equal Rights: Republican Newspapers in the Reconstruction South

13901: 13884: 12942:(Report). U.S. Senate Exec. Doc. No. 2, 39th Congress, 1st session. Archived from 12204:

The Emancipation Proclamation : three views (social, political, iconographic)

9964:

infrastructure of the Black community, in part by his leadership and the Southern

8206:

was considered an effective civil rights executive, concerned about the plight of

6871: 34270: 33781: 33663: 33634: 33394: 33074: 33069: 33054: 32736: 32142: 31852: 31803: 31591: 31456: 31403: 30815: 30642: 30552: 30547: 30478:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

30328: 30283: 30137: 30127: 30107: 30092: 29992: 29867: 29857: 29496: 29080: 29008: 28946: 28292: 28229: 28184: 28084: 27090: 27023: 26919: 26880: 26764: 26707: 26579: 26482: 26380: 26300: 26295: 26245: 25237: 25013: 24911: 24683: 23983: 23916: 23685: 23606: 23552: 23355: 23245: 23168:

The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution

23060: 22950: 22885: 22776: 22622: 22592: 22556: 22074: 20525: 20276: 20209: 20187: 20102: 20046: 19995: 19968: 19941: 19804: 19739: 19617: 19441: 19380: 19328: 19312: 19304: 19296: 19288: 19280: 19272: 19029: 18973: 18969: 18938: 18917: 18841: 18817: 18810: 18777: 18639: 18633: 18588: 18567: 18278: 18248: 18181: 18150: 18107: 18086: 18011:

The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution

17951: 17858: 17759: 17727: 17693: 17662:

Reforging the White Republic: Race, Religion, and American Nationalism, 1865–1898

17440:"Why It Matters That U.S. Schools Are Failing to Teach the Reconstruction Period" 17335: 16105:

Moore, James T. (May 1975). "Black Militancy in Readjuster Virginia, 1879–1883".

16035: 14740: 14718: 13402: 13350: 12157: 11916: 11680: 11503: 11179: 10618: 10188: 10180: 10144: 10015: 9884: 9868: 9823: 9811: 9695: 9664:. The Bourbon Democrats took control of the House and were confident of electing 9650: 9484: 9440: 9411: 8957: 8878: 8363: 8336: 8295: 8149: 8109: 7996: 7850: 7809: 7385: 7220: 7089: 6991: 6619: 6236: 6210: 6155: 5984: 5902: 5236: 5043: 4793: 4712: 4042: 4012: 3649: 3432: 3376: 3331: 3231: 2306: 1946: 1832: 1827: 1580: 1550: 1545: 1268: 1232: 1031: 949: 654: 400: 298: 116: 20199: 19600:

We Ask Only for Even-Handed Justice: Black Voices from Reconstruction, 1865–1877

17671:

Bluecoats and Tar Heels: Soldiers and Civilians in Reconstruction North Carolina

13116:. Digital History Project, University of Houston. image 11 of 40. Archived from 12099: 11837: 11184: 9355: 6662:

Following Lincoln's veto, the Radicals lost support but regained strength after

6479:

in Memphis, Tennessee kill 48, primarily freed African Americans, and injure 75.

5874:. To circumvent these legal achievements, the former Confederate states imposed 34352: 33970: 33328: 32861: 32636: 32573: 32504: 32497: 32458: 32404: 32357: 32349: 32222: 32135: 31968: 31745: 31571: 31252: 30657: 30620: 30610: 30370: 30365: 30307: 30142: 30072: 30002: 29997: 29501: 29425: 28446: 27972: 27040: 27018: 26996: 26974: 26969: 26494: 26425: 26355: 26100: 25707: 25607: 24990: 24125: 24115: 24110: 24105: 23777: 23640: 23574: 23219: 23043: 22368: 20557: 20547: 20281: 20177: 19761: 19688: 19635: 19561: 19545:

2 vols. (1998), 900 pp; his speeches plus and letters to and from Stevens.

19463: 18866:

Sweet, William W. (1914). "The Methodist Episcopal Church and Reconstruction".

18334: 18183:

To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War

17749: 17043: 15431:

The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance 1865–1879

14143:. Vol. 19. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. xiii. 11113: 10456: 10421: 10388: 10351: 10247: 10104: 9977: 9616: 9502: 9390: 9084: 9032: 9014:

laws, they consistently underfunded Black institutions, including the schools.

8399: 8061: 7965: 7956: 7643: 7582: 7563: 7556: 7525: 7416:

could draw his greatest comfort." Ray Allen Billington says: "One faction, the

7401: 7380: 7143: 7123: 6823:

which would effectively have allowed no former Confederates to vote. Historian

6724: 6679: 6615: 6455: 6383: 6289: 6286: 6203: 5944: 5879: 5695: 5120: 5090: 4848: 4838: 4669: 4113: 4032: 3904: 3119: 2196: 2030: 1919: 811: 452: 410: 120: 20193: 19732: 18318: 18301: 17883:

The Age of Reconstruction: How Lincoln's New Birth of Freedom Remade the World

17604: 17587: 17337:

Blood and Irony: Southern White Women's Narratives of the Civil War, 1861–1937

17061: 16912: 16582:

Montgomery, David (1961). "Radical Republicanism in Pennsylvania, 1866–1873".

15993: 15933:

But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction

15706:

Woodward, Earl F. (1971). "The Brooks and Baxter War in Arkansas, 1872–1874".

15200: 15183: 13925: 11665: 11340:

Direct costs for the Confederacy are based on the value of the dollar in 1860.

11142: 10859: 9728: 9593:, a political cartoon about the Wheeler Compromise in Louisiana, published in 9290: 5991:'s control of Southern governments and society. Violent groups, including the 34470: 34105: 33943: 33533: 32977: 32933: 32410: 32162: 31461: 30210: 30192: 30182: 30152: 30097: 30052: 30037: 29982: 29972: 29957: 29907: 29902: 29872: 29669: 29597: 29420: 29233: 28983: 28926: 27182: 26959: 24688: 23988: 23797: 23432: 23320: 23284: 23185: 22880: 22663: 22627: 22587: 20562: 20412: 20163: 19587: 18657: 18227: 17840: 17465: 17397: 16663: 16310: 16001: 15583: 15440: 15413: 15209: 13910: 12384: 11997:

Freedom's lawmakers: a directory of Black officeholders during Reconstruction

10778: 10575: 10285: 10281: 10127: 9960: 9776: 9644: 9534: 9526: 9359: 9274: 9235: 8953: 8419: 8308: 8219: 8113: 8083: 7868: 7798: 7497: 7119: 6913: 6651: 6517: 6432: 6331: 6261: 6195: 6191: 5976: 5764: 5759: 3632: 1968: 1892: 1339: 1322: 1097: 927: 917: 701: 351: 90: 18152:

The Emancipation Proclamation: Three Views (Social, Political, Iconographic)

15510: 14302: 14300: 6813:

Monument in honor of the Grand Army of the Republic, organized after the war

34562:

African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement

33931: 33023: 32646: 32452: 32152: 32083: 31985: 31750: 31723: 31596: 31498: 30522: 30290: 30215: 30187: 30172: 30157: 30112: 30087: 30067: 29977: 29947: 29942: 29912: 29862: 29714: 29400: 27171: 27107: 26648: 24995: 24967: 24022: 23360: 23330: 23122: 22761: 22673: 22449: 22212: 22089: 20567: 20505: 20490: 20485: 20095: 19872: 19846: 19746:

Reconstruction in Alabama: From Civil War to Redemption in the Cotton South

18399: 17878: 15467: 13220:

Kolchin, Peter (1967). "The Business Press and Reconstruction, 1865–1868".

13076: 12834: 12507: 12339: 12176: 10489: 10384: 10309: 10231: 10140: 10108: 9997:

alien ideals. These historians wrote literally in terms of white and black.

9916: 9710: 9682: 9378: 9340: 9333: 9324: 9316: 9266: 9080: 9050: 9039: 8271: 8165: 8126: 7978: 7767: 7668: 7515:

and claimed that hundreds or thousands more African Americans were killed:

7341: 7139: 7027: 7008: 6824: 6798: 6728: 6659:

the Wade–Davis Bill, which was much more strict than the ten percent plan.

5996: 5992: 5248: 5060: 4788: 4651: 3716: 3694: 3689: 1973: 1805: 1781: 1687: 1680: 1411: 939: 912: 875: 853: 740: 457: 437: 415: 405: 395: 390: 380: 265: 146: 19935:"Slavery, Reconstruction, and Bureaucratic Capacity in the American South" 19371:

Free at Last: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom, and the Civil War

19191: 19162: 19122: 19031:

Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction

18940:

The Trial of Democracy: Black Suffrage and Northern Republicans, 1860–1910

18696: 17644: 17497:"The South's schools are failing to teach accurate Reconstruction history" 16710:

The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama

16560: 15458:

Money, Class, and Party: An Economic Study of Civil War and Reconstruction

14927: 14892: 14599:"America's Civil War: Date of Secession Compared to 1860 Black Population" 13941: 13682:(4th ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 436. 12542: 12055:

The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama

11802: 11794: 11272: 11229: 11001: 10770: 9224:

Studies in State Taxation with Particular Reference to the Southern States

8145:, articulate in its support for black equality, to New York from Chicago. 7412:

that set the status of the freedmen much lower than that of white people.

1220: 34183: 33907: 33472: 32386: 32029: 30542: 30527: 30375: 30338: 30177: 30132: 30117: 29882: 29877: 29724: 29085: 28978: 28973: 27063: 26991: 26907: 26727: 26452: 25272: 24803: 24140: 24042: 23782: 23645: 23401: 23153: 22561: 20400: 20395: 20390: 19890: 18726:. New York: Vintage Books; short survey; rejects Dunning School analysis. 18048:

Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow

17755: 17688: 15632:. New York, D. Appleton and Company. p. 585 – via Archive.org. 14297: 13012: 12935: 12654:

Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil War Era

12497: 11118:"The economic cost of the American Civil War: Estimates and implications" 10372: 9590: 8379: 8347: 8303: 8240: 8053: 8023: 7508: 7492: 7491:

The freedmen, with the strong backing of the Freedmen's Bureau, rejected

7469: 7333: 7193: 6656: 6631: 6572: 6393:

becomes law, providing the legal basis for the Emancipation Proclamation.

6183: 6167: 6107: 6103: 6056: 5414: 5070: 4923: 4803: 4587: 1810: 1798: 1151: 954: 944: 902: 716: 19143:

Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction: Documents and Essays

18880: 18834: 17783: 17614: 17265: 16595: 15729: 15571: 15095:

Schools for All: The Blacks and Public Education in the South, 1865–1877

13323: 11839:

Tennessee's Radical Army: The State Guard and Its Role in Reconstruction

11657: 10867: 10837: 10786: 10405:

promoted influential works which were written in these genres by women.

10288:

granted Blacks a considerable amount of freedom as compared to slavery.

8443:"Radical members of the first legislature after the war, South Carolina" 7940:

on July 19, 1867. The first Reconstruction Act, authored by Oregon Sen.

7276:, Virginia. The Southern delegation included Confederate Vice President 7034:, and Florida, declaring all "persons ... heretofore held as slaves 6638:

surrendered and the Southern states repealed secession and accepted the

5854:

and was dominated by the legal, social, and political challenges of the

57: 34364: 34276: 33538: 32446: 30077: 30062: 30032: 30027: 29776: 29744: 29583: 29551: 29286: 27150: 27058: 26964: 26897: 26670: 24135: 23941: 23767: 23762: 23680: 23279: 23135: 19860:

Between Freedom and Progress: The Lost World of Reconstruction Politics

19752: 19666: 19412:– via Project Gutenberg; the most detailed study; Dunning School. 19362: 19248: 19017: 18482: 18006: 17984: 17972: 17947: 17308: 17119: 17069: 16988:

The American Yawp: A Massively Collaborative Open U.S. History Textbook

16527: 16473: 16412:. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan. p. 54 – via Archive.org. 16351:

Charles, Allan D. (1983). "Howard K Beale". In Wilson, Clyde N. (ed.).

16263: 16197: 16128: 15331: 14731: 14551: 13651: 13243: 13206: 11776: 11536:. Vol. 284, no. 3. September 1999. p. 60. Archived from 11429: 11410: 11373: 11150: 10833: 10546:

All Blacks would be counted in 1870, whether or not they were citizens.

10463: 10292: 10167: 10112: 9924: 9371: 9336: 9256:$ 20 banknote with portrait of Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch 7987: 7628: 7389: 6853: 6606: 6213:

identified three visions of the social implications of Reconstruction:

6135: 6084: 6044: 5875: 4519: 4258: 4070: 4017: 3919: 2449: 2295: 1963: 1255: 959: 826: 191: 34457: 34003: 30413:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

29222: 26986: 20015: 18750:

Giants: The Parallel Lives of Frederick Douglass & Abraham Lincoln

14455: 12996:

Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction

12568:

Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction

10215:

extend the era to the 1890s to include the imposition of segregation.

9332:

had been able to suppress the KKK through the Enforcement Acts, other

7619: 7460: 6883:

In the South, many poor Whites were illiterate as there was almost no

33489: 30691: 30537: 30042: 29826: 29764: 29659: 26816: 26435: 26285: 25624: 25617: 22546: 20500: 20219: 20212:. Full semester course in text/audio/video; materials free under the 20131: 18779:

Rebuilding Zion: The Religious Reconstruction of the South, 1863–1877

18769:

The Railroads of the South, 1865–1900: A Study in Finance and Control

18250:

The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant: Preserving the Civil War's Legacy

18212:"Federal Enforcement of Civil Rights During the First Reconstruction" 16837: 16652:"Nine decades later, W.E.B. Du Bois's work faces familiar criticisms" 15721: 14486: 14316: 13980: 10635:"History & Culture - Reconstruction Era National Historical Park" 10355: 10052: 9911: 9718: 9460: 9270: 9055: 7788: 7756: 7018:, Union commander of the Western Department, declared martial law in 6293: 6154:, seceded from the United States following the election of President 6004: 5980: 5972: 5744: 5085: 4818: 4597: 4424: 3967: 3622: 1203: 868: 730: 282: 34359: 29338: 19658: 19240: 19009: 18474: 17300: 17159: 16519: 16465: 16255: 16189: 16120: 15323: 14157: 13235: 13198: 11724: 11623: 11402: 11365: 9681:

Slates for local offices were certified by each candidate. In rural

8302:, passed on April 20, 1871, that authorized the president to impose 8289:

Congress and Grant passed a series (three) of powerful civil rights

7160: 885: 33241: 33099: 31164: 31159: 30669: 27192: 27130: 26902: 26821: 23807: 23757: 23345: 20495: 20473: 19717:"How Radical Change Occurs: An Interview With Historian Eric Foner" 18664:(7th ed.). Macmillan Library Reference USA. pp. 245–260. 18492:

A History of the United States Since the Civil War: 1865–68. Vol. 1

17789:

Cimbala, Paul Alan; Miller, Randall M.; Simpson, Brooks D. (2002).

16734: 16374: 16372: 13643: 12987: 11950:(15th anniversary ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 418. 11046:

Proclamation Calling Militia and Convening Congress, April 15, 1861

9872: 9011: 8343: 8266:

In 1870, to enforce Reconstruction, Congress and Grant created the

8236: 8148:

The Democrats, having abandoned Johnson, nominated former governor

7752: 7586: 7543: 7164:

Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation in Massachusetts, 1862

7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7019: 6966: 6937: 6889: 6819: 6794: 6530:

May 26, 1868: The Senate narrowly votes against convicting Johnson.

6492:

August 27 through September 15, 1866: President Johnson launches a

6241: 5913:

to provide much-needed food and shelter to the newly freed slaves.

5901:

to seize Confederates' slaves, providing a precedent for President

5871: 5130: 5055: 5048: 1793: 1351: 1295: 1247: 907: 752: 607: 513: 31372: 30428:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

19793:

When It Was Grand: The Radical Republican History of the Civil War

18799:

A Dangerous Stir: Fear, Paranoia, and the Making of Reconstruction

18088:

Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America

16858:

What Reconstruction Meant: Historical Memory in the American South

16036:"Hayes vs. Tilden: The Electoral College Controversy of 1876–1877" 15905: 15527:

The Sequel of Appomattox: A Chronicle of the Reunion of the States

15040:

Uplifting the People: Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama

13830: 13517: 13515: 13090: 12406: 10709: 9515: 9252: 6489:

in New Orleans at a racially integrated constitutional convention.

32542: 32476: 29781: 19452:(1911); via Internet Archive. North Carolina "scalawag" governor. 18996:(November 1946). "An Analysis of Some Reconstruction Attitudes". 18149:

Holzer, Harold; Medford, Edna Greene; Williams, Frank J. (2006).

17930:

America's Reconstruction: People and Politics After the Civil War

17716:

Reconstructions: New Perspectives on the Postbellum United States

17185:

Interpretations of American History Vol. I Through Reconstruction

13263:(1876) belongs at the heart of the American constitutional canon" 13114:

America's Reconstruction: People and Politics After the Civil War

12865: 12717:

A Just and Lasting Peace: A Documentary History of Reconstruction

12559: 12206:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 54–59. 11748: 11736: 11508: 10685:"What America owes: How reparations would look and who would pay" 9505:. The loosely-organized Democratic Party also supported Greeley. 9472: 9295:

On April 20, 1871, prior to the passage of the Ku Klux Klan Act (

6151: 5959:

candidates swept to power in the 1866 midterm elections, gaining

5218: 4524: 1776: 858: 538: 355: 22131:

Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866

18892:

Reconstruction In Georgia: Economic, Social, Political 1865–1872

17821:

Donald, David Herbert; Baker, Jean H.; Holt, Michael F. (2001).

16986: 16895:

Give me liberty! : an American history. volume 2, From 1865

16701: 16639:. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company – via Archive.org. 16389: 16387: 16369: 13696: 13422:(1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 296. 13407:, Wheeling: John Frew, 1868, p. 10 – via Google Books 12526: 6386:

of Tennessee as the first military governor of a Southern state.

30615: 18341:. New York, Evanston, and London: Harper & Row, Publishers. 16301:

The Critical Year; A study of Andrew Johnson and reconstruction

14658:. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 13512: 12913: 12609: 11682:

The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement

11190:. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 7337: 6400:, freeing all persons held in slavery in Confederate territory. 6269: 6111: 5125: 1478: 1300: 880: 863: 725: 560: 528: 21958: 19729:

Splendid Failure: Postwar Reconstruction in the American South

18141:

With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union

17695:

The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses S. Grant in War and Peace

16897:(Brief 5th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. C. 14635: 13132: 13064:

History of the United States of America under the Constitution

12889: 12877: 12808:

Reconstruction in the United States: An Annotated Bibliography

10957:

National Park Service History Electronic Library & Archive

8425: 8036: 34382: 30427: 28842:

Slave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863

20374:

United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction

18895:(reprint ed.). New York: The Columbia University Press; 18686:(2nd ed.). Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 16384: 14988:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 212–213. 13852:

Beyond Equality: Labor and the Radical Republicans, 1862–1872

13743:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 99. 8244: 7093: 4898: 4085: 735: 721: 696: 19607:'Our Domestic Relations: or, How to Treat the Rebel States' 19459:(1967), collection of long political speeches and pamphlets. 15924: 15474: 15252: 15228: 14835:

The Way It Was in the South: The Black Experience in Georgia

12537:. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. p. 240. 11976: 9571: 8294:

states did not act. Urged by Grant and his Attorney General

8230: 7476:

Southern state governments quickly enacted the restrictive "

7449: 30472: 20085:"Reconstruction Historiography: A Source of Teaching Ideas" 20003:

daily edition online through ProQuest at academic libraries

19868:"When the South Was the Most Progressive Region in America" 18302:"Do Black Politicians Matter? Evidence from Reconstruction" 17793:

An Uncommon Time: The Civil War and the Northern Home Front

15877:"Forty Acres and a Mule: The Ruined Hope of Reconstruction" 15607: 15595: 15184:"Do Black Politicians Matter? Evidence from Reconstruction" 14113:

The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses Grant in War and Peace

14012: 13769: 12535:

The Making of the American South: A Short History 1500–1877

12159:

An uncommon time: the Civil War and the northern home front

11964: 11901:

Johnson to Gov. William L. Sharkey, August 1865; quoted in

10338:, which is set during the Civil War and Reconstruction eras 10198: 10148: 9980:

of scholars, who were trained at the history department of

9291:

Congressional investigation into Reconstruction states 1872

9238:, a Black Republican leader from Mississippi, later wrote: 7367: 7351: 4928: 602: 432: 195: 27:

Military occupation of southern US states from 1865 to 1877

23393: 23142:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

20035:, from the Teach the Black Freedom Struggle online series. 19592:

After the War: A Southern Tour, May 1, 1865 to May 1, 1866

19581:

The prostrate state: South Carolina under negro government

18819:

The Ordeal of the Reunion: A New History of Reconstruction

17989:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

17977:

Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction

17953:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

17386:"Henry Louis Gates Jr. and the Long Arc of Reconstruction" 16082:

Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas After Reconstruction

14507: 14505: 14476: 14474: 14051: 13814:

The Freedmen's Bureau and Reconstruction: Reconsiderations

13144: 12695: 12466: 12464: 12315: 12313: 12197: 12195: 12193: 12191: 11241: 11239: 11081: 11079: 10209:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

10001: 7472:

denouncing KKK and White League murders of innocent Blacks

6951:

who had affiliated with the Confederacy. The council, the

6410:

January 16, 1865: General William Tecumseh Sherman issues

182: 23351:

Technological and industrial history of the United States

20159: 19602:(University of Massachusetts Press, 2014). xviii, 133 pp. 19507:

One of the first Black congressmen during Reconstruction.

19367:

Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867

19356:

History of the Thirty-ninth Congress of the United States

18590:

The Civil War and Reconstruction [Second Edition]

18285:. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. pp. 15–21. 17850:

After Appomattox: Military Occupation and the Ends of War

16712:. Athens: University of Georgia Press. pp. 135–136. 16215:. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. p. 164. 16058: 15832: 15808: 15796: 15772: 15760: 15748: 15736: 15379:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 174–196. 15288: 15111: 15074: 14899: 14760: 14431: 14419: 14261: 14249: 13936:(3 & 4). Irish-American Cultural Institute: 252–271. 13793: 13781: 13591: 13527: 13475: 13463: 10895:

is almost literally a landmark. It defines the territory.

10683:

Lynn, Samara; Thorbecke, Catherine (September 27, 2020).

6240:

vision, which emphasized full freedom, citizenship, male

6173: 19074:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–18

18911: 17340:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 128–130. 16849: 16677: 16278: 15844: 15784: 15561: 15559: 15123: 14578: 14397: 14395: 14393: 14337: 14335: 14285: 14029: 14027: 14002: 14000: 13720: 12182: 11817: 11771:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 93. 10831: 10362:

In popular literature, two early 20th-century novels by

9919:

from Tennessee, a Southern Democrat, to the position of

9587:

A Republican Form of Government and No Domestic Violence

8350:

illustration entitled "Halt," published October 17, 1874

7875:

unlawful state court convictions or sentences, in 1867.

7308: 7197:

admission and loyalty only depended on a minority vote.

7045: 6977: 34199:

List of federal judges appointed by Rutherford B. Hayes

19919:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. 18501:

Forgotten Abolitionist: John A. J. Creswell of Maryland

16953: 14985:

Religion and the Radical Republican Movement, 1860–1870

14736:"South Carolina's Forgotten Black Political Revolution" 14623: 14517: 14502: 14471: 14407: 14181: 14169: 14094: 14092: 14090: 14063: 13383: 13056: 13054: 13052: 12514: 12461: 12449: 12310: 12188: 11946:

The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction

11236: 11076: 10135:

poor Whites out of the political process in the South.

9927:" packed up and headed to new opportunities in Kansas. 7054:

programs paid for by government bonds. Lincoln desired

237: 62:

From left to right and top to the bottom: The ruins of

23311:

African American founding fathers of the United States

23213:

The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan

20379:

United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction

19855:(1979). Pulitzer Prize; social history of the freedmen 19748:(LSU Press, 2017) 464 pp; a standard scholarly history 19213:

Uses primary documents to present opposing viewpoints.

19099:

A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents 1865–1881

17586:

Bellani, Luna; Hager, Anselm; Maurer, Stephan (2022).

17464:

Rosado, Ana; Cohn-Postar, Gideon; Eisen, Mimi (2022).

17463: 16933:(1st ed.). New York: Hill and Wang. p. 312. 16689: 15961: 15014: 14864: 14273: 14225: 14039: 12998:. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. p. 202. 12841: 12681:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 205. 11552: 11066: 11064: 10508:

African American founding fathers of the United States

10380:

The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan

9771:

An explosion of violence accompanied the campaign for

9698:

rather than the Colfax Riot, as it was known locally.

9525:

was decisively defeated by the Radical faction led by

8418:

To counter vote fraud in the Democratic stronghold of

8410:

borrowed many of the earlier 1875's law's provisions.

8171: 6906:

Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

6535:

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

6520:

from office over his military reconstruction policies.

6463:

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

34336: 20096:"Jensen's Guide to Reconstruction History, 1861–1877" 19457:

The Radical Republicans and Reconstruction, 1861–1870

19338:

The American year-book and national register for 1869

18356:

McFeely, William S. (1974). Woodward, C. Vann (ed.).

18148: 17885:. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press. 16806: 16016: 15949: 15820: 15629:

The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase

15556: 15276: 15264: 15216: 14963: 14813: 14566: 14443: 14390: 14332: 14237: 14075: 14024: 13997: 13708: 13571:

Jenkins, Jeffery A.; Heersink, Boris (June 4, 2016).

12853: 12570:. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. p. 53. 12475:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 38–41. 12296: 12294: 11883: 11769:

To Try Men's Souls: Loyalty Tests in American History

8934:

In a highly controversial action during the war, the

8649:

Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

8006:

20,000 U.S. troops were deployed to enforce the act.

7112: 6542:

Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

6285:

was $ 81 million and was reduced by 40% by 1870. The

5966:

In 1867 and 1868, the Radical Republicans passed the

28812:

Slavery in the colonial history of the United States

21885:

The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women

19866:

Roberts, Blain; Kytle, Ethan J. (January 17, 2018).

19219:

Reconstruction: An Anthology of Revisionist Writings

18540:

The Road to Redemption: Southern Politics, 1869–1879

18358:

Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct

17788: 15935:. Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 132. 15544: 14852: 14378: 14087: 13816:(1st ed.). New York: Fordham University Press. 13049: 13037: 12901: 12584: 12133:(1). Oklahoma Historical Society: 30. Archived from 12057:. Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 136. 11846: 9487:, a leading Radical during the war, concluded that: 9407:

and abandoned their separate names by 1873 or 1874.

5932:, which proposed strict conditions for readmission. 1733:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

20132:"Proclamation Declaring the Insurrection at an End" 19698:

Reconstruction: Political & Economic, 1865–1877

19217:Stampp, Kenneth M.; Litwack, Leon F., eds. (1969). 18660:(2002). "Ulysses S. Grant". In Graff, Henry (ed.). 18542:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 18531:

Unionism and Reconstruction in Tennessee, 1860–1869

15240: 13023:. New York: Fordham University Press. p. 160. 12950: 12784:. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 3. 12489: 12437: 12425: 11569: 11567: 11091: 11061: 10928:"Nov. 7, 1861: The Port Royal Experiment Initiated" 10813: 10433:, adjusted in order to keep up with inflation. The 10039:paraphrases the Beards as arguing that in victory: 9393:, describes the mounting anger of Southern Whites: 8915:(predominantly White Methodists of the North). The 8197: 7964:: North Carolina and South Carolina, under General 6601: 6516:August 12, 1867: Johnson suspends Secretary of War 6190:. Having lost their enormous investment in slaves, 6071:The Reconstruction era is typically dated from the 5870:to grant citizenship and equal civil rights to the 5721:

Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers

28827:Slave markets and slave jails in the United States 22136:Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866 20025:The Reconstruction Era National Historical Network 19933:Suryanarayan, Pavithra, and White, Steven (2020). 18695: 18412:Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution 18180: 17790: 17692: 17585: 16632: 16584:The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 16298: 15455: 15428: 15401: 15372: 15037: 14942: 14193: 13498:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 276. 12742: 12502:. New York: McClure, Phillips and Co. p. 76. 11943: 11869:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 155. 11867:Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America: a biography 11842:(PhD thesis). University of Tennessee. p. 59. 11186:Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory 11183: 10725: 10175:designed for the enforcement of civil rights; the 9126:1 mill (0.1%) (lowest rate between 1822 and 1898) 8326: 7936:With the Radicals in control, Congress passed the 7887:Map of the five Reconstruction military districts 7642:cover of July 29, 1865; the text in the planter's 7200: 6198:was developed, in which landowners broke up large 21927:District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act 20200:"The Civil War and Reconstruction Era, 1845–1877" 19560:. The American Presidency Project. Archived from 19541:Palmer, Beverly Wilson; Byers Ochoa, Holly; eds. 19330:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1877 19322:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1876 19314:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1875 19306:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1873 19298:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1872 19290:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1870 19282:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1869 19274:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1868 17188:(7th ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 409. 17145:. New York: Fordham University Press. p. 9. 16860:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. 14887:. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. 14799:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 13550:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 12411:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 11710:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 11035:First Inaugural Address—Final Text, March 4, 1861 10843:The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 9784:Democratic candidates; they killed Blacks in the 9074: 9045: 8434: 8064:, a burning freedmen's school in the background. 7593:, because the abolition of slavery was empty if: 7257: 6970:creation (initially by treaty) of an unorganized 6150:, eleven Southern states, all of which permitted 70:voting for the first time in 1867; office of the 34468: 30463:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 29091:Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade 28476: 26130: 24836:Native American recognition in the United States 18919:The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference 18868:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 18440:The Age of Hate: Andrew Johnson and the Radicals 18431:Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction 17991:(updated ed.). New York: Harper Perennial. 17360: 17182:Couvares, Francis G.; et al., eds. (2000). 16789:"The United States Needs a Third Reconstruction" 15685:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 14687:Population by States and Territories – 1790–1870 13169:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 51, 174 ff. 11574:Alexander, Leslie M.; Rucker, Walter C. (2010). 11564: 10346:, who wrote under the name "Joe Harris" for the 10237: 9863:On January 29, 1877, President Grant signed the 8261: 7973:: Georgia, Alabama, and Florida, under Generals 1848:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution 34682:Race-related controversies in the United States 30508:Black players in professional American football 30458:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 28880:Slavery as a positive good in the United States 19894:. Vol. 4. pp. 735–748. Archived from 19715:Konczal, Mike; Foner, Eric (February 3, 2015). 19092:A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction 17820: 17581:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 17550:The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935 16480: 16406:Beard, Charles A. & Beard, Mary R. (1927). 16211:Harlan, Louis R. (1988). Smock, Raymond (ed.). 15305: 15303: 13570: 13496:Gone to Texas: a history of the Lone Star State 13271:Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review 12930: 12928: 12895: 12871: 12773: 12679:Abraham Lincoln and a nation worth fighting for 12408:Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders 11754: 11742: 11730: 11629: 11600: 11573: 11514: 10010:became popular among scholars. As disciples of 9516:The Republican coalition splinters in the South 9104:State Property Tax Rates during Reconstruction 9062:in ruins shortly after the end of the Civil War 8284: 8104:In May 1868, the Republicans unanimously chose 7679: 22271:Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 20075:Reconstructing the South: What Really Happened 19989:Primary sources from Gilder-Lehrman collection 19555: 19070:"Introduction to the 2014 Anniversary Edition" 18498: 18428: 17539: 16786: 15399: 14163: 14018: 13623: 13621: 12824: 12372:Andrew Johnson: military governor of Tennessee 10838:"Eric Foner's 'Reconstruction' at Twenty-five" 9971: 9669:1874 ripped apart the Republican Party there. 9483:As early as 1868, Supreme Court Chief Justice 9473:Republicans split nationally: election of 1872 9227:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. p. 192. 8864: 8086:character of the regime looked more glaring." 6947:ordered a meeting of representatives from all 4448:Education of freed people during the Civil War 34592:History of voting rights in the United States 34019: 33115: 32558: 31388: 29354: 28847:Slavery at American colleges and universities 28462: 26401:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 26116: 25233:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 23417: 22245:First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 20235: 19216: 19141:Perman, Michael and Amy Murrell Taylor, eds. 18922:. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. 18586: 18503:. Carlisle, Pennsylvania: Dickinson College. 18499:Osborne, John M.; Bombaro, Christine (2015). 18384:. New York City: W. W. Norton & Company. 18091:. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. 18013:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 16378: 15875:Alexander, Danielle (January–February 2004). 13672: 13162: 13018: 12749:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 12247:. New York: Greenwood Press. pp. viiii. 12156:Cimbala, Paul A.; Miller, Randall M. (2002). 12155: 11982: 11424: 11422: 11420: 11267:. New York: Prentice-Hall. pp. 573–574. 10953:"Reconstruction Era National Historical Park" 10682: 10171:included: lack of a permanent federal agency 9323:, a former Confederate general and prominent 7794:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era 7667:, whose principal drafter was Representative 7602:The key to the bill was the opening section: 6923: 6645:Lincoln broke with the Radicals in 1864. The 6349:in opposition, which instead proposed that a 5819: 4150: 3542: 2059: 1937:List of slavery-related memorials and museums 223: 34582:History of civil rights in the United States 30221:Historically black colleges and universities 28832:Kidnapping into slavery in the United States 27325:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 19865: 19714: 19430: 19369:(1982), 970 pp. of archival documents; also 18975:American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant 18351:. New York: McClure, Philips, & Company. 18283:Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War 17927: 17744:scholarly review and response by Calhoun at 17534:Bibliography of slavery in the United States 16817:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFFoner1990255 ( 16330:. Manchester University Press. p. 226. 15979: 15589: 15577: 15300: 14838:. University of Georgia Press. p. 264. 14115:. New York: Anchor Books. pp. 463–479. 13855:. New York: Alfred Knopf. pp. 130–133. 12925: 12825:Randall, J. G.; Current, Richard N. (1955). 11301:Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives 10395:for the screen in his anti-Republican movie 9942: 9833: 9465:The Redeemers were the Southern wing of the 9247: 7706: 7299: 7248: 7149: 7130:. After Lincoln installed Brigadier General 5862:into the United States. During this period, 4459:Historically black colleges and universities 1853:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 34687:Andrew Johnson administration controversies 32856:President Andrew Johnson Museum and Library 29312:Family reunification ads after emancipation 20016:Reconstruction Era National Historical Park 19979:leading New York news magazine; pro-Radical 19952: 19556:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. (2018b). 19386:(1886). By Republican Congressional leader 18943:. Athens: The University of Georgia Press. 18489: 18209: 17208: 16984: 15634:; letter of May 30, 1868 to August Belmont. 15601: 14465: 14291: 13842: 13618: 12883: 11685:. University of Chicago Press. p. 29. 11112: 10151:in other legislation. It was not until the 9213:Reconstruction in South Carolina, 1865–1877 8426:National support of Reconstruction declines 8413: 8385: 8037:State constitutional conventions: 1867–1869 7122:military governor of the coastal region of 6100:Reconstruction Era National Historical Park 6038:, which awarded the election to Republican 5961:large majorities in both houses of Congress 5858:and the reintegration of the eleven former 4443:Education during the slave period in the US 34026: 34012: 33122: 33108: 32565: 32551: 31395: 31381: 29361: 29347: 29025:Slavery and the United States Constitution 28469: 28455: 26123: 26109: 23431: 23424: 23410: 20242: 20228: 19808: 19552:, 2 vols. (1990); Vol. 2 covers 1859–1874. 19493:. New York: The Neale Publishing Company. 19359:(1868). Summary of Congressional activity. 19226: 18635:A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction 18429:McPherson, James M.; Hogue, James (2009). 18269:Judicial power and Reconstruction politics 18187:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 18174:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. 17928:Foner, Eric; Mahoney, Olivia (June 1997). 17852:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 17278: 16735:"Democracy, Anti-democracy, and the Canon" 16635:Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880 16581: 16486: 16449: 16422: 16405: 16393: 16355:. Detroit: Gale Research. pp. 32–38. 15400:Studenski, Paul; Kroos, Herman E. (1963). 15031: 15029: 14134: 14132: 13848: 13546:Hume, Richard L.; Gough, Jerry B. (2008). 13163:Teed, Paul E.; Ladd Teed, Melissa (2015). 12811:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood. p. 80. 11417: 11257: 11209: 11207: 10906: 10408:Of much more lasting impact was the story 10079:Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880 9923:. By 1879, thousands of African American " 9216:. Columbia, SC: The State Co. p. 329. 8398:. The initial bill was created by Senator 8254:that said states could not disenfranchise 8060:; and big-money Democratic Party chairman 7986:: Arkansas and Mississippi, under General 7878: 6642:—most of which happened by December 1865. 6182:During the war, Lincoln experimented with 5826: 5812: 4766:National Black Caucus of State Legislators 4157: 4143: 3549: 3535: 2066: 2052: 230: 216: 56: 34657:Political repression in the United States 32662:Drunk vice-presidential inaugural address 30438:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 26849:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 24846:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 22803:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 20113:. Links to primary and secondary sources. 19526: 18899: 18879: 18406: 18317: 18145:Portrays Lincoln as opponent of Radicals. 17613: 17603: 17209:Gordon-Reed, Annette (October 26, 2015). 16787:Codrington III, Wilfred (July 20, 2020). 16767: 16613:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFFoner1982 ( 15874: 15643: 15625: 15199: 14922:. New York: Macmillan. pp. 245–267. 14584: 13900: 13627: 13545: 12740: 12602: 12242: 11835: 11705: 11617: 11558: 11349: 11245: 10426:Hollywood blockbuster with the same title 10307:described in an October 2015 article for 9389:, associated with the early 20th-century 8231:Final four Reconstruction states admitted 7450:Freedmen and the enactment of Black Codes 6843:population of slaves had been counted as 6443:, effectively ending hostilities on land. 6403:December 8, 1863: Lincoln announces his " 6003:, engaged in paramilitary insurgency and 4222:Slavery in the colonial history of the US 4129:Mass racial violence in the United States 320:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 34577:History of African-American civil rights 34111:1876 United States presidential election 33435:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act 33425:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 31999:When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd 31908:1860 United States presidential election 29115:Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution 23326:History of the United States (1865–1917) 20136:American Historical Documents, 1000–1904 19510: 19024: 18992: 18888: 18846: 18744: 18565: 18344: 18027: 17780:The Freedmen's Bureau and Reconstruction 17778:Cimbala, Paul, and Randall Miller, eds. 17732:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 17546: 17361:Ruppersburg, Hugh; Dobbs, Chris (2017). 17327: 17181: 17105: 16812: 16683: 16327:The Debate on the American Civil War Era 16284: 16064: 15705: 15565: 15492: 15480: 15375:A financial history of the United States 15258: 15234: 15156: 15129: 15080: 15064: 13738: 13612: 13493: 13417: 13182: 13060: 12968: 12827:Lincoln the President: Last Full Measure 12520: 12495: 12470: 12455: 12201: 12183:Wagner, Gallagher & McPherson (2002) 11970: 11902: 11580:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 699. 11577:Encyclopedia of African American History 11386: 10979: 10651: 10327: 10221: 10199:Dating the end of the Reconstruction era 10139:underfunded in segregated societies, no 9847: 9806:1876 United States presidential election 9727: 9581: 9479:1872 United States presidential election 9429:(a Northern scholar) in 1917 explained: 9354: 9285: 9251: 9049: 8873: 8438: 8342: 8330: 8250:Grant advocated the ratification of the 8181: 8096:1868 United States presidential election 8047: 7882: 7683: 7634: 7618: 7459: 7324: 7219: 7159: 6986: 6870: 6808: 6605: 6592: 6303: 6063:, and male suffrage regardless of race. 1858:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf 1723:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 1703:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 34215:Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center 34033: 32804:1868 impeachment managers investigation 28817:Indentured servitude in British America 27004:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 24897:List of counties and county equivalents 19911: 19880: 19843:(2021). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 19841:, and the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 19694: 19634: 19543:The Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens 19397:Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama 19393: 19206: 19148: 19104: 18815: 18796: 18775: 18678: 18631: 18517: 18374: 18355: 18191: 17889: 17754: 17722: 17668: 17576: 17333: 17235: 17211:"What If Reconstruction Hadn't Failed?" 17042: 16843: 16707: 16627: 16540: 16350: 16323: 16076: 15613: 15523: 15453: 15408:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 15345: 15026: 14940: 14905: 14778: 14710:The complete 1870 census documents are 14535: 14523: 14511: 14496: 14480: 14413: 14352: 14350: 14310: 14215: 14187: 14175: 14129: 14069: 14045: 13968: 13917: 13882: 13811: 13799: 13775: 13219: 12993: 12847: 12804: 12701: 12565: 12245:Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction 12123:"Oklahoma, A Foreordained Commonwealth" 12052: 11864: 11678: 11641: 11482: 11213: 11204: 10731: 10559:"This Day in Georgia History: March 28" 10002:Revisionists and Beardians, 1930s–1940s 9626:In North Carolina, Republican Governor 9454: 9038:According to a 2020 study by economist 8901:African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church 7623:The debate over Reconstruction and the 6920:" to enable illiterate Whites to vote. 6312: 6252: 6186:by giving land to African-Americans in 2082:This article is part of a series on the 14: 34469: 34159:United States Civil Service Commission 32196: 31828:Lincoln Trail Homestead State Memorial 31337:Topics related to the African diaspora 30443:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 23394:Articles related to Reconstruction era 22985:Bibliography of the Reconstruction era 22031:Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln 20249: 20150:"Reconstruction: The Second Civil War" 19550:The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner 19067: 19051:Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era 19048: 18822:. University of North Carolina Press. 18766: 18716: 18607: 18587:Randall, J. G.; Donald, David (2016). 18556: 18537: 18528: 18460: 18437: 18277: 18178: 18138: 18105: 18084: 18061: 17983: 17687: 17557: 17495:Barber, Benjamin (February 17, 2022). 17494: 17438:Waxman, Olivia B. (January 12, 2022). 17437: 17383: 17165: 17140: 17090: 17013: 16985:Locke, Joseph L.; Wright, Ben (2022). 16925: 16749:from the original on November 21, 2018 16732: 16235: 16210: 15967: 15850: 15790: 15680: 15655: 15550: 15404:Financial History of the United States 15309: 15246: 15092: 15035: 15020: 14981: 14882: 14870: 14794: 14279: 14231: 14211: 14110: 14057: 13974: 13923: 13763: 13741:Retreat from reconstruction: 1869–1879 13726: 13702: 13521: 13303: 13150: 13138: 13096: 12973:. New York: Anchor Books. p. 16. 12956: 12934: 12919: 12907: 12859: 12829:. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. 12676: 12623: 12590: 12532: 12431: 12404: 12375:. Princeton University Press. p. 12352: 12319: 12300: 12226: 12096:United States House of Representatives 12019: 11914: 11908: 11889: 11470: 11317: 11178: 11085: 10751:"The Future of Reconstruction Studies" 10748: 10715: 10697:from the original on February 25, 2021 10556: 9567:most substantial families of the land. 9343:in 1874, active in Louisiana; and the 8656:African Americans in Office 1870–1876 8373: 8298:, the strongest of these laws was the 7995:: Texas and Louisiana, under Generals 7030:emancipated slaves in South Carolina, 6943:As a component of Reconstruction, the 6292:lay in ruins, with little railroad or 6174:Abolition of slavery and social reform 6138:to secure voting rights in the South. 6011:, but he was not removed from office. 5893:played a vital role in establishing a 3998:1912 racial conflict in Forsyth County 34612:Legal history of Georgia (U.S. state) 34587:History of the Southern United States 34007: 33103: 32851:Andrew Johnson National Historic Site 32546: 31868:Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site 31484:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 31376: 31317:Landmark African-American legislation 29368: 29342: 29257:Slavery during the American Civil War 29070:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves 28450: 27932: 27694: 27356: 26160: 26104: 23405: 23392: 23270:Women's suffrage in the United States 21959:Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction 20223: 20073:Eisen, Mimi and Ursula Wolfe-Rocca. " 19790: 19781: 19751: 19497:from the original on January 13, 2020 19486: 19404:from the original on October 12, 2015 19177: 19129:from the original on January 18, 2022 18968: 18957: 18865: 18771:. University of North Carolina Press. 18690: 18656: 18572:. New York: Oxford University Press. 18533:. University of North Carolina Press. 18299: 18271:(University of Chicago Press, 2022). 18246: 18200: 18169: 18005: 17971: 17946: 17908: 17877: 17863:. New York: Oxford University Press. 17856: 17847: 17784:https://doi.org/10.1515/9780823296828 17713: 17630: 17553:. University of North Carolina Press. 17422: 17384:Greene, Robert II (August 13, 2019). 17251: 17177: 16966:from the original on December 9, 2022 16892: 16880: 16855: 16831: 16695: 16649: 16608: 16503: 16353:Twentieth-century American Historians 16296: 16173: 16104: 16046:from the original on January 24, 2001 16022: 15955: 15930: 15916:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFFoner ( 15865:, January 13, 1875, pp. 106–107. 15838: 15826: 15814: 15802: 15778: 15766: 15754: 15742: 15426: 15370: 15294: 15282: 15270: 15222: 15181: 15144: 15117: 14969: 14917: 14885:Northern Methodism and Reconstruction 14858: 14831: 14819: 14766: 14748:from the original on November 4, 2020 14730: 14641: 14629: 14572: 14492: 14449: 14437: 14425: 14401: 14384: 14341: 14326: 14322: 14306: 14267: 14255: 14243: 14219: 14199: 14138: 14098: 14081: 14033: 14006: 13977:The Irish and the American Presidency 13956:from the original on December 1, 2020 13836: 13787: 13766:, Vol. 1 p. 323; Vol. 2 pp. 645, 698. 13714: 13597: 13533: 13481: 13469: 13389: 13358:from the original on December 3, 2020 13043: 12713: 12443: 12120: 11999:. New York: Oxford University Press. 11994: 11941: 11935: 11852: 11823: 11766: 11428: 11318:Ransom, Roger L. (February 1, 2010). 11108: 11106: 11097: 11070: 11016:from the original on January 18, 2022 10975: 10973: 10882:from the original on January 18, 2022 10819: 10801:from the original on January 18, 2022 10719: 10483:The Zinn Education Project's report, 10375:of the White Man's Burden – 1865–1900 10323: 9899:, by an electoral margin of 185–184. 9350: 8108:as their presidential candidate, and 7549: 7309:Johnson's presidential Reconstruction 7180: 7046:Gradual emancipation and compensation 6982: 6978:Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction 6014:Under Johnson's successor, President 4964:Athletic associations and conferences 4453:History of African-American education 1745:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 1422:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea 211: 34389: 33593:Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant 33344:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo 33129: 32825:1866 & 1867 U.S. House elections 31886:Republican National Convention, 1856 30448:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 22377:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo 22065:Confederates surrender at Appomattox 21877:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 20178:"Reconstruction: Era and Definition" 20170:"Civil Rights During Reconstruction" 19837:The Failed Promise: Reconstruction, 19518:. Richmond: R. M. Smith – via 19076:(Updated ed.). Harper Collins. 18936: 18723:The Era of Reconstruction, 1865–1877 18524:. New York: Oxford University Press. 18463:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 18155:. Louisiana State University Press. 17659: 17024:from the original on August 20, 2022 16995:from the original on August 21, 2022 16650:Jones, Martha S. (January 7, 2022). 16507:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 16453:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 15312:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 14949:. Nashville: Abingdon. p. 323. 14653: 14604:Sewanee: The University of the South 14461: 14347: 13442: 13256: 12940:Report on the Condition of the South 12651: 12624:Zebley, Kathleen (October 8, 2017). 12368: 12024:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 11918:Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man 11298: 10907:Downs, Gregory; Masur, Kate (2017). 10744: 10742: 10740: 10513:Reconstruction Era National Monument 10090: 10026:(1927), the Civil War was really a: 9840:Electoral Commission (United States) 8052:"This is a white man's government", 7735: 7209: 7104:, a prominent 19th-century American 6875:Freedmen voting in New Orleans, 1867 6630:leaders argued that slavery and the 6499:October 9 through November 6, 1866: 6487:38 people are killed and 146 wounded 6396:January 1, 1863: Lincoln issues the 6353:of voters must pledge that they had 4887:Association for the Study of African 1942:Slave marriages in the United States 1541:Human trafficking in the Middle East 34567:Aftermath of the American Civil War 34154:Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes 34116:1876 Republican National Convention 32600:Vice President of the United States 31402: 30802:African-American Vernacular English 29262:End of slavery in the United States 23233:United Daughters of the Confederacy 22364:American Woman Suffrage Association 22359:National Woman Suffrage Association 22286:Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson 20585:Women during the Reconstruction era 19769:from the original on August 2, 2019 19695:Dunning, William Archibald (1905). 19462: 19209:Reconstruction: Opposing Viewpoints 18662:The Presidents: A Reference History 18066:Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President 17315:from the original on April 29, 2019 17093:A Companion to 19th-century America 16305:. New York: F. Ungar. p. 147. 16213:Booker T. Washington in Perspective 15658:Encyclopedia of American Journalism 15010:– via University of Kentucky. 12603:Mikkelson, Barbara (May 27, 2011). 11836:Severance, Benjamin Horton (2002). 10403:United Daughters of the Confederacy 10067: 9799: 9405:1868 Democratic National Convention 8172:Grant's presidential Reconstruction 8089: 7663:The last moderate proposal was the 7631:of an African American is depicted. 7614: 6831:and Negroes protected themselves". 6506:March 4, 1867: Congress passes the 6468:March 27, 1866: Johnson vetoes the 6366:to the United States Constitution. 5701:Race and ethnicity in the US census 5202:African-American Vernacular English 4771:National Conference of Black Mayors 1276:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia 24: 32572: 32236:Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State 30720:U.S. cities with large populations 30423:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 29140:John Quincy Adams and abolitionism 26691:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 26681:Assassination of James A. Garfield 23275:Labor history of the United States 22311:South Carolina readmitted to Union 22308:North Carolina readmitted to Union 22291:Impeachment managers investigation 22230:Constitutional conventions of 1867 21906:National Women's Rights Convention 19946:American Political Science Review. 19898:on September 22, 2006 – via 19821:from the original on June 27, 2021 19626: 19346: 18702:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 18490:Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson (1917). 18234:from the original on March 4, 2016 18126:from the original on April 7, 2023 18030:Reconstruction After the Civil War 17811: 17729:The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 17507:from the original on March 8, 2022 17476:from the original on March 8, 2022 17404:from the original on March 8, 2022 16238:"Historians of the Reconstruction" 15914:, pp. 555–556, Which source?. 15660:. London: Routledge. p. 441. 15493:Steedman, Marek D. (Spring 2009). 15462:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. 15344:For an econometric approach, see: 14941:Norwood, Fredrick A., ed. (1982). 14700:from the original on July 21, 2011 14596: 11447:from the original on June 16, 2012 11103: 10994:University of North Carolina Press 10992:(1). Chapel Hill, North Carolina: 10970: 10763:University of North Carolina Press 10761:(1). Chapel Hill, North Carolina: 8942:. Historian Ralph Morrow reports: 8907:(which was sponsored by the White 8905:Colored Methodist Episcopal Church 8897:African Methodist Episcopal Church 8270:that allowed the Attorney General 8027:describes what happened in Texas: 7362:, King Andy with "prime minister" 7113:Installation of military governors 6731:against Black people, such as the 6496:to rally support for his policies. 6244:, and constitutional equality for 4904:National Black Chamber of Commerce 2492: Modern Era 1930:last survivors of American slavery 25: 34698: 34677:Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes 34255:University, Hayes and Orton Halls 34174:Baltimore railroad strike of 1877 33776:Grant Cottage State Historic Site 33500:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 32797:Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson 32116:Association of Lincoln Presenters 31555:13th Amendment abolishing slavery 29593:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 29589:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 29396:African American founding fathers 29307:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 29252:Origins of the American Civil War 28959:African American founding fathers 28902:Education during the slave period 26723:Assassination of William McKinley 24242:Director of National Intelligence 22516:United States expedition to Korea 22223:Reconstruction military districts 20009: 19640:"Reconstruction and its Benefits" 19060: 18907:. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 18345:McCarthy, Charles Hallan (1901). 17911:A Short History of Reconstruction 16543:Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction 16409:The Rise of American Civilization 15911: 14366:from the original on June 4, 2021 13166:Reconstruction: A Reference Guide 12745:Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction 11434:"If Lincoln hadn't died ..." 11264:A History of the South, 1607–1936 11057:Text of Emancipation Proclamation 10980:Brundage, Fitzhugh (March 2017). 10737: 10641:. www.nps.gov. February 24, 2023. 10467:mark of the old Dunning School." 10187:More recent work by Nina Silber, 10024:The Rise of American Civilization 9796:counties that were not occupied. 8992: 8909:Methodist Episcopal Church, South 8467:state constitutional conventions 7829:Civil rights movement (1896–1954) 7572:Joint Committee on Reconstruction 6087:proposed 1863, starting with the 5608:Places by plurality of population 4274:Civil rights movement (1954–1968) 4264:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 4217:Abolitionism in the United States 4124:Civil rights movement (1896–1954) 4119:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 3750:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer 891:Field slaves in the United States 758:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate 34449: 34432: 34415: 34398: 34370: 34358: 34346: 34314: 34313: 33987: 33986: 33160:Grant and the American Civil War 33083: 33082: 32846:Andrew Johnson National Cemetery 32524: 32513: 32512: 32094:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins 31617:State of the Union Address, 1863 31355: 30473:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 29618:Nadir of American race relations 29055:History of slavery by U.S. state 28822:Slave trade in the United States 28430: 28421: 28420: 28385: 28384: 26942:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 26735:Nadir of American race relations 26614:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 24398:Government Accountability Office 22070:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 20364:African-American representatives 20148:Smith, Llewellyn M., dir. 2004. 19558:"1868 Democratic Party Platform" 19511:Matthews, James M., ed. (1864). 19180:The Journal of the Civil War Era 19151:The Journal of the Civil War Era 18961:The Republic for Which It Stands 18847:Summers, Mark Wahlgren (2014a). 18521:The Reconstruction of the Nation 18348:Lincoln's Plan of Reconstruction 18109:Reconstruction A Concise History 17823:The Civil War and Reconstruction 17673:. University Press of Kentucky. 17488: 17457: 17431: 17416: 17377: 17354: 17272: 17254:The Georgia Historical Quarterly 17245: 17202: 17171: 17134: 17099: 17084: 17036: 17007: 16978: 16947: 16919: 16886: 16825: 16780: 16761: 16726: 16643: 16621: 16575: 16534: 16497: 16490:A History Of The South 1607 1936 16443: 16429:. Knopf Doubleday. p. 303. 16416: 16399: 16344: 16317: 16290: 16229: 16204: 16167: 16135: 16098: 16070: 16028: 15973: 15868: 15856: 15699: 15674: 15656:Vaughn, Stephen L., ed. (2007). 15649: 15619: 15517: 15486: 15447: 15420: 15393: 15364: 15338: 15175: 15150: 15097:. University Press of Kentucky. 15093:Vaughn, William Preston (2015). 15086: 14975: 14945:Sourcebook of American Methodism 14934: 14911: 14876: 14825: 14788: 14724: 14672: 14647: 14590: 14529: 14104: 13975:Yanoso, Nicole Anderson (2017). 13876: 13805: 13732: 13666: 13564: 13539: 13487: 13436: 13411: 13395: 13370: 13338: 13297: 13257:Pope, James Gray (Spring 2014). 13250: 13213: 13156: 13102: 12962: 12499:Lincoln's plan of Reconstruction 11921:. New York: Knopf. p. 201. 11320:"The Economics of the Civil War" 10910:The Reconstruction Era 1861–1900 10660:Louisiana State University Press 10612:"The First Vote" by William Waud 10581: 10549: 10332:A poster for the 1939 epic film 10058:A History of The South 1607-1936 9762:1875 Ohio gubernatorial election 9638: 8198:Effective civil rights executive 8129:into Canada, and calling on the 7740: 6602:Restoring the South to the Union 6382:March 3, 1862: Lincoln appoints 5783: 4305:Black Belt in the American South 3810:Frazier B. Baker and Julia Baker 3582: 3517: 3508: 3507: 3469: 3468: 2099: 768:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 763:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate 592:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 362: 194: 181: 143:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 34632:Legal history of South Carolina 34627:Legal history of North Carolina 34250:Rutherford B. Hayes High School 32652:1864 U.S. presidential election 32525: 32079:Illinois Centennial half dollar 32020:Presidential Library and Museum 31696:Second inaugural address (1865) 29479:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 29469:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 26644:First transcontinental railroad 23072:Black Reconstruction in America 22945:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 22855:1876 State of the Union Address 22782:1875 State of the Union Address 22709:1874 State of the Union Address 22633:1873 State of the Union Address 22572:1872 State of the Union Address 22521:1871 State of the Union Address 22460:1870 State of the Union Address 22409:1869 State of the Union Address 22404:First transcontinental railroad 22343:1868 State of the Union Address 22250:1867 State of the Union Address 22085:1865 State of the Union Address 22010:1864 State of the Union Address 21984:1863 State of the Union Address 21893:Woman in the Nineteenth Century 20194:"The Civil War: Reconstruction" 20118:"Reconstruction in Mississippi" 19983:Nast, Thomas, magazine cartoons 19683:Black Reconstruction in America 19620:, early abolitionist manifesto. 18816:Summers, Mark Wahlgren (2014). 18797:Summers, Mark Wahlgren (2009). 18559:Emancipation and Reconstruction 18210:Kaczorowski, Robert J. (1995). 18032:. University of Chicago Press. 17523: 17049:The Journal of Economic History 17020:. University of Chicago Press. 16776:(2): 135–144 – via JSTOR. 16487:Hesseltine, William B. (1936). 15188:The Journal of Economic History 13306:"Thirteenth Amendment optimism" 13304:Greene, Jamal (November 2012). 12896:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001) 12872:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001) 12798: 12767: 12734: 12707: 12670: 12645: 12617: 12596: 12398: 12362: 12261: 12236: 12149: 12114: 12084: 12071: 12046: 12013: 11988: 11895: 11858: 11829: 11760: 11755:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001) 11743:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001) 11731:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001) 11699: 11672: 11635: 11630:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001) 11601:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001) 11520: 11515:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001) 11488: 11380: 11343: 11311: 11292: 11279: 11251: 11172: 11126:The Journal of Economic History 11116:; Lewis, Frank D. (June 1975). 11050: 11039: 11028: 10945: 10920: 10900: 10540: 10450: 10262:Black Reconstruction in America 9572:Democrats try a "New Departure" 8327:Prosecution of the Ku Klux Klan 8018:Kentucky and Missouri in 1866. 7268:Lincoln and Secretary of State 7201:Legalization of slave marriages 7083: 6320:unionist government in Virginia 6053:national birthright citizenship 5943:. He was replaced by President 5941:fighting was drawing to a close 5909:. Congress later established a 4909:National Council of Negro Women 3963:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 3953:Spring Valley Race Riot of 1895 3673:Expulsions of African Americans 1718:Committee of Experts on Slavery 1269:East, Southeast, and South Asia 36:Reconstruction (disambiguation) 34672:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 34058:29th and 32nd Governor of Ohio 34050:President of the United States 33144:President of the United States 33014:Bibliography of Andrew Johnson 32815:1866 National Union Convention 32757:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 32685:Inauguration of Andrew Johnson 32657:1864 National Union Convention 32589:President of the United States 32183:Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln 31740:Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co. 31683:First inaugural address (1861) 31668:Lincoln–Douglas debates (1858) 31418:President of the United States 30468:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 29474:Civil right movement 1896–1954 28917:List of American slave traders 28797:Slavery among Native Americans 26041:Separation of church and state 24257:National Reconnaissance Office 24200:President of the United States 22145:Petition for Universal Freedom 22126:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 20111:University of Illinois Chicago 20060:Bragg, William Harris. 2019. 19985:pro-Radical editorial cartoons 19377:, and Steven F. Miller (1993). 19101:(2014). 30 essays by scholars. 18916:; McPherson, James M. (2002). 18889:Thompson, C. Mildred (2010) . 18851:. Princeton University Press. 18593:. Pickle Partners Publishing. 17956:. New York: Harper & Row. 17913:. New York: Harper Perennial. 17714:Brown, Thomas J., ed. (2008). 17213:. The Atlantic. Archived from 17017:Building the American Republic 16236:Taylor, A. A. (January 1938). 15435:. Princeton University Press. 14795:Walker, Clarence Earl (1982). 13494:Campbell, Randolph B. (2003). 13418:Phillips, Christopher (2016). 12510:– via Project Gutenberg. 11915:Donald, David Herbert (1970). 11645:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 11528:"The Second Inaugural Address" 10825: 10749:Harlow, Luke E. (March 2017). 10676: 10645: 10627: 10605: 10470:As reported in a January 2022 10431:list of highest-grossing films 9857:President of the United States 9297:Last of three Enforcement Acts 9279:transcontinental railroad line 9075:Taxation during Reconstruction 9046:Railroad subsidies and payoffs 8435:African American officeholders 8358:. By October, Grant suspended 8191:President of the United States 8178:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 8152:of New York for president and 7755:format but may read better as 7258:February 1865 peace conference 7014:In August 1861, Major General 6996:President of the United States 6678:in April 1865, Vice President 5848:Southern United States history 5706:Racism against Black Americans 1417:Slave raiding in Easter Island 13: 1: 34662:Presidency of Abraham Lincoln 34572:American military occupations 34542:1870s in Georgia (U.S. state) 34502:1860s in Georgia (U.S. state) 34179:Specie Payment Resumption Act 34169:Great Railroad Strike of 1877 33390:Specie Payment Resumption Act 32777:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 31848:Cottage at the Soldier's Home 31821:Little Pigeon Creek Community 30648:Cherokee freedmen controversy 29624:The Negro Motorist Green Book 29125:George Washington and slavery 29004:American Colonization Society 28999:African-American slave owners 23192:A Visit from the Old Mistress 22891:Great Railroad Strike of 1877 22757:Specie Payment Resumption Act 22382:Board of Indian Commissioners 22314:Louisiana readmitted to Union 22276:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 22140:Tennessee readmitted to Union 21974:Women's Loyal National League 20677:Straight-Out Democratic Party 20448:Confederate States of America 20038:Behn, Richard J., ed. 2020. 19900:Duke University School of Law 19595:(1866). By Republican editor. 19207:Stalcup, Brenda, ed. (1995). 19049:Zuczek, Richard, ed. (2006). 18758:Comparative Political Studies 18684:The Reconstruction Presidents 18566:Peterson, Merrill D. (1994). 18360:. New York: Delacorte Press. 16991:. Stanford University Press. 16846:, pp. 372–373, 424, 425. 16423:Hofstadter, Richard (2012) . 15709:Arkansas Historical Quarterly 14883:Morrow, Ralph Ernest (1956). 13902:10.1080/0144039x.2016.1208911 13679:The American South: A History 13676:; Terrill, Thomas E. (2009). 13631:American Journal of Education 13110:"The Freedman's Bureau, 1866" 12969:Blackmon, Douglas A. (2009). 12496:McCarthy, Charles H. (1901). 12471:Peterson, Merrill D. (1995). 12110:– via USCode.House.gov. 10982:"Reconstruction in the South" 10528: 10207:is an example. His monograph 9364:A Visit from the Old Mistress 9315:, former South Carolina Gov. 8262:Department of Justice created 8227:as U.S. Circuit Court judge. 7871:, to allow federal courts to 7237:is especially evident in the 7002:President Lincoln signed two 6916:, in some states, they used " 6776:In 1867, Congress passed the 6702:republican form of government 6160:Confederate States of America 6141: 6108:Sea Islands of South Carolina 5860:Confederate States of America 4914:National Pan-Hellenic Council 3988:Springfield race riot of 1908 177: 155:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 34667:Presidency of Andrew Johnson 34622:Legal history of Mississippi 33264:State of the Union addresses 32471:Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith 32178:Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences 32173:Lincoln Trail State Memorial 31602:National Academy of Sciences 29130:Thomas Jefferson and slavery 28875:American proslavery movement 28837:Slave states and free states 28478:Slavery in the United States 27812:Hispanic and Latino American 26666:Second Industrial Revolution 26500:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 26206:Exploration of North America 26132:History of the United States 24403:Government Publishing Office 23871:Technological and industrial 22818:Battle of the Little Bighorn 22302:Arkansas readmitted to Union 22208:Knights of the White Camelia 22170:Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866 22116:New Orleans Massacre of 1866 22090:Founding of the Ku Klux Klan 22048:Special Field Orders No. 15 21871:Slavery in the United States 19782:Henry, Robert Selph (1938). 19757:"Why Reconstruction Matters" 19548:Palmer, Beverly Wilson, ed. 19476:Confederate Military History 19257: 18632:Richter, William L. (2009). 18529:Patton, James Welch (1934). 18438:Milton, George Fort (1930). 18192:Jenkins, Wilbert L. (2002). 18028:Franklin, John Hope (1961). 17797:. Fordham University Press. 17530:Reconstruction: Bibliography 17285:: A Study in Popular Racism" 17279:Bloomfield, Maxwell (1964). 17180:, p. 604 reprinted in: 16541:Pressly, Thomas J. (1961). " 16243:The Journal of Negro History 14164:Osborne & Bombaro (2015) 14019:Peters & Woolley (2018b) 13839:, pp. 437–453, 458–460. 13278:(2): 385–447. Archived from 13019:Farmer-Kaiser, Mary (2010). 12121:Perry, Dan W. (March 1936). 11679:Valelly, Richard M. (2004). 10986:Journal of the Civil War Era 10755:Journal of the Civil War Era 10598: 10228:Economic History Association 9548:Although historians such as 8887:, of a man reading the Bible 8285:Enforcement Acts (1870–1871) 7680:Congressional Reconstruction 7354:to a wounded soldier of the 7315:Presidency of Andrew Johnson 6737:New Orleans massacre of 1866 6061:equal protection of the laws 5973:supportive white Southerners 5716:School segregation in the US 5254:Black American Sign Language 5228:Languages and other dialects 4028:Washington race riot of 1919 2967:Hispanic and Latino American 1708:Temporary Slavery Commission 1369:Slavery in the Mongol Empire 261:New Orleans massacre of 1866 7: 34482:40th United States Congress 34189:Presidente Hayes Department 34076:23rd Ohio Infantry Regiment 33833:1922 Grant Memorial coinage 33040:Treason must be made odious 32705:Pardons for ex-Confederates 32106:Abraham Lincoln Association 31838:Lincoln-Berry General Store 31766:Political career, 1849–1861 31673:Cooper Union Address (1860) 31663:House Divided speech (1858) 31565:Department of the Northwest 30518:Black players in ice hockey 30453:National Urban League (NUL) 30279:American Society of Muslims 29517:Selma to Montgomery marches 29437:Brown v. Board of Education 29155:Abraham Lincoln and slavery 27336:Indictments of Donald Trump 26527:First Industrial Revolution 26361:Declaration of Independence 26351:Second Continental Congress 25875:Women's reproductive health 24841:Federally recognized tribes 24704:Public utilities commission 24608:Public Health Service Corps 24511:Code of Federal Regulations 24393:Congressional Budget Office 24247:Central Intelligence Agency 24153:Water supply and sanitation 23580:Declaration of Independence 23336:Race (human categorization) 22726:United States v. Cruikshank 22317:Alabama readmitted to Union 22305:Florida readmitted to Union 20122:The Historical Text Archive 20083:Green Jr., Robert P. 1991. 20079:The Zinn Education Project. 20062:"Reconstruction in Georgia" 20045:September 21, 2015, at the 19784:The Story of Reconstruction 19490:The Facts of Reconstruction 19394:Fleming, Walter L. (1905). 19229:Journal of Southern History 19034:. Oxford University Press. 18998:Journal of Southern History 18978:. Random House Publishing. 18905:Andrew Johnson: A Biography 18782:. Oxford University Press. 18776:Stowell, Daniel W. (1998). 18414:. Oxford University Press. 18306:Journal of Economic History 18139:Harris, William C. (1997). 18112:. Oxford University Press. 17814:The Negro in Reconstruction 17764:. New York: Penguin Press. 17592:Journal of Economic History 17558:Barney, William L. (1987). 17547:Anderson, James D. (1988). 17540:Scholarly secondary sources 17470:Teach Reconstruction Report 17425:Eastern National Publishing 17108:Reviews in American History 16733:Pildes, Richard H. (2000). 16379:Stampp & Litwack (1969) 16177:Journal of Southern History 16108:Journal of Southern History 15681:Abbott, Richard H. (2004). 15524:Fleming, Walter L. (1919). 15454:Sharkey, Robert P. (1967). 15371:Myers, Margaret G. (1970). 15161:. New York: Vantage Press. 15036:Fallin, Wilson Jr. (2007). 14920:The Life of Matthew Simpson 14691:United States Census Bureau 13261:United States v. Cruikshank 13223:Journal of Southern History 13186:Journal of American History 12781:American History After 1865 12741:McKitrick, Eric L. (1988). 12533:Harris, J. William (2006). 12243:Trefousse, Hans L. (1991). 11983:Randall & Donald (2016) 11706:Trefousse, Hans L. (1975). 11390:Journal of Southern History 11353:Journal of Southern History 10557:Jackson, Ed; Pou, Charles. 10501: 10416:, which enabled its author 10414:the best-selling 1936 novel 10099:historians emerged, led by 9972:Dunning School, 1900s–1920s 9773:Mississippi's 1875 election 9672: 8869: 8865:Social and economic factors 7858: 7805:United States v. Cruikshank 7456:Black Codes (United States) 6932:that had been relocated to 6804: 6412:Special Field Orders No. 15 6369: 5939:on April 14, 1865, just as 4543:African-American businesses 3915:James Harvey and Joe Jordan 1728:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 773:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 10: 34703: 34637:Legal history of Tennessee 34617:Legal history of Louisiana 34096:Battle of Cloyd's Mountain 33529:Naturalization Act of 1870 33420:U.S. Department of Justice 33380:General Mining Act of 1872 32963:Andrew Johnson and slavery 32878:Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum 32830:1868 Democratic Convention 32792:Second impeachment inquiry 31523:Overland Campaign strategy 30675:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 30433:Nashville Student Movement 29444:Children of the plantation 29229:Children of the plantation 29160:Andrew Johnson and slavery 29150:Zachary Taylor and slavery 29096:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 29065:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 29030:American slave court cases 28994:Amerindian slave ownership 27933: 27695: 27357: 27228:Killing of Osama bin Laden 26316:First Continental Congress 26161: 25053:Red states and blue states 24958:City commission government 24953:Council–manager government 22537:General Mining Act of 1872 22506:New York custom house ring 22496:Meridian race riot of 1871 22440:Naturalization Act of 1870 20208:. New Haven, Connecticut: 19940:December 14, 2020, at the 19647:American Historical Review 19422:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 19094:. Blackwell (2005) 518 pp. 18964:. Oxford University Press. 18958:White, Richard C. (2017). 18736:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 18569:Lincoln in American Memory 18452:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 18201:Jones, Jacqueline (2010). 17848:Downs, Gregory P. (2015). 17334:Gardner, Sarah E. (2006). 14982:Howard, Victor B. (1990). 14832:Grant, Donald Lee (1993). 14141:Papers of Ulysses S. Grant 13849:Montgomery, David (1967). 13739:Gillette, William (1982). 12994:Edwards, Laura F. (1997). 12805:Lincove, David A. (2000). 12714:Smith, John David (2013). 12566:Edwards, Laura F. (1997). 12473:Lincoln in American Memory 11502:December 12, 2022, at the 11437:American Heritage Magazine 11285:Ezell, John Samuel. 1963. 11135:Cambridge University Press 10852:Cambridge University Press 10658:. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: 10652:Rodrigue, John C. (2001). 10639:U.S. National Park Service 10123:'s ring in New York City. 9837: 9816:1876 presidential election 9803: 9766:1876 Republican nomination 9707:paramilitary organizations 9642: 9575: 9476: 9458: 8913:Methodist Episcopal Church 8449:numerous African Americans 8175: 8093: 7955:: Virginia, under General 7453: 7373:Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum 7321:Andrew Johnson and slavery 7318: 7312: 7261: 7213: 7184: 7153: 6953:Southern Treaty Commission 6924:Southern Treaty Commission 6834:Radical Republican leader 6626:During the Civil War, the 6028:1876 presidential election 5947:. Johnson vetoed numerous 5868:United States Constitution 5081:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 4756:Congressional Black Caucus 4723:African Diaspora Religions 4510:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 3590:1906 Atlanta race massacre 1913:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 1750:Anti-Slavery International 1515:North Africa and West Asia 294:Meridian race riot of 1871 29: 34647:Legal history of Virginia 34602:Legal history of Arkansas 34292: 34263: 34207: 34139: 34068: 34041: 33965: 33886: 33853: 33731: 33713: 33672: 33602: 33584: 33561: 33460: 33440:Yellowstone National Park 33403: 33360:Public Credit Act of 1869 33352: 33314: 33217: 33152: 33137: 33049: 33029:Ledger-removal allegation 33006: 32955: 32896: 32838: 32787:First impeachment inquiry 32675: 32629: 32580: 32492: 32393:Mary Todd "Mamie" Lincoln 32348: 32316:Parliament Square, London 32111:Abraham Lincoln Institute 32008: 31926: 31876: 31789: 31756:Medical and mental health 31704: 31688:Gettysburg Address (1863, 31640: 31607:Department of Agriculture 31513:Emancipation Proclamation 31437: 31410: 31345: 31312:Index of related articles 31190: 31105: 30829: 30762: 30700: 30600: 30561: 30493: 30486: 30401: 30321: 30313:Doctrine of Father Divine 30259: 30201: 29850: 29705: 29697:Women's suffrage movement 29650:Reconstruction Amendments 29457:Voting Rights Act of 1965 29376: 29282:Emancipation Proclamation 29242: 29207:Sexual relations and rape 29185: 29135:James Madison and slavery 29017: 28865: 28787: 28780: 28759: 28745: 28484: 28406: 28372: 28316: 28280: 28268: 28007: 27981: 27943: 27939: 27928: 27701: 27690: 27363: 27352: 27218: 27121: 27049: 26950: 26861: 26812:Wall Street Crash of 1929 26743: 26624: 26609:Emancipation Proclamation 26540: 26463: 26411: 26378:Articles of Confederation 26331: 26216:Native American epidemics 26196: 26171: 26167: 26156: 26138: 26062: 25888: 25761: 25693: 25346: 25342: 25333: 25281: 25146: 25137: 25033: 25004: 24981: 24920: 24887: 24878: 24821: 24809:Comparison of governments 24784: 24747: 24724: 24640: 24620: 24551: 24489: 24411: 24334: 24192: 24183: 24179: 24170: 23892: 23883: 23828: 23788:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 23629:drafting and ratification 23602:Articles of Confederation 23515: 23449: 23440: 23399: 23373: 23303: 23262: 23178: 23129:Been in the Storm So Long 23049:William Archibald Dunning 23009:The American Commonwealth 22977: 22970: 22899: 22863: 22790: 22717: 22679:Election Massacre of 1874 22641: 22580: 22529: 22468: 22417: 22387:Public Credit Act of 1869 22351: 22326:Fourth Reconstruction Act 22258: 22235:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 22185: 22098: 22018: 21992: 21979:New York City draft riots 21949:Emancipation Proclamation 21941: 21858: 21851: 21801: 20823: 20777: 20731: 20624:National Union Convention 20604: 20597: 20456: 20433: 20369:Reconstruction Amendments 20359:African-American senators 20264: 20257: 20020:The National Park Service 19852:Been in the Storm So Long 19701:. Harper & brothers. 19680:Du Bois, W. E. B. (1935) 19536:. Solomons & Chapman. 19468:"The South Since the War" 19353:Barnes, William H., ed., 18760:54.11 (2021): 1939–1983. 18608:Rhodes, James F. (1920). 18518:Patrick, Rembert (1967). 18319:10.1017/S0022050719000755 18300:Logan, Trevon D. (2020). 18216:Fordham Urban Law Journal 18106:Guelzo, Allen C. (2018). 18085:Guelzo, Allen C. (2004). 18062:Guelzo, Allen C. (1999). 17890:Egerton, Douglas (2014). 17873:– via Google Books. 17669:Bradley, Mark L. (2009). 17605:10.1017/S0022050721000590 17062:10.1017/S0022050700040602 17014:Watson, Harry L. (2018). 16739:Constitutional Commentary 16297:Beale, Howard K. (1958). 15994:10.1017/S0043887119000157 15931:Rable, George C. (1984). 15626:Schuckers, J. W. (1874). 15201:10.1017/S0022050719000755 15182:Logan, Trevon D. (2020). 14918:Clark, Robert D. (1956). 14717:October 19, 2020, at the 14712:available from Census.gov 14539:Journal of Policy History 13872:– via Google Books. 13445:North Carolina Law Review 12677:Rawley, James A. (2003). 12369:Hall, Clifton R. (1916). 12172:– via Google Books. 11942:Ayers, Edward L. (2007). 11931:– via Google Books. 11865:Gienapp, William (2002). 11695:– via Google Books. 11324:Economic History Services 11143:10.1017/S0022050700075070 11133:(2). Cambridge, England: 10860:10.1017/S1537781414000516 10850:(1). Cambridge, England: 10617:February 2, 2014, at the 9943:Legacy and historiography 9887:announced that Hayes and 9834:Hayes ends Reconstruction 9578:New Departure (Democrats) 9339:organized, including the 9248:National financial issues 9221:Hollander, J. H. (1900). 8826: 8812: 8798: 8784: 8770: 8756: 8740: 8726: 8712: 8698: 8684: 8628: 8611: 8594: 8577: 8560: 8543: 8526: 8509: 8492: 8465:Race of delegates to 1867 8335:Grant's Attorney General 8141:to move their paper, the 7714:United States citizenship 7707:Constitutional amendments 7300:Historical legacy debated 7249:Bans color discrimination 7156:Emancipation Proclamation 7150:Emancipation Proclamation 6748:existing U.S. territories 6437:Army of Northern Virginia 6398:Emancipation Proclamation 6364:Reconstruction Amendments 6324:Francis Harrison Pierpont 6166:on the Union garrison at 6089:Emancipation Proclamation 6073:Emancipation Proclamation 6066: 5983:," who sought to restore 5928:" and vetoed the radical 5907:Emancipation Proclamation 5588:US states and territories 4889:American Life and History 4611:Lift Every Voice and Sing 4320:Treatment of the enslaved 4023:Chicago race riot of 1919 2014:Emancipation Proclamation 1681:Opposition and resistance 1439:Sex trafficking in Europe 1427:Blackbirding in Polynesia 990:Trans-Saharan slave trade 250: 190: 180: 172: 163:Reconstruction Amendments 134: 112: 102: 86: 55: 50: 45: 34607:Legal history of Florida 34597:Legal history of Alabama 34086:Battle of South Mountain 33642:Ulysses S. Grant Cottage 33544:Civil Rights Act of 1875 33452:Electoral Commission Act 33430:Civil Service Commission 33034:Buell Commission records 32910:Martha Johnson Patterson 32752:Civil Rights Act of 1866 32710:State of the Union, 1865 32387:Thomas "Tad" Lincoln III 32229:Abraham Lincoln: The Man 31811:Lincoln Boyhood Memorial 31528:Hampton Roads Conference 31362:United States portal 30797:African-American English 30226:Inventors and scientists 29918:George Washington Carver 29522:Chicago Freedom Movement 29267:Compensated emancipation 28298:Northern Mariana Islands 26871:Strike wave of 1945–1946 25828:Prescription drug prices 24948:Mayor–council government 24938:Coterminous municipality 24928:Consolidated city-county 24694:Agriculture commissioner 24344:House of Representatives 24252:National Security Agency 23902:Contiguous United States 22845:Safe burglary conspiracy 22732:Civil Rights Act of 1875 22511:Civil service commission 22111:Memphis massacre of 1866 22106:Civil Rights Act of 1866 21922:Confiscation Act of 1862 21917:Confiscation Act of 1861 20672:Liberal Republican Party 20354:Conservative Republicans 20067:New Georgia Encyclopedia 19953:Newspapers and magazines 19906:available via WikiSource 19882:Simkins, William Stewart 19809:Jon Bekken (July 2020). 19803:August 15, 2021, at the 19105:Parfait, Claire (2009). 18767:Stover, John F. (1955). 18557:Perman, Michael (2003). 18538:Perman, Michael (1985). 18253:. Westholme Publishing. 18205:. New York: Basic Books. 18179:Hunter, Tera W. (1997). 17660:Blum, Edward J. (2005). 17577:Behrend, Justin (2015). 17371:New Georgia Encyclopedia 16856:Baker, Bruce E. (2007). 16313:– via Archive.org. 15540:– via Archive.org. 15470:– via Archive.org. 15443:– via Archive.org. 15416:– via Archive.org. 15389:– via Archive.org. 15346:Ohanian, Lee E. (2018). 15157:Mayberry, B. D. (1992). 15054:– via Archive.org. 14959:– via Archive.org. 13924:Knight, Matthew (2017). 13086:– via Archive.org. 13061:Schouler, James (1913). 12922:, pp. 251, 284–286. 12763:– via Archive.org. 12405:Warner, Ezra J. (1964). 12394:– via Archive.org. 11960:– via Archive.org. 11496:New Georgia Encyclopedia 11275:– via Archive.org. 10589:Civil Rights Act of 1957 10563:Today in Georgia History 10533: 10435:New Georgia Encyclopedia 10157:Civil Rights Act of 1964 10141:representation on juries 9891:had been elected to the 9865:Electoral Commission Act 9427:Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer 9210:Reynolds, J. S. (1905). 8414:Countered election fraud 8408:Civil Rights Act of 1964 8392:Civil Rights Act of 1875 8386:Civil Rights Act of 1875 8306:and suspend the writ of 7984:Fourth Military District 7962:Second Military District 7921:Fourth Military District 7903:Second Military District 7486:Civil Rights Act of 1866 7392:, the commandant of the 7264:Hampton Roads Conference 7078:Hampton Roads Conference 7052:compensated emancipation 6715:By 1866, the faction of 6580:Civil Rights Act of 1875 6508:first Reconstruction Act 6485:July 30, 1866: At least 6470:Civil Rights Act of 1866 6446:April 14, 1865: Lincoln 6419:Hampton Roads Conference 6391:Confiscation Act of 1862 6377:Confiscation Act of 1861 6024:Civil Rights Act of 1875 5979:. They were opposed by " 5790:United States portal 5197:African-American English 4708:African-American Muslims 4269:Jim Crow era (1896–1954) 3983:Atlanta Massacre of 1906 2470: 2448: 2426: 2415: 2393: 2382: 2360: 2349: 2338: 2327: 2305: 2294: 2283: 2261: 2239: 2228: 2206: 2195: 2173: 2162: 1789:Compensated emancipation 1000:Indian Ocean slave trade 34522:1860s in South Carolina 34517:1860s in North Carolina 33512:Enforcement Act of 1870 32820:Swing Around the Circle 32461:(17th-century ancestor) 32381:William Wallace Lincoln 31863:Lincoln Pioneer Village 31678:Farewell Address (1861) 31587:Fanny McCullough letter 31518:West Virginia statehood 31508:Habeas Corpus suspended 31285:African-American firsts 30334:Back-to-Africa movement 30303:Black Hebrew Israelites 30083:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 29631:Partus sequitur ventrem 29102:Partus sequitur ventrem 29045:Three-fifths Compromise 27833:Middle Eastern American 27650:Technology and industry 26520:Seneca Falls Convention 26321:Continental Association 26221:Settlement of Jamestown 25913:Criticism of government 25258:Social welfare programs 24851:State-recognized tribes 23836:Outline of U.S. history 23548:Continental Association 23341:Reconstruction Treaties 23160:A Nation Under Our Feet 23108:From Slavery to Freedom 22938:Williams v. Mississippi 22922:United States v. Harris 22813:Great Sioux War of 1876 22752:Yazoo City Riot of 1875 22654:Battle of Liberty Place 22542:Crédit Mobilier scandal 22491:Alcorn State University 22430:Enforcement Act of 1870 22296:Articles of impeachment 22203:Indian Peace Commission 22121:Swing Around the Circle 22058:Freedmen's Bureau bills 21900:Seneca Falls Convention 20629:Radical Democracy Party 20580:Freedman's Savings Bank 20116:Mabry, Donald J. 2006. 20101:August 1, 2015, at the 20094:Jensen, Richard. 2006. 20091:(July/August): 153–157. 20051:Mr. Lincoln and Freedom 19791:Keith, LeeAnna (2020). 19744:Fitzgerald, Michael R. 19733:excerpt and text search 19727:Fitzgerald, Michael W. 19598:Smith, John David, ed. 19487:Lynch, John R. (1913). 19449:Memoirs of W. W. Holden 19390:(via Internet Archive). 19137:– via Cairn Info. 19097:Frantz, Edward O., ed. 18840:March 20, 2021, at the 18804:excerpt and text search 18170:Hubbs, G. Ward (2015). 18046:Gates Jr, Henry Louis. 17699:. New York: Doubleday. 16708:Feldman, Glenn (2004). 15592:, Vol. II, pp. 328–329. 15511:10.3167/hrrh2009.350106 14656:A Nation under Our Feet 14139:Simon, John Y. (1967). 13889:Slavery & Abolition 13883:Gleeson, David (2016). 13259:"Snubbed landmark: Why 12774:Billington, Ray Allen; 12720:. Penguin. p. 17. 12053:Feldman, Glenn (2004). 11708:The Radical Republicans 10424:, and an award-winning 10412:, first in the form of 10155:and the passage of the 9760:in the hotly contested 9741:out of office and seat 9445:Battle of Liberty Place 9019:Alcorn State University 8884:The Lord is My Shepherd 8080:consent of the governed 7993:Fifth Military District 7971:Third Military District 7953:First Military District 7930:Fifth Military District 7912:Third Military District 7894:First Military District 7879:Military Reconstruction 7843:Williams v. Mississippi 7808:(1875), related to the 7764:converting this section 7440:Benjamin Franklin Perry 7400:, and guerilla leaders 7282:John Archibald Campbell 6771: 6752:Three-fifths Compromise 6710: 6676:Lincoln's assassination 6669: 6664:Lincoln's assassination 6636:Confederate States Army 6557:February 28, 1871: The 6549:Enforcement Act of 1870 6501:Congressional elections 6431:April 9, 1865: General 6106:in Virginia and in the 5711:Reparations for slavery 4799:Back-to-Africa movement 4698:Black Hebrew Israelites 4576:African-American beauty 4096:Back to Africa movement 3643:Anti-miscegenation laws 2988:Middle Eastern American 2810:Technology and industry 1713:1926 Slavery Convention 1469:Germany in World War II 1086:North and South America 608:Contract of manumission 309:Battle of Liberty Place 34642:Legal history of Texas 34245:Hayes County, Nebraska 34060:(1868–1872, 1876–1877) 33803:Ohio Statehouse statue 33517:Second Enforcement Act 33480:Native American policy 33209:Commanding generalship 32904:Eliza McCardle Johnson 32621:(1853–1857, 1862–1865) 32608:Senator from Tennessee 32168:Lincoln Heritage Trail 32153:Lincoln Park (Chicago) 32052:Photographs of Lincoln 31992:O Captain! My Captain! 31253:Spingarn Medal winners 30742:States and territories 30513:Black NFL quarterbacks 30013:Martin Luther King Jr. 29545:Dred Scott v. Sandford 29484:Montgomery bus boycott 29177:Supreme Court Justices 29145:John Tyler and slavery 29120:Presidents and slavery 29109:Dred Scott v. Sandford 27953:Admission to the Union 27319:Afghanistan withdrawal 27314:January 6 insurrection 27233:Rise in mass shootings 27205:Virginia Tech shooting 26758:Paris Peace Conference 26532:Second Great Awakening 26271:American Enlightenment 25975:Environmental movement 25818:Health insurance costs 25713:Educational attainment 25238:Federal Reserve System 25196:Science and technology 24699:Insurance commissioner 24237:Intelligence Community 23932:minor outlying islands 23695:Civil rights movement 23316:Forty acres and a mule 23039:Walter Lynwood Fleming 22824:United States v. Reese 22481:Second Enforcement Act 20711:Prohibition Convention 20443:Southern United States 20107:Scholars' Guide to WWW 19994:June 10, 2010, at the 19676:on September 27, 2011. 19616:July 25, 2002, at the 19455:Hyman, Harold M., ed. 18809:March 7, 2017, at the 18442:; from Dunning School. 17750:10.14296/RiH/2014/2270 17528:For more sources, see 16960:History Open Textbooks 16927:Burton, Orville Vernon 16813:Foner & 1990 (255) 16426:Progressive Historians 16324:Tulloch, Hugh (1999). 15499:Historical Reflections 14111:Brands, H. W. (2013). 13674:Cooper, William J. Jr. 12631:Tennessee Encyclopedia 12320:Catton, Bruce (1963). 12127:Chronicles of Oklahoma 12020:DuBois, Ellen (1978). 11767:Hyman, Harold (1959). 11259:Hesseltine, William B. 10932:Zinn Education Project 10499: 10481: 10448: 10339: 10321: 10301: 10046: 10032: 10008:historical revisionism 9999: 9860: 9733: 9598: 9569: 9560: 9494: 9436: 9400: 9387:Walter Lynwood Fleming 9366: 9321:Nathan Bedford Forrest 9257: 9245: 9063: 9026:state institutions as 9008:disenfranchised Blacks 8990: 8981: 8967: 8949: 8931:, to the U.S. Senate. 8911:) and the well-funded 8888: 8444: 8356:Southern United States 8351: 8340: 8321: 8194: 8131:Johnson administration 8071: 8058:Nathan Bedford Forrest 8034: 8001:Winfield Scott Hancock 7933: 7689: 7647: 7632: 7609: 7600: 7535: 7522: 7513:extrajudicial killings 7473: 7464:An October 24th, 1874 7435: 7398:Andersonville, Georgia 7376: 7230:Freedmen's Bureau Bill 7228:On March 3, 1865, the 7225: 7165: 6999: 6876: 6814: 6784:in the South and used 6719:led by Representative 6623: 6598: 6585:November 6, 1876: The 6559:Second Enforcement Act 6540:February 3, 1870: The 6494:national speaking tour 6461:December 6, 1865: The 6309: 5181:Dialects and languages 4341:Second Great Migration 4066:Anti-lynching movement 4003:1917 Chester race riot 3993:Johnson–Jeffries riots 3860:Laura and L. D. Nelson 3100:Admission to the Union 1194:British Virgin Islands 746:Circassian slave trade 712:Safavid imperial harem 707:Ottoman Imperial Harem 34:. For other uses, see 34240:Club Presidente Hayes 34194:Chinese Exclusion Act 34101:Ohio State University 34091:Army of West Virginia 33978:Rutherford B. Hayes → 33415:Judiciary Act of 1869 33365:Copyright Act of 1870 33259:Judicial appointments 32747:Judicial Circuits Act 32695:Judicial appointments 32619:Governor of Tennessee 32467:(great-granddaughter) 32465:Mary Lincoln Beckwith 32423:Sarah Lincoln Grigsby 32399:Jessie Harlan Lincoln 32276:Hodgenville, Kentucky 32256:Emancipation Memorial 31714:Early life and career 31648:Lyceum address (1838) 31632:Judicial appointments 31577:National Banking Acts 31572:Homestead Act of 1862 30563:Athletic associations 30498:Negro league baseball 30269:African-American Jews 29988:Ketanji Brown Jackson 29953:Henry Highland Garnet 29812:Negro National Anthem 29562:George Floyd protests 29527:Post–civil rights era 29050:Slave and free states 29040:Fugitive Slave Clause 28954:List of abolitionists 28807:Slavery in New France 27945:Territorial evolution 27309:George Floyd Protests 27292:Unite the Right rally 27161:Oklahoma City bombing 27156:Republican Revolution 27103:Space Shuttle program 26925:Civil Rights Movement 26893:North Atlantic Treaty 26701:Sherman Antitrust Act 26686:Chinese Exclusion Act 26276:French and Indian War 26266:Prelude to Revolution 26251:First Great Awakening 26211:European colonization 25801:Immigrant health care 25316:Transportation safety 25311:Transportation policy 25301:Public transportation 24371:President pro tempore 24227:Executive departments 23996:National Park Service 23651:Territorial evolution 23290:Civil rights movement 23226:The Birth of a Nation 22835:Centennial Exposition 22689:Black Hills Gold Rush 22604:Slaughter-House Cases 22476:Ku Klux Klan hearings 21954:General Order No. 143 20573:James Mitchell Ashley 20055:The Lehrman Institute 19967:July 5, 2008, at the 19738:June 4, 2021, at the 19192:10.1353/cwe.2016.0073 19163:10.1353/cwe.2016.0003 19123:10.3917/etan.624.0440 19068:Foner, Eric (2014a). 18912:Wagner, Margaret E.; 17645:10.1353/cwh.2005.0055 16561:10.1353/cwh.1961.0063 15893:on September 16, 2008 15427:Unger, Irwin (1964). 15350:. London: Routledge. 14654:Hahn, Steven (2005). 14214:, pp. 435, 465; 14166:, pp. 6, 12, 54. 13942:10.1353/eir.2017.0029 13120:on September 24, 2006 12652:Belz, Herman (1998). 12543:10.1002/9780470773338 11230:10.1353/cwh.2008.0007 11002:10.1353/cwe.2017.0002 10771:10.1353/cwe.2017.0001 10495: 10476: 10444:The Birth of a Nation 10439: 10398:The Birth of a Nation 10331: 10316: 10297: 10222:Economic role of race 10213:Orville Vernon Burton 10153:civil rights movement 10117:civil rights movement 10049:William B. Hesseltine 10041: 10028: 9994: 9905:internal improvements 9851: 9731: 9649:The Panic of 1873 (a 9621:Dewitt Clinton Senter 9585: 9564: 9555: 9533:. The faction led by 9489: 9431: 9395: 9358: 9286:Ending Reconstruction 9255: 9240: 9053: 8985: 8976: 8962: 8944: 8877: 8442: 8404:public accommodations 8346: 8334: 8317: 8185: 8051: 8029: 7942:George Henry Williams 7886: 7728:civil rights movement 7687: 7638: 7622: 7604: 7595: 7540:Memphis Riots of 1866 7530: 7517: 7468:editorial cartoon by 7463: 7430: 7328: 7319:Further information: 7278:Alexander H. Stephens 7223: 7163: 7132:George Foster Shepley 6990: 6930:Five Civilized Tribes 6874: 6812: 6733:Memphis riots of 1866 6609: 6596: 6587:presidential election 6426:Freedmen's Bureau Act 6307: 6120:Port Royal Experiment 6093:Port Royal Experiment 5844:United States history 5593:US metropolitan areas 5420:List of neighborhoods 5034:Alabama Creole people 5024:African-American Jews 4956:Negro league baseball 4919:National Urban League 4871:Civic/economic groups 4703:African-American Jews 4593:African-American hair 4455:, after the Civil War 4284:Post–civil rights era 3958:Phoenix election riot 3943:Rock Springs massacre 3600:Historical background 3091:Territorial evolution 2384:Post-World War II Era 1433:Europe and North Asia 1393:Australia and Oceania 1093:Pre-Columbian America 665:Slave raid of Suðuroy 597:Slavery in al-Andalus 519:Black Sea slave trade 448:21st-century jihadism 256:Memphis riots of 1866 80:Memphis riots of 1866 34547:1870s in Mississippi 34512:1860s in Mississippi 34235:Laudo Hayes Firm Day 34126:Electoral Commission 33938:Ulysses S. Grant III 33920:Ulysses S. Grant Jr. 33914:Frederick Dent Grant 33896:Hannah Simpson Grant 33746:Presidential library 33571:Bid for a third term 33370:Currency Act of 1870 33324:Treaty of Washington 32810:National Union Party 32762:Tenure of Office Act 32375:Edward Baker Lincoln 32301:Louisville, Kentucky 32037:Artifacts and relics 31901:National Union Party 31858:Lincoln Sitting Room 31658:"Lost Speech" (1856) 31653:Peoria speech (1854) 31489:War based income tax 30770:Afro-Seminole Creole 30296:Azusa Street Revival 30168:Booker T. Washington 29692:Underground Railroad 29557:Free people of color 29411:Atlantic slave trade 29076:Gag rule (1836–1840) 28937:Underground Railroad 28912:Domestic slave trade 28897:Mandatory illiteracy 28802:Slavery in New Spain 28753:District of Columbia 27859:Palestinian American 27286:Obergefell v. Hodges 27178:September 11 attacks 27014:Second-wave feminism 26935:Cuban Missile Crisis 26795:Bath School disaster 26713:Spanish–American War 26676:The Gospel of Wealth 26555:California Gold Rush 26515:Mexican–American War 26505:Nullification crisis 26473:Era of Good Feelings 26373:Confederation period 26281:Proclamation of 1763 26231:Atlantic slave trade 25970:Environmental issues 25635:Political ideologies 25534:Indigenous languages 24734:List of legislatures 24531:separation of powers 24232:Independent agencies 24158:World Heritage Sites 23793:September 11 attacks 23716:Spanish–American War 23656:Mexican–American War 23612:Confederation period 23543:Continental Congress 22871:Electoral Commission 22747:Clifton Riot of 1875 22501:Treaty of Washington 22193:Tenure of Office Act 22151:National Labor Union 21866:American Indian Wars 20716:Electoral Commission 20706:Greenback Convention 20469:Free people of color 20409:Federal bureaucracy 20349:Moderate Republicans 20141:The Harvard Classics 19577:Pike, James Shepherd 18247:Kahan, Paul (2018). 17909:Foner, Eric (1990). 17894:. Bloomsbury Press. 17825:. New York: Norton. 17782:(Fordham UP, 2020). 17217:on November 14, 2023 17168:, Vol. 1 pp. 20, 22. 16893:Foner, Eric (2017). 16770:The Wilson Quarterly 16493:. pp. 578, 640. 16084:. New York: Norton. 14734:(January 31, 2018). 14362:. January 31, 1872. 14325:, pp. 545–546; 14218:, pp. 686–687; 12946:on October 14, 2007. 12605:"'Black Tax' Credit" 12322:Terrible Swift Sword 12137:on February 14, 2012 11995:Foner, Eric (1993). 11533:The Atlantic Monthly 11330:on December 13, 2011 11287:The South Since 1865 10348:Atlanta Constitution 10344:Joel Chandler Harris 10115:. Influenced by the 9957:Booker T. Washington 9655:Booker T. Washington 9628:William Woods Holden 9455:Redemption 1873–1877 9449:William Pitt Kellogg 8458:free people of color 8070:, September 5, 1868. 7665:Fourteenth Amendment 7418:moderate Republicans 7073:gradual emancipation 6957:Fort Smith, Arkansas 6955:, was first held in 6765:Tenure of Office Act 6640:Thirteenth Amendment 6564:April 20, 1871: The 6525:Tenure of Office Act 6375:August 6, 1861: The 6336:legal reconstruction 6313:Legal reconstruction 6253:Economic devastation 6206:agriculture system. 6116:Battle of Port Royal 6032:Electoral Commission 5987:and reestablish the 5977:Northern transplants 5856:abolition of slavery 5750:Criminal stereotypes 5525:District of Columbia 5242:Afro-Seminole Creole 4684:Non-Christian groups 4279:Black power movement 4243:during the Civil War 4212:Atlantic slave trade 4008:East St. Louis riots 3978:Evansville race riot 3973:Robert Charles riots 3014:Palestinian American 2230:Era of Good Feelings 2175:Confederation period 2112:Timeline and periods 1888:Indentured servitude 1816:Underground Railroad 1616:United Arab Emirates 1005:Zanzibar slave trade 972:By country or region 785:Atlantic slave trade 687:Ma malakat aymanukum 571:Venetian slave trade 147:Formation of the KKK 34652:Military occupation 34305:James A. Garfield → 34283:Rutherford P. Hayes 34229:These Are My Jewels 34035:Rutherford B. Hayes 33950:Ulysses S. Grant IV 33926:Jesse Root Grant II 33855:Cultural depictions 33818:U.S. Postage stamps 33808:Philadelphia statue 33788:U.S. Capitol statue 33375:Funding Act of 1870 33232:Second inauguration 33190:Richmond–Petersburg 32928:Mary Johnson Stover 32767:Command of Army Act 32742:Reconstruction Acts 32455:(great-grandfather) 32411:Nancy Hanks Lincoln 32369:Robert Todd Lincoln 32331:U.S. Capitol statue 32281:Indianapolis relief 32158:Lincoln Park (D.C.) 32057:Cultural depictions 31961:Sic semper tyrannis 31942:Our American Cousin 31833:Lincoln's New Salem 31734:Boat lifting patent 31469:Second inauguration 31424:U.S. Representative 31165:Trinidad and Tobago 30780:Black American Sign 30607:By African descent 30601:Ethnic subdivisions 30588:Southwestern (SWAC) 30503:Baseball color line 30418:Black Panther Party 30322:Political movements 30239:in computer science 29898:Carol Moseley Braun 29687:Tulsa race massacre 29680:Treatment of slaves 29512:March on Washington 29507:Birmingham movement 29297:Radical Republicans 29244:Civil War and after 29172:Members of Congress 28989:List of plantations 28772:U.S. Virgin Islands 28308:U.S. Virgin Islands 27794:Lithuanian American 27750:Vietnamese American 27096:End of the Cold War 27086:Invasion of Grenada 27036:Iran hostage crisis 26785:Tulsa race massacre 26592:Election of Lincoln 26587:Dred Scott decision 26575:Kansas–Nebraska Act 26478:Missouri Compromise 26396:Northwest Ordinance 26386:Pennsylvania Mutiny 26381:and Perpetual Union 26341:American Revolution 26256:War of Jenkins' Ear 25813:Health care finance 25306:Rail transportation 25072:Imperial presidency 24794:State constitutions 24739:List of legislators 24689:Auditor/Comptroller 24662:Lieutenant governor 24388:Library of Congress 24279:Diplomatic Security 23922:Indian reservations 23585:American Revolution 23220:D. W. Griffith 23205:The Leopard's Spots 23095:The American Crisis 23029:Columbia University 22996:The Prostrate State 22990:James Shepherd Pike 22907:Posse Comitatus Act 22830:Trader post scandal 22618:Coinage Act of 1873 22392:Black Friday (1869) 22240:Peonage Act of 1867 22218:Reconstruction Acts 22198:Command of Army Act 21933:Militia Act of 1862 20344:Radical Republicans 20292:Rutherford B. Hayes 20183:The History Channel 20155:American Experience 20030:Kidada Williams on 19902:/ Internet Archive. 19444:(via Google Books). 19223:Essays by scholars. 19211:. Greenhaven Press. 19090:Ford, Lacy K., ed. 18752:. New York: Twelve. 18408:McPherson, James M. 18376:McFeely, William S. 18267:Kutler, Stanley I. 17857:Downs, Jim (2012). 17724:Calhoun, Charles W. 17283:The Leopard's Spots 16155:on January 21, 2021 16078:Painter, Nell Irvin 15889:(1). Archived from 15841:, pp. 545–547. 15817:, pp. 440–441. 15805:, pp. 374–376. 15781:, pp. 108–109. 15769:, pp. 107–108. 15757:, pp. 374–375. 15616:, pp. 420–422. 15590:Fleming (1906–1907) 15578:Fleming (1906–1907) 15483:, pp. 168–173. 15297:, pp. 415–416. 15261:, pp. 147–148. 15237:, pp. 141–148. 15120:, pp. 365–368. 14769:, pp. 354–355. 14440:, pp. 120–122. 14428:, pp. 547–548. 14313:, pp. 317–319. 14270:, pp. 543–545. 14258:, pp. 247–248. 14060:, pp. 243–244. 13790:, pp. 455–457. 13778:, pp. 160–161. 13600:, pp. 323–325. 13536:, pp. 316–333. 13484:, pp. 274–275. 13330:on January 7, 2015. 13311:Columbia Law Review 13285:on January 20, 2017 13153:, pp. 224–227. 12886:, pp. 128–129. 12704:, pp. 198–207. 12626:"Freedmen's Bureau" 12273:Blue and Gray Trail 12185:, pp. 735–736. 12040:10.7591/j.ctvv411tt 11973:, pp. 244–245. 11826:, pp. 273–276. 10890:– via JSTOR. 10569:on January 9, 2009. 10369:The Leopard's Spots 10305:Annette Gordon-Reed 10238:The "failure" issue 9982:Columbia University 9853:Rutherford B. Hayes 9758:Rutherford B. Hayes 9499:Liberal Republicans 9105: 9028:land grant colleges 8940:Southern Methodists 8936:Northern Methodists 8929:Hiram Rhodes Revels 8657: 8468: 8374:Amnesty Act of 1872 8252:Fifteenth Amendment 8076:Amnesty Act of 1872 7938:Reconstruction Acts 7865:Reconstruction Acts 7815:Posse Comitatus Act 7356:U.S. Colored Troops 7286:Robert M. T. Hunter 6945:Interior Department 6918:grandfather clauses 6778:Reconstruction Acts 6717:Radical Republicans 6578:March 1, 1875: The 6424:March 3, 1865: The 6389:July 17, 1862: The 6164:Confederate assault 6040:Rutherford B. Hayes 5968:Reconstruction Acts 5146:Sierra Leone Creole 5107:Specific ancestries 4992:Southwestern (SWAC) 4515:Black History Month 4346:New Great Migration 4300:Agriculture history 4071:Exodusters movement 4038:Tulsa race massacre 3932:Massacres and riots 2949:Lithuanian American 2900:Vietnamese American 2164:American Revolution 1979:Slave Route Project 1105:Americas indigenous 995:Red Sea slave trade 985:Contemporary Africa 848:Topics and practice 618:Crimean slave trade 613:Bukhara slave trade 566:Genoese slave trade 443:Contemporary Africa 423:Forced prostitution 151:Reconstruction Acts 129:Rutherford B. Hayes 32:Reconstruction Acts 34527:1860s in Tennessee 34507:1860s in Louisiana 34477:Reconstruction Era 34385:Reconstruction era 34298:← Ulysses S. Grant 34164:Star Route scandal 34121:Compromise of 1877 33867:(2002 documentary) 33813:San Francisco bust 33764:General Grant tree 33385:Timber Culture Act 33227:First inauguration 33062:Ulysses S. Grant → 32993:William A. Johnson 32973:Elizabeth J. Forby 32916:David T. Patterson 32732:Colorado Territory 32700:Reconstruction era 32441:Mary Lincoln Crume 32417:Sarah Bush Lincoln 32306:Newark, New Jersey 32243:Lincoln the Lawyer 31979:Lincoln catafalque 31918:1860 campaign song 31816:Lincoln State Park 31799:Lincoln Birthplace 31560:Dakota War of 1862 31452:First inauguration 31263:US representatives 31258:US cabinet members 31150:Dominican Republic 30737:Metropolitan areas 30578:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 30403:Civic and economic 30381:Self-determination 30202:Education, science 30123:Fred Shuttlesworth 30103:A. Philip Randolph 30008:Coretta Scott King 29933:Frederick Douglass 29760:Harlem Renaissance 29665:Separate but equal 29655:Reconstruction era 29643:Plessy v. Ferguson 29534:Cornerstone Speech 29448:Civil Rights Acts 29431:Black Lives Matter 29406:American Civil War 29292:Reconstruction era 27958:Historical regions 27914:Transgender people 27472:Capital punishment 27331:Support of Ukraine 27280:Black Lives Matter 27188:War in Afghanistan 27113:Invasion of Panama 27069:Iran–Contra affair 26930:Early–mid Cold War 26800:Harlem Renaissance 26659:Compromise of 1877 26634:Reconstruction era 26570:Fugitive Slave Act 26565:Compromise of 1850 26510:Westward expansion 26448:Louisiana Purchase 26291:Stamp Act Congress 26236:King William's War 25923:affirmative action 25896:Capital punishment 25855:Poverty and health 25850:Physician shortage 25823:Health care prices 25753:Standard of living 25436:standard of living 25243:Financial position 24870:Hawaiian home land 24858:Indian reservation 24831:Tribal sovereignty 24674:Secretary of state 24543:United States Code 24459:Territorial courts 24431:Associate Justices 24316:Inspector generals 23803:War in Afghanistan 23666:Reconstruction era 23533:Stamp Act Congress 23239:Gone with the Wind 23102:John Hope Franklin 22958:Disenfranchisement 22930:Plessy v. Ferguson 22914:Civil Rights Cases 22876:Compromise of 1877 22767:Wheeler Compromise 22684:Vicksburg massacre 22669:Timber Culture Act 22659:Coushatta massacre 22598:Timber Culture Act 22552:Star Route scandal 22435:Justice Department 22332:Georgia v. Stanton 22321:Opelousas massacre 21912:American Civil War 20721:Compromise of 1877 20423:Justice Department 20387:Federal judiciary 20266:Federal government 20251:Reconstruction era 20128:Seward, William H. 20089:The Social Studies 20001:The New York Times 19913:Simpson, Brooks D. 19862:(LSU Press, 2019). 19839:Frederick Douglass 19755:(March 28, 2015). 19432:Fleming, Walter L. 19373:ed by Ira Berlin, 18994:Williams, T. Harry 18914:Gallagher, Gary W. 18901:Trefousse, Hans L. 18718:Stampp, Kenneth M. 18692:Smith, Jean Edward 18680:Simpson, Brooks D. 18626:(via Google Books) 18620:(via Google Books) 18618:Volume: 6: 1865–72 18381:Grant: A Biography 18056:online book review 17365:Gone With the Wind 17289:American Quarterly 17120:10.1353/rah.0.0101 16931:The Age of Lincoln 16396:, pp. vii–ix. 16381:, pp. 85–106. 15745:, p. 537–541. 15602:Oberholtzer (1917) 15580:, Vol. II, p. 328. 14611:on August 16, 2014 14552:10.1353/jph.0.0001 14495:, pp. 67–68; 14466:Kaczorowski (1995) 14309:, pp. 64–65; 14292:Kaczorowski (1995) 13983:. pp. 75–80. 13587:on April 18, 2016. 13099:, v. 6: pp. 65–66. 12884:Oberholtzer (1917) 11777:10.2307/jj.8306230 11168:on April 12, 2019. 11114:Goldin, Claudia D. 10718:, pp. 11–12; 10410:Gone with the Wind 10340: 10335:Gone with the Wind 10324:In popular culture 10101:John Hope Franklin 10084:universal suffrage 10072:The Black scholar 10037:Richard Hofstadter 9986:William A. Dunning 9966:Tuskegee Institute 9921:postmaster general 9861: 9844:Compromise of 1877 9820:Compromise of 1877 9739:William P. Kellogg 9734: 9715:Coushatta Massacre 9599: 9367: 9351:Southern Democrats 9305:Zachariah Chandler 9258: 9103: 9064: 8889: 8655: 8464: 8445: 8368:George H. Williams 8352: 8341: 8268:Justice Department 8216:Postmaster General 8212:Naturalization Act 8195: 8072: 7946:Radical Republican 7934: 7835:Plessy v. Ferguson 7822:Civil Rights Cases 7766:, if appropriate. 7733:For details, see: 7690: 7648: 7633: 7566:in the Senate and 7550:Moderate responses 7474: 7426:Richard N. Current 7377: 7226: 7181:Lincoln's 10% plan 7166: 7102:Frederick Douglass 7096:as well as 453 to 7000: 6983:Preliminary events 6972:Oklahoma Territory 6877: 6850:Northern Democrats 6829:Southern Unionists 6815: 6782:military districts 6628:Radical Republican 6624: 6599: 6571:May 22, 1872: The 6547:May 31, 1870: The 6533:July 9, 1868: The 6475:May 1 to 3, 1866: 6458:becomes President. 6310: 6266:Confederate dollar 6148:American Civil War 6036:Compromise of 1877 5957:Radical Republican 5949:Radical Republican 5895:free labor economy 5891:United States Army 5872:newly freed slaves 5866:were added to the 5852:American Civil War 5850:that followed the 5840:Reconstruction era 5155:Sexual orientation 5029:Afro-Puerto Ricans 4982:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 4617:Self-determination 4581:Black is beautiful 4247:Reconstruction era 4076:Atlanta Compromise 3948:Thibodaux massacre 3938:Opelousas massacre 3712:Indiana White Caps 3683:Lynching postcards 3628:Compromise of 1877 3606:Reconstruction era 3069:Transgender people 2632:Capital punishment 2285:Reconstruction Era 1755:Blockade of Africa 1062:Somali slave trade 978:Sub-Saharan Africa 670:Turkish Abductions 628:Khivan slave trade 623:Khazar slave trade 576:Balkan slave trade 534:Prague slave trade 314:Vicksburg massacre 278:Barber–Mizell feud 272:Opelousas massacre 242:Reconstruction era 167:Compromise of 1877 107:Third Party System 76:Memphis, Tennessee 64:Richmond, Virginia 46:Reconstruction era 18:Reconstruction-era 34557:1870s in Virginia 34537:1860s in Virginia 34492:1860s in Arkansas 34334: 34333: 34328: 34327: 34001: 34000: 33882: 33881: 33875:(2020 miniseries) 33840:Grant High School 33557: 33556: 33339:Korean Expedition 33097: 33096: 33075:Schuyler Colfax → 33070:← Hannibal Hamlin 33055:← Abraham Lincoln 33019:Alcoholism debate 32998:Florence J. Smith 32886:Tennessee Johnson 32642:Southern Unionist 32610:(1857–1862, 1875) 32540: 32539: 32363:Mary Todd Lincoln 32344: 32343: 32326:U.S. Capitol bust 32291:Lincoln, Nebraska 32250:Young Abe Lincoln 32188:White House ghost 32148:Lincoln, Nebraska 31955:John Wilkes Booth 31494:Seaports blockade 31479:Confiscation Acts 31370: 31369: 31198:African Americans 31070:Dallas–Fort Worth 30665:Black Southerners 30596: 30595: 30048:Thurgood Marshall 30018:Bernard Lafayette 29613:Million Man March 29370:African Americans 29336: 29335: 29332: 29331: 29302:Freedmen's Bureau 28444: 28443: 28402: 28401: 28398: 28397: 27963:American frontier 27924: 27923: 27854:Lebanese American 27839:Egyptian American 27774:Estonian American 27764:Albanian American 27758:European American 27735:Japanese American 27725:Filipino American 27686: 27685: 27348: 27347: 27344: 27343: 27297:COVID-19 pandemic 27200:Hurricane Katrina 27141:Los Angeles riots 27031:Watergate scandal 26876:Start of Cold War 26844:Manhattan Project 26431:Whiskey Rebellion 26261:King George's War 26226:Thirteen Colonies 26187:Pre-Columbian Era 26098: 26097: 26058: 26057: 26054: 26053: 26024:National security 25733:Income inequality 25613:Statue of Liberty 25416:income inequality 25329: 25328: 25321:Trucking industry 25133: 25132: 25129: 25128: 25060:Foreign relations 25048:Electoral College 25029: 25028: 24817: 24816: 24769:District attorney 24616: 24615: 24443:Courts of appeals 24166: 24165: 23879: 23878: 23820:COVID-19 pandemic 23773:Feminist Movement 23619:American frontier 23538:Thirteen Colonies 23386: 23385: 23369: 23368: 23295:American frontier 23149:Kenneth M. Stampp 22966: 22965: 22808:Ellenton massacre 22649:Brooks–Baxter War 22398:Ex parte McCardle 22164:Ex parte Milligan 22053:Freedmen's Bureau 21969:National Bank Act 21847: 21846: 20682:Victoria Woodhull 20593: 20592: 20464:African Americans 20435:State governments 20418:Freedmen's Bureau 20205:Open Yale Courses 19886:"Why the Ku Klux" 19834:Levine, Robert S. 19807:; online review: 19636:Du Bois, W. E. B. 19564:on August 3, 2015 19528:McPherson, Edward 19472:Evans, Clement A. 19442:Vol. 2: On States 19375:Barbara J. Fields 19041:978-0-19-506423-0 19026:Woodward, C. Vann 18985:978-1-58836-992-5 18950:978-0-8203-4206-1 18937:Wang, Xi (1997). 18929:978-1-4391-4884-6 18858:978-0-691-61282-9 18829:978-1-4696-1757-2 18789:978-0-19-802621-1 18649:978-0-8108-6336-1 18579:978-0-19-802304-3 18421:978-0-19-507606-6 18391:978-0-393-01372-6 18367:978-0-440-05923-3 18260:978-1-59416-273-2 18162:978-0-8071-3144-2 18098:978-1-4165-4795-2 18070:. W.B. Eerdmans. 18020:978-0-393-35852-0 17998:978-0-06-235451-8 17901:978-1-60819-566-4 17804:978-0-8232-2195-0 17771:978-1-59420-487-6 17739:978-0-7006-2484-3 17706:978-0-385-53241-9 17680:978-0-8131-2507-7 17633:Civil War History 17195:978-0-684-86773-1 17095:. pp. 54–56. 16629:Du Bois, W. E. B. 16548:Civil War History 16436:978-0-307-80960-5 16394:Montgomery (1967) 16337:978-0-7190-4938-5 15863:US Senate Journal 15853:, pp. 15–21. 14908:, pp. 30–31. 14845:978-0-8203-2329-9 13802:, pp. 41–42. 13729:, pp. 36–37. 13689:978-0-7425-6450-3 13505:978-0-19-513842-9 13176:978-1-61069-533-6 13005:978-0-252-02297-5 12938:(December 1865). 12577:978-0-252-02297-5 12269:"Abraham Lincoln" 12102:on March 17, 2012 11786:978-0-520-34566-9 11692:978-0-226-84530-2 11587:978-1-85109-774-6 11217:Civil War History 10669:978-0-8071-5263-8 10474:magazine article: 10418:Margaret Mitchell 10273:Southern Unionism 10177:Morrison R. Waite 10161:Voting Rights Act 10091:Neo-abolitionists 9990:T. Harry Williams 9959:, who grew up in 9955:The Black leader 9881:Samuel J. Randall 9531:Brooks–Baxter War 9523:James Lusk Alcorn 9467:Bourbon Democrats 9362:'s 1876 painting 9232: 9231: 8925:Charles H. Pearce 8881:'s 1863 painting 8862: 8861: 8645: 8644: 8396:African Americans 8276:Solicitor General 8256:African Americans 8208:African Americans 8161:Electoral College 7785: 7784: 7657:civil rights bill 7625:Freedmen's Bureau 7546:and castrations. 7466:Harper's Magazine 7406:Henry C. Magruder 7366:, and Johnson as 7270:William H. Seward 7216:Freedmen's Bureau 7210:Freedmen's Bureau 7136:Benjamin Flanders 7004:Confiscation Acts 6612:political cartoon 6452:John Wilkes Booth 6246:African Americans 6227:white supremacist 6219:reconciliationist 6192:plantation owners 5911:Freedmen's Bureau 5899:Confiscation Acts 5836: 5835: 5773: 5772: 5671: 5670: 5445:Dallas-Fort Worth 5262: 5261: 5172: 5171: 5116:Americo-Liberians 4999: 4998: 4937: 4936: 4862: 4861: 4731: 4730: 4675:Womanist theology 4625: 4624: 4567:Symbols and ideas 4353: 4352: 4232:Antebellum period 4227:Revolutionary War 4182:African Americans 4167: 4166: 4048:Rosewood massacre 3611:Voter suppression 3574:Nadir of American 3559: 3558: 3481: 3480: 3110:American frontier 3009:Lebanese American 2994:Egyptian American 2924:Estonian American 2914:Albanian American 2908:European American 2885:Japanese American 2875:Filipino American 2499: 2498: 2472:Post-Cold War Era 2129:Pre-Columbian Era 2091: 2076: 2075: 2026:Freedmen's Bureau 1843:Third Servile War 1838:International law 1405:Human trafficking 1167:Human trafficking 842:Thirteen colonies 660:Sack of Baltimore 428:Human trafficking 336: 335: 304:Brooks–Baxter War 239:Conflicts of the 206: 205: 202: 201: 139:Freedmen's Bureau 72:Freedmen's Bureau 68:African Americans 16:(Redirected from 34694: 34497:1860s in Florida 34487:1860s in Alabama 34462: 34454: 34453: 34452: 34445: 34437: 34436: 34435: 34428: 34420: 34419: 34418: 34411: 34403: 34402: 34401: 34391: 34375: 34374: 34373: 34363: 34362: 34351: 34350: 34349: 34342: 34317: 34316: 34131:Oakwood Cemetery 34081:Kanawha Division 34061: 34053: 34028: 34021: 34014: 34005: 34004: 33990: 33989: 33971:← Andrew Johnson 33956:Julia Dent Grant 33902:Jesse Root Grant 33864:Ulysses S. Grant 33845:U.S. Grant Hotel 33729: 33728: 33657:speeding arrests 33630:White Haven home 33549:Page Act of 1875 33522:Ku Klux Klan Act 33507:Enforcement Acts 33312: 33311: 33147: 33131:Ulysses S. Grant 33124: 33117: 33110: 33101: 33100: 33086: 33085: 32870:Southern Justice 32622: 32611: 32603: 32592: 32567: 32560: 32553: 32544: 32543: 32528: 32527: 32516: 32515: 32505:Andrew Johnson → 32498:← James Buchanan 32473:(great-grandson) 32435:Mordecai Lincoln 32286:Laramie, Wyoming 32206:Lincoln Memorial 32194: 32193: 32089:Five-dollar bill 31729:Spot Resolutions 31582:Thanksgiving Day 31538:Ten percent plan 31533:Tour of Richmond 31397: 31390: 31383: 31374: 31373: 31360: 31359: 31358: 31322:Lynching victims 30821:Louisiana Creole 30792:American English 30680:Louisiana Creole 30653:Choctaw freedmen 30491: 30490: 30028:Huddie Ledbetter 29968:Fannie Lou Hamer 29938:W. E. B. Du Bois 29928:Claudette Colvin 29923:Shirley Chisholm 29740:Family structure 29608:Military history 29490:Browder v. Gayle 29363: 29356: 29349: 29340: 29339: 29018:Law and politics 28942:Freedmen's towns 28922:Runaway slave ad 28785: 28784: 28747:Federal district 28471: 28464: 28457: 28448: 28447: 28434: 28424: 28423: 28388: 28387: 28317:Outlying islands 28274:Washington, D.C. 28269:Federal District 27968:Manifest destiny 27941: 27940: 27930: 27929: 27872:Native Americans 27844:Iranian American 27818:Mexican American 27804:Serbian American 27789:Italian American 27779:Finnish American 27769:English American 27720:Chinese American 27707:African American 27692: 27691: 27497:Direct democracy 27487:The Constitution 27446:Higher education 27369:American Century 27354: 27353: 26807:Great Depression 26780:Women's suffrage 26770:Roaring Twenties 26696:Haymarket affair 26654:Enforcement Acts 26443:Jeffersonian era 26391:Shays' Rebellion 26311:Intolerable Acts 26306:Boston Tea Party 26241:Queen Anne's War 26169: 26168: 26158: 26157: 26125: 26118: 26111: 26102: 26101: 26078: 26071: 25958:African American 25840:Health insurance 25728:Household income 25598:National symbols 25529:American English 25502:Federal holidays 25411:household income 25344: 25343: 25340: 25339: 25144: 25143: 25082:Anti-Americanism 25006:Special district 24933:Independent city 24902:County executive 24885: 24884: 24679:Attorney general 24638: 24637: 24627:Federal District 24210:Executive Office 24190: 24189: 24181: 24180: 24177: 24176: 23937:populated places 23917:federal enclaves 23912:federal district 23890: 23889: 23753:American Century 23736:Great Depression 23731:Roaring Twenties 23691:Women's suffrage 23570:Halifax Resolves 23563:Founding Fathers 23558:military history 23523:Pre-colonial era 23447: 23446: 23426: 23419: 23412: 23403: 23402: 23390: 23389: 23252:Race and Reunion 23199:Thomas Dixon Jr. 23089:William R. Brock 23079:C. Vann Woodward 23066:W. E. B. Du Bois 23056:Charles A. Beard 23016:Claude G. Bowers 22975: 22974: 22798:Hamburg massacre 22777:Pratt & Boyd 22742:Mississippi Plan 22699:Anti-Moiety Acts 22694:Sanborn incident 22486:Ku Klux Klan Act 22157:Ex parte Garland 21964:Ten percent plan 21856: 21855: 20602: 20601: 20553:Thaddeus Stevens 20538:Republican Party 20531:Samuel J. Tilden 20521:Bourbon Democrat 20516:Democratic Party 20287:Ulysses S. Grant 20262: 20261: 20244: 20237: 20230: 20221: 20220: 20214:Creative Commons 20188:A&E Networks 20040:"Reconstruction" 19930: 19903: 19877: 19830: 19828: 19826: 19796: 19787: 19778: 19776: 19774: 19731:(2007), 224 pp; 19724: 19712: 19677: 19675: 19669:. Archived from 19644: 19609:Atlantic Monthly 19605:Sumner, Charles 19573: 19571: 19569: 19537: 19523: 19520:Internet Archive 19506: 19504: 19502: 19483: 19480:Internet Archive 19439: 19427: 19421: 19413: 19411: 19409: 19381:Blaine, James G. 19252: 19222: 19212: 19203: 19174: 19138: 19136: 19134: 19111:Études anglaises 19087: 19054: 19045: 19021: 18989: 18970:White, Ronald C. 18965: 18954: 18933: 18908: 18896: 18885: 18883: 18862: 18833: 18802: 18793: 18772: 18753: 18741: 18735: 18727: 18713: 18701: 18687: 18675: 18653: 18613: 18604: 18583: 18562: 18553: 18534: 18525: 18514: 18495: 18486: 18457: 18451: 18443: 18434: 18425: 18403: 18371: 18352: 18331: 18321: 18296: 18279:Lemann, Nicholas 18264: 18243: 18241: 18239: 18206: 18197: 18188: 18186: 18175: 18166: 18144: 18135: 18133: 18131: 18102: 18081: 18069: 18050:(Penguin, 2020) 18043: 18024: 18002: 17980: 17967: 17943: 17924: 17905: 17886: 17874: 17853: 17844: 17817: 17812:Cruden, Robert. 17808: 17796: 17775: 17743: 17719: 17710: 17698: 17684: 17665: 17656: 17627: 17617: 17607: 17582: 17573: 17554: 17517: 17516: 17514: 17512: 17492: 17486: 17485: 17483: 17481: 17461: 17455: 17454: 17452: 17450: 17435: 17429: 17428: 17420: 17414: 17413: 17411: 17409: 17381: 17375: 17374: 17358: 17352: 17351: 17331: 17325: 17324: 17322: 17320: 17276: 17270: 17269: 17249: 17243: 17233: 17227: 17226: 17224: 17222: 17206: 17200: 17199: 17175: 17169: 17163: 17157: 17156: 17138: 17132: 17131: 17103: 17097: 17096: 17088: 17082: 17081: 17040: 17034: 17033: 17031: 17029: 17011: 17005: 17004: 17002: 17000: 16982: 16976: 16975: 16973: 16971: 16951: 16945: 16944: 16923: 16917: 16916: 16890: 16884: 16878: 16872: 16871: 16853: 16847: 16841: 16835: 16829: 16823: 16822: 16810: 16804: 16803: 16801: 16799: 16784: 16778: 16777: 16765: 16759: 16758: 16756: 16754: 16730: 16724: 16723: 16705: 16699: 16693: 16687: 16681: 16675: 16674: 16672: 16670: 16647: 16641: 16640: 16638: 16625: 16619: 16618: 16606: 16600: 16599: 16579: 16573: 16572: 16538: 16532: 16531: 16501: 16495: 16494: 16484: 16478: 16477: 16447: 16441: 16440: 16420: 16414: 16413: 16403: 16397: 16391: 16382: 16376: 16367: 16366: 16348: 16342: 16341: 16321: 16315: 16314: 16304: 16294: 16288: 16282: 16276: 16275: 16233: 16227: 16226: 16208: 16202: 16201: 16171: 16165: 16164: 16162: 16160: 16151:. Archived from 16143:"Reconstruction" 16139: 16133: 16132: 16102: 16096: 16095: 16074: 16068: 16067:, pp. 3–15. 16062: 16056: 16055: 16053: 16051: 16032: 16026: 16020: 16014: 16013: 15977: 15971: 15965: 15959: 15953: 15947: 15946: 15928: 15922: 15921: 15909: 15903: 15902: 15900: 15898: 15872: 15866: 15860: 15854: 15848: 15842: 15836: 15830: 15824: 15818: 15812: 15806: 15800: 15794: 15788: 15782: 15776: 15770: 15764: 15758: 15752: 15746: 15740: 15734: 15733: 15722:10.2307/40038083 15703: 15697: 15696: 15678: 15672: 15671: 15653: 15647: 15644:McPherson (1875) 15641: 15635: 15633: 15623: 15617: 15611: 15605: 15599: 15593: 15587: 15581: 15575: 15569: 15563: 15554: 15548: 15542: 15541: 15521: 15515: 15514: 15490: 15484: 15478: 15472: 15471: 15461: 15451: 15445: 15444: 15434: 15424: 15418: 15417: 15407: 15397: 15391: 15390: 15378: 15368: 15362: 15361: 15342: 15336: 15335: 15307: 15298: 15292: 15286: 15280: 15274: 15268: 15262: 15256: 15250: 15244: 15238: 15232: 15226: 15220: 15214: 15213: 15203: 15179: 15173: 15172: 15154: 15148: 15142: 15133: 15127: 15121: 15115: 15109: 15108: 15090: 15084: 15083:, pp. 6–15. 15078: 15072: 15062: 15056: 15055: 15043: 15033: 15024: 15018: 15012: 15011: 15009: 15007: 14998:. 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Archived from 14597:Willis, John C. 14594: 14588: 14585:McPherson (1992) 14582: 14576: 14570: 14564: 14563: 14533: 14527: 14521: 14515: 14509: 14500: 14490: 14484: 14478: 14469: 14459: 14453: 14447: 14441: 14435: 14429: 14423: 14417: 14411: 14405: 14399: 14388: 14382: 14376: 14375: 14373: 14371: 14354: 14345: 14339: 14330: 14320: 14314: 14304: 14295: 14289: 14283: 14277: 14271: 14265: 14259: 14253: 14247: 14241: 14235: 14229: 14223: 14209: 14203: 14197: 14191: 14185: 14179: 14173: 14167: 14161: 14155: 14154: 14136: 14127: 14126: 14108: 14102: 14096: 14085: 14079: 14073: 14067: 14061: 14055: 14049: 14043: 14037: 14031: 14022: 14016: 14010: 14004: 13995: 13994: 13972: 13966: 13965: 13963: 13961: 13921: 13915: 13914: 13904: 13880: 13874: 13873: 13871: 13869: 13846: 13840: 13834: 13828: 13827: 13809: 13803: 13797: 13791: 13785: 13779: 13773: 13767: 13761: 13755: 13754: 13736: 13730: 13724: 13718: 13712: 13706: 13705:, Vol. 2 p. 635. 13700: 13694: 13693: 13670: 13664: 13663: 13625: 13616: 13610: 13601: 13595: 13589: 13588: 13586: 13579: 13568: 13562: 13561: 13543: 13537: 13531: 13525: 13519: 13510: 13509: 13491: 13485: 13479: 13473: 13467: 13461: 13460: 13440: 13434: 13433: 13415: 13409: 13408: 13399: 13393: 13387: 13381: 13374: 13368: 13367: 13365: 13363: 13342: 13336: 13331: 13326:. Archived from 13318:(7): 1733–1768. 13301: 13295: 13294: 13292: 13290: 13284: 13267: 13254: 13248: 13247: 13217: 13211: 13210: 13180: 13160: 13154: 13148: 13142: 13136: 13130: 13129: 13127: 13125: 13106: 13100: 13094: 13088: 13087: 13085: 13083: 13058: 13047: 13041: 13035: 13034: 13016: 13010: 13009: 12991: 12985: 12984: 12966: 12960: 12954: 12948: 12947: 12932: 12923: 12917: 12911: 12905: 12899: 12893: 12887: 12881: 12875: 12869: 12863: 12857: 12851: 12845: 12839: 12838: 12822: 12802: 12796: 12795: 12771: 12765: 12764: 12748: 12738: 12732: 12731: 12711: 12705: 12699: 12693: 12692: 12674: 12668: 12667: 12649: 12643: 12642: 12640: 12638: 12621: 12615: 12614: 12600: 12594: 12588: 12582: 12581: 12563: 12557: 12556: 12530: 12524: 12518: 12512: 12511: 12493: 12487: 12486: 12468: 12459: 12453: 12447: 12441: 12435: 12429: 12423: 12422: 12402: 12396: 12395: 12393: 12391: 12366: 12360: 12350: 12344: 12343: 12317: 12308: 12298: 12289: 12288: 12286: 12284: 12279:on July 19, 2010 12275:. Archived from 12265: 12259: 12258: 12240: 12234: 12224: 12218: 12217: 12199: 12186: 12180: 12174: 12173: 12153: 12147: 12146: 12144: 12142: 12118: 12112: 12111: 12109: 12107: 12098:. Archived from 12088: 12082: 12075: 12069: 12068: 12050: 12044: 12043: 12017: 12011: 12010: 11992: 11986: 11980: 11974: 11968: 11962: 11961: 11949: 11939: 11933: 11932: 11912: 11906: 11899: 11893: 11887: 11881: 11880: 11862: 11856: 11850: 11844: 11843: 11833: 11827: 11821: 11815: 11814: 11764: 11758: 11752: 11746: 11740: 11734: 11728: 11722: 11721: 11703: 11697: 11696: 11676: 11670: 11669: 11639: 11633: 11627: 11621: 11618:Trefousse (1989) 11615: 11604: 11598: 11592: 11591: 11571: 11562: 11559:McPherson (1992) 11556: 11550: 11549: 11547: 11545: 11524: 11518: 11512: 11506: 11492: 11486: 11480: 11474: 11468: 11457: 11456: 11454: 11452: 11426: 11415: 11414: 11384: 11378: 11377: 11347: 11341: 11339: 11337: 11335: 11326:. Archived from 11315: 11309: 11308: 11296: 11290: 11283: 11277: 11276: 11255: 11249: 11246:McPherson (1992) 11243: 11234: 11233: 11211: 11202: 11201: 11189: 11180:Blight, David W. 11176: 11170: 11169: 11167: 11161:. Archived from 11122: 11110: 11101: 11095: 11089: 11088:, p. 21-73. 11083: 11074: 11068: 11059: 11054: 11048: 11043: 11037: 11032: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11021: 10977: 10968: 10967: 10965: 10963: 10949: 10943: 10942: 10940: 10938: 10924: 10918: 10917: 10915: 10904: 10898: 10897: 10889: 10887: 10836:(January 2015). 10829: 10823: 10817: 10811: 10810: 10808: 10806: 10746: 10735: 10729: 10723: 10713: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10702: 10680: 10674: 10673: 10649: 10643: 10642: 10631: 10625: 10609: 10592: 10585: 10579: 10570: 10565:. Archived from 10553: 10547: 10544: 10391:adapted Dixon's 10364:Thomas Dixon Jr. 10267: 10097:neo-abolitionist 10074:W. E. B. Du Bois 10068:Black historians 10012:Charles A. Beard 9984:under Professor 9933:Readjuster Party 9800:Election of 1876 9723:Red River Parish 9687:Red River Valley 9666:Samuel J. Tilden 9550:W. E. B. Du Bois 9330:Ulysses S. Grant 9313:Wade Hampton III 9309:Francis P. Blair 9228: 9217: 9106: 9102: 8965:to execute them. 8917:Methodist Church 8658: 8654: 8469: 8463: 8300:Ku Klux Klan Act 8291:Enforcement Acts 8279:Benjamin Bristow 8225:Hugh Lennox Bond 8204:Ulysses S. Grant 8187:Ulysses S. Grant 8154:Francis P. Blair 8106:Ulysses S. Grant 8090:Election of 1868 7927: 7918: 7909: 7900: 7891: 7780: 7777: 7771: 7762:You can help by 7744: 7743: 7736: 7615:Johnson's vetoes 7591:Civil Rights Act 7568:Thaddeus Stevens 7502:crop-lien system 7422:James G. Randall 7347:Southern Justice 7187:Ten percent plan 7037: 7025: 6962:Indian Territory 6934:Indian Territory 6902:women's suffrage 6885:public education 6836:Thaddeus Stevens 6721:Thaddeus Stevens 6693:Civil Rights Act 6688:Thaddeus Stevens 6566:Ku Klux Klan Act 6441:Ulysses S. Grant 6405:ten percent plan 6343:ten percent plan 6318:legitimacy of a 6034:resulted in the 6020:Ku Klux Klan Act 6016:Ulysses S. Grant 5989:Democratic Party 5926:ten percent plan 5864:three amendments 5842:was a period in 5828: 5821: 5814: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5735:media depictions 5684: 5683: 5579:Population count 5275: 5274: 5209:Liberian English 5188:English dialects 5185: 5184: 5141:Samaná Americans 5066:Creoles of color 5012: 5011: 4950: 4949: 4894:Black conductors 4875: 4874: 4744: 4743: 4718:Louisiana Voodoo 4640: 4639: 4385:Family structure 4368: 4367: 4315:Military history 4310:Business history 4241:military history 4196: 4195: 4169: 4168: 4159: 4152: 4145: 4081:Niagara Movement 3885:Anthony Crawford 3875:Jesse Washington 3815:John Henry James 3805:Stephen Williams 3790:Ephraim Grizzard 3785:People's Grocery 3701:Vigilante groups 3616:Disfranchisement 3588:Violence in the 3586: 3561: 3560: 3551: 3544: 3537: 3521: 3511: 3510: 3472: 3471: 3115:Manifest destiny 3105:Historic regions 3087: 3086: 3027:Native Americans 2999:Iranian American 2973:Mexican American 2959:Serbian American 2944:Italian American 2929:Finnish American 2919:English American 2870:Chinese American 2857:African American 2657:Direct democracy 2647:The Constitution 2606:Higher education 2515:American Century 2417:Civil Rights Era 2395:Civil Rights Era 2351:Great Depression 2340:Roaring Twenties 2208:Jeffersonian Era 2118: 2117: 2113: 2103: 2089: 2078: 2077: 2068: 2061: 2054: 2038:Emancipation Day 1866: 1833:Slave Trade Acts 524:Byzantine Empire 366: 339: 338: 325:Hamburg massacre 245: 243: 232: 225: 218: 209: 208: 198: 185: 178: 159:Enforcement Acts 125:Ulysses S. Grant 60: 43: 42: 21: 34702: 34701: 34697: 34696: 34695: 34693: 34692: 34691: 34467: 34466: 34465: 34455: 34450: 34448: 34444:from Wikisource 34438: 34433: 34431: 34421: 34416: 34414: 34404: 34399: 34397: 34394: 34390:sister projects 34387:at Knowledge's 34381: 34371: 34369: 34357: 34347: 34345: 34337: 34335: 34330: 34329: 34324: 34288: 34271:Lucy Webb Hayes 34259: 34222:President Hayes 34203: 34135: 34064: 34056: 34045: 34037: 34032: 34002: 33997: 33961: 33958:(granddaughter) 33878: 33849: 33793:Brooklyn relief 33782:The Peacemakers 33727: 33709: 33668: 33598: 33580: 33563:Post-presidency 33553: 33495:Great Sioux War 33456: 33447:Post Office Act 33406: 33399: 33395:Desert Land Act 33353:Economic policy 33348: 33310: 33213: 33153:Military career 33148: 33139: 33133: 33128: 33098: 33093: 33045: 33002: 32951: 32922:Charles Johnson 32892: 32834: 32737:Alaska Purchase 32671: 32625: 32614: 32606: 32595: 32584: 32576: 32571: 32541: 32536: 32488: 32429:Abraham Lincoln 32401:(granddaughter) 32395:(granddaughter) 32340: 32336:Wabash, Indiana 32261:Brooklyn relief 32216:reflecting pool 32192: 32143:Lincoln Highway 32123:Abraham Lincoln 32010: 32004: 31922: 31872: 31853:Lincoln Bedroom 31804:Knob Creek Farm 31791: 31785: 31771:Religious views 31751:Lincoln's beard 31706: 31700: 31636: 31592:Birchard Letter 31457:Perpetual Union 31433: 31406: 31404:Abraham Lincoln 31401: 31371: 31366: 31356: 31354: 31341: 31307:Historic places 31300:US state firsts 31186: 31101: 30825: 30758: 30730:2010 majorities 30725:2000 majorities 30696: 30643:Black Seminoles 30592: 30583:Southern (SIAC) 30566: 30565:and conferences 30564: 30557: 30553:Serena Williams 30548:Jackie Robinson 30482: 30406: 30404: 30397: 30317: 30284:Nation of Islam 30255: 30203: 30197: 30138:Sojourner Truth 30128:Clarence Thomas 30093:Gabriel Prosser 29993:Michael Jackson 29868:Crispus Attucks 29858:Ralph Abernathy 29846: 29802:Musical theater 29701: 29567:Great Migration 29539:COVID-19 impact 29497:Sit-in movement 29372: 29367: 29337: 29328: 29317:Freedmen's town 29238: 29217:Slave marriages 29190:and procreation 29189: 29187: 29181: 29167:Vice presidents 29081:Nullifier Party 29060:Fugitive slaves 29013: 29009:Slave narrative 28947:Black Canadians 28867: 28861: 28776: 28755: 28741: 28480: 28475: 28445: 28440: 28394: 28368: 28312: 28276: 28264: 28003: 27977: 27935: 27920: 27826:Jewish American 27799:Polish American 27740:Korean American 27730:Indian American 27697: 27682: 27537:Merchant Marine 27507:Law enforcement 27359: 27340: 27214: 27210:Great Recession 27117: 27091:Reagan Doctrine 27045: 27024:Stonewall riots 26946: 26920:Project Mercury 26881:Truman Doctrine 26857: 26765:First Red Scare 26739: 26708:Progressive Era 26620: 26580:Bleeding Kansas 26536: 26483:Monroe Doctrine 26459: 26407: 26366:Treaty of Paris 26327: 26301:Boston Massacre 26296:Sons of Liberty 26192: 26163: 26152: 26134: 26129: 26099: 26094: 26081: 26074: 26067: 26050: 26036:Opioid epidemic 25953:Native American 25933:intersex rights 25884: 25880:Life expectancy 25870:Medical deserts 25860:Race and health 25757: 25743:Personal income 25689: 25593:National anthem 25426:personal income 25391:Economic issues 25325: 25277: 25125: 25025: 25014:School district 25000: 24983:Minor divisions 24977: 24916: 24874: 24813: 24799:Statutory codes 24780: 24743: 24720: 24630: 24625: 24612: 24547: 24504:civil liberties 24485: 24476:Other tribunals 24455:District courts 24407: 24366:current members 24349:current members 24330: 24264:Law enforcement 24162: 23875: 23824: 23815:Great Recession 23686:Progressive Era 23676:Native genocide 23607:Perpetual Union 23595:Treaty of Paris 23553:United Colonies 23511: 23436: 23430: 23395: 23387: 23382: 23365: 23356:White supremacy 23299: 23258: 23246:David W. Blight 23174: 23084:Joel Williamson 23061:Howard K. Beale 22962: 22951:Giles v. Harris 22895: 22886:Desert Land Act 22859: 22786: 22713: 22637: 22623:Long Depression 22593:Colfax massacre 22576: 22557:Salary Grab Act 22525: 22464: 22445:Kirk–Holden war 22413: 22347: 22254: 22181: 22094: 22075:Shaw University 22014: 22000:Wade–Davis Bill 21988: 21937: 21843: 21797: 20819: 20773: 20727: 20607: 20589: 20526:Horatio Seymour 20452: 20436: 20429: 20277:Abraham Lincoln 20267: 20253: 20248: 20210:Yale University 20103:Wayback Machine 20047:Wayback Machine 20012: 20007: 20006: 19996:Wayback Machine 19976:Harper's Weekly 19969:Wayback Machine 19955: 19950: 19942:Wayback Machine 19927: 19824: 19822: 19805:Wayback Machine 19772: 19770: 19740:Wayback Machine 19709: 19673: 19659:10.2307/1836959 19642: 19629: 19627:Further reading 19624: 19623: 19618:Wayback Machine 19567: 19565: 19500: 19498: 19464:Lee, Stephen D. 19415: 19414: 19407: 19405: 19349: 19347:Primary sources 19344: 19260: 19255: 19241:10.2307/2954450 19132: 19130: 19084: 19063: 19058: 19042: 19010:10.2307/2197687 18986: 18951: 18930: 18859: 18842:Wayback Machine 18830: 18811:Wayback Machine 18790: 18729: 18728: 18710: 18672: 18650: 18640:Scarecrow Press 18624:Volume: 7: 1877 18601: 18580: 18550: 18511: 18475:10.2307/1895802 18445: 18444: 18422: 18392: 18368: 18335:Lynd, Staughton 18293: 18261: 18237: 18235: 18163: 18129: 18127: 18120: 18099: 18078: 18040: 18021: 17999: 17964: 17940: 17921: 17902: 17871: 17833: 17805: 17772: 17740: 17707: 17681: 17570: 17562:. D. C. Heath. 17542: 17526: 17521: 17520: 17510: 17508: 17493: 17489: 17479: 17477: 17462: 17458: 17448: 17446: 17436: 17432: 17421: 17417: 17407: 17405: 17382: 17378: 17359: 17355: 17348: 17332: 17328: 17318: 17316: 17301:10.2307/2710931 17277: 17273: 17250: 17246: 17234: 17230: 17220: 17218: 17207: 17203: 17196: 17176: 17172: 17164: 17160: 17153: 17139: 17135: 17104: 17100: 17089: 17085: 17044:Whaples, Robert 17041: 17037: 17027: 17025: 17012: 17008: 16998: 16996: 16983: 16979: 16969: 16967: 16952: 16948: 16941: 16924: 16920: 16905: 16891: 16887: 16879: 16875: 16868: 16854: 16850: 16842: 16838: 16830: 16826: 16816: 16811: 16807: 16797: 16795: 16785: 16781: 16766: 16762: 16752: 16750: 16731: 16727: 16720: 16706: 16702: 16698:, p. xxii. 16694: 16690: 16684:Williams (1946) 16682: 16678: 16668: 16666: 16656:Washington Post 16648: 16644: 16626: 16622: 16612: 16607: 16603: 16580: 16576: 16539: 16535: 16520:10.2307/1892388 16502: 16498: 16485: 16481: 16466:10.2307/1898466 16448: 16444: 16437: 16421: 16417: 16404: 16400: 16392: 16385: 16377: 16370: 16363: 16349: 16345: 16338: 16322: 16318: 16295: 16291: 16285:Williams (1946) 16283: 16279: 16256:10.2307/2714704 16234: 16230: 16223: 16209: 16205: 16190:10.2307/2192035 16172: 16168: 16158: 16156: 16141: 16140: 16136: 16121:10.2307/2206012 16103: 16099: 16092: 16075: 16071: 16065:Woodward (1966) 16063: 16059: 16049: 16047: 16034: 16033: 16029: 16021: 16017: 15978: 15974: 15966: 15962: 15954: 15950: 15943: 15929: 15925: 15915: 15910: 15906: 15896: 15894: 15873: 15869: 15861: 15857: 15849: 15845: 15837: 15833: 15825: 15821: 15813: 15809: 15801: 15797: 15789: 15785: 15777: 15773: 15765: 15761: 15753: 15749: 15741: 15737: 15704: 15700: 15693: 15679: 15675: 15668: 15654: 15650: 15642: 15638: 15624: 15620: 15612: 15608: 15600: 15596: 15588: 15584: 15576: 15572: 15566:Williams (1946) 15564: 15557: 15549: 15545: 15538: 15522: 15518: 15491: 15487: 15481:Franklin (1961) 15479: 15475: 15452: 15448: 15425: 15421: 15398: 15394: 15387: 15369: 15365: 15358: 15343: 15339: 15324:10.2307/1893078 15308: 15301: 15293: 15289: 15281: 15277: 15269: 15265: 15259:Franklin (1961) 15257: 15253: 15245: 15241: 15235:Franklin (1961) 15233: 15229: 15221: 15217: 15180: 15176: 15169: 15155: 15151: 15143: 15136: 15130:Franklin (1961) 15128: 15124: 15116: 15112: 15105: 15091: 15087: 15081:Anderson (1988) 15079: 15075: 15065:Anderson (1988) 15063: 15059: 15052: 15034: 15027: 15019: 15015: 15005: 15003: 15002:on July 9, 2020 14996: 14980: 14976: 14968: 14964: 14957: 14939: 14935: 14916: 14912: 14904: 14900: 14881: 14877: 14869: 14865: 14857: 14853: 14846: 14830: 14826: 14818: 14814: 14807: 14793: 14789: 14777: 14773: 14765: 14761: 14751: 14749: 14729: 14725: 14719:Wayback Machine 14703: 14701: 14697: 14682: 14678: 14677: 14673: 14666: 14652: 14648: 14644:, introduction. 14640: 14636: 14628: 14624: 14614: 14612: 14595: 14591: 14583: 14579: 14571: 14567: 14534: 14530: 14522: 14518: 14510: 14503: 14499:, pp. 746. 14491: 14487: 14479: 14472: 14464:, p. 102; 14460: 14456: 14448: 14444: 14436: 14432: 14424: 14420: 14412: 14408: 14400: 14391: 14383: 14379: 14369: 14367: 14356: 14355: 14348: 14340: 14333: 14321: 14317: 14305: 14298: 14290: 14286: 14278: 14274: 14266: 14262: 14254: 14250: 14242: 14238: 14230: 14226: 14210: 14206: 14198: 14194: 14186: 14182: 14174: 14170: 14162: 14158: 14151: 14137: 14130: 14123: 14109: 14105: 14097: 14088: 14080: 14076: 14068: 14064: 14056: 14052: 14044: 14040: 14032: 14025: 14017: 14013: 14005: 13998: 13991: 13973: 13969: 13959: 13957: 13922: 13918: 13881: 13877: 13867: 13865: 13863: 13847: 13843: 13835: 13831: 13824: 13810: 13806: 13798: 13794: 13786: 13782: 13774: 13770: 13762: 13758: 13751: 13737: 13733: 13725: 13721: 13713: 13709: 13701: 13697: 13690: 13671: 13667: 13626: 13619: 13613:Summers (2014a) 13611: 13604: 13596: 13592: 13584: 13577: 13569: 13565: 13558: 13544: 13540: 13532: 13528: 13524:, v. 6: p. 199. 13520: 13513: 13506: 13492: 13488: 13480: 13476: 13468: 13464: 13441: 13437: 13430: 13416: 13412: 13401: 13400: 13396: 13388: 13384: 13375: 13371: 13361: 13359: 13351:American Memory 13344: 13343: 13339: 13302: 13298: 13288: 13286: 13282: 13265: 13255: 13251: 13236:10.2307/2204965 13218: 13214: 13199:10.2307/1918254 13177: 13161: 13157: 13149: 13145: 13137: 13133: 13123: 13121: 13108: 13107: 13103: 13095: 13091: 13081: 13079: 13059: 13050: 13042: 13038: 13031: 13017: 13013: 13006: 12992: 12988: 12981: 12967: 12963: 12955: 12951: 12933: 12926: 12918: 12914: 12906: 12902: 12894: 12890: 12882: 12878: 12870: 12866: 12858: 12854: 12846: 12842: 12819: 12803: 12799: 12792: 12772: 12768: 12761: 12739: 12735: 12728: 12712: 12708: 12700: 12696: 12689: 12675: 12671: 12664: 12650: 12646: 12636: 12634: 12622: 12618: 12601: 12597: 12589: 12585: 12578: 12564: 12560: 12553: 12531: 12527: 12521:Stauffer (2008) 12519: 12515: 12494: 12490: 12483: 12469: 12462: 12456:Stauffer (2008) 12454: 12450: 12442: 12438: 12430: 12426: 12419: 12403: 12399: 12389: 12387: 12367: 12363: 12351: 12347: 12332: 12318: 12311: 12299: 12292: 12282: 12280: 12267: 12266: 12262: 12255: 12241: 12237: 12225: 12221: 12214: 12200: 12189: 12181: 12177: 12170: 12154: 12150: 12140: 12138: 12119: 12115: 12105: 12103: 12090: 12089: 12085: 12076: 12072: 12065: 12051: 12047: 12032: 12018: 12014: 12007: 11993: 11989: 11981: 11977: 11971:Anderson (1988) 11969: 11965: 11958: 11940: 11936: 11929: 11913: 11909: 11903:Franklin (1961) 11900: 11896: 11888: 11884: 11877: 11863: 11859: 11851: 11847: 11834: 11830: 11822: 11818: 11787: 11765: 11761: 11753: 11749: 11741: 11737: 11729: 11725: 11718: 11704: 11700: 11693: 11677: 11673: 11640: 11636: 11628: 11624: 11616: 11607: 11599: 11595: 11588: 11572: 11565: 11557: 11553: 11543: 11541: 11540:on May 16, 2008 11526: 11525: 11521: 11513: 11509: 11504:Wayback Machine 11493: 11489: 11481: 11477: 11469: 11460: 11450: 11448: 11432:(Winter 2009). 11427: 11418: 11403:10.2307/2207155 11385: 11381: 11366:10.2307/2205211 11348: 11344: 11333: 11331: 11316: 11312: 11297: 11293: 11284: 11280: 11256: 11252: 11244: 11237: 11212: 11205: 11198: 11177: 11173: 11165: 11120: 11111: 11104: 11096: 11092: 11084: 11077: 11069: 11062: 11055: 11051: 11044: 11040: 11033: 11029: 11019: 11017: 10978: 10971: 10961: 10959: 10951: 10950: 10946: 10936: 10934: 10926: 10925: 10921: 10913: 10905: 10901: 10885: 10883: 10830: 10826: 10818: 10814: 10804: 10802: 10747: 10738: 10730: 10726: 10714: 10710: 10700: 10698: 10681: 10677: 10670: 10662:. p. 168. 10650: 10646: 10633: 10632: 10628: 10619:Wayback Machine 10610: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10595: 10586: 10582: 10554: 10550: 10545: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10523:Freedmen's town 10504: 10453: 10354:'s vision of a 10342:The journalist 10326: 10265: 10240: 10224: 10205:Give Me Liberty 10201: 10189:David W. Blight 10181:William McFeely 10145:law enforcement 10093: 10070: 10016:Howard K. Beale 10004: 9974: 9945: 9897:vice presidency 9869:Thomas W. Ferry 9846: 9838:Main articles: 9836: 9826:) was reached. 9824:corrupt bargain 9818:, the national 9812:ballot stuffing 9808: 9802: 9768:for president. 9748:Similarly, the 9696:Colfax Massacre 9675: 9647: 9641: 9597:, March 6, 1875 9595:Harper's Weekly 9580: 9574: 9518: 9485:Salmon P. Chase 9481: 9475: 9463: 9457: 9441:Colfax Massacre 9412:white supremacy 9353: 9301:Benjamin Butler 9293: 9288: 9250: 9220: 9209: 9077: 9048: 8995: 8958:Matthew Simpson 8879:Eastman Johnson 8872: 8867: 8785:South Carolina 8771:North Carolina 8678: 8671: 8665: 8527:South Carolina 8510:North Carolina 8487: 8485: 8484:Statewide White 8466: 8437: 8428: 8416: 8388: 8376: 8364:Amos T. Akerman 8337:Amos T. Akerman 8329: 8296:Amos T. Akerman 8287: 8264: 8233: 8200: 8180: 8174: 8150:Horatio Seymour 8139:Michael Scanlon 8110:Schuyler Colfax 8098: 8092: 8067:Harper's Weekly 8039: 7997:Philip Sheridan 7932: 7925: 7923: 7916: 7914: 7907: 7905: 7898: 7896: 7889: 7881: 7861: 7851:Giles v. Harris 7810:Colfax Massacre 7781: 7775: 7772: 7761: 7745: 7741: 7723:disenfranchised 7709: 7682: 7640:Harper's Weekly 7617: 7552: 7458: 7452: 7428:, argued that: 7386:Jefferson Davis 7370:with Seward in 7330:Harper's Weekly 7323: 7317: 7311: 7302: 7266: 7260: 7251: 7218: 7212: 7203: 7189: 7183: 7158: 7152: 7115: 7090:Central America 7086: 7048: 7035: 7023: 7016:John C. Frémont 6992:Abraham Lincoln 6985: 6980: 6926: 6807: 6791:fugitive slaves 6774: 6760:impeach Johnson 6713: 6674:Upon President 6672: 6666:in April 1865. 6647:Wade–Davis Bill 6620:Abraham Lincoln 6604: 6448:is assassinated 6435:surrenders the 6372: 6347:Wade–Davis Bill 6315: 6255: 6237:emancipationist 6211:David W. Blight 6176: 6158:and formed the 6156:Abraham Lincoln 6144: 6069: 6009:his impeachment 5985:white supremacy 5930:Wade–Davis Bill 5903:Abraham Lincoln 5882:and engaged in 5832: 5784: 5782: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5725: 5681: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5612: 5574: 5550:Omaha, Nebraska 5515:Historic places 5509: 5401: 5272: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5223: 5182: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5150: 5102: 5044:Black Seminoles 5009: 5008:Sub-communities 5001: 5000: 4987:Southern (SIAC) 4947: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4888: 4872: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4775: 4741: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4713:Nation of Islam 4679: 4656: 4637: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4562: 4529: 4496: 4468: 4429: 4405:Musical theater 4365: 4355: 4354: 4336:Great Migration 4193: 4163: 4134: 4133: 4109: 4101: 4100: 4091:Great Migration 4061: 4053: 4052: 4043:Perry race riot 4013:Elaine massacre 3933: 3925: 3924: 3740:Andrew Richards 3735: 3727: 3726: 3663: 3655: 3654: 3650:Convict leasing 3601: 3593: 3592: 3575: 3555: 3483: 3482: 3084: 3076: 3075: 2981:Jewish American 2954:Polish American 2934:German American 2890:Korean American 2880:Indian American 2851: 2843: 2842: 2697:Merchant Marine 2667:Law enforcement 2535:Racial violence 2509: 2501: 2500: 2307:Progressive Era 2115: 2111: 2092: 2090:History of the 2072: 2043: 2042: 1947:Slave narrative 1898:Fugitive slaves 1878: 1870: 1869: 1860: 1828:Slave rebellion 1683: 1673: 1672: 1631: 1621: 1620: 1443:United Kingdom 1379:Yankee princess 973: 965: 964: 692:Avret Pazarları 638:Avret Pazarları 507:Medieval Europe 473: 463: 462: 401:Forced marriage 376: 337: 332: 331: 299:Colfax massacre 288:Kirk–Holden war 246: 241: 238: 236: 176: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 127: 123: 119: 117:Abraham Lincoln 96:Southern States 93: 82: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 34700: 34690: 34689: 34684: 34679: 34674: 34669: 34664: 34659: 34654: 34649: 34644: 34639: 34634: 34629: 34624: 34619: 34614: 34609: 34604: 34599: 34594: 34589: 34584: 34579: 34574: 34569: 34564: 34559: 34554: 34552:1870s in Texas 34549: 34544: 34539: 34534: 34532:1860s in Texas 34529: 34524: 34519: 34514: 34509: 34504: 34499: 34494: 34489: 34484: 34479: 34464: 34463: 34446: 34429: 34427:from Wikiquote 34412: 34383: 34380: 34379: 34367: 34355: 34332: 34331: 34326: 34325: 34323: 34322: 34309: 34308: 34301: 34293: 34290: 34289: 34287: 34286: 34280: 34274: 34267: 34265: 34261: 34260: 34258: 34257: 34252: 34247: 34242: 34237: 34232: 34225: 34217: 34211: 34209: 34205: 34204: 34202: 34201: 34196: 34191: 34186: 34181: 34176: 34171: 34166: 34161: 34156: 34151: 34145: 34143: 34137: 34136: 34134: 34133: 34128: 34123: 34118: 34113: 34108: 34103: 34098: 34093: 34088: 34083: 34078: 34072: 34070: 34066: 34065: 34063: 34062: 34054: 34042: 34039: 34038: 34031: 34030: 34023: 34016: 34008: 33999: 33998: 33996: 33995: 33982: 33981: 33974: 33966: 33963: 33962: 33960: 33959: 33953: 33947: 33941: 33935: 33929: 33923: 33917: 33911: 33905: 33899: 33892: 33890: 33884: 33883: 33880: 33879: 33877: 33876: 33868: 33859: 33857: 33851: 33850: 33848: 33847: 33842: 33837: 33836: 33835: 33830: 33820: 33815: 33810: 33805: 33800: 33798:Chicago statue 33795: 33790: 33785: 33778: 33773: 33772: 33771: 33761: 33753: 33748: 33743: 33741:Grant Memorial 33737: 33735: 33726: 33725: 33719: 33717: 33711: 33710: 33708: 33707: 33706: 33705: 33700: 33692: 33691: 33690: 33685: 33676: 33674: 33670: 33669: 33667: 33666: 33661: 33660: 33659: 33649: 33644: 33639: 33638: 33637: 33627: 33622: 33617: 33612: 33606: 33604: 33600: 33599: 33597: 33596: 33588: 33586: 33582: 33581: 33579: 33578: 33573: 33567: 33565: 33559: 33558: 33555: 33554: 33552: 33551: 33546: 33541: 33536: 33531: 33526: 33525: 33524: 33519: 33514: 33504: 33503: 33502: 33497: 33492: 33487: 33485:"Peace Policy" 33477: 33476: 33475: 33468:Reconstruction 33464: 33462: 33458: 33457: 33455: 33454: 33449: 33444: 33443: 33442: 33432: 33427: 33422: 33417: 33411: 33409: 33401: 33400: 33398: 33397: 33392: 33387: 33382: 33377: 33372: 33367: 33362: 33356: 33354: 33350: 33349: 33347: 33346: 33341: 33336: 33335: 33334: 33320: 33318: 33316:Foreign policy 33309: 33308: 33307: 33306: 33301: 33296: 33291: 33286: 33281: 33276: 33271: 33261: 33256: 33251: 33246: 33245: 33244: 33234: 33229: 33223: 33221: 33215: 33214: 33212: 33211: 33206: 33205: 33204: 33203: 33202: 33192: 33187: 33182: 33177: 33172: 33167: 33156: 33154: 33150: 33149: 33138: 33135: 33134: 33127: 33126: 33119: 33112: 33104: 33095: 33094: 33092: 33091: 33078: 33077: 33072: 33066: 33065: 33058: 33050: 33047: 33046: 33044: 33043: 33036: 33031: 33026: 33021: 33016: 33010: 33008: 33004: 33003: 33001: 33000: 32995: 32990: 32985: 32980: 32975: 32970: 32965: 32959: 32957: 32953: 32952: 32950: 32949: 32943: 32940:Robert Johnson 32937: 32931: 32925: 32919: 32913: 32907: 32900: 32898: 32894: 32893: 32891: 32890: 32882: 32874: 32866: 32858: 32853: 32848: 32842: 32840: 32836: 32835: 32833: 32832: 32827: 32822: 32817: 32812: 32806: 32801: 32800: 32799: 32794: 32789: 32784: 32774: 32769: 32764: 32759: 32754: 32749: 32744: 32739: 32734: 32729: 32728: 32727: 32722: 32717: 32707: 32702: 32697: 32692: 32690:Foreign policy 32687: 32681: 32679: 32673: 32672: 32670: 32669: 32667:Kirkwood House 32664: 32659: 32654: 32649: 32644: 32639: 32637:Homestead Acts 32633: 32631: 32630:Pre-presidency 32627: 32626: 32624: 32623: 32612: 32604: 32593: 32581: 32578: 32577: 32574:Andrew Johnson 32570: 32569: 32562: 32555: 32547: 32538: 32537: 32535: 32534: 32522: 32509: 32508: 32501: 32493: 32490: 32489: 32487: 32486: 32480: 32474: 32468: 32462: 32459:Samuel Lincoln 32456: 32450: 32444: 32438: 32432: 32426: 32420: 32414: 32408: 32405:Thomas Lincoln 32402: 32396: 32390: 32384: 32378: 32372: 32366: 32360: 32354: 32352: 32346: 32345: 32342: 32341: 32339: 32338: 32333: 32328: 32323: 32318: 32313: 32308: 32303: 32298: 32293: 32288: 32283: 32278: 32273: 32271:D.C. City Hall 32268: 32263: 32258: 32253: 32246: 32239: 32232: 32225: 32223:Mount Rushmore 32220: 32219: 32218: 32213: 32202: 32200: 32191: 32190: 32185: 32180: 32175: 32170: 32165: 32160: 32155: 32150: 32145: 32140: 32136:Here I Grew Up 32132: 32127: 32118: 32113: 32108: 32103: 32101:Postage stamps 32098: 32097: 32096: 32091: 32086: 32081: 32071: 32070: 32069: 32064: 32054: 32049: 32044: 32039: 32034: 32033: 32032: 32022: 32016: 32014: 32006: 32005: 32003: 32002: 31995: 31988: 31983: 31982: 31981: 31971: 31969:Petersen House 31966: 31965: 31964: 31952: 31951: 31950: 31938: 31936:Ford's Theater 31932: 31930: 31924: 31923: 31921: 31920: 31915: 31910: 31905: 31904: 31903: 31893: 31888: 31882: 31880: 31874: 31873: 31871: 31870: 31865: 31860: 31855: 31850: 31845: 31840: 31835: 31830: 31825: 31824: 31823: 31818: 31808: 31807: 31806: 31795: 31793: 31787: 31786: 31784: 31783: 31778: 31773: 31768: 31763: 31758: 31753: 31748: 31746:Baltimore Plot 31743: 31736: 31731: 31726: 31721: 31719:Black Hawk War 31716: 31710: 31708: 31702: 31701: 31699: 31698: 31693: 31685: 31680: 31675: 31670: 31665: 31660: 31655: 31650: 31644: 31642: 31638: 31637: 31635: 31634: 31629: 31624: 31619: 31614: 31609: 31604: 31599: 31594: 31589: 31584: 31579: 31574: 31569: 31568: 31567: 31557: 31552: 31550:Foreign policy 31547: 31546: 31545: 31543:Reconstruction 31540: 31535: 31530: 31525: 31520: 31515: 31510: 31505: 31496: 31491: 31486: 31481: 31471: 31466: 31465: 31464: 31459: 31449: 31443: 31441: 31435: 31434: 31432: 31431: 31421: 31411: 31408: 31407: 31400: 31399: 31392: 31385: 31377: 31368: 31367: 31365: 31364: 31352: 31346: 31343: 31342: 31340: 31339: 31334: 31329: 31324: 31319: 31314: 31309: 31304: 31303: 31302: 31297: 31292: 31282: 31281: 31280: 31275: 31273:Visual artists 31270: 31265: 31260: 31255: 31250: 31245: 31240: 31235: 31233:Mathematicians 31230: 31225: 31220: 31215: 31210: 31205: 31194: 31192: 31188: 31187: 31185: 31184: 31183: 31182: 31174: 31169: 31168: 31167: 31162: 31157: 31152: 31147: 31139: 31138: 31137: 31132: 31127: 31122: 31111: 31109: 31103: 31102: 31100: 31099: 31094: 31089: 31084: 31083: 31082: 31077: 31072: 31067: 31057: 31052: 31050:South Carolina 31047: 31042: 31041: 31040: 31032: 31027: 31022: 31020:North Carolina 31017: 31016: 31015: 31005: 31000: 30999: 30998: 30988: 30983: 30982: 30981: 30973: 30972: 30971: 30965:Massachusetts 30963: 30962: 30961: 30951: 30946: 30945: 30944: 30934: 30929: 30928: 30927: 30917: 30912: 30911: 30910: 30900: 30895: 30894: 30893: 30883: 30882: 30881: 30876: 30866: 30861: 30860: 30859: 30854: 30844: 30839: 30833: 30831: 30827: 30826: 30824: 30823: 30818: 30813: 30812: 30811: 30810: 30809: 30807:social context 30804: 30794: 30784: 30783: 30782: 30772: 30766: 30764: 30760: 30759: 30757: 30756: 30755: 30754: 30749: 30739: 30734: 30733: 30732: 30727: 30717: 30716: 30715: 30704: 30702: 30698: 30697: 30695: 30694: 30689: 30688: 30687: 30677: 30672: 30667: 30662: 30661: 30660: 30658:Creek Freedmen 30655: 30650: 30645: 30635: 30633:Alabama Creole 30630: 30629: 30628: 30623: 30618: 30613: 30604: 30602: 30598: 30597: 30594: 30593: 30591: 30590: 30585: 30580: 30575: 30573:Central (CIAA) 30569: 30567: 30562: 30559: 30558: 30556: 30555: 30550: 30545: 30540: 30535: 30530: 30525: 30520: 30515: 30510: 30505: 30500: 30494: 30488: 30484: 30483: 30481: 30480: 30475: 30470: 30465: 30460: 30455: 30450: 30445: 30440: 30435: 30430: 30425: 30420: 30415: 30409: 30407: 30402: 30399: 30398: 30396: 30395: 30390: 30389: 30388: 30378: 30373: 30368: 30366:Pan-Africanism 30363: 30358: 30353: 30348: 30347: 30346: 30336: 30331: 30325: 30323: 30319: 30318: 30316: 30315: 30310: 30308:Black theology 30305: 30300: 30299: 30298: 30288: 30287: 30286: 30281: 30271: 30265: 30263: 30257: 30256: 30254: 30253: 30252: 30251: 30249:in STEM fields 30246: 30241: 30233: 30228: 30223: 30218: 30213: 30207: 30205: 30204:and technology 30199: 30198: 30196: 30195: 30190: 30185: 30180: 30175: 30170: 30165: 30160: 30155: 30150: 30145: 30143:Harriet Tubman 30140: 30135: 30130: 30125: 30120: 30115: 30110: 30105: 30100: 30095: 30090: 30085: 30080: 30075: 30073:Michelle Obama 30070: 30065: 30060: 30055: 30050: 30045: 30040: 30035: 30030: 30025: 30020: 30015: 30010: 30005: 30003:Barbara Jordan 30000: 29998:Harriet Jacobs 29995: 29990: 29985: 29980: 29975: 29970: 29965: 29960: 29955: 29950: 29945: 29940: 29935: 29930: 29925: 29920: 29915: 29910: 29905: 29900: 29895: 29890: 29888:Amelia Boynton 29885: 29880: 29875: 29870: 29865: 29860: 29854: 29852: 29851:Notable people 29848: 29847: 29845: 29844: 29839: 29834: 29829: 29824: 29819: 29814: 29809: 29804: 29799: 29794: 29789: 29787:LGBT community 29784: 29779: 29774: 29769: 29768: 29767: 29757: 29752: 29747: 29742: 29737: 29732: 29727: 29722: 29717: 29711: 29709: 29703: 29702: 29700: 29699: 29694: 29689: 29684: 29683: 29682: 29672: 29667: 29662: 29657: 29652: 29647: 29639: 29634: 29627: 29620: 29615: 29610: 29605: 29600: 29595: 29586: 29581: 29580: 29579: 29574: 29564: 29559: 29554: 29549: 29541: 29536: 29531: 29530: 29529: 29524: 29519: 29514: 29509: 29504: 29502:Freedom Riders 29499: 29494: 29486: 29476: 29471: 29466: 29465: 29464: 29459: 29454: 29446: 29441: 29433: 29428: 29426:Black genocide 29423: 29418: 29413: 29408: 29403: 29398: 29393: 29388: 29382: 29380: 29374: 29373: 29366: 29365: 29358: 29351: 29343: 29334: 29333: 29330: 29329: 29327: 29326: 29325: 29324: 29314: 29309: 29304: 29299: 29294: 29289: 29284: 29279: 29277:Colored Troops 29274: 29269: 29264: 29259: 29254: 29248: 29246: 29240: 29239: 29237: 29236: 29231: 29226: 29219: 29214: 29212:Slave breeding 29209: 29204: 29202:Female slavery 29199: 29197:Sexual slavery 29193: 29191: 29188:sexual slavery 29183: 29182: 29180: 29179: 29174: 29169: 29164: 29163: 29162: 29157: 29152: 29147: 29142: 29137: 29132: 29127: 29117: 29112: 29105: 29098: 29093: 29088: 29083: 29078: 29073: 29067: 29062: 29057: 29052: 29047: 29042: 29037: 29032: 29027: 29021: 29019: 29015: 29014: 29012: 29011: 29006: 29001: 28996: 28991: 28986: 28981: 28976: 28971: 28966: 28961: 28956: 28951: 28950: 28949: 28944: 28934: 28929: 28924: 28919: 28914: 28909: 28907:Slave quarters 28904: 28899: 28894: 28893: 28892: 28882: 28877: 28871: 28869: 28868:social history 28863: 28862: 28860: 28859: 28854: 28849: 28844: 28839: 28834: 28829: 28824: 28819: 28814: 28809: 28804: 28799: 28793: 28791: 28782: 28778: 28777: 28775: 28774: 28769: 28763: 28761: 28757: 28756: 28751: 28749: 28743: 28742: 28740: 28739: 28734: 28729: 28724: 28719: 28714: 28709: 28704: 28699: 28694: 28689: 28687:South Carolina 28684: 28679: 28674: 28669: 28664: 28659: 28654: 28652:North Carolina 28649: 28644: 28639: 28634: 28629: 28624: 28619: 28614: 28609: 28604: 28599: 28594: 28589: 28584: 28579: 28574: 28569: 28564: 28559: 28554: 28549: 28544: 28539: 28534: 28529: 28524: 28519: 28514: 28509: 28504: 28499: 28494: 28488: 28486: 28482: 28481: 28474: 28473: 28466: 28459: 28451: 28442: 28441: 28439: 28438: 28428: 28418: 28416:Historiography 28413: 28407: 28404: 28403: 28400: 28399: 28396: 28395: 28393: 28392: 28382: 28376: 28374: 28370: 28369: 28367: 28366: 28361: 28356: 28354:Navassa Island 28351: 28346: 28341: 28339:Johnston Atoll 28336: 28331: 28329:Howland Island 28326: 28320: 28318: 28314: 28313: 28311: 28310: 28305: 28300: 28295: 28290: 28288:American Samoa 28284: 28282: 28278: 28277: 28272: 28270: 28266: 28265: 28263: 28262: 28257: 28252: 28247: 28242: 28237: 28232: 28227: 28222: 28217: 28212: 28210:South Carolina 28207: 28202: 28197: 28192: 28187: 28182: 28177: 28175:North Carolina 28172: 28167: 28162: 28157: 28152: 28147: 28142: 28137: 28132: 28127: 28122: 28117: 28112: 28107: 28102: 28097: 28092: 28087: 28082: 28077: 28072: 28067: 28062: 28057: 28052: 28047: 28042: 28037: 28032: 28027: 28022: 28017: 28011: 28009: 28005: 28004: 28002: 28001: 27999:The West Coast 27996: 27991: 27985: 27983: 27979: 27978: 27976: 27975: 27973:Indian removal 27970: 27965: 27960: 27955: 27949: 27947: 27937: 27936: 27926: 27925: 27922: 27921: 27919: 27918: 27917: 27916: 27911: 27906: 27894: 27887: 27886: 27885: 27880: 27868: 27867: 27866: 27864:Saudi American 27861: 27856: 27851: 27849:Iraqi American 27846: 27841: 27829: 27822: 27821: 27820: 27808: 27807: 27806: 27801: 27796: 27791: 27786: 27784:Irish American 27781: 27776: 27771: 27766: 27754: 27753: 27752: 27747: 27742: 27737: 27732: 27727: 27722: 27714:Asian American 27710: 27702: 27699: 27698: 27688: 27687: 27684: 27683: 27681: 27680: 27679: 27678: 27673: 27668: 27663: 27658: 27646: 27645: 27644: 27642:Sexual slavery 27632: 27625: 27618: 27617: 27616: 27611: 27606: 27601: 27596: 27591: 27579: 27578: 27577: 27572: 27567: 27562: 27557: 27552: 27540: 27533: 27526: 27525: 27524: 27519: 27514: 27512:Postal service 27509: 27504: 27502:Foreign policy 27499: 27494: 27489: 27484: 27479: 27474: 27469: 27457: 27450: 27449: 27448: 27436: 27435: 27434: 27422: 27421: 27420: 27408: 27407: 27406: 27401: 27396: 27391: 27379: 27372: 27364: 27361: 27360: 27350: 27349: 27346: 27345: 27342: 27341: 27339: 27338: 27333: 27328: 27321: 27316: 27311: 27306: 27305: 27304: 27294: 27289: 27282: 27277: 27276: 27275: 27270: 27265: 27260: 27255: 27250: 27245: 27240: 27230: 27224: 27222: 27216: 27215: 27213: 27212: 27207: 27202: 27197: 27196: 27195: 27190: 27180: 27175: 27168: 27163: 27158: 27153: 27148: 27143: 27138: 27133: 27127: 27125: 27119: 27118: 27116: 27115: 27110: 27105: 27100: 27099: 27098: 27093: 27088: 27078: 27076:Crack epidemic 27073: 27072: 27071: 27066: 27055: 27053: 27047: 27046: 27044: 27043: 27041:Moral Majority 27038: 27033: 27028: 27027: 27026: 27019:Gay liberation 27016: 27011: 27009:Counterculture 27006: 27001: 27000: 26999: 26997:Fall of Saigon 26994: 26989: 26979: 26978: 26977: 26975:Apollo program 26972: 26970:Project Gemini 26962: 26956: 26954: 26948: 26947: 26945: 26944: 26939: 26938: 26937: 26927: 26922: 26917: 26912: 26911: 26910: 26905: 26900: 26895: 26888:Early Cold War 26885: 26884: 26883: 26873: 26867: 26865: 26859: 26858: 26856: 26855: 26854: 26853: 26852: 26851: 26841: 26836: 26826: 26825: 26824: 26819: 26814: 26804: 26803: 26802: 26797: 26792: 26787: 26782: 26777: 26767: 26762: 26761: 26760: 26749: 26747: 26741: 26740: 26738: 26737: 26732: 26731: 26730: 26725: 26720: 26715: 26705: 26704: 26703: 26698: 26693: 26688: 26683: 26678: 26668: 26663: 26662: 26661: 26656: 26651: 26646: 26641: 26630: 26628: 26622: 26621: 26619: 26618: 26617: 26616: 26611: 26601: 26600: 26599: 26594: 26589: 26584: 26583: 26582: 26572: 26567: 26560:Prelude to War 26557: 26552: 26550:Antebellum Era 26546: 26544: 26538: 26537: 26535: 26534: 26529: 26524: 26523: 26522: 26517: 26512: 26507: 26502: 26497: 26495:Trail of Tears 26490:Jacksonian era 26487: 26486: 26485: 26480: 26469: 26467: 26461: 26460: 26458: 26457: 26456: 26455: 26450: 26440: 26439: 26438: 26433: 26426:Federalist Era 26423: 26421:Bill of Rights 26417: 26415: 26409: 26408: 26406: 26405: 26404: 26403: 26398: 26393: 26388: 26383: 26370: 26369: 26368: 26363: 26358: 26356:Lee Resolution 26353: 26348: 26337: 26335: 26329: 26328: 26326: 26325: 26324: 26323: 26318: 26313: 26308: 26303: 26298: 26293: 26288: 26283: 26278: 26273: 26263: 26258: 26253: 26248: 26243: 26238: 26233: 26228: 26223: 26218: 26213: 26208: 26202: 26200: 26194: 26193: 26191: 26190: 26183: 26175: 26173: 26165: 26164: 26154: 26153: 26151: 26150: 26145: 26139: 26136: 26135: 26128: 26127: 26120: 26113: 26105: 26096: 26095: 26093: 26092: 26087: 26080: 26079: 26072: 26064: 26063: 26060: 26059: 26056: 26055: 26052: 26051: 26049: 26048: 26043: 26038: 26033: 26032: 26031: 26021: 26020: 26019: 26009: 26004: 25999: 25994: 25992:Mass shootings 25989: 25984: 25983: 25982: 25980:Climate change 25977: 25967: 25962: 25961: 25960: 25955: 25950: 25945: 25940: 25935: 25930: 25925: 25918:Discrimination 25915: 25910: 25909: 25908: 25898: 25892: 25890: 25886: 25885: 25883: 25882: 25877: 25872: 25867: 25862: 25857: 25852: 25847: 25842: 25837: 25832: 25831: 25830: 25825: 25820: 25810: 25809: 25808: 25803: 25798: 25793: 25788: 25783: 25773: 25767: 25765: 25759: 25758: 25756: 25755: 25750: 25745: 25740: 25735: 25730: 25725: 25720: 25715: 25710: 25708:American Dream 25705: 25699: 25697: 25691: 25690: 25688: 25687: 25682: 25677: 25675:Transportation 25672: 25667: 25662: 25657: 25652: 25647: 25642: 25637: 25632: 25627: 25622: 25621: 25620: 25615: 25610: 25608:Mount Rushmore 25605: 25595: 25590: 25585: 25580: 25579: 25578: 25573: 25568: 25563: 25558: 25548: 25543: 25542: 25541: 25536: 25531: 25521: 25516: 25511: 25506: 25505: 25504: 25494: 25489: 25488: 25487: 25477: 25472: 25467: 25466: 25465: 25460: 25450: 25449: 25448: 25443: 25438: 25433: 25428: 25423: 25418: 25413: 25408: 25403: 25398: 25388: 25383: 25378: 25373: 25368: 25363: 25358: 25352: 25350: 25337: 25331: 25330: 25327: 25326: 25324: 25323: 25318: 25313: 25308: 25303: 25298: 25293: 25287: 25285: 25279: 25278: 25276: 25275: 25270: 25265: 25260: 25255: 25250: 25245: 25240: 25235: 25230: 25228:Federal budget 25225: 25220: 25215: 25214: 25213: 25208: 25203: 25198: 25193: 25188: 25183: 25178: 25173: 25168: 25166:Communications 25163: 25158: 25147: 25141: 25135: 25134: 25131: 25130: 25127: 25126: 25124: 25123: 25118: 25117: 25116: 25111: 25106: 25096: 25095: 25094: 25089: 25087:exceptionalism 25084: 25074: 25069: 25068: 25067: 25065:foreign policy 25057: 25056: 25055: 25050: 25040: 25034: 25031: 25030: 25027: 25026: 25024: 25023: 25022: 25021: 25010: 25008: 25002: 25001: 24999: 24998: 24993: 24987: 24985: 24979: 24978: 24976: 24975: 24970: 24965: 24960: 24955: 24950: 24945: 24940: 24935: 24930: 24924: 24922: 24918: 24917: 24915: 24914: 24909: 24904: 24899: 24893: 24891: 24882: 24876: 24875: 24873: 24872: 24867: 24866: 24865: 24855: 24854: 24853: 24848: 24843: 24833: 24827: 24825: 24819: 24818: 24815: 24814: 24812: 24811: 24806: 24801: 24796: 24790: 24788: 24782: 24781: 24779: 24778: 24777: 24776: 24766: 24765: 24764: 24762:Chief justices 24757:Supreme courts 24753: 24751: 24745: 24744: 24742: 24741: 24736: 24730: 24728: 24722: 24721: 24719: 24718: 24717: 24716: 24706: 24701: 24696: 24691: 24686: 24681: 24676: 24671: 24670: 24669: 24659: 24658: 24657: 24646: 24644: 24635: 24618: 24617: 24614: 24613: 24611: 24610: 24605: 24600: 24599: 24598: 24596:National Guard 24593: 24588: 24583: 24578: 24573: 24568: 24557: 24555: 24549: 24548: 24546: 24545: 24540: 24539: 24538: 24533: 24528: 24523: 24513: 24508: 24507: 24506: 24499:Bill of Rights 24495: 24493: 24487: 24486: 24484: 24483: 24478: 24473: 24472: 24471: 24469:list of judges 24466: 24464:list of courts 24452: 24451: 24450: 24448:list of judges 24440: 24439: 24438: 24433: 24428: 24417: 24415: 24409: 24408: 24406: 24405: 24400: 24395: 24390: 24385: 24383:Capitol Police 24380: 24379: 24378: 24373: 24368: 24358: 24357: 24356: 24351: 24340: 24338: 24332: 24331: 24329: 24328: 24323: 24318: 24313: 24312: 24311: 24306: 24304:Secret Service 24301: 24296: 24291: 24286: 24281: 24276: 24271: 24261: 24260: 24259: 24254: 24249: 24244: 24234: 24229: 24224: 24219: 24217:Vice President 24214: 24213: 24212: 24207: 24196: 24194: 24187: 24174: 24168: 24167: 24164: 24163: 24161: 24160: 24155: 24150: 24145: 24144: 24143: 24138: 24133: 24128: 24123: 24118: 24113: 24108: 24097: 24096: 24095: 24090: 24085: 24080: 24075: 24070: 24065: 24060: 24055: 24050: 24045: 24040: 24035: 24030: 24025: 24020: 24015: 24005: 24004: 24003: 24001:National Parks 23993: 23992: 23991: 23986: 23981: 23976: 23971: 23961: 23956: 23954:Extreme points 23951: 23946: 23945: 23944: 23939: 23934: 23929: 23924: 23919: 23914: 23909: 23904: 23893: 23887: 23881: 23880: 23877: 23876: 23874: 23873: 23868: 23863: 23858: 23853: 23848: 23843: 23838: 23832: 23830: 23826: 23825: 23823: 23822: 23817: 23812: 23811: 23810: 23805: 23795: 23790: 23785: 23780: 23775: 23770: 23765: 23760: 23755: 23750: 23749: 23748: 23738: 23733: 23728: 23723: 23718: 23713: 23712: 23711: 23706: 23701: 23693: 23688: 23683: 23678: 23673: 23668: 23663: 23658: 23653: 23648: 23643: 23641:Federalist Era 23638: 23637: 23636: 23634:Bill of Rights 23631: 23621: 23616: 23615: 23614: 23609: 23599: 23598: 23597: 23592: 23582: 23577: 23575:Lee Resolution 23572: 23567: 23566: 23565: 23560: 23555: 23550: 23545: 23540: 23535: 23525: 23519: 23517: 23513: 23512: 23510: 23509: 23504: 23499: 23494: 23489: 23484: 23479: 23474: 23469: 23464: 23459: 23453: 23451: 23444: 23438: 23437: 23435: articles 23429: 23428: 23421: 23414: 23406: 23400: 23397: 23396: 23384: 23383: 23381: 23380: 23374: 23371: 23370: 23367: 23366: 23364: 23363: 23358: 23353: 23348: 23343: 23338: 23333: 23328: 23323: 23318: 23313: 23307: 23305: 23301: 23300: 23298: 23297: 23292: 23287: 23282: 23277: 23272: 23266: 23264: 23260: 23259: 23257: 23256: 23248: 23243: 23235: 23230: 23222: 23217: 23209: 23201: 23196: 23188: 23182: 23180: 23176: 23175: 23173: 23172: 23164: 23156: 23151: 23146: 23138: 23133: 23125: 23120: 23112: 23104: 23099: 23091: 23086: 23081: 23076: 23068: 23063: 23058: 23053: 23052: 23051: 23044:Dunning School 23041: 23036: 23031: 23026: 23022:The Tragic Era 23018: 23013: 23005: 23000: 22992: 22987: 22981: 22979: 22978:Historiography 22972: 22968: 22967: 22964: 22963: 22961: 22960: 22955: 22947: 22942: 22934: 22926: 22918: 22910: 22903: 22901: 22897: 22896: 22894: 22893: 22888: 22883: 22878: 22873: 22867: 22865: 22861: 22860: 22858: 22857: 22852: 22850:1876 elections 22847: 22842: 22837: 22832: 22827: 22820: 22815: 22810: 22805: 22800: 22794: 22792: 22788: 22787: 22785: 22784: 22779: 22774: 22769: 22764: 22759: 22754: 22749: 22744: 22739: 22734: 22729: 22721: 22719: 22715: 22714: 22712: 22711: 22706: 22704:1874 elections 22701: 22696: 22691: 22686: 22681: 22676: 22671: 22666: 22661: 22656: 22651: 22645: 22643: 22639: 22638: 22636: 22635: 22630: 22625: 22620: 22615: 22607: 22600: 22595: 22590: 22584: 22582: 22578: 22577: 22575: 22574: 22569: 22567:1872 elections 22564: 22559: 22554: 22549: 22544: 22539: 22533: 22531: 22527: 22526: 22524: 22523: 22518: 22513: 22508: 22503: 22498: 22493: 22488: 22483: 22478: 22472: 22470: 22466: 22465: 22463: 22462: 22457: 22455:1870 elections 22452: 22447: 22442: 22437: 22432: 22427: 22425:15th Amendment 22421: 22419: 22415: 22414: 22412: 22411: 22406: 22401: 22394: 22389: 22384: 22379: 22374: 22366: 22361: 22355: 22353: 22349: 22348: 22346: 22345: 22340: 22338:1868 elections 22335: 22328: 22323: 22318: 22315: 22312: 22309: 22306: 22303: 22300: 22299: 22298: 22293: 22288: 22283: 22273: 22268: 22266:14th Amendment 22262: 22260: 22256: 22255: 22253: 22252: 22247: 22242: 22237: 22232: 22227: 22226: 22225: 22215: 22210: 22205: 22200: 22195: 22189: 22187: 22183: 22182: 22180: 22179: 22177:1866 elections 22173: 22172: 22167: 22160: 22153: 22148: 22141: 22138: 22133: 22128: 22123: 22118: 22113: 22108: 22102: 22100: 22096: 22095: 22093: 22092: 22087: 22082: 22077: 22072: 22067: 22062: 22061: 22060: 22050: 22045: 22040: 22039: 22038: 22028: 22026:13th Amendment 22022: 22020: 22016: 22015: 22013: 22012: 22007: 22005:1864 elections 22002: 21996: 21994: 21990: 21989: 21987: 21986: 21981: 21976: 21971: 21966: 21961: 21956: 21951: 21945: 21943: 21939: 21938: 21936: 21935: 21930: 21924: 21919: 21914: 21909: 21903: 21897: 21889: 21881: 21873: 21868: 21862: 21860: 21853: 21849: 21848: 21845: 21844: 21842: 21841: 21836: 21831: 21826: 21821: 21816: 21811: 21805: 21803: 21802:U.S. elections 21799: 21798: 21796: 21795: 21794: 21793: 21788: 21783: 21778: 21773: 21768: 21763: 21758: 21753: 21748: 21743: 21738: 21733: 21728: 21723: 21715: 21707: 21702: 21693: 21692: 21691: 21690: 21685: 21680: 21675: 21670: 21665: 21660: 21655: 21650: 21645: 21640: 21631: 21630: 21629: 21628: 21623: 21618: 21613: 21608: 21603: 21598: 21593: 21588: 21583: 21578: 21573: 21568: 21559: 21558: 21557: 21556: 21551: 21546: 21541: 21536: 21531: 21526: 21521: 21516: 21511: 21502: 21501: 21500: 21499: 21494: 21489: 21484: 21479: 21474: 21469: 21464: 21459: 21454: 21449: 21444: 21439: 21434: 21429: 21424: 21415: 21414: 21413: 21412: 21407: 21402: 21397: 21392: 21387: 21382: 21377: 21372: 21367: 21362: 21357: 21348: 21347: 21346: 21345: 21340: 21335: 21330: 21325: 21320: 21315: 21310: 21305: 21300: 21295: 21290: 21281: 21280: 21279: 21278: 21273: 21268: 21263: 21258: 21253: 21248: 21243: 21238: 21233: 21228: 21223: 21214: 21213: 21212: 21211: 21206: 21201: 21196: 21191: 21186: 21181: 21176: 21171: 21166: 21161: 21156: 21151: 21146: 21141: 21132: 21131: 21130: 21129: 21124: 21119: 21114: 21109: 21104: 21099: 21094: 21089: 21080: 21079: 21078: 21077: 21072: 21067: 21062: 21057: 21052: 21047: 21042: 21037: 21032: 21027: 21018: 21017: 21016: 21015: 21010: 21005: 21000: 20995: 20990: 20985: 20980: 20975: 20970: 20961: 20960: 20959: 20958: 20953: 20948: 20943: 20938: 20933: 20928: 20923: 20918: 20913: 20908: 20899: 20898: 20897: 20896: 20891: 20886: 20881: 20876: 20871: 20866: 20861: 20856: 20851: 20846: 20841: 20836: 20827: 20825: 20821: 20820: 20818: 20817: 20812: 20807: 20802: 20797: 20792: 20787: 20781: 20779: 20775: 20774: 20772: 20771: 20766: 20761: 20756: 20751: 20746: 20741: 20735: 20733: 20729: 20728: 20726: 20725: 20724: 20723: 20718: 20713: 20708: 20703: 20698: 20687: 20686: 20685: 20684: 20679: 20674: 20669: 20664: 20653: 20652: 20651: 20650: 20645: 20634: 20633: 20632: 20631: 20626: 20621: 20610: 20608: 20605: 20599: 20595: 20594: 20591: 20590: 20588: 20587: 20582: 20577: 20576: 20575: 20570: 20565: 20560: 20558:Lyman Trumbull 20555: 20550: 20548:Charles Sumner 20545: 20535: 20534: 20533: 20528: 20523: 20513: 20508: 20503: 20498: 20493: 20488: 20483: 20482: 20481: 20476: 20471: 20460: 20458: 20454: 20453: 20451: 20450: 20445: 20439: 20437: 20434: 20431: 20430: 20428: 20427: 20426: 20425: 20420: 20415: 20406: 20405: 20404: 20403: 20398: 20393: 20384: 20383: 20382: 20381: 20376: 20371: 20366: 20361: 20356: 20351: 20346: 20341: 20336: 20331: 20326: 20321: 20316: 20311: 20306: 20297: 20296: 20295: 20294: 20289: 20284: 20282:Andrew Johnson 20279: 20270: 20268: 20265: 20259: 20255: 20254: 20247: 20246: 20239: 20232: 20224: 20218: 20217: 20197: 20191: 20175: 20174: 20173: 20146: 20125: 20114: 20092: 20081: 20071: 20058: 20036: 20027: 20022: 20011: 20010:External links 20008: 20005: 20004: 19998: 19986: 19980: 19972: 19961:DeBow's Review 19956: 19954: 19951: 19949: 19948: 19931: 19926:978-0807819661 19925: 19909: 19878: 19863: 19858:Prior, David. 19856: 19844: 19831: 19788: 19779: 19762:New York Times 19749: 19742: 19725: 19708:978-1375489164 19707: 19692: 19689:Dunning School 19678: 19653:(4): 781–799. 19631: 19630: 19628: 19625: 19622: 19621: 19611:September 1863 19603: 19596: 19588:Reid, Whitelaw 19585: 19574: 19553: 19546: 19539: 19524: 19508: 19484: 19460: 19453: 19445: 19428: 19391: 19378: 19360: 19350: 19348: 19345: 19343: 19342: 19334: 19326: 19318: 19310: 19302: 19294: 19286: 19278: 19270: 19261: 19259: 19256: 19254: 19253: 19235:(4): 427–447. 19224: 19214: 19204: 19186:(4): 566–591. 19175: 19146: 19139: 19117:(4): 440–454. 19102: 19095: 19088: 19083:978-0062383235 19082: 19064: 19062: 19061:Historiography 19059: 19057: 19056: 19046: 19040: 19022: 19004:(4): 469–486. 18990: 18984: 18966: 18955: 18949: 18934: 18928: 18909: 18897: 18886: 18874:(3): 147–165. 18863: 18857: 18844: 18828: 18813: 18794: 18788: 18773: 18764: 18754: 18746:Stauffer, John 18742: 18714: 18708: 18688: 18676: 18670: 18658:Simon, John Y. 18654: 18648: 18629: 18628: 18627: 18621: 18605: 18600:978-1787200272 18599: 18584: 18578: 18563: 18554: 18549:978-0807841419 18548: 18535: 18526: 18515: 18509: 18496: 18487: 18469:(2): 197–218. 18458: 18435: 18426: 18420: 18404: 18390: 18372: 18366: 18353: 18342: 18339:Reconstruction 18337:, ed. (1967). 18332: 18297: 18291: 18275: 18265: 18259: 18244: 18222:(1): 155–186. 18207: 18198: 18189: 18176: 18167: 18161: 18146: 18136: 18119:978-0190865696 18118: 18103: 18097: 18082: 18077:978-0802838728 18076: 18059: 18044: 18038: 18025: 18019: 18003: 17997: 17981: 17969: 17962: 17944: 17938: 17925: 17919: 17906: 17900: 17887: 17875: 17869: 17854: 17845: 17832:978-0393974270 17831: 17818: 17809: 17803: 17786: 17776: 17770: 17752: 17738: 17720: 17711: 17705: 17685: 17679: 17666: 17657: 17639:(4): 388–402. 17628: 17598:(1): 250–283. 17583: 17574: 17568: 17555: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17537: 17525: 17522: 17519: 17518: 17487: 17456: 17430: 17415: 17376: 17353: 17346: 17326: 17295:(3): 387–401. 17271: 17260:(4): 308–317. 17244: 17236:Summers (2014) 17228: 17201: 17194: 17170: 17158: 17151: 17133: 17114:(2): 236–242. 17098: 17083: 17056:(1): 139–154. 17035: 17006: 16977: 16946: 16939: 16918: 16903: 16885: 16873: 16866: 16848: 16844:McFeely (2002) 16836: 16824: 16805: 16779: 16760: 16725: 16718: 16700: 16688: 16686:, p. 469. 16676: 16642: 16620: 16601: 16590:(4): 439–457. 16574: 16533: 16496: 16479: 16460:(2): 191–210. 16442: 16435: 16415: 16398: 16383: 16368: 16361: 16343: 16336: 16316: 16289: 16287:, p. 473. 16277: 16228: 16221: 16203: 16184:(4): 497–521. 16166: 16134: 16115:(2): 167–186. 16097: 16090: 16069: 16057: 16027: 16025:, p. 604. 16015: 15982:World Politics 15972: 15970:, p. 174. 15960: 15958:, p. 606. 15948: 15941: 15923: 15904: 15867: 15855: 15843: 15831: 15829:, p. 443. 15819: 15807: 15795: 15783: 15771: 15759: 15747: 15735: 15716:(4): 315–336. 15698: 15691: 15673: 15666: 15648: 15636: 15618: 15614:McFeely (2002) 15606: 15604:, p. 485. 15594: 15582: 15570: 15555: 15543: 15536: 15516: 15485: 15473: 15446: 15419: 15392: 15385: 15363: 15356: 15337: 15318:(3): 404–421. 15299: 15287: 15285:, p. 376. 15275: 15273:, p. 375. 15263: 15251: 15239: 15227: 15225:, p. 387. 15215: 15174: 15167: 15149: 15134: 15132:, p. 139. 15122: 15110: 15103: 15085: 15073: 15057: 15050: 15025: 15023:, p. 205. 15013: 14994: 14974: 14972:, p. 161. 14962: 14955: 14933: 14910: 14906:Stowell (1998) 14898: 14875: 14873:, p. 202. 14863: 14851: 14844: 14824: 14822:, p. 157. 14812: 14805: 14787: 14779:Stowell (1998) 14771: 14759: 14723: 14671: 14664: 14646: 14634: 14622: 14589: 14577: 14575:, p. 400. 14565: 14528: 14526:, p. 479. 14524:Calhoun (2017) 14516: 14514:, p. 795. 14512:Chernow (2017) 14501: 14497:Chernow (2017) 14485: 14483:, p. 746. 14481:Chernow (2017) 14470: 14468:, p. 182. 14454: 14452:, p. 122. 14442: 14430: 14418: 14416:, p. 324. 14414:Calhoun (2017) 14406: 14404:, p. 547. 14389: 14377: 14346: 14344:, p. 248. 14331: 14329:, p. 521. 14315: 14311:Calhoun (2017) 14296: 14284: 14282:, p. 474. 14272: 14260: 14248: 14246:, p. 246. 14236: 14234:, p. 465. 14224: 14222:, p. 247. 14216:Chernow (2017) 14204: 14192: 14190:, p. 628. 14188:Chernow (2017) 14180: 14178:, p. 629. 14176:Chernow (2017) 14168: 14156: 14149: 14128: 14121: 14103: 14086: 14084:, p. 471. 14074: 14072:, p. 284. 14070:McFeely (2002) 14062: 14050: 14046:Calhoun (2017) 14038: 14036:, p. 461. 14023: 14011: 14009:, p. 245. 13996: 13989: 13967: 13916: 13895:(3): 622–637. 13875: 13861: 13841: 13829: 13822: 13804: 13800:Calhoun (2017) 13792: 13780: 13776:Summers (2014) 13768: 13756: 13749: 13731: 13719: 13717:, p. 324. 13707: 13695: 13688: 13665: 13644:10.1086/443844 13638:(2): 236–256. 13617: 13602: 13590: 13563: 13556: 13538: 13526: 13511: 13504: 13486: 13474: 13462: 13435: 13428: 13410: 13394: 13382: 13369: 13337: 13296: 13249: 13230:(2): 183–196. 13212: 13175: 13155: 13143: 13141:, v. 6: p. 68. 13131: 13101: 13089: 13048: 13036: 13029: 13011: 13004: 12986: 12979: 12961: 12949: 12924: 12912: 12900: 12898:, p. 527. 12888: 12876: 12864: 12862:, p. 245. 12852: 12850:, p. 125. 12848:McFeely (1974) 12840: 12817: 12797: 12790: 12766: 12759: 12733: 12726: 12706: 12702:McFeely (2002) 12694: 12687: 12669: 12662: 12644: 12616: 12595: 12583: 12576: 12558: 12551: 12525: 12523:, p. 280. 12513: 12488: 12481: 12460: 12458:, p. 279. 12448: 12436: 12424: 12417: 12397: 12361: 12345: 12330: 12309: 12290: 12260: 12253: 12235: 12219: 12212: 12187: 12175: 12168: 12148: 12113: 12083: 12070: 12063: 12045: 12030: 12012: 12005: 11987: 11985:, p. 581. 11975: 11963: 11956: 11934: 11927: 11907: 11894: 11892:, p. 126. 11882: 11875: 11857: 11855:, p. 223. 11845: 11828: 11816: 11785: 11759: 11747: 11735: 11723: 11716: 11698: 11691: 11671: 11652:(2): 122–133. 11634: 11622: 11605: 11593: 11586: 11563: 11551: 11519: 11507: 11487: 11483:Simpson (2009) 11475: 11458: 11416: 11397:(3): 319–344. 11379: 11360:(3): 305–329. 11342: 11310: 11291: 11278: 11250: 11235: 11203: 11196: 11171: 11102: 11090: 11075: 11060: 11049: 11038: 11027: 10969: 10944: 10919: 10899: 10893:Reconstruction 10824: 10822:, p. xxv. 10812: 10736: 10732:Parfait (2009) 10724: 10722:, p. 198. 10708: 10675: 10668: 10644: 10626: 10622:Harpers Weekly 10603: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10594: 10593: 10580: 10548: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10526: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10503: 10500: 10457:Dunning School 10452: 10449: 10422:Pulitzer Prize 10389:D. W. Griffith 10352:Henry W. Grady 10325: 10322: 10277: 10276: 10269: 10257: 10254: 10251: 10248:Dunning School 10239: 10236: 10223: 10220: 10200: 10197: 10134: 10105:Kenneth Stampp 10095:In the 1960s, 10092: 10089: 10069: 10066: 10006:In the 1930s, 10003: 10000: 9978:Dunning School 9973: 9970: 9944: 9941: 9835: 9832: 9804:Main article: 9801: 9798: 9674: 9671: 9662:1874 elections 9643:Main article: 9640: 9637: 9617:William Mahone 9576:Main article: 9573: 9570: 9517: 9514: 9503:Horace Greeley 9477:Main article: 9474: 9471: 9459:Main article: 9456: 9453: 9391:Dunning School 9352: 9349: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9249: 9246: 9230: 9229: 9218: 9207: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9183: 9182: 9179: 9176: 9172: 9171: 9168: 9165: 9161: 9160: 9157: 9154: 9150: 9149: 9146: 9143: 9139: 9138: 9135: 9132: 9128: 9127: 9124: 9123:5 mills (0.5%) 9121: 9117: 9116: 9113: 9112:South Carolina 9110: 9076: 9073: 9047: 9044: 9033:John Roy Lynch 8994: 8993:Public schools 8991: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8860: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8838: 8837: 8834: 8831: 8828: 8824: 8823: 8820: 8817: 8814: 8810: 8809: 8806: 8803: 8800: 8796: 8795: 8792: 8789: 8786: 8782: 8781: 8778: 8775: 8772: 8768: 8767: 8764: 8761: 8758: 8754: 8753: 8748: 8745: 8742: 8738: 8737: 8734: 8731: 8728: 8724: 8723: 8720: 8717: 8714: 8710: 8709: 8706: 8703: 8700: 8696: 8695: 8692: 8689: 8686: 8682: 8681: 8674: 8667: 8662: 8643: 8642: 8639: 8636: 8633: 8630: 8626: 8625: 8622: 8619: 8616: 8613: 8609: 8608: 8605: 8602: 8599: 8596: 8592: 8591: 8588: 8585: 8582: 8579: 8575: 8574: 8571: 8568: 8565: 8562: 8558: 8557: 8554: 8551: 8548: 8545: 8541: 8540: 8537: 8534: 8531: 8528: 8524: 8523: 8520: 8517: 8514: 8511: 8507: 8506: 8503: 8500: 8497: 8494: 8490: 8489: 8482: 8479: 8476: 8473: 8436: 8433: 8427: 8424: 8415: 8412: 8400:Charles Sumner 8387: 8384: 8375: 8372: 8328: 8325: 8286: 8283: 8274:and the first 8263: 8260: 8232: 8229: 8199: 8196: 8176:Main article: 8173: 8170: 8143:Irish Republic 8094:Main article: 8091: 8088: 8062:August Belmont 8038: 8035: 8004: 8003: 7990: 7981: 7968: 7966:Daniel Sickles 7959: 7957:John Schofield 7924: 7915: 7906: 7897: 7888: 7880: 7877: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7855: 7847: 7839: 7831: 7826: 7818: 7812: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7783: 7782: 7748: 7746: 7739: 7708: 7705: 7681: 7678: 7644:speech balloon 7616: 7613: 7583:Lyman Trumbull 7564:Charles Sumner 7557:James Schouler 7551: 7548: 7526:Selma, Alabama 7454:Main article: 7451: 7448: 7402:Champ Ferguson 7381:Andrew Johnson 7313:Main article: 7310: 7307: 7301: 7298: 7295: 7262:Main article: 7259: 7256: 7250: 7247: 7214:Main article: 7211: 7208: 7202: 7199: 7185:Main article: 7182: 7179: 7154:Main article: 7151: 7148: 7144:John S. Phelps 7124:North Carolina 7114: 7111: 7085: 7082: 7047: 7044: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6925: 6922: 6914:literacy tests 6806: 6803: 6773: 6770: 6725:Charles Sumner 6712: 6709: 6680:Andrew Johnson 6671: 6668: 6616:Andrew Johnson 6603: 6600: 6591: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6552: 6545: 6538: 6531: 6528: 6521: 6514: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6480: 6473: 6466: 6459: 6456:Andrew Johnson 6444: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6408: 6401: 6394: 6387: 6384:Andrew Johnson 6380: 6371: 6368: 6314: 6311: 6290:infrastructure 6287:transportation 6254: 6251: 6250: 6249: 6232: 6222: 6204:tenant farming 6188:South Carolina 6175: 6172: 6143: 6140: 6081:Reconstruction 6068: 6065: 5945:Andrew Johnson 5880:literacy tests 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5696:Black genocide 5692: 5689: 5688: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5610: 5605: 5603:US communities 5600: 5595: 5590: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5560:South Carolina 5557: 5555:North Carolina 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5377:South Carolina 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5357:North Carolina 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5214:Samaná English 5211: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5164:LGBT community 5160: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5121:Creek Freedmen 5118: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5091:Carmel Indians 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4972:Central (CIAA) 4966: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4839:Pan-Africanism 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4670:Black theology 4666: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4638: 4633: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4607: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4590: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4534:Economic class 4531: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4473:Academic study 4470: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4450: 4445: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4366: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4244: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4201: 4200: 4194: 4189: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4154: 4147: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4114:Black genocide 4110: 4108:Related topics 4107: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4033:Ocoee massacre 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3905:John Hartfield 3902: 3897: 3895:Jim McIlherron 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3835:Marie Thompson 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3800:Samuel J. Bush 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3770:Joe Vermillion 3767: 3765:George Meadows 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3686: 3685: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3667:Common actions 3664: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3619: 3618: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3587: 3579: 3578: 3576:race relations 3570: 3569: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3553: 3546: 3539: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3525: 3515: 3504: 3503: 3501:Historiography 3498: 3493: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3478: 3477: 3476: 3466: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3452: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3149: 3148: 3146:The West Coast 3143: 3138: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3120:Indian removal 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3094: 3093: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3049: 3042: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3019:Saudi American 3016: 3011: 3006: 3004:Iraqi American 3001: 2996: 2984: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2939:Irish American 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2864:Asian American 2860: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2802:Sexual slavery 2792: 2785: 2778: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2739: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2700: 2693: 2686: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2672:Postal service 2669: 2664: 2662:Foreign policy 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2617: 2610: 2609: 2608: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2525: 2518: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2434: 2433: 2430: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2401: 2400: 2397: 2390: 2389: 2386: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2357: 2356: 2353: 2346: 2345: 2342: 2335: 2334: 2331: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2302: 2301: 2298: 2291: 2290: 2287: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2269: 2268: 2265: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2241:Jacksonian Era 2236: 2235: 2232: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2203: 2202: 2199: 2197:Federalist Era 2192: 2191: 2189: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2148: 2147: 2144: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2116: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2096: 2095: 2085: 2084: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2070: 2063: 2056: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1920:List of slaves 1917: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1791: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1779: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1684: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1638: 1632: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1464:Dutch Republic 1461: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1396: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1332: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1272: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1213: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1089: 1088: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1008: 1007: 997: 992: 987: 981: 980: 974: 971: 970: 967: 966: 963: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 936: 935: 931: 930: 925: 923:Child soldiers 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 899: 898: 888: 883: 878: 873: 872: 871: 866: 861: 850: 849: 845: 844: 839: 834: 832:Spanish Empire 829: 824: 819: 814: 812:Middle Passage 809: 804: 799: 794: 788: 787: 781: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 749: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 674: 673: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 642: 641: 640: 633:Ottoman Empire 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 594: 588: 587: 581: 580: 579: 578: 568: 563: 558: 557: 556: 551: 546: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 510: 509: 503: 502: 497: 492: 487: 481: 480: 474: 469: 468: 465: 464: 461: 460: 455: 453:Sexual slavery 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 419: 418: 413: 411:Child marriage 408: 398: 393: 388: 386:Child soldiers 383: 377: 372: 371: 368: 367: 359: 358: 348: 347: 334: 333: 330: 329: 328: 327: 317: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 285: 280: 275: 269: 263: 258: 252: 251: 248: 247: 235: 234: 227: 220: 212: 204: 203: 200: 199: 189: 170: 169: 136: 132: 131: 121:Andrew Johnson 114: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 88: 84: 83: 66:; newly-freed 61: 53: 52: 48: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 34699: 34688: 34685: 34683: 34680: 34678: 34675: 34673: 34670: 34668: 34665: 34663: 34660: 34658: 34655: 34653: 34650: 34648: 34645: 34643: 34640: 34638: 34635: 34633: 34630: 34628: 34625: 34623: 34620: 34618: 34615: 34613: 34610: 34608: 34605: 34603: 34600: 34598: 34595: 34593: 34590: 34588: 34585: 34583: 34580: 34578: 34575: 34573: 34570: 34568: 34565: 34563: 34560: 34558: 34555: 34553: 34550: 34548: 34545: 34543: 34540: 34538: 34535: 34533: 34530: 34528: 34525: 34523: 34520: 34518: 34515: 34513: 34510: 34508: 34505: 34503: 34500: 34498: 34495: 34493: 34490: 34488: 34485: 34483: 34480: 34478: 34475: 34474: 34472: 34461:from Wikidata 34460: 34459: 34447: 34443: 34442: 34430: 34426: 34425: 34413: 34409: 34408: 34396: 34395: 34392: 34386: 34378: 34377:United States 34368: 34366: 34361: 34356: 34354: 34344: 34343: 34340: 34321: 34320: 34311: 34310: 34307: 34306: 34302: 34300: 34299: 34295: 34294: 34291: 34284: 34281: 34278: 34275: 34272: 34269: 34268: 34266: 34262: 34256: 34253: 34251: 34248: 34246: 34243: 34241: 34238: 34236: 34233: 34231: 34230: 34226: 34224: 34223: 34218: 34216: 34213: 34212: 34210: 34206: 34200: 34197: 34195: 34192: 34190: 34187: 34185: 34182: 34180: 34177: 34175: 34172: 34170: 34167: 34165: 34162: 34160: 34157: 34155: 34152: 34150: 34147: 34146: 34144: 34142: 34138: 34132: 34129: 34127: 34124: 34122: 34119: 34117: 34114: 34112: 34109: 34107: 34106:Spiegel Grove 34104: 34102: 34099: 34097: 34094: 34092: 34089: 34087: 34084: 34082: 34079: 34077: 34074: 34073: 34071: 34067: 34059: 34055: 34051: 34048: 34044: 34043: 34040: 34036: 34029: 34024: 34022: 34017: 34015: 34010: 34009: 34006: 33994: 33993: 33984: 33983: 33980: 33979: 33975: 33973: 33972: 33968: 33967: 33964: 33957: 33954: 33951: 33948: 33945: 33944:Chapman Grant 33942: 33939: 33936: 33933: 33930: 33927: 33924: 33921: 33918: 33915: 33912: 33909: 33906: 33903: 33900: 33897: 33894: 33893: 33891: 33889: 33885: 33874: 33873: 33869: 33866: 33865: 33861: 33860: 33858: 33856: 33852: 33846: 33843: 33841: 33838: 33834: 33831: 33829: 33826: 33825: 33824: 33821: 33819: 33816: 33814: 33811: 33809: 33806: 33804: 33801: 33799: 33796: 33794: 33791: 33789: 33786: 33784: 33783: 33779: 33777: 33774: 33770: 33767: 33766: 33765: 33762: 33760: 33758: 33757:General Grant 33754: 33752: 33749: 33747: 33744: 33742: 33739: 33738: 33736: 33734: 33730: 33724: 33721: 33720: 33718: 33716: 33712: 33704: 33701: 33699: 33696: 33695: 33693: 33689: 33686: 33684: 33681: 33680: 33678: 33677: 33675: 33671: 33665: 33662: 33658: 33655: 33654: 33653: 33650: 33648: 33645: 33643: 33640: 33636: 33633: 33632: 33631: 33628: 33626: 33623: 33621: 33618: 33616: 33613: 33611: 33608: 33607: 33605: 33601: 33595: 33594: 33590: 33589: 33587: 33583: 33577: 33574: 33572: 33569: 33568: 33566: 33564: 33560: 33550: 33547: 33545: 33542: 33540: 33537: 33535: 33532: 33530: 33527: 33523: 33520: 33518: 33515: 33513: 33510: 33509: 33508: 33505: 33501: 33498: 33496: 33493: 33491: 33488: 33486: 33483: 33482: 33481: 33478: 33474: 33471: 33470: 33469: 33466: 33465: 33463: 33461:Social policy 33459: 33453: 33450: 33448: 33445: 33441: 33438: 33437: 33436: 33433: 33431: 33428: 33426: 33423: 33421: 33418: 33416: 33413: 33412: 33410: 33408: 33402: 33396: 33393: 33391: 33388: 33386: 33383: 33381: 33378: 33376: 33373: 33371: 33368: 33366: 33363: 33361: 33358: 33357: 33355: 33351: 33345: 33342: 33340: 33337: 33333: 33331: 33327: 33326: 33325: 33322: 33321: 33319: 33317: 33313: 33305: 33302: 33300: 33297: 33295: 33292: 33290: 33287: 33285: 33282: 33280: 33277: 33275: 33272: 33270: 33267: 33266: 33265: 33262: 33260: 33257: 33255: 33252: 33250: 33247: 33243: 33240: 33239: 33238: 33235: 33233: 33230: 33228: 33225: 33224: 33222: 33220: 33216: 33210: 33207: 33201: 33198: 33197: 33196: 33193: 33191: 33188: 33186: 33183: 33181: 33178: 33176: 33173: 33171: 33168: 33166: 33165:Fort Donelson 33163: 33162: 33161: 33158: 33157: 33155: 33151: 33145: 33142: 33136: 33132: 33125: 33120: 33118: 33113: 33111: 33106: 33105: 33102: 33090: 33089: 33080: 33079: 33076: 33073: 33071: 33068: 33067: 33064: 33063: 33059: 33057: 33056: 33052: 33051: 33048: 33042: 33041: 33037: 33035: 33032: 33030: 33027: 33025: 33022: 33020: 33017: 33015: 33012: 33011: 33009: 33005: 32999: 32996: 32994: 32991: 32989: 32986: 32984: 32983:Henry Johnson 32981: 32979: 32978:Dolly Johnson 32976: 32974: 32971: 32969: 32966: 32964: 32961: 32960: 32958: 32954: 32947: 32946:Frank Johnson 32944: 32941: 32938: 32935: 32934:Daniel Stover 32932: 32929: 32926: 32923: 32920: 32917: 32914: 32911: 32908: 32905: 32902: 32901: 32899: 32895: 32888: 32887: 32883: 32880: 32879: 32875: 32872: 32871: 32867: 32864: 32863: 32859: 32857: 32854: 32852: 32849: 32847: 32844: 32843: 32841: 32837: 32831: 32828: 32826: 32823: 32821: 32818: 32816: 32813: 32811: 32807: 32805: 32802: 32798: 32795: 32793: 32790: 32788: 32785: 32783: 32780: 32779: 32778: 32775: 32773: 32770: 32768: 32765: 32763: 32760: 32758: 32755: 32753: 32750: 32748: 32745: 32743: 32740: 32738: 32735: 32733: 32730: 32726: 32723: 32721: 32718: 32716: 32713: 32712: 32711: 32708: 32706: 32703: 32701: 32698: 32696: 32693: 32691: 32688: 32686: 32683: 32682: 32680: 32678: 32674: 32668: 32665: 32663: 32660: 32658: 32655: 32653: 32650: 32648: 32645: 32643: 32640: 32638: 32635: 32634: 32632: 32628: 32620: 32617: 32613: 32609: 32605: 32601: 32598: 32594: 32590: 32587: 32583: 32582: 32579: 32575: 32568: 32563: 32561: 32556: 32554: 32549: 32548: 32545: 32533: 32532: 32523: 32521: 32520: 32511: 32510: 32507: 32506: 32502: 32500: 32499: 32495: 32494: 32491: 32484: 32481: 32478: 32475: 32472: 32469: 32466: 32463: 32460: 32457: 32454: 32451: 32448: 32445: 32442: 32439: 32436: 32433: 32431:(grandfather) 32430: 32427: 32424: 32421: 32418: 32415: 32412: 32409: 32406: 32403: 32400: 32397: 32394: 32391: 32388: 32385: 32382: 32379: 32376: 32373: 32370: 32367: 32364: 32361: 32359: 32356: 32355: 32353: 32351: 32347: 32337: 32334: 32332: 32329: 32327: 32324: 32322: 32319: 32317: 32314: 32312: 32311:New York City 32309: 32307: 32304: 32302: 32299: 32297: 32294: 32292: 32289: 32287: 32284: 32282: 32279: 32277: 32274: 32272: 32269: 32267: 32264: 32262: 32259: 32257: 32254: 32252: 32251: 32247: 32245: 32244: 32240: 32238: 32237: 32233: 32231: 32230: 32226: 32224: 32221: 32217: 32214: 32212: 32209: 32208: 32207: 32204: 32203: 32201: 32199: 32195: 32189: 32186: 32184: 32181: 32179: 32176: 32174: 32171: 32169: 32166: 32164: 32163:Lincoln Prize 32161: 32159: 32156: 32154: 32151: 32149: 32146: 32144: 32141: 32138: 32137: 32133: 32131: 32128: 32126: 32124: 32119: 32117: 32114: 32112: 32109: 32107: 32104: 32102: 32099: 32095: 32092: 32090: 32087: 32085: 32084:Lincoln penny 32082: 32080: 32077: 32076: 32075: 32072: 32068: 32065: 32063: 32060: 32059: 32058: 32055: 32053: 32050: 32048: 32045: 32043: 32040: 32038: 32035: 32031: 32028: 32027: 32026: 32023: 32021: 32018: 32017: 32015: 32013: 32007: 32000: 31996: 31993: 31989: 31987: 31984: 31980: 31977: 31976: 31975: 31974:State funeral 31972: 31970: 31967: 31962: 31958: 31957: 31956: 31953: 31949: 31946: 31945: 31944: 31943: 31939: 31937: 31934: 31933: 31931: 31929: 31928:Assassination 31925: 31919: 31916: 31914: 31911: 31909: 31906: 31902: 31899: 31898: 31897: 31894: 31892: 31889: 31887: 31884: 31883: 31881: 31879: 31875: 31869: 31866: 31864: 31861: 31859: 31856: 31854: 31851: 31849: 31846: 31844: 31841: 31839: 31836: 31834: 31831: 31829: 31826: 31822: 31819: 31817: 31814: 31813: 31812: 31809: 31805: 31802: 31801: 31800: 31797: 31796: 31794: 31788: 31782: 31779: 31777: 31774: 31772: 31769: 31767: 31764: 31762: 31759: 31757: 31754: 31752: 31749: 31747: 31744: 31742: 31741: 31737: 31735: 31732: 31730: 31727: 31725: 31722: 31720: 31717: 31715: 31712: 31711: 31709: 31703: 31697: 31694: 31692: 31689: 31686: 31684: 31681: 31679: 31676: 31674: 31671: 31669: 31666: 31664: 31661: 31659: 31656: 31654: 31651: 31649: 31646: 31645: 31643: 31639: 31633: 31630: 31628: 31625: 31623: 31620: 31618: 31615: 31613: 31610: 31608: 31605: 31603: 31600: 31598: 31595: 31593: 31590: 31588: 31585: 31583: 31580: 31578: 31575: 31573: 31570: 31566: 31563: 31562: 31561: 31558: 31556: 31553: 31551: 31548: 31544: 31541: 31539: 31536: 31534: 31531: 31529: 31526: 31524: 31521: 31519: 31516: 31514: 31511: 31509: 31506: 31504: 31502: 31497: 31495: 31492: 31490: 31487: 31485: 31482: 31480: 31477: 31476: 31475: 31472: 31470: 31467: 31463: 31462:Lincoln Bible 31460: 31458: 31455: 31454: 31453: 31450: 31448: 31445: 31444: 31442: 31440: 31436: 31429: 31425: 31422: 31419: 31416: 31413: 31412: 31409: 31405: 31398: 31393: 31391: 31386: 31384: 31379: 31378: 31375: 31363: 31353: 31351: 31348: 31347: 31344: 31338: 31335: 31333: 31332:Neighborhoods 31330: 31328: 31325: 31323: 31320: 31318: 31315: 31313: 31310: 31308: 31305: 31301: 31298: 31296: 31295:Sports firsts 31293: 31291: 31288: 31287: 31286: 31283: 31279: 31276: 31274: 31271: 31269: 31266: 31264: 31261: 31259: 31256: 31254: 31251: 31249: 31246: 31244: 31241: 31239: 31236: 31234: 31231: 31229: 31226: 31224: 31221: 31219: 31216: 31214: 31211: 31209: 31206: 31204: 31201: 31200: 31199: 31196: 31195: 31193: 31189: 31181: 31178: 31177: 31175: 31173: 31170: 31166: 31163: 31161: 31158: 31156: 31153: 31151: 31148: 31146: 31143: 31142: 31140: 31136: 31133: 31131: 31128: 31126: 31123: 31121: 31118: 31117: 31116: 31113: 31112: 31110: 31108: 31104: 31098: 31097:West Virginia 31095: 31093: 31090: 31088: 31085: 31081: 31078: 31076: 31073: 31071: 31068: 31066: 31063: 31062: 31061: 31058: 31056: 31053: 31051: 31048: 31046: 31043: 31039: 31036: 31035: 31034:Pennsylvania 31033: 31031: 31028: 31026: 31023: 31021: 31018: 31014: 31013:New York City 31011: 31010: 31009: 31006: 31004: 31001: 30997: 30994: 30993: 30992: 30989: 30987: 30984: 30980: 30977: 30976: 30974: 30970: 30967: 30966: 30964: 30960: 30957: 30956: 30955: 30952: 30950: 30947: 30943: 30940: 30939: 30938: 30935: 30933: 30930: 30926: 30923: 30922: 30921: 30918: 30916: 30913: 30909: 30906: 30905: 30904: 30901: 30899: 30896: 30892: 30889: 30888: 30887: 30884: 30880: 30877: 30875: 30872: 30871: 30870: 30867: 30865: 30862: 30858: 30857:San Francisco 30855: 30853: 30850: 30849: 30848: 30845: 30843: 30840: 30838: 30835: 30834: 30832: 30830:By state/city 30828: 30822: 30819: 30817: 30814: 30808: 30805: 30803: 30800: 30799: 30798: 30795: 30793: 30790: 30789: 30788: 30785: 30781: 30778: 30777: 30776: 30775:American Sign 30773: 30771: 30768: 30767: 30765: 30761: 30753: 30750: 30748: 30745: 30744: 30743: 30740: 30738: 30735: 30731: 30728: 30726: 30723: 30722: 30721: 30718: 30714: 30711: 30710: 30709: 30708:Neighborhoods 30706: 30705: 30703: 30699: 30693: 30690: 30686: 30683: 30682: 30681: 30678: 30676: 30673: 30671: 30668: 30666: 30663: 30659: 30656: 30654: 30651: 30649: 30646: 30644: 30641: 30640: 30639: 30638:Black Indians 30636: 30634: 30631: 30627: 30624: 30622: 30619: 30617: 30614: 30612: 30609: 30608: 30606: 30605: 30603: 30599: 30589: 30586: 30584: 30581: 30579: 30576: 30574: 30571: 30570: 30568: 30560: 30554: 30551: 30549: 30546: 30544: 30541: 30539: 30536: 30534: 30531: 30529: 30526: 30524: 30521: 30519: 30516: 30514: 30511: 30509: 30506: 30504: 30501: 30499: 30496: 30495: 30492: 30489: 30485: 30479: 30476: 30474: 30471: 30469: 30466: 30464: 30461: 30459: 30456: 30454: 30451: 30449: 30446: 30444: 30441: 30439: 30436: 30434: 30431: 30429: 30426: 30424: 30421: 30419: 30416: 30414: 30411: 30410: 30408: 30400: 30394: 30391: 30387: 30384: 30383: 30382: 30379: 30377: 30374: 30372: 30369: 30367: 30364: 30362: 30359: 30357: 30354: 30352: 30349: 30345: 30342: 30341: 30340: 30337: 30335: 30332: 30330: 30327: 30326: 30324: 30320: 30314: 30311: 30309: 30306: 30304: 30301: 30297: 30294: 30293: 30292: 30289: 30285: 30282: 30280: 30277: 30276: 30275: 30272: 30270: 30267: 30266: 30264: 30262: 30258: 30250: 30247: 30245: 30242: 30240: 30237: 30236: 30234: 30232: 30229: 30227: 30224: 30222: 30219: 30217: 30216:Black schools 30214: 30212: 30211:Black studies 30209: 30208: 30206: 30200: 30194: 30193:Whitney Young 30191: 30189: 30186: 30184: 30183:Oprah Winfrey 30181: 30179: 30176: 30174: 30171: 30169: 30166: 30164: 30161: 30159: 30156: 30154: 30153:Denmark Vesey 30151: 30149: 30146: 30144: 30141: 30139: 30136: 30134: 30131: 30129: 30126: 30124: 30121: 30119: 30116: 30114: 30111: 30109: 30106: 30104: 30101: 30099: 30098:Joseph Rainey 30096: 30094: 30091: 30089: 30086: 30084: 30081: 30079: 30076: 30074: 30071: 30069: 30066: 30064: 30061: 30059: 30056: 30054: 30053:Toni Morrison 30051: 30049: 30046: 30044: 30041: 30039: 30038:Joseph Lowery 30036: 30034: 30031: 30029: 30026: 30024: 30021: 30019: 30016: 30014: 30011: 30009: 30006: 30004: 30001: 29999: 29996: 29994: 29991: 29989: 29986: 29984: 29983:Jesse Jackson 29981: 29979: 29976: 29974: 29973:Kamala Harris 29971: 29969: 29966: 29964: 29961: 29959: 29958:Marcus Garvey 29956: 29954: 29951: 29949: 29946: 29944: 29941: 29939: 29936: 29934: 29931: 29929: 29926: 29924: 29921: 29919: 29916: 29914: 29911: 29909: 29908:Blanche Bruce 29906: 29904: 29903:Edward Brooke 29901: 29899: 29896: 29894: 29893:James Bradley 29891: 29889: 29886: 29884: 29881: 29879: 29876: 29874: 29873:James Baldwin 29871: 29869: 29866: 29864: 29861: 29859: 29856: 29855: 29853: 29849: 29843: 29840: 29838: 29835: 29833: 29830: 29828: 29825: 29823: 29820: 29818: 29817:Neighborhoods 29815: 29813: 29810: 29808: 29805: 29803: 29800: 29798: 29795: 29793: 29790: 29788: 29785: 29783: 29780: 29778: 29775: 29773: 29770: 29766: 29763: 29762: 29761: 29758: 29756: 29753: 29751: 29748: 29746: 29743: 29741: 29738: 29736: 29733: 29731: 29728: 29726: 29723: 29721: 29718: 29716: 29713: 29712: 29710: 29708: 29704: 29698: 29695: 29693: 29690: 29688: 29685: 29681: 29678: 29677: 29676: 29673: 29671: 29670:Silent Parade 29668: 29666: 29663: 29661: 29658: 29656: 29653: 29651: 29648: 29645: 29644: 29640: 29638: 29635: 29633: 29632: 29628: 29626: 29625: 29621: 29619: 29616: 29614: 29611: 29609: 29606: 29604: 29601: 29599: 29598:Jim Crow laws 29596: 29594: 29590: 29587: 29585: 29582: 29578: 29575: 29573: 29570: 29569: 29568: 29565: 29563: 29560: 29558: 29555: 29553: 29550: 29547: 29546: 29542: 29540: 29537: 29535: 29532: 29528: 29525: 29523: 29520: 29518: 29515: 29513: 29510: 29508: 29505: 29503: 29500: 29498: 29495: 29492: 29491: 29487: 29485: 29482: 29481: 29480: 29477: 29475: 29472: 29470: 29467: 29463: 29460: 29458: 29455: 29453: 29450: 29449: 29447: 29445: 29442: 29439: 29438: 29434: 29432: 29429: 29427: 29424: 29422: 29421:Black cowboys 29419: 29417: 29414: 29412: 29409: 29407: 29404: 29402: 29399: 29397: 29394: 29392: 29389: 29387: 29384: 29383: 29381: 29379: 29375: 29371: 29364: 29359: 29357: 29352: 29350: 29345: 29344: 29341: 29323: 29320: 29319: 29318: 29315: 29313: 29310: 29308: 29305: 29303: 29300: 29298: 29295: 29293: 29290: 29288: 29285: 29283: 29280: 29278: 29275: 29273: 29270: 29268: 29265: 29263: 29260: 29258: 29255: 29253: 29250: 29249: 29247: 29245: 29241: 29235: 29234:Shadow family 29232: 29230: 29227: 29225: 29224: 29220: 29218: 29215: 29213: 29210: 29208: 29205: 29203: 29200: 29198: 29195: 29194: 29192: 29184: 29178: 29175: 29173: 29170: 29168: 29165: 29161: 29158: 29156: 29153: 29151: 29148: 29146: 29143: 29141: 29138: 29136: 29133: 29131: 29128: 29126: 29123: 29122: 29121: 29118: 29116: 29113: 29111: 29110: 29106: 29104: 29103: 29099: 29097: 29094: 29092: 29089: 29087: 29084: 29082: 29079: 29077: 29074: 29071: 29068: 29066: 29063: 29061: 29058: 29056: 29053: 29051: 29048: 29046: 29043: 29041: 29038: 29036: 29035:Freedom suits 29033: 29031: 29028: 29026: 29023: 29022: 29020: 29016: 29010: 29007: 29005: 29002: 29000: 28997: 28995: 28992: 28990: 28987: 28985: 28984:Planter class 28982: 28980: 28977: 28975: 28972: 28970: 28967: 28965: 28962: 28960: 28957: 28955: 28952: 28948: 28945: 28943: 28940: 28939: 28938: 28935: 28933: 28930: 28928: 28927:Slave catcher 28925: 28923: 28920: 28918: 28915: 28913: 28910: 28908: 28905: 28903: 28900: 28898: 28895: 28891: 28888: 28887: 28886: 28883: 28881: 28878: 28876: 28873: 28872: 28870: 28864: 28858: 28855: 28853: 28850: 28848: 28845: 28843: 28840: 28838: 28835: 28833: 28830: 28828: 28825: 28823: 28820: 28818: 28815: 28813: 28810: 28808: 28805: 28803: 28800: 28798: 28795: 28794: 28792: 28790: 28786: 28783: 28779: 28773: 28770: 28768: 28765: 28764: 28762: 28758: 28754: 28750: 28748: 28744: 28738: 28735: 28733: 28730: 28728: 28727:West Virginia 28725: 28723: 28720: 28718: 28715: 28713: 28710: 28708: 28705: 28703: 28700: 28698: 28695: 28693: 28690: 28688: 28685: 28683: 28680: 28678: 28675: 28673: 28670: 28668: 28665: 28663: 28660: 28658: 28655: 28653: 28650: 28648: 28645: 28643: 28640: 28638: 28635: 28633: 28632:New Hampshire 28630: 28628: 28625: 28623: 28620: 28618: 28615: 28613: 28610: 28608: 28605: 28603: 28600: 28598: 28595: 28593: 28592:Massachusetts 28590: 28588: 28585: 28583: 28580: 28578: 28575: 28573: 28570: 28568: 28565: 28563: 28560: 28558: 28555: 28553: 28550: 28548: 28545: 28543: 28540: 28538: 28535: 28533: 28530: 28528: 28525: 28523: 28520: 28518: 28515: 28513: 28510: 28508: 28505: 28503: 28500: 28498: 28495: 28493: 28490: 28489: 28487: 28483: 28479: 28472: 28467: 28465: 28460: 28458: 28453: 28452: 28449: 28437: 28433: 28429: 28427: 28419: 28417: 28414: 28412: 28411:List of years 28409: 28408: 28405: 28391: 28383: 28381: 28380:Urban history 28378: 28377: 28375: 28371: 28365: 28362: 28360: 28359:Palmyra Atoll 28357: 28355: 28352: 28350: 28347: 28345: 28342: 28340: 28337: 28335: 28334:Jarvis Island 28332: 28330: 28327: 28325: 28322: 28321: 28319: 28315: 28309: 28306: 28304: 28301: 28299: 28296: 28294: 28291: 28289: 28286: 28285: 28283: 28281:Insular areas 28279: 28275: 28271: 28267: 28261: 28258: 28256: 28253: 28251: 28250:West Virginia 28248: 28246: 28243: 28241: 28238: 28236: 28233: 28231: 28228: 28226: 28223: 28221: 28218: 28216: 28213: 28211: 28208: 28206: 28203: 28201: 28198: 28196: 28193: 28191: 28188: 28186: 28183: 28181: 28178: 28176: 28173: 28171: 28168: 28166: 28163: 28161: 28158: 28156: 28155:New Hampshire 28153: 28151: 28148: 28146: 28143: 28141: 28138: 28136: 28133: 28131: 28128: 28126: 28123: 28121: 28118: 28116: 28115:Massachusetts 28113: 28111: 28108: 28106: 28103: 28101: 28098: 28096: 28093: 28091: 28088: 28086: 28083: 28081: 28078: 28076: 28073: 28071: 28068: 28066: 28063: 28061: 28058: 28056: 28053: 28051: 28048: 28046: 28043: 28041: 28038: 28036: 28033: 28031: 28028: 28026: 28023: 28021: 28018: 28016: 28013: 28012: 28010: 28006: 28000: 27997: 27995: 27992: 27990: 27987: 27986: 27984: 27980: 27974: 27971: 27969: 27966: 27964: 27961: 27959: 27956: 27954: 27951: 27950: 27948: 27946: 27942: 27938: 27931: 27927: 27915: 27912: 27910: 27907: 27905: 27902: 27901: 27900: 27899: 27895: 27893: 27892: 27888: 27884: 27881: 27879: 27876: 27875: 27874: 27873: 27869: 27865: 27862: 27860: 27857: 27855: 27852: 27850: 27847: 27845: 27842: 27840: 27837: 27836: 27835: 27834: 27830: 27828: 27827: 27823: 27819: 27816: 27815: 27814: 27813: 27809: 27805: 27802: 27800: 27797: 27795: 27792: 27790: 27787: 27785: 27782: 27780: 27777: 27775: 27772: 27770: 27767: 27765: 27762: 27761: 27760: 27759: 27755: 27751: 27748: 27746: 27745:Thai American 27743: 27741: 27738: 27736: 27733: 27731: 27728: 27726: 27723: 27721: 27718: 27717: 27716: 27715: 27711: 27709: 27708: 27704: 27703: 27700: 27693: 27689: 27677: 27674: 27672: 27669: 27667: 27664: 27662: 27659: 27657: 27654: 27653: 27652: 27651: 27647: 27643: 27640: 27639: 27638: 27637: 27633: 27631: 27630: 27626: 27624: 27623: 27619: 27615: 27612: 27610: 27607: 27605: 27602: 27600: 27597: 27595: 27592: 27590: 27587: 27586: 27585: 27584: 27583:Party Systems 27580: 27576: 27573: 27571: 27568: 27566: 27563: 27561: 27558: 27556: 27553: 27551: 27548: 27547: 27546: 27545: 27541: 27539: 27538: 27534: 27532: 27531: 27527: 27523: 27522:Voting rights 27520: 27518: 27515: 27513: 27510: 27508: 27505: 27503: 27500: 27498: 27495: 27493: 27490: 27488: 27485: 27483: 27480: 27478: 27475: 27473: 27470: 27468: 27465: 27464: 27463: 27462: 27458: 27456: 27455: 27451: 27447: 27444: 27443: 27442: 27441: 27437: 27433: 27430: 27429: 27428: 27427: 27423: 27419: 27416: 27415: 27414: 27413: 27409: 27405: 27402: 27400: 27397: 27395: 27392: 27390: 27387: 27386: 27385: 27384: 27380: 27378: 27377: 27373: 27371: 27370: 27366: 27365: 27362: 27355: 27351: 27337: 27334: 27332: 27329: 27327: 27326: 27322: 27320: 27317: 27315: 27312: 27310: 27307: 27303: 27300: 27299: 27298: 27295: 27293: 27290: 27288: 27287: 27283: 27281: 27278: 27274: 27271: 27269: 27266: 27264: 27261: 27259: 27256: 27254: 27251: 27249: 27246: 27244: 27241: 27239: 27236: 27235: 27234: 27231: 27229: 27226: 27225: 27223: 27221: 27217: 27211: 27208: 27206: 27203: 27201: 27198: 27194: 27191: 27189: 27186: 27185: 27184: 27183:War on terror 27181: 27179: 27176: 27174: 27173: 27169: 27167: 27164: 27162: 27159: 27157: 27154: 27152: 27149: 27147: 27144: 27142: 27139: 27137: 27134: 27132: 27129: 27128: 27126: 27124: 27120: 27114: 27111: 27109: 27106: 27104: 27101: 27097: 27094: 27092: 27089: 27087: 27084: 27083: 27082: 27081:Late Cold War 27079: 27077: 27074: 27070: 27067: 27065: 27062: 27061: 27060: 27057: 27056: 27054: 27052: 27048: 27042: 27039: 27037: 27034: 27032: 27029: 27025: 27022: 27021: 27020: 27017: 27015: 27012: 27010: 27007: 27005: 27002: 26998: 26995: 26993: 26990: 26988: 26985: 26984: 26983: 26980: 26976: 26973: 26971: 26968: 26967: 26966: 26963: 26961: 26960:Great Society 26958: 26957: 26955: 26953: 26949: 26943: 26940: 26936: 26933: 26932: 26931: 26928: 26926: 26923: 26921: 26918: 26916: 26915:Post-war boom 26913: 26909: 26906: 26904: 26901: 26899: 26896: 26894: 26891: 26890: 26889: 26886: 26882: 26879: 26878: 26877: 26874: 26872: 26869: 26868: 26866: 26864: 26860: 26850: 26847: 26846: 26845: 26842: 26840: 26837: 26835: 26832: 26831: 26830: 26827: 26823: 26820: 26818: 26815: 26813: 26810: 26809: 26808: 26805: 26801: 26798: 26796: 26793: 26791: 26788: 26786: 26783: 26781: 26778: 26776: 26773: 26772: 26771: 26768: 26766: 26763: 26759: 26756: 26755: 26754: 26751: 26750: 26748: 26746: 26742: 26736: 26733: 26729: 26726: 26724: 26721: 26719: 26716: 26714: 26711: 26710: 26709: 26706: 26702: 26699: 26697: 26694: 26692: 26689: 26687: 26684: 26682: 26679: 26677: 26674: 26673: 26672: 26669: 26667: 26664: 26660: 26657: 26655: 26652: 26650: 26647: 26645: 26642: 26640: 26637: 26636: 26635: 26632: 26631: 26629: 26627: 26623: 26615: 26612: 26610: 26607: 26606: 26605: 26602: 26598: 26595: 26593: 26590: 26588: 26585: 26581: 26578: 26577: 26576: 26573: 26571: 26568: 26566: 26563: 26562: 26561: 26558: 26556: 26553: 26551: 26548: 26547: 26545: 26543: 26539: 26533: 26530: 26528: 26525: 26521: 26518: 26516: 26513: 26511: 26508: 26506: 26503: 26501: 26498: 26496: 26493: 26492: 26491: 26488: 26484: 26481: 26479: 26476: 26475: 26474: 26471: 26470: 26468: 26466: 26462: 26454: 26451: 26449: 26446: 26445: 26444: 26441: 26437: 26434: 26432: 26429: 26428: 26427: 26424: 26422: 26419: 26418: 26416: 26414: 26410: 26402: 26399: 26397: 26394: 26392: 26389: 26387: 26384: 26382: 26379: 26376: 26375: 26374: 26371: 26367: 26364: 26362: 26359: 26357: 26354: 26352: 26349: 26347: 26344: 26343: 26342: 26339: 26338: 26336: 26334: 26330: 26322: 26319: 26317: 26314: 26312: 26309: 26307: 26304: 26302: 26299: 26297: 26294: 26292: 26289: 26287: 26284: 26282: 26279: 26277: 26274: 26272: 26269: 26268: 26267: 26264: 26262: 26259: 26257: 26254: 26252: 26249: 26247: 26244: 26242: 26239: 26237: 26234: 26232: 26229: 26227: 26224: 26222: 26219: 26217: 26214: 26212: 26209: 26207: 26204: 26203: 26201: 26199: 26195: 26189: 26188: 26184: 26182: 26181: 26177: 26176: 26174: 26170: 26166: 26159: 26155: 26149: 26146: 26144: 26141: 26140: 26137: 26133: 26126: 26121: 26119: 26114: 26112: 26107: 26106: 26103: 26091: 26088: 26086: 26083: 26082: 26077: 26073: 26070: 26066: 26065: 26061: 26047: 26044: 26042: 26039: 26037: 26034: 26030: 26027: 26026: 26025: 26022: 26018: 26015: 26014: 26013: 26010: 26008: 26005: 26003: 26000: 25998: 25995: 25993: 25990: 25988: 25985: 25981: 25978: 25976: 25973: 25972: 25971: 25968: 25966: 25965:Energy policy 25963: 25959: 25956: 25954: 25951: 25949: 25946: 25944: 25941: 25939: 25936: 25934: 25931: 25929: 25926: 25924: 25921: 25920: 25919: 25916: 25914: 25911: 25907: 25906:incarceration 25904: 25903: 25902: 25899: 25897: 25894: 25893: 25891: 25887: 25881: 25878: 25876: 25873: 25871: 25868: 25866: 25863: 25861: 25858: 25856: 25853: 25851: 25848: 25846: 25843: 25841: 25838: 25836: 25833: 25829: 25826: 25824: 25821: 25819: 25816: 25815: 25814: 25811: 25807: 25804: 25802: 25799: 25797: 25794: 25792: 25791:Prenatal care 25789: 25787: 25786:Birth control 25784: 25782: 25779: 25778: 25777: 25774: 25772: 25769: 25768: 25766: 25764: 25760: 25754: 25751: 25749: 25746: 25744: 25741: 25739: 25736: 25734: 25731: 25729: 25726: 25724: 25723:Homeownership 25721: 25719: 25716: 25714: 25711: 25709: 25706: 25704: 25701: 25700: 25698: 25696: 25692: 25686: 25683: 25681: 25678: 25676: 25673: 25671: 25668: 25666: 25663: 25661: 25658: 25656: 25653: 25651: 25648: 25646: 25643: 25641: 25638: 25636: 25633: 25631: 25628: 25626: 25623: 25619: 25616: 25614: 25611: 25609: 25606: 25604: 25601: 25600: 25599: 25596: 25594: 25591: 25589: 25586: 25584: 25581: 25577: 25574: 25572: 25569: 25567: 25564: 25562: 25559: 25557: 25554: 25553: 25552: 25549: 25547: 25544: 25540: 25537: 25535: 25532: 25530: 25527: 25526: 25525: 25522: 25520: 25517: 25515: 25512: 25510: 25507: 25503: 25500: 25499: 25498: 25495: 25493: 25490: 25486: 25483: 25482: 25481: 25478: 25476: 25473: 25471: 25468: 25464: 25461: 25459: 25456: 25455: 25454: 25451: 25447: 25446:working class 25444: 25442: 25439: 25437: 25434: 25432: 25429: 25427: 25424: 25422: 25419: 25417: 25414: 25412: 25409: 25407: 25406:homeownership 25404: 25402: 25399: 25397: 25394: 25393: 25392: 25389: 25387: 25384: 25382: 25379: 25377: 25374: 25372: 25369: 25367: 25364: 25362: 25359: 25357: 25354: 25353: 25351: 25349: 25345: 25341: 25338: 25336: 25332: 25322: 25319: 25317: 25314: 25312: 25309: 25307: 25304: 25302: 25299: 25297: 25294: 25292: 25289: 25288: 25286: 25284: 25280: 25274: 25271: 25269: 25266: 25264: 25261: 25259: 25256: 25254: 25251: 25249: 25246: 25244: 25241: 25239: 25236: 25234: 25231: 25229: 25226: 25224: 25221: 25219: 25216: 25212: 25209: 25207: 25204: 25202: 25199: 25197: 25194: 25192: 25189: 25187: 25186:Manufacturing 25184: 25182: 25179: 25177: 25174: 25172: 25169: 25167: 25164: 25162: 25159: 25157: 25154: 25153: 25152: 25149: 25148: 25145: 25142: 25140: 25136: 25122: 25119: 25115: 25114:Third parties 25112: 25110: 25107: 25105: 25102: 25101: 25100: 25097: 25093: 25090: 25088: 25085: 25083: 25080: 25079: 25078: 25075: 25073: 25070: 25066: 25063: 25062: 25061: 25058: 25054: 25051: 25049: 25046: 25045: 25044: 25041: 25039: 25036: 25035: 25032: 25020: 25017: 25016: 25015: 25012: 25011: 25009: 25007: 25003: 24997: 24994: 24992: 24989: 24988: 24986: 24984: 24980: 24974: 24971: 24969: 24966: 24964: 24961: 24959: 24956: 24954: 24951: 24949: 24946: 24944: 24941: 24939: 24936: 24934: 24931: 24929: 24926: 24925: 24923: 24919: 24913: 24910: 24908: 24905: 24903: 24900: 24898: 24895: 24894: 24892: 24890: 24886: 24883: 24881: 24877: 24871: 24868: 24864: 24861: 24860: 24859: 24856: 24852: 24849: 24847: 24844: 24842: 24839: 24838: 24837: 24834: 24832: 24829: 24828: 24826: 24824: 24820: 24810: 24807: 24805: 24802: 24800: 24797: 24795: 24792: 24791: 24789: 24787: 24783: 24775: 24772: 24771: 24770: 24767: 24763: 24760: 24759: 24758: 24755: 24754: 24752: 24750: 24746: 24740: 24737: 24735: 24732: 24731: 24729: 24727: 24723: 24715: 24712: 24711: 24710: 24707: 24705: 24702: 24700: 24697: 24695: 24692: 24690: 24687: 24685: 24682: 24680: 24677: 24675: 24672: 24668: 24665: 24664: 24663: 24660: 24656: 24653: 24652: 24651: 24648: 24647: 24645: 24643: 24639: 24636: 24634: 24628: 24623: 24619: 24609: 24606: 24604: 24601: 24597: 24594: 24592: 24589: 24587: 24584: 24582: 24579: 24577: 24574: 24572: 24569: 24567: 24564: 24563: 24562: 24559: 24558: 24556: 24554: 24550: 24544: 24541: 24537: 24534: 24532: 24529: 24527: 24524: 24522: 24519: 24518: 24517: 24514: 24512: 24509: 24505: 24502: 24501: 24500: 24497: 24496: 24494: 24492: 24488: 24482: 24481:U.S. attorney 24479: 24477: 24474: 24470: 24467: 24465: 24462: 24461: 24460: 24456: 24453: 24449: 24446: 24445: 24444: 24441: 24437: 24434: 24432: 24429: 24427: 24426:Chief Justice 24424: 24423: 24422: 24421:Supreme Court 24419: 24418: 24416: 24414: 24410: 24404: 24401: 24399: 24396: 24394: 24391: 24389: 24386: 24384: 24381: 24377: 24374: 24372: 24369: 24367: 24364: 24363: 24362: 24359: 24355: 24352: 24350: 24347: 24346: 24345: 24342: 24341: 24339: 24337: 24333: 24327: 24326:Public policy 24324: 24322: 24321:Civil service 24319: 24317: 24314: 24310: 24307: 24305: 24302: 24300: 24297: 24295: 24292: 24290: 24287: 24285: 24282: 24280: 24277: 24275: 24272: 24270: 24267: 24266: 24265: 24262: 24258: 24255: 24253: 24250: 24248: 24245: 24243: 24240: 24239: 24238: 24235: 24233: 24230: 24228: 24225: 24223: 24220: 24218: 24215: 24211: 24208: 24206: 24203: 24202: 24201: 24198: 24197: 24195: 24191: 24188: 24186: 24182: 24178: 24175: 24173: 24169: 24159: 24156: 24154: 24151: 24149: 24146: 24142: 24139: 24137: 24134: 24132: 24129: 24127: 24124: 24122: 24119: 24117: 24114: 24112: 24109: 24107: 24104: 24103: 24102: 24098: 24094: 24091: 24089: 24086: 24084: 24081: 24079: 24076: 24074: 24071: 24069: 24066: 24064: 24061: 24059: 24056: 24054: 24051: 24049: 24046: 24044: 24041: 24039: 24036: 24034: 24031: 24029: 24026: 24024: 24021: 24019: 24016: 24014: 24011: 24010: 24009: 24006: 24002: 23999: 23998: 23997: 23994: 23990: 23989:Sierra Nevada 23987: 23985: 23982: 23980: 23977: 23975: 23972: 23970: 23967: 23966: 23965: 23962: 23960: 23957: 23955: 23952: 23950: 23947: 23943: 23940: 23938: 23935: 23933: 23930: 23928: 23927:insular zones 23925: 23923: 23920: 23918: 23915: 23913: 23910: 23908: 23905: 23903: 23900: 23899: 23898: 23895: 23894: 23891: 23888: 23886: 23882: 23872: 23869: 23867: 23864: 23862: 23859: 23857: 23854: 23852: 23849: 23847: 23844: 23842: 23839: 23837: 23834: 23833: 23831: 23827: 23821: 23818: 23816: 23813: 23809: 23806: 23804: 23801: 23800: 23799: 23798:War on Terror 23796: 23794: 23791: 23789: 23786: 23784: 23781: 23779: 23778:LGBT Movement 23776: 23774: 23771: 23769: 23766: 23764: 23761: 23759: 23756: 23754: 23751: 23747: 23744: 23743: 23742: 23739: 23737: 23734: 23732: 23729: 23727: 23724: 23722: 23719: 23717: 23714: 23710: 23707: 23705: 23702: 23700: 23697: 23696: 23694: 23692: 23689: 23687: 23684: 23682: 23679: 23677: 23674: 23672: 23669: 23667: 23664: 23662: 23659: 23657: 23654: 23652: 23649: 23647: 23644: 23642: 23639: 23635: 23632: 23630: 23627: 23626: 23625: 23622: 23620: 23617: 23613: 23610: 23608: 23605: 23604: 23603: 23600: 23596: 23593: 23591: 23588: 23587: 23586: 23583: 23581: 23578: 23576: 23573: 23571: 23568: 23564: 23561: 23559: 23556: 23554: 23551: 23549: 23546: 23544: 23541: 23539: 23536: 23534: 23531: 23530: 23529: 23526: 23524: 23521: 23520: 23518: 23514: 23508: 23505: 23503: 23500: 23498: 23495: 23493: 23490: 23488: 23485: 23483: 23480: 23478: 23475: 23473: 23470: 23468: 23465: 23463: 23460: 23458: 23455: 23454: 23452: 23448: 23445: 23443: 23439: 23434: 23433:United States 23427: 23422: 23420: 23415: 23413: 23408: 23407: 23404: 23398: 23391: 23379: 23376: 23375: 23372: 23362: 23359: 23357: 23354: 23352: 23349: 23347: 23344: 23342: 23339: 23337: 23334: 23332: 23329: 23327: 23324: 23322: 23321:Habeas corpus 23319: 23317: 23314: 23312: 23309: 23308: 23306: 23302: 23296: 23293: 23291: 23288: 23286: 23283: 23281: 23278: 23276: 23273: 23271: 23268: 23267: 23265: 23261: 23254: 23253: 23249: 23247: 23244: 23241: 23240: 23236: 23234: 23231: 23228: 23227: 23223: 23221: 23218: 23215: 23214: 23210: 23207: 23206: 23202: 23200: 23197: 23194: 23193: 23189: 23187: 23186:Winslow Homer 23184: 23183: 23181: 23177: 23170: 23169: 23165: 23162: 23161: 23157: 23155: 23152: 23150: 23147: 23144: 23143: 23139: 23137: 23134: 23131: 23130: 23126: 23124: 23121: 23118: 23117: 23116:After Slavery 23113: 23110: 23109: 23105: 23103: 23100: 23097: 23096: 23092: 23090: 23087: 23085: 23082: 23080: 23077: 23074: 23073: 23069: 23067: 23064: 23062: 23059: 23057: 23054: 23050: 23047: 23046: 23045: 23042: 23040: 23037: 23035: 23032: 23030: 23027: 23024: 23023: 23019: 23017: 23014: 23011: 23010: 23006: 23004: 23001: 22998: 22997: 22993: 22991: 22988: 22986: 22983: 22982: 22980: 22976: 22973: 22969: 22959: 22956: 22953: 22952: 22948: 22946: 22943: 22940: 22939: 22935: 22932: 22931: 22927: 22924: 22923: 22919: 22916: 22915: 22911: 22908: 22905: 22904: 22902: 22898: 22892: 22889: 22887: 22884: 22882: 22881:Nez Perce War 22879: 22877: 22874: 22872: 22869: 22868: 22866: 22862: 22856: 22853: 22851: 22848: 22846: 22843: 22841: 22838: 22836: 22833: 22831: 22828: 22826: 22825: 22821: 22819: 22816: 22814: 22811: 22809: 22806: 22804: 22801: 22799: 22796: 22795: 22793: 22789: 22783: 22780: 22778: 22775: 22773: 22772:Delano affair 22770: 22768: 22765: 22763: 22760: 22758: 22755: 22753: 22750: 22748: 22745: 22743: 22740: 22738: 22735: 22733: 22730: 22728: 22727: 22723: 22722: 22720: 22716: 22710: 22707: 22705: 22702: 22700: 22697: 22695: 22692: 22690: 22687: 22685: 22682: 22680: 22677: 22675: 22672: 22670: 22667: 22665: 22664:Red River War 22662: 22660: 22657: 22655: 22652: 22650: 22647: 22646: 22644: 22640: 22634: 22631: 22629: 22628:Comstock laws 22626: 22624: 22621: 22619: 22616: 22614: 22612: 22608: 22606: 22605: 22601: 22599: 22596: 22594: 22591: 22589: 22588:Panic of 1873 22586: 22585: 22583: 22579: 22573: 22570: 22568: 22565: 22563: 22560: 22558: 22555: 22553: 22550: 22548: 22545: 22543: 22540: 22538: 22535: 22534: 22532: 22528: 22522: 22519: 22517: 22514: 22512: 22509: 22507: 22504: 22502: 22499: 22497: 22494: 22492: 22489: 22487: 22484: 22482: 22479: 22477: 22474: 22473: 22471: 22467: 22461: 22458: 22456: 22453: 22451: 22448: 22446: 22443: 22441: 22438: 22436: 22433: 22431: 22428: 22426: 22423: 22422: 22420: 22416: 22410: 22407: 22405: 22402: 22400: 22399: 22395: 22393: 22390: 22388: 22385: 22383: 22380: 22378: 22375: 22373: 22371: 22367: 22365: 22362: 22360: 22357: 22356: 22354: 22350: 22344: 22341: 22339: 22336: 22334: 22333: 22329: 22327: 22324: 22322: 22319: 22316: 22313: 22310: 22307: 22304: 22301: 22297: 22294: 22292: 22289: 22287: 22284: 22282: 22279: 22278: 22277: 22274: 22272: 22269: 22267: 22264: 22263: 22261: 22257: 22251: 22248: 22246: 22243: 22241: 22238: 22236: 22233: 22231: 22228: 22224: 22221: 22220: 22219: 22216: 22214: 22211: 22209: 22206: 22204: 22201: 22199: 22196: 22194: 22191: 22190: 22188: 22184: 22178: 22175: 22174: 22171: 22168: 22166: 22165: 22161: 22159: 22158: 22154: 22152: 22149: 22147: 22146: 22142: 22139: 22137: 22134: 22132: 22129: 22127: 22124: 22122: 22119: 22117: 22114: 22112: 22109: 22107: 22104: 22103: 22101: 22097: 22091: 22088: 22086: 22083: 22081: 22080:New Departure 22078: 22076: 22073: 22071: 22068: 22066: 22063: 22059: 22056: 22055: 22054: 22051: 22049: 22046: 22044: 22041: 22037: 22034: 22033: 22032: 22029: 22027: 22024: 22023: 22021: 22017: 22011: 22008: 22006: 22003: 22001: 21998: 21997: 21995: 21991: 21985: 21982: 21980: 21977: 21975: 21972: 21970: 21967: 21965: 21962: 21960: 21957: 21955: 21952: 21950: 21947: 21946: 21944: 21940: 21934: 21931: 21928: 21925: 21923: 21920: 21918: 21915: 21913: 21910: 21907: 21904: 21901: 21898: 21895: 21894: 21890: 21887: 21886: 21882: 21879: 21878: 21874: 21872: 21869: 21867: 21864: 21863: 21861: 21857: 21854: 21850: 21840: 21837: 21835: 21832: 21830: 21827: 21825: 21822: 21820: 21817: 21815: 21812: 21810: 21807: 21806: 21804: 21800: 21792: 21789: 21787: 21784: 21782: 21779: 21777: 21774: 21772: 21769: 21767: 21764: 21762: 21759: 21757: 21754: 21752: 21749: 21747: 21744: 21742: 21739: 21737: 21734: 21732: 21729: 21727: 21724: 21722: 21721: 21716: 21714: 21713: 21708: 21706: 21703: 21701: 21698: 21697: 21695: 21694: 21689: 21686: 21684: 21681: 21679: 21676: 21674: 21671: 21669: 21666: 21664: 21661: 21659: 21656: 21654: 21651: 21649: 21646: 21644: 21641: 21639: 21636: 21635: 21633: 21632: 21627: 21624: 21622: 21619: 21617: 21614: 21612: 21609: 21607: 21604: 21602: 21599: 21597: 21594: 21592: 21589: 21587: 21584: 21582: 21579: 21577: 21574: 21572: 21569: 21567: 21564: 21563: 21561: 21560: 21555: 21552: 21550: 21547: 21545: 21542: 21540: 21537: 21535: 21532: 21530: 21527: 21525: 21522: 21520: 21517: 21515: 21512: 21510: 21507: 21506: 21504: 21503: 21498: 21495: 21493: 21490: 21488: 21485: 21483: 21480: 21478: 21475: 21473: 21470: 21468: 21465: 21463: 21460: 21458: 21455: 21453: 21450: 21448: 21445: 21443: 21440: 21438: 21435: 21433: 21430: 21428: 21425: 21423: 21420: 21419: 21417: 21416: 21411: 21408: 21406: 21403: 21401: 21398: 21396: 21393: 21391: 21388: 21386: 21383: 21381: 21378: 21376: 21373: 21371: 21368: 21366: 21363: 21361: 21358: 21356: 21353: 21352: 21350: 21349: 21344: 21341: 21339: 21336: 21334: 21331: 21329: 21326: 21324: 21321: 21319: 21316: 21314: 21311: 21309: 21306: 21304: 21301: 21299: 21296: 21294: 21291: 21289: 21286: 21285: 21283: 21282: 21277: 21274: 21272: 21269: 21267: 21264: 21262: 21259: 21257: 21254: 21252: 21249: 21247: 21244: 21242: 21239: 21237: 21234: 21232: 21229: 21227: 21224: 21222: 21219: 21218: 21216: 21215: 21210: 21207: 21205: 21202: 21200: 21197: 21195: 21192: 21190: 21187: 21185: 21182: 21180: 21177: 21175: 21172: 21170: 21167: 21165: 21162: 21160: 21157: 21155: 21152: 21150: 21147: 21145: 21142: 21140: 21137: 21136: 21134: 21133: 21128: 21125: 21123: 21120: 21118: 21115: 21113: 21110: 21108: 21105: 21103: 21100: 21098: 21095: 21093: 21090: 21088: 21085: 21084: 21082: 21081: 21076: 21073: 21071: 21068: 21066: 21063: 21061: 21058: 21056: 21053: 21051: 21048: 21046: 21043: 21041: 21038: 21036: 21033: 21031: 21028: 21026: 21023: 21022: 21020: 21019: 21014: 21011: 21009: 21006: 21004: 21001: 20999: 20996: 20994: 20991: 20989: 20986: 20984: 20981: 20979: 20976: 20974: 20971: 20969: 20966: 20965: 20963: 20962: 20957: 20954: 20952: 20949: 20947: 20944: 20942: 20939: 20937: 20934: 20932: 20929: 20927: 20924: 20922: 20919: 20917: 20914: 20912: 20909: 20907: 20904: 20903: 20901: 20900: 20895: 20892: 20890: 20887: 20885: 20882: 20880: 20877: 20875: 20872: 20870: 20867: 20865: 20862: 20860: 20857: 20855: 20852: 20850: 20847: 20845: 20842: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20831: 20829: 20828: 20826: 20824:Gubernatorial 20822: 20816: 20813: 20811: 20808: 20806: 20803: 20801: 20798: 20796: 20793: 20791: 20788: 20786: 20783: 20782: 20780: 20776: 20770: 20767: 20765: 20762: 20760: 20757: 20755: 20752: 20750: 20747: 20745: 20742: 20740: 20737: 20736: 20734: 20730: 20722: 20719: 20717: 20714: 20712: 20709: 20707: 20704: 20702: 20699: 20697: 20694: 20693: 20692: 20689: 20688: 20683: 20680: 20678: 20675: 20673: 20670: 20668: 20665: 20663: 20660: 20659: 20658: 20655: 20654: 20649: 20646: 20644: 20641: 20640: 20639: 20636: 20635: 20630: 20627: 20625: 20622: 20620: 20617: 20616: 20615: 20612: 20611: 20609: 20603: 20600: 20596: 20586: 20583: 20581: 20578: 20574: 20571: 20569: 20566: 20564: 20563:Benjamin Wade 20561: 20559: 20556: 20554: 20551: 20549: 20546: 20544: 20541: 20540: 20539: 20536: 20532: 20529: 20527: 20524: 20522: 20519: 20518: 20517: 20514: 20512: 20509: 20507: 20504: 20502: 20499: 20497: 20494: 20492: 20489: 20487: 20486:Carpetbaggers 20484: 20480: 20477: 20475: 20472: 20470: 20467: 20466: 20465: 20462: 20461: 20459: 20455: 20449: 20446: 20444: 20441: 20440: 20438: 20432: 20424: 20421: 20419: 20416: 20414: 20413:Edwin Stanton 20411: 20410: 20408: 20407: 20402: 20399: 20397: 20394: 20392: 20389: 20388: 20386: 20385: 20380: 20377: 20375: 20372: 20370: 20367: 20365: 20362: 20360: 20357: 20355: 20352: 20350: 20347: 20345: 20342: 20340: 20337: 20335: 20332: 20330: 20327: 20325: 20322: 20320: 20317: 20315: 20312: 20310: 20307: 20305: 20302: 20301: 20299: 20298: 20293: 20290: 20288: 20285: 20283: 20280: 20278: 20275: 20274: 20272: 20271: 20269: 20263: 20260: 20256: 20252: 20245: 20240: 20238: 20233: 20231: 20226: 20225: 20222: 20215: 20211: 20207: 20206: 20201: 20198: 20195: 20192: 20189: 20185: 20184: 20179: 20176: 20171: 20168: 20167: 20165: 20161: 20157: 20156: 20151: 20147: 20144: 20142: 20137: 20133: 20129: 20126: 20123: 20119: 20115: 20112: 20108: 20104: 20100: 20097: 20093: 20090: 20086: 20082: 20080: 20076: 20072: 20069: 20068: 20063: 20059: 20056: 20052: 20048: 20044: 20041: 20037: 20034: 20033: 20028: 20026: 20023: 20021: 20017: 20014: 20013: 20002: 19999: 19997: 19993: 19990: 19987: 19984: 19981: 19978: 19977: 19973: 19970: 19966: 19963: 19962: 19958: 19957: 19947: 19943: 19939: 19936: 19932: 19928: 19922: 19918: 19914: 19910: 19907: 19901: 19897: 19893: 19892: 19887: 19884:(June 1916). 19883: 19879: 19875: 19874: 19869: 19864: 19861: 19857: 19854: 19853: 19848: 19847:Litwack, Leon 19845: 19842: 19840: 19835: 19832: 19820: 19816: 19812: 19806: 19802: 19799: 19794: 19789: 19785: 19780: 19768: 19764: 19763: 19758: 19754: 19750: 19747: 19743: 19741: 19737: 19734: 19730: 19726: 19722: 19718: 19710: 19704: 19700: 19699: 19693: 19690: 19686: 19684: 19679: 19672: 19668: 19664: 19660: 19656: 19652: 19648: 19641: 19638:(July 1910). 19637: 19633: 19632: 19619: 19615: 19612: 19610: 19604: 19601: 19597: 19594: 19593: 19589: 19586: 19584: 19582: 19578: 19575: 19563: 19559: 19554: 19551: 19547: 19544: 19540: 19535: 19534: 19529: 19525: 19521: 19517: 19516: 19509: 19496: 19492: 19491: 19485: 19481: 19477: 19473: 19469: 19465: 19461: 19458: 19454: 19451: 19450: 19446: 19443: 19437: 19434:(1906–1907). 19433: 19429: 19425: 19419: 19403: 19399: 19398: 19392: 19389: 19385: 19382: 19379: 19376: 19372: 19368: 19364: 19361: 19358: 19357: 19352: 19351: 19341: 19340:(1869) online 19339: 19335: 19332: 19331: 19327: 19324: 19323: 19319: 19316: 19315: 19311: 19308: 19307: 19303: 19300: 19299: 19295: 19292: 19291: 19287: 19284: 19283: 19279: 19276: 19275: 19271: 19268: 19267: 19263: 19262: 19250: 19246: 19242: 19238: 19234: 19230: 19225: 19220: 19215: 19210: 19205: 19201: 19197: 19193: 19189: 19185: 19181: 19176: 19172: 19168: 19164: 19160: 19156: 19152: 19147: 19144: 19140: 19128: 19124: 19120: 19116: 19112: 19108: 19103: 19100: 19096: 19093: 19089: 19085: 19079: 19075: 19071: 19066: 19065: 19052: 19047: 19043: 19037: 19033: 19032: 19027: 19023: 19019: 19015: 19011: 19007: 19003: 18999: 18995: 18991: 18987: 18981: 18977: 18976: 18971: 18967: 18963: 18962: 18956: 18952: 18946: 18942: 18941: 18935: 18931: 18925: 18921: 18920: 18915: 18910: 18906: 18902: 18898: 18894: 18893: 18887: 18882: 18877: 18873: 18869: 18864: 18860: 18854: 18850: 18845: 18843: 18839: 18836: 18831: 18825: 18821: 18820: 18814: 18812: 18808: 18805: 18800: 18795: 18791: 18785: 18781: 18780: 18774: 18770: 18765: 18763: 18759: 18755: 18751: 18747: 18743: 18739: 18733: 18725: 18724: 18719: 18715: 18711: 18709:0-684-84927-5 18705: 18700: 18699: 18693: 18689: 18685: 18681: 18677: 18673: 18671:0-684-80551-0 18667: 18663: 18659: 18655: 18651: 18645: 18641: 18637: 18636: 18630: 18625: 18622: 18619: 18616: 18615: 18611: 18606: 18602: 18596: 18592: 18591: 18585: 18581: 18575: 18571: 18570: 18564: 18560: 18555: 18551: 18545: 18541: 18536: 18532: 18527: 18523: 18522: 18516: 18512: 18510:9780996932103 18506: 18502: 18497: 18493: 18488: 18484: 18480: 18476: 18472: 18468: 18464: 18459: 18455: 18449: 18441: 18436: 18432: 18427: 18423: 18417: 18413: 18409: 18405: 18401: 18397: 18393: 18387: 18383: 18382: 18377: 18373: 18369: 18363: 18359: 18354: 18350: 18349: 18343: 18340: 18336: 18333: 18329: 18325: 18320: 18315: 18311: 18307: 18303: 18298: 18294: 18292:9780374530693 18288: 18284: 18280: 18276: 18274: 18270: 18266: 18262: 18256: 18252: 18251: 18245: 18233: 18229: 18225: 18221: 18217: 18213: 18208: 18204: 18199: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18184: 18177: 18173: 18168: 18164: 18158: 18154: 18153: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18125: 18121: 18115: 18111: 18110: 18104: 18100: 18094: 18090: 18089: 18083: 18079: 18073: 18068: 18067: 18060: 18057: 18053: 18049: 18045: 18041: 18039:0-226-26079-8 18035: 18031: 18026: 18022: 18016: 18012: 18008: 18004: 18000: 17994: 17990: 17986: 17982: 17978: 17974: 17970: 17965: 17963:0-06-015851-4 17959: 17955: 17954: 17949: 17945: 17941: 17939:0-8071-2234-3 17935: 17932:. LSU Press. 17931: 17926: 17922: 17920:9780060964313 17916: 17912: 17907: 17903: 17897: 17893: 17888: 17884: 17880: 17879:Doyle, Don H. 17876: 17872: 17870:9780199758722 17866: 17862: 17861: 17855: 17851: 17846: 17842: 17838: 17834: 17828: 17824: 17819: 17815: 17810: 17806: 17800: 17795: 17794: 17787: 17785: 17781: 17777: 17773: 17767: 17763: 17762: 17757: 17753: 17751: 17747: 17741: 17735: 17731: 17730: 17725: 17721: 17717: 17712: 17708: 17702: 17697: 17696: 17690: 17689:Brands, H. W. 17686: 17682: 17676: 17672: 17667: 17663: 17658: 17654: 17650: 17646: 17642: 17638: 17634: 17629: 17625: 17621: 17616: 17611: 17606: 17601: 17597: 17593: 17589: 17584: 17580: 17575: 17571: 17569:0-669-04758-9 17565: 17561: 17556: 17552: 17551: 17545: 17544: 17536: 17535: 17531: 17506: 17502: 17498: 17491: 17475: 17471: 17467: 17460: 17445: 17441: 17434: 17426: 17419: 17403: 17399: 17395: 17391: 17387: 17380: 17372: 17368: 17366: 17357: 17349: 17347:9780807857670 17343: 17339: 17338: 17330: 17314: 17310: 17306: 17302: 17298: 17294: 17290: 17286: 17284: 17275: 17267: 17263: 17259: 17255: 17248: 17241: 17237: 17232: 17216: 17212: 17205: 17197: 17191: 17187: 17186: 17179: 17174: 17167: 17166:Zuczek (2006) 17162: 17154: 17152:9780823232024 17148: 17144: 17137: 17129: 17125: 17121: 17117: 17113: 17109: 17102: 17094: 17087: 17079: 17075: 17071: 17067: 17063: 17059: 17055: 17051: 17050: 17045: 17039: 17023: 17019: 17018: 17010: 16994: 16990: 16989: 16981: 16965: 16961: 16957: 16950: 16942: 16940:9780809095131 16936: 16932: 16928: 16922: 16914: 16910: 16906: 16904:9780393603408 16900: 16896: 16889: 16882: 16877: 16869: 16867:9780813926605 16863: 16859: 16852: 16845: 16840: 16833: 16828: 16820: 16814: 16809: 16794: 16790: 16783: 16775: 16771: 16764: 16748: 16744: 16740: 16736: 16729: 16721: 16719:9780820326153 16715: 16711: 16704: 16697: 16692: 16685: 16680: 16665: 16661: 16657: 16653: 16646: 16637: 16636: 16630: 16624: 16616: 16610: 16605: 16597: 16593: 16589: 16585: 16578: 16570: 16566: 16562: 16558: 16554: 16550: 16549: 16544: 16537: 16529: 16525: 16521: 16517: 16513: 16509: 16508: 16500: 16492: 16491: 16483: 16475: 16471: 16467: 16463: 16459: 16455: 16454: 16446: 16438: 16432: 16428: 16427: 16419: 16411: 16410: 16402: 16395: 16390: 16388: 16380: 16375: 16373: 16364: 16362:9780810311442 16358: 16354: 16347: 16339: 16333: 16329: 16328: 16320: 16312: 16308: 16303: 16302: 16293: 16286: 16281: 16273: 16269: 16265: 16261: 16257: 16253: 16249: 16245: 16244: 16239: 16232: 16224: 16222:9780878053742 16218: 16214: 16207: 16199: 16195: 16191: 16187: 16183: 16179: 16178: 16170: 16154: 16150: 16149: 16144: 16138: 16130: 16126: 16122: 16118: 16114: 16110: 16109: 16101: 16093: 16091:9780393009514 16087: 16083: 16079: 16073: 16066: 16061: 16045: 16041: 16037: 16031: 16024: 16019: 16011: 16007: 16003: 15999: 15995: 15991: 15987: 15983: 15976: 15969: 15968:Lemann (2007) 15964: 15957: 15952: 15944: 15942:9780820307107 15938: 15934: 15927: 15919: 15913: 15908: 15892: 15888: 15884: 15883: 15878: 15871: 15864: 15859: 15852: 15851:Lemann (2007) 15847: 15840: 15835: 15828: 15823: 15816: 15811: 15804: 15799: 15792: 15791:Perman (1985) 15787: 15780: 15775: 15768: 15763: 15756: 15751: 15744: 15739: 15731: 15727: 15723: 15719: 15715: 15711: 15710: 15702: 15694: 15692:9780820325279 15688: 15684: 15677: 15669: 15667:9780415969505 15663: 15659: 15652: 15645: 15640: 15631: 15630: 15622: 15615: 15610: 15603: 15598: 15591: 15586: 15579: 15574: 15567: 15562: 15560: 15552: 15551:Perman (1985) 15547: 15539: 15537:9780554271941 15533: 15529: 15528: 15520: 15512: 15508: 15505:(1): 97–113. 15504: 15500: 15496: 15489: 15482: 15477: 15469: 15465: 15460: 15459: 15450: 15442: 15438: 15433: 15432: 15423: 15415: 15411: 15406: 15405: 15396: 15388: 15386:9780231024426 15382: 15377: 15376: 15367: 15359: 15357:9780815349662 15353: 15349: 15341: 15333: 15329: 15325: 15321: 15317: 15313: 15306: 15304: 15296: 15291: 15284: 15279: 15272: 15267: 15260: 15255: 15248: 15247:Stover (1955) 15243: 15236: 15231: 15224: 15219: 15211: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15193: 15189: 15185: 15178: 15170: 15168:9780533095100 15164: 15160: 15153: 15146: 15141: 15139: 15131: 15126: 15119: 15114: 15106: 15104:9780813155326 15100: 15096: 15089: 15082: 15077: 15070: 15066: 15061: 15053: 15051:9780817380304 15047: 15042: 15041: 15032: 15030: 15022: 15021:Morrow (1954) 15017: 15001: 14997: 14995:9780813117027 14991: 14987: 14986: 14978: 14971: 14966: 14958: 14956:9780687391400 14952: 14947: 14946: 14937: 14929: 14925: 14921: 14914: 14907: 14902: 14894: 14890: 14886: 14879: 14872: 14871:Morrow (1954) 14867: 14861:, p. 93. 14860: 14855: 14847: 14841: 14837: 14836: 14828: 14821: 14816: 14808: 14806:9780807108833 14802: 14798: 14791: 14784: 14780: 14775: 14768: 14763: 14747: 14743: 14742: 14737: 14733: 14727: 14720: 14716: 14713: 14696: 14692: 14688: 14681: 14675: 14667: 14665:9780674017658 14661: 14657: 14650: 14643: 14638: 14631: 14626: 14610: 14606: 14605: 14600: 14593: 14587:, p. 19. 14586: 14581: 14574: 14569: 14561: 14557: 14553: 14549: 14545: 14541: 14540: 14532: 14525: 14520: 14513: 14508: 14506: 14498: 14494: 14489: 14482: 14477: 14475: 14467: 14463: 14458: 14451: 14446: 14439: 14434: 14427: 14422: 14415: 14410: 14403: 14398: 14396: 14394: 14387:, p. 66. 14386: 14381: 14365: 14361: 14360: 14353: 14351: 14343: 14338: 14336: 14328: 14324: 14319: 14312: 14308: 14303: 14301: 14293: 14288: 14281: 14280:Brands (2012) 14276: 14269: 14264: 14257: 14252: 14245: 14240: 14233: 14232:Brands (2012) 14228: 14221: 14217: 14213: 14212:Brands (2012) 14208: 14201: 14196: 14189: 14184: 14177: 14172: 14165: 14160: 14152: 14150:9780809319640 14146: 14142: 14135: 14133: 14124: 14122:9780307475152 14118: 14114: 14107: 14101:, p. 61. 14100: 14095: 14093: 14091: 14083: 14078: 14071: 14066: 14059: 14058:Foner (2014a) 14054: 14048:, p. 55. 14047: 14042: 14035: 14030: 14028: 14020: 14015: 14008: 14003: 14001: 13992: 13990:9781351480635 13986: 13982: 13978: 13971: 13955: 13951: 13947: 13943: 13939: 13935: 13931: 13927: 13920: 13912: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13894: 13890: 13886: 13879: 13864: 13862:9780252008696 13858: 13854: 13853: 13845: 13838: 13833: 13825: 13823:9780823219346 13819: 13815: 13808: 13801: 13796: 13789: 13784: 13777: 13772: 13765: 13764:Zuczek (2006) 13760: 13752: 13750:9780807110065 13746: 13742: 13735: 13728: 13727:Perman (1985) 13723: 13716: 13711: 13704: 13703:Zuczek (2006) 13699: 13691: 13685: 13681: 13680: 13675: 13669: 13661: 13657: 13653: 13649: 13645: 13641: 13637: 13633: 13632: 13624: 13622: 13614: 13609: 13607: 13599: 13594: 13583: 13576: 13575: 13567: 13559: 13557:9780807133248 13553: 13549: 13542: 13535: 13530: 13523: 13522:Rhodes (1920) 13518: 13516: 13507: 13501: 13497: 13490: 13483: 13478: 13471: 13466: 13458: 13454: 13450: 13446: 13439: 13431: 13429:9780199720170 13425: 13421: 13414: 13406: 13405: 13398: 13391: 13386: 13379: 13373: 13357: 13353: 13352: 13347: 13341: 13334: 13329: 13325: 13321: 13317: 13313: 13312: 13307: 13300: 13281: 13277: 13273: 13272: 13264: 13262: 13253: 13245: 13241: 13237: 13233: 13229: 13225: 13224: 13216: 13208: 13204: 13200: 13196: 13192: 13188: 13187: 13178: 13172: 13168: 13167: 13159: 13152: 13151:Foner (2014b) 13147: 13140: 13139:Rhodes (1920) 13135: 13119: 13115: 13111: 13105: 13098: 13097:Rhodes (1920) 13093: 13078: 13074: 13070: 13066: 13065: 13057: 13055: 13053: 13046:, p. 70. 13045: 13040: 13032: 13030:9780823234943 13026: 13022: 13015: 13007: 13001: 12997: 12990: 12982: 12980:9780385722704 12976: 12972: 12965: 12958: 12957:Hunter (1997) 12953: 12945: 12941: 12937: 12931: 12929: 12921: 12920:Barney (1987) 12916: 12910:, p. 67. 12909: 12908:Hunter (1997) 12904: 12897: 12892: 12885: 12880: 12873: 12868: 12861: 12860:Barney (1987) 12856: 12849: 12844: 12836: 12832: 12828: 12820: 12818:9780313291999 12814: 12810: 12809: 12801: 12793: 12791:9780822600275 12787: 12783: 12782: 12777: 12776:Ridge, Martin 12770: 12762: 12760:9780195057072 12756: 12752: 12747: 12746: 12737: 12729: 12727:9781101617465 12723: 12719: 12718: 12710: 12703: 12698: 12690: 12688:9780803289949 12684: 12680: 12673: 12665: 12663:9780823217694 12659: 12655: 12648: 12633: 12632: 12627: 12620: 12612: 12611: 12606: 12599: 12593:, p. 34. 12592: 12591:Hunter (1997) 12587: 12579: 12573: 12569: 12562: 12554: 12552:9780631209638 12548: 12544: 12540: 12536: 12529: 12522: 12517: 12509: 12505: 12501: 12500: 12492: 12484: 12482:9780195065701 12478: 12474: 12467: 12465: 12457: 12452: 12446:, p. 47. 12445: 12440: 12433: 12432:Guelzo (2004) 12428: 12420: 12418:9780807108222 12414: 12410: 12409: 12401: 12386: 12382: 12378: 12374: 12373: 12365: 12358: 12354: 12353:Guelzo (1999) 12349: 12341: 12337: 12333: 12331:9780307833068 12327: 12323: 12316: 12314: 12306: 12302: 12301:Guelzo (1999) 12297: 12295: 12278: 12274: 12270: 12264: 12256: 12254:9780313258626 12250: 12246: 12239: 12232: 12228: 12227:Guelzo (1999) 12223: 12215: 12213:9780807155486 12209: 12205: 12198: 12196: 12194: 12192: 12184: 12179: 12171: 12169:9780823221950 12165: 12161: 12160: 12152: 12136: 12132: 12128: 12124: 12117: 12101: 12097: 12093: 12087: 12080: 12074: 12066: 12064:9780820326153 12060: 12056: 12049: 12041: 12037: 12033: 12031:9780801410437 12027: 12023: 12016: 12008: 12006:9780195074062 12002: 11998: 11991: 11984: 11979: 11972: 11967: 11959: 11957:9780199724550 11953: 11948: 11947: 11938: 11930: 11928:9780394418995 11924: 11920: 11919: 11911: 11905:, p. 42. 11904: 11898: 11891: 11890:Patton (1934) 11886: 11878: 11876:9780195150995 11872: 11868: 11861: 11854: 11849: 11841: 11840: 11832: 11825: 11820: 11812: 11808: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11792: 11788: 11782: 11778: 11774: 11770: 11763: 11756: 11751: 11744: 11739: 11732: 11727: 11719: 11717:9780807101698 11713: 11709: 11702: 11694: 11688: 11684: 11683: 11675: 11667: 11663: 11659: 11655: 11651: 11647: 11646: 11638: 11631: 11626: 11619: 11614: 11612: 11610: 11602: 11597: 11589: 11583: 11579: 11578: 11570: 11568: 11560: 11555: 11539: 11535: 11534: 11529: 11523: 11516: 11511: 11505: 11501: 11498: 11497: 11491: 11484: 11479: 11472: 11471:Harris (1997) 11467: 11465: 11463: 11446: 11442: 11438: 11435: 11431: 11425: 11423: 11421: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11391: 11383: 11375: 11371: 11367: 11363: 11359: 11355: 11354: 11346: 11329: 11325: 11321: 11314: 11306: 11302: 11295: 11288: 11282: 11274: 11270: 11266: 11265: 11260: 11254: 11248:, p. 38. 11247: 11242: 11240: 11231: 11227: 11223: 11219: 11218: 11210: 11208: 11199: 11197:9780674022096 11193: 11188: 11187: 11181: 11175: 11164: 11160: 11156: 11152: 11148: 11144: 11140: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11127: 11119: 11115: 11109: 11107: 11100:, p. 41. 11099: 11094: 11087: 11086:Hunter (1997) 11082: 11080: 11073:, p. 72. 11072: 11067: 11065: 11058: 11053: 11047: 11042: 11036: 11031: 11015: 11011: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10983: 10976: 10974: 10958: 10954: 10948: 10933: 10929: 10923: 10912: 10911: 10903: 10896: 10894: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10844: 10839: 10835: 10828: 10821: 10816: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10745: 10743: 10741: 10733: 10728: 10721: 10717: 10716:Guelzo (2018) 10712: 10696: 10692: 10691: 10686: 10679: 10671: 10665: 10661: 10657: 10656: 10648: 10640: 10636: 10630: 10624:Nov. 16, 1867 10623: 10620: 10616: 10613: 10608: 10604: 10590: 10584: 10577: 10576:Rufus Bullock 10574: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10552: 10543: 10539: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10505: 10498: 10494: 10492: 10491: 10486: 10480: 10475: 10473: 10468: 10465: 10460: 10458: 10447: 10445: 10438: 10436: 10432: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10415: 10411: 10406: 10404: 10400: 10399: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10381: 10376: 10374: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10337: 10336: 10330: 10320: 10315: 10312: 10311: 10306: 10300: 10296: 10294: 10289: 10287: 10286:sharecropping 10283: 10274: 10270: 10263: 10258: 10255: 10252: 10249: 10245: 10244: 10243: 10235: 10233: 10229: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10196: 10194: 10190: 10185: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10136: 10132: 10129: 10128:republicanist 10124: 10122: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10098: 10088: 10085: 10081: 10080: 10075: 10065: 10061: 10059: 10054: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10038: 10031: 10027: 10025: 10019: 10017: 10013: 10009: 9998: 9993: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9969: 9967: 9962: 9961:West Virginia 9958: 9953: 9949: 9940: 9936: 9934: 9928: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9906: 9900: 9898: 9894: 9890: 9886: 9885:Senator Ferry 9882: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9866: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9845: 9841: 9831: 9827: 9825: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9807: 9797: 9793: 9791: 9787: 9781: 9778: 9777:Adelbert Ames 9774: 9769: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9753: 9751: 9746: 9744: 9740: 9730: 9726: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9703: 9699: 9697: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9679: 9670: 9667: 9663: 9658: 9656: 9652: 9646: 9645:Panic of 1873 9639:Panic of 1873 9636: 9632: 9629: 9624: 9622: 9618: 9614: 9608: 9605: 9604:New Departure 9596: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9579: 9568: 9563: 9559: 9554: 9551: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9536: 9535:Elisha Baxter 9532: 9528: 9527:Adelbert Ames 9524: 9513: 9511: 9506: 9504: 9500: 9493: 9488: 9486: 9480: 9470: 9468: 9462: 9452: 9450: 9446: 9442: 9435: 9430: 9428: 9424: 9421: 9415: 9413: 9408: 9406: 9399: 9394: 9392: 9388: 9383: 9380: 9375: 9373: 9365: 9361: 9360:Winslow Homer 9357: 9348: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9335: 9331: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9283: 9280: 9276: 9275:Homestead Act 9272: 9268: 9264: 9254: 9244: 9239: 9237: 9236:John R. Lynch 9226: 9225: 9219: 9215: 9214: 9208: 9205: 9204: 9201: 9198: 9195: 9194: 9191: 9188: 9185: 9184: 9180: 9177: 9174: 9173: 9169: 9166: 9163: 9162: 9158: 9155: 9152: 9151: 9147: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9136: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9125: 9122: 9119: 9118: 9114: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9091: 9086: 9082: 9072: 9068: 9061: 9057: 9052: 9043: 9041: 9036: 9034: 9029: 9023: 9020: 9015: 9013: 9009: 9003: 8999: 8989: 8984: 8980: 8975: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8959: 8955: 8954:Social Gospel 8948: 8943: 8941: 8937: 8932: 8930: 8926: 8920: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8893: 8886: 8885: 8880: 8876: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8835: 8832: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8818: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8804: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8790: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8776: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8762: 8759: 8755: 8752: 8749: 8746: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8732: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8718: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8704: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8690: 8687: 8683: 8680: 8675: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8660: 8659: 8653: 8650: 8640: 8637: 8634: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8620: 8617: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8603: 8600: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8586: 8583: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8569: 8566: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8552: 8549: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8535: 8532: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8518: 8515: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8501: 8498: 8495: 8491: 8483: 8480: 8477: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8462: 8459: 8453: 8450: 8441: 8432: 8423: 8421: 8420:New York City 8411: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8383: 8381: 8371: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8360:habeas corpus 8357: 8349: 8345: 8338: 8333: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8310: 8309:habeas corpus 8305: 8301: 8297: 8292: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8259: 8257: 8253: 8248: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8228: 8226: 8221: 8220:John Creswell 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8179: 8169: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8146: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8122: 8119: 8115: 8114:Edwin Stanton 8111: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8087: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8069: 8068: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8050: 8046: 8044: 8033: 8028: 8025: 8019: 8016: 8012: 8011:border states 8007: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7931: 7922: 7913: 7904: 7895: 7885: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7869:habeas corpus 7866: 7853: 7852: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7824: 7823: 7819: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7802: 7800: 7799:Jim Crow laws 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7779: 7770:is available. 7769: 7765: 7759: 7758: 7754: 7749:This section 7747: 7738: 7737: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7724: 7718: 7715: 7704: 7700: 7698: 7697: 7686: 7677: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7661: 7658: 7652: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7630: 7626: 7621: 7612: 7608: 7603: 7599: 7594: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7579: 7575: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7560: 7558: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7534: 7529: 7527: 7521: 7516: 7514: 7510: 7505: 7503: 7499: 7498:sharecropping 7494: 7489: 7487: 7481: 7479: 7471: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7447: 7443: 7441: 7434: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7413: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7382: 7375: 7374: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7350:, Johnson as 7349: 7348: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7322: 7316: 7306: 7297: 7294:prospectively 7293: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7274:Hampton Roads 7271: 7265: 7255: 7246: 7242: 7240: 7234: 7231: 7222: 7217: 7207: 7198: 7195: 7194:pocket vetoed 7188: 7178: 7174: 7172: 7162: 7157: 7147: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7120:Edward Stanly 7110: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7081: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7043: 7039: 7033: 7029: 7021: 7017: 7012: 7010: 7005: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6975: 6973: 6969: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6949:Indian tribes 6946: 6941: 6939: 6936:(now part of 6935: 6931: 6921: 6919: 6915: 6909: 6907: 6903: 6897: 6893: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6857: 6855: 6851: 6846: 6840: 6837: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6821: 6811: 6802: 6800: 6799:carpetbaggers 6796: 6792: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6740: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6697: 6694: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6667: 6665: 6660: 6658: 6657:pocket vetoed 6653: 6652:Ironclad Oath 6648: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6608: 6595: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6570: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6550: 6546: 6543: 6539: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6518:Edwin Stanton 6515: 6512: 6509: 6505: 6502: 6498: 6495: 6491: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6433:Robert E. Lee 6430: 6427: 6423: 6420: 6416: 6413: 6409: 6406: 6402: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6367: 6365: 6359: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6332:West Virginia 6329: 6325: 6321: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6288: 6284: 6279: 6273: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6262:human capital 6258: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6238: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6207: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6196:sharecropping 6193: 6189: 6185: 6180: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6139: 6137: 6131: 6129: 6128:landownership 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6077: 6074: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6046: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5905:to issue the 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5829: 5824: 5822: 5817: 5815: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5766: 5765:Minstrel show 5763: 5761: 5760:Magical Negro 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5736: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5677: 5676: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5571: 5570:West Virginia 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5506: 5505:San Francisco 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5485:New York City 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5268: 5267: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5178: 5177: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5136:Nova Scotians 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5105: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5039:Black Indians 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5013: 5005: 5004: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4977:HBCU (HBCUAC) 4975: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4951: 4943: 4942: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4881: 4878:Organizations 4877: 4876: 4868: 4867: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4747:Organizations 4746: 4745: 4737: 4736: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4659: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4630: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4415:Neighborhoods 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4358: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4148: 4146: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3900:George Taylor 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3855:Walker family 3853: 3851: 3850:William Burns 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3795:Alfred Blount 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3745:Michael Green 3743: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3633:Jim Crow laws 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3577: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3540: 3538: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3514: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3496:List of years 3494: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3475: 3467: 3465: 3464:Urban history 3462: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3080: 3079: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2895:Thai American 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2745: 2744: 2743:Party Systems 2740: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2682:Voting rights 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2264: 2263:Civil War Era 2260: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2114: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2093:United States 2087: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2050: 2049: 2047: 2046: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1969:Slave catcher 1967: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1893:Forced labour 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1864: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1738:Abolitionists 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1677: 1676: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1652: 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387: 384: 382: 379: 378: 375: 370: 369: 365: 361: 360: 357: 353: 352:Forced labour 350: 349: 345: 341: 340: 326: 323: 322: 321: 318: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 273: 270: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 253: 249: 244: 233: 228: 226: 221: 219: 214: 213: 210: 197: 193: 188: 187:Civil War era 184: 179: 175: 171: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 137: 133: 130: 126: 122: 118: 115: 111: 108: 105: 101: 97: 92: 91:United States 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 59: 54: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 34456: 34439: 34422: 34410:from Commons 34405: 34384: 34312: 34303: 34296: 34227: 34221: 34208:Public image 33985: 33976: 33969: 33932:Nellie Grant 33870: 33862: 33780: 33756: 33723:Bibliography 33664:Grant's Tomb 33652:Horsemanship 33620:Boyhood home 33591: 33534:Comstock Act 33467: 33329: 33081: 33060: 33053: 33038: 32936:(son-in-law) 32918:(son-in-law) 32884: 32876: 32868: 32860: 32839:Public image 32699: 32647:War Democrat 32529: 32517: 32503: 32496: 32453:Joseph Hanks 32419:(stepmother) 32321:Philadelphia 32249: 32242: 32235: 32228: 32134: 32122: 32042:Bibliography 31986:Lincoln Tomb 31940: 31843:Lincoln Home 31738: 31724:Matson Trial 31597:Bixby letter 31500: 31248:Sportspeople 31218:Billionaires 31135:Sierra Leone 31038:Philadelphia 30874:Jacksonville 30701:Demographics 30533:Jack Johnson 30523:Muhammad Ali 30356:Conservatism 30291:Black church 30188:Andrew Young 30173:Ida B. Wells 30163:David Walker 30158:C. T. Vivian 30113:Paul Robeson 30108:Hiram Revels 30088:Colin Powell 30068:Barack Obama 30023:James Lawson 29978:Jimi Hendrix 29948:James Farmer 29943:Medgar Evers 29913:Ralph Bunche 29863:Maya Angelou 29837:Middle class 29715:Afrofuturism 29654: 29641: 29629: 29622: 29543: 29488: 29435: 29401:Afrocentrism 29391:Abolitionism 29291: 29221: 29107: 29100: 28969:Field slaves 28932:Abolitionism 28866:Cultural and 28857:Bibliography 28692:South Dakota 28682:Rhode Island 28677:Pennsylvania 28657:North Dakota 28349:Midway Atoll 28344:Kingman Reef 28324:Baker Island 28303:Puerto Rico 28215:South Dakota 28205:Rhode Island 28200:Pennsylvania 28180:North Dakota 27896: 27889: 27870: 27831: 27824: 27810: 27756: 27712: 27705: 27648: 27634: 27627: 27620: 27581: 27555:Marine Corps 27542: 27535: 27528: 27492:Debt ceiling 27477:Civil Rights 27459: 27452: 27438: 27424: 27410: 27381: 27376:Antisemitism 27374: 27367: 27323: 27284: 27220:2008–present 27172:Bush v. Gore 27170: 27108:War on drugs 26982:Mid Cold War 26834:Pearl Harbor 26829:World War II 26649:Ku Klux Klan 26633: 26246:Dummer's War 26185: 26178: 26172:Pre-Colonial 26007:Human rights 25987:Gun politics 25938:Islamophobia 25928:antisemitism 25796:Hospice care 25738:Middle class 25718:Homelessness 25695:Social class 25655:Social class 25519:Human rights 25509:Homelessness 25421:middle class 25386:Demographics 25361:Architecture 25268:Unemployment 25248:Labor unions 24996:Town meeting 24973:City council 24968:City manager 24709:State police 24571:Marine Corps 24561:Armed Forces 24536:civil rights 24516:Constitution 24088:Southwestern 24083:Southeastern 24073:Northwestern 24068:Northeastern 24033:Mid-Atlantic 24023:Great Plains 23741:World War II 23665: 23624:Constitution 23528:Colonial era 23507:2008–present 23361:Whitecapping 23331:Paramilitary 23304:Other topics 23285:Jim Crow era 23250: 23237: 23224: 23211: 23203: 23190: 23166: 23158: 23140: 23127: 23123:Leon Litwack 23114: 23106: 23093: 23070: 23034:John Burgess 23020: 23007: 22994: 22949: 22936: 22928: 22920: 22912: 22822: 22762:Whiskey Ring 22724: 22674:White League 22610: 22602: 22450:Shoffner Act 22396: 22369: 22330: 22213:Pulaski riot 22162: 22155: 22143: 21891: 21883: 21875: 21719: 21711: 20606:Presidential 20568:John Bingham 20506:White League 20491:Ku Klux Klan 20258:Participants 20250: 20203: 20181: 20164:Jim Crow era 20153: 20140: 20135: 20121: 20106: 20088: 20078: 20065: 20050: 20031: 20000: 19975: 19960: 19945: 19916: 19896:the original 19889: 19873:The Atlantic 19871: 19859: 19850: 19836: 19823:. 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Orr 9296: 9294: 9267:John Sherman 9259: 9241: 9233: 9223: 9212: 9178:10.3–8 mills 9115:Mississippi 9098: 9094: 9081:property tax 9078: 9069: 9065: 9040:Trevon Logan 9037: 9024: 9016: 9010:and imposed 9004: 9000: 8996: 8986: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8968: 8963: 8950: 8945: 8933: 8921: 8894: 8890: 8882: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8757:Mississippi 8646: 8595:Mississippi 8488:(% in 1870) 8454: 8446: 8429: 8417: 8389: 8377: 8359: 8353: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8307: 8288: 8272:Amos Akerman 8265: 8249: 8234: 8201: 8166:Ku Klux Klan 8158: 8147: 8142: 8127:Fenian raids 8123: 8103: 8099: 8073: 8065: 8043:conservative 8040: 8030: 8020: 8008: 8005: 7979:George Meade 7935: 7862: 7849: 7841: 7833: 7820: 7803: 7776:October 2020 7773: 7768:Editing help 7750: 7732: 7719: 7710: 7701: 7694: 7691: 7669:John Bingham 7662: 7653: 7649: 7639: 7610: 7605: 7601: 7596: 7580: 7576: 7561: 7553: 7536: 7531: 7523: 7518: 7506: 7490: 7482: 7475: 7444: 7436: 7431: 7414: 7378: 7371: 7368:Emperor Nero 7345: 7342:Lady Justice 7329: 7303: 7290:Maximilian I 7267: 7252: 7243: 7235: 7227: 7204: 7190: 7175: 7167: 7140:Michael Hahn 7116: 7106:civil rights 7087: 7084:Colonization 7049: 7040: 7028:David Hunter 7013: 7009:Edward Bates 7001: 6965: 6942: 6927: 6910: 6898: 6894: 6882: 6878: 6866: 6858: 6845:three-fifths 6841: 6833: 6825:Harold Hyman 6816: 6775: 6764: 6757: 6741: 6729:mob violence 6723:and Senator 6714: 6706: 6698: 6673: 6661: 6644: 6625: 6582:becomes law. 6575:becomes law. 6568:becomes law. 6561:becomes law. 6551:becomes law. 6544:is ratified. 6537:is ratified. 6465:is ratified. 6428:becomes law. 6379:becomes law. 6360: 6354: 6350: 6340: 6335: 6316: 6299: 6274: 6259: 6256: 6235: 6225: 6218: 6208: 6181: 6177: 6145: 6132: 6097: 6083:, historian 6080: 6078: 6070: 6049: 6013: 5997:White League 5993:Ku Klux Klan 5965: 5937:assassinated 5935:Lincoln was 5934: 5915: 5888: 5839: 5837: 5663:Sierra Leone 5495:Philadelphia 5465:Jacksonville 5061:Brass Ankles 4814:Conservatism 4789:Afrocentrism 4761:Joint Center 4652:Black church 4643:Institutions 4558:Billionaires 4548:Middle class 4501:Celebrations 4464:Fraternities 4246: 3880:Newberry Six 3865:King Johnson 3840:Watkinsville 3717:Ku Klux Klan 3707:Black Legion 3695:Whitecapping 3690:Sundown town 3605: 3051: 3044: 3025: 2986: 2979: 2965: 2906: 2862: 2855: 2808: 2794: 2789:Social class 2787: 2780: 2741: 2715:Marine Corps 2702: 2695: 2688: 2652:Debt ceiling 2637:Civil rights 2619: 2612: 2598: 2584: 2570: 2541: 2529:Civil unrest 2527: 2522:Antisemitism 2520: 2513: 2495:2008–present 2483:2008–present 2481: 2459: 2437: 2404: 2371: 2362:World War II 2316: 2284: 2272: 2250: 2217: 2184: 2151: 2141:Colonial Era 2139: 2127: 2121: 2081: 1974:Slave patrol 1806:Freedom suit 1782:Sierra Leone 1772:Colonization 1688:Abolitionism 1668:Baháʼí Faith 1641:Christianity 1591:Saudi Arabia 1447:Penal Labour 1412:Blackbirding 1318:Debt bondage 1306:penal system 1132:Contemporary 1122:Field slaves 1110:U.S. Natives 1069:South Africa 940:Galley slave 913:Slave market 903:House slaves 876:Blackbirding 854:Conscription 778:21st century 741:Umm al-walad 585:Muslim world 554:Emancipation 458:Wage slavery 438:Penal labour 416:Wife selling 406:Bride buying 391:Conscription 381:Child Labour 374:Contemporary 266:Pulaski riot 240: 173: 113:President(s) 40: 34184:Villa Hayes 34052:(1877–1881) 33908:Julia Grant 33647:Galena home 33625:Schoolhouse 33473:Amnesty Act 33200:Court House 33180:Chattanooga 33146:(1869–1877) 33024:Mrs. Harold 32988:Sam Johnson 32968:Henry Brown 32862:Andy's Trip 32591:(1865–1869) 32358:Family tree 32296:Los Angeles 32030:Lincoln/Net 31430:(1847–1849) 31420:(1861–1865) 31268:US senators 31238:Republicans 31223:Journalists 31080:San Antonio 31045:Puerto Rico 30986:Mississippi 30879:Tallahassee 30852:Los Angeles 30543:Jesse Owens 30528:Arthur Ashe 30386:Nationalism 30376:Raised fist 30339:Black power 30244:in medicine 30178:Roy Wilkins 30133:Emmett Till 30118:Al Sharpton 29883:Julian Bond 29878:James Bevel 29842:Upper class 29832:Stereotypes 29725:Black mecca 29637:Plantations 29416:Black Codes 29086:Fire-Eaters 28979:Task system 28974:Gang system 28964:Plantations 28767:Puerto Rico 28760:Territories 28607:Mississippi 28522:Connecticut 28364:Wake Island 28130:Mississippi 28045:Connecticut 27989:New England 27656:Agriculture 27575:Coast Guard 27570:Space Force 27418:Immigration 27146:WTC bombing 27064:Reaganomics 26992:Vietnam War 26908:McCarthyism 26790:Second Klan 26775:Prohibition 26753:World War I 26728:Square Deal 26718:Imperialism 26453:War of 1812 26180:Prehistoric 26012:Immigration 25943:LGBT rights 25845:Food safety 25680:Video games 25273:Wall Street 25253:Public debt 25156:Agriculture 25092:nationalism 24804:Uniform act 24726:Legislative 24633:Territorial 24591:Coast Guard 24586:Space Force 24336:Legislative 24131:Red (South) 24121:Mississippi 24043:New England 23979:Appalachian 23949:Earthquakes 23846:Discoveries 23841:Demographic 23783:Vietnam War 23726:World War I 23721:Imperialism 23671:Indian Wars 23646:War of 1812 23154:Steven Hahn 23003:James Bryce 22562:Amnesty Act 22043:Black Codes 20732:U.S. Senate 20479:Politicians 20401:Waite Court 20396:Chase Court 20391:Taney Court 20273:Presidents 19891:The Alcalde 19753:Foner, Eric 19363:Berlin, Ira 19133:January 18, 18835:text search 18312:(1): 1–37. 18054:; see also 18007:Foner, Eric 17985:Foner, Eric 17973:Foner, Eric 17948:Foner, Eric 17319:February 7, 16883:, p. . 16669:February 2, 16611:, p. . 16545:(review)". 16159:January 24, 16148:History.com 15646:, p. . 15194:(1): 1–37. 15147:, p. . 15006:February 1, 14781:, pp. 14752:February 3, 14732:Foner, Eric 14704:October 20, 14462:Wang (1997) 14370:January 13, 13615:, p. . 13451:(5): 1581. 13362:October 21, 13333:PDF version 13124:October 11, 12303:, pp. 12229:, pp. 12141:February 8, 12106:February 7, 11620:, p. . 11485:, p. . 11473:, p. . 11430:Foner, Eric 11307:(1): 35–47. 11137:: 299–326. 11020:January 18, 10962:January 24, 10937:January 24, 10886:January 18, 10834:Foner, Eric 10805:January 18, 10420:to win the 9859:(1877–1881) 9591:Thomas Nast 9307:, and Sen. 9170:12.5 mills 8947:officiate." 8679:Congressmen 8666:Legislators 8380:Amnesty Act 8348:Thomas Nast 8304:martial law 8241:Mississippi 8193:(1869–1877) 8054:Thomas Nast 8024:martial law 7509:Carl Schurz 7478:Black Codes 7470:Thomas Nast 7410:Black Codes 7394:prison camp 7334:Thomas Nast 7332:cartoonist 6998:(1861–1865) 6854:referendums 6684:Copperheads 6632:Slave Power 6573:Amnesty Act 6283:1860 Census 6200:plantations 6184:land reform 6168:Fort Sumter 6122:which were 6104:Fort Monroe 6057:due process 5953:Black Codes 5731:Stereotypes 5658:Nova Scotia 5540:Mississippi 5500:San Antonio 5480:Los Angeles 5415:Black mecca 5342:Mississippi 5249:Negro Dutch 5071:Dominickers 5015:Multiethnic 4924:TransAfrica 4834:Nationalism 4804:Black power 4588:Black pride 4553:Upper class 4252:Politicians 3910:1920 Duluth 3890:Ell Persons 3830:David Wyatt 3825:George Ward 3760:Amos Miller 3755:Eliza Woods 3638:Segregation 3415:Territories 3136:New England 2816:Agriculture 2735:Coast Guard 2730:Space Force 2578:Immigration 2428:Vietnam War 2329:World War I 2123:Prehistoric 1989:court cases 1861: [ 1811:Slave Power 1799:Manumission 1646:Catholicism 1521:Afghanistan 1262:Puerto Rico 1174:The Bahamas 1152:Slave codes 955:Shanghaiing 945:Impressment 837:Slave Coast 717:Qajar harem 677:Concubinage 650:slave trade 316:(1874–1875) 34471:Categories 34424:Quotations 34277:Webb Hayes 34141:Presidency 33952:(grandson) 33946:(grandson) 33940:(grandson) 33934:(daughter) 33751:Grant Park 33698:convention 33683:convention 33615:Birthplace 33610:Early life 33576:World tour 33539:Poland Act 33405:Government 33219:Presidency 33195:Appomattox 32930:(daughter) 32912:(daughter) 32808:Politics: 32677:Presidency 32447:John Hanks 32266:Cincinnati 32009:Legacy and 31792:and places 31447:Transition 31439:Presidency 31213:Astronauts 31003:New Jersey 30847:California 30351:Capitalism 30148:Nat Turner 30078:Rosa Parks 30063:Diane Nash 30033:John Lewis 29822:Newspapers 29792:Literature 29777:Juneteenth 29730:Businesses 29584:Exodusters 29552:Free Negro 29287:Juneteenth 29272:Contraband 28722:Washington 28642:New Mexico 28637:New Jersey 28512:California 28245:Washington 28165:New Mexico 28160:New Jersey 28035:California 27530:Journalism 27482:Corruption 27461:Government 27412:Demography 27399:Newspapers 27248:Sandy Hook 27151:Waco siege 27059:Reagan era 26965:Space Race 26898:Korean War 26839:home front 26671:Gilded Age 26639:Amendments 26046:Xenophobia 25835:Disability 25776:Healthcare 25685:Visual art 25630:Philosophy 25576:television 25566:newspapers 25556:journalism 25546:Literature 25458:attainment 25109:Republican 25104:Democratic 25077:Ideologies 25038:Corruption 24603:NOAA Corps 24526:preemption 24521:federalism 24136:Rio Grande 24038:Midwestern 24018:West Coast 24013:East Coast 23856:Inventions 23768:Space Race 23763:Korean War 23746:home front 23681:Gilded Age 23280:Gilded Age 23136:Eric Foner 22840:Cattellism 22737:Red Shirts 21852:Key events 20778:U.S. House 20511:Red Shirts 19721:The Nation 19691:viewpoint. 19568:January 4, 19157:: 85–102. 17987:(2014b) . 17390:The Nation 17238:, p. 17028:August 21, 16999:August 21, 16970:August 21, 16913:1019904631 16832:Foner 1990 15882:Humanities 15827:Foner 1988 15067:, p. 13960:October 9, 13868:October 9, 13472:, ch. 6–7. 12355:, p. 11853:Foner 1988 11795:jj.8306230 11666:9973918681 10529:References 10464:Eric Foner 10462:Historian 10303:Historian 10293:Eric Foner 10291:Historian 10193:Lost Cause 10168:Eric Foner 10121:Boss Tweed 10113:Eric Foner 9925:Exodusters 9893:presidency 9750:Red Shirts 9651:depression 9385:Historian 9372:tyrannical 9345:Red Shirts 9337:insurgents 9263:greenbacks 9159:8.5 mills 9090:poll taxes 9085:land value 9060:roundhouse 9054:Atlanta's 8956:movement. 8799:Tennessee 8741:Louisiana 8612:Louisiana 8486:population 8202:President 8135:David Bell 8121:Radicals. 8118:John Eaton 8084:republican 7988:Edward Ord 7629:caricature 7493:gang labor 7390:Henry Wirz 7171:Sharpsburg 6890:illiteracy 6209:Historian 6142:Background 6136:Lodge Bill 6085:Eric Foner 6045:Lodge Bill 6001:Red Shirts 5999:, and the 5876:poll taxes 5297:California 5271:Population 4844:Patriotism 4829:Liberalism 4809:Capitalism 4780:Ideologies 4661:Theologies 4520:Juneteenth 4492:Literature 4420:Newspapers 4328:Migrations 4259:Juneteenth 4018:Red Summer 3920:Joe Pullen 3870:John Evans 3845:Ed Johnson 3775:Jim Taylor 3722:Red Shirts 2690:Journalism 2642:Corruption 2621:Government 2572:Demography 2559:Newspapers 2450:Reagan Era 2296:Gilded Age 2134:until 1607 2004:J.Q. Adams 1994:Washington 1964:Slave name 1908:convention 1883:Common law 1256:Encomienda 1052:Seychelles 1037:Mauritania 960:Slave ship 827:Panyarring 822:New France 471:Historical 192:Gilded Age 174:Chronology 135:Key events 33828:$ 50 bill 33733:Memorials 33673:Elections 33490:Modoc War 33175:Vicksburg 32012:memorials 31878:Elections 31776:Sexuality 31707:and views 31474:Civil War 31327:Monuments 31203:Activists 31055:Tennessee 30975:Michigan 30959:Baltimore 30949:Louisiana 30942:Lexington 30925:Davenport 30864:Cleveland 30763:Languages 30692:Melungeon 30670:Blaxicans 30538:Joe Louis 30393:Socialism 30329:Anarchism 30058:Bob Moses 30043:Malcolm X 29963:Fred Gray 29827:Soul food 29765:New Negro 29750:Folktales 29660:Redlining 29186:Marriage, 28885:Treatment 28732:Wisconsin 28697:Tennessee 28602:Minnesota 28577:Louisiana 28255:Wisconsin 28220:Tennessee 28125:Minnesota 28100:Louisiana 27994:The South 27565:Air Force 27440:Education 27302:recession 27258:Las Vegas 27166:Columbine 27123:1991–2008 27051:1980–1991 26952:1964–1980 26863:1945–1964 26817:Dust Bowl 26745:1917–1945 26626:1865–1917 26604:Civil War 26597:Secession 26542:1849–1865 26465:1815–1849 26436:Quasi-War 26413:1789–1815 26333:1776–1789 26286:Sugar Act 26029:Terrorism 25806:Rationing 25703:Affluence 25650:Sexuality 25618:Uncle Sam 25524:Languages 25453:Education 25396:affluence 25356:Americana 25283:Transport 25181:Insurance 25171:Companies 25151:By sector 25043:Elections 24684:Treasurer 24642:Executive 24581:Air Force 24553:Uniformed 24376:President 24193:Executive 23964:Mountains 23897:Territory 23885:Geography 23709:1954–1968 23704:1896–1954 23699:1865–1896 23661:Civil War 23502:1991–2008 23497:1980–1991 23492:1964–1980 23487:1945–1964 23482:1917–1945 23477:1865–1917 23472:1849–1865 23467:1815–1849 23462:1789–1815 23457:1776–1789 23450:By period 22900:Aftermath 22611:Virginius 22547:Modoc War 20598:Elections 20543:Stalwarts 20501:Redeemers 20300:Congress 19418:cite book 19408:March 30, 19258:Yearbooks 19200:164313047 19171:155789816 19055:(2 vols.) 18732:cite book 18448:cite book 18378:(2002) . 18328:219136609 18238:March 26, 18228:2163-5978 18130:March 19, 17841:247969097 17653:144025738 17624:211165817 17398:0027-8378 17281:"Dixon's 17128:146573684 17078:145691938 16753:March 15, 16664:0190-8286 16569:144355361 16555:: 91–92. 16311:458675179 16272:150066533 16010:211320983 16002:0043-8871 15897:April 14, 15441:859833035 15414:492589832 15210:0022-0507 14560:153347617 13981:Routledge 13950:159525524 13911:0144-039X 13660:143849662 12874:, ch. 31. 12637:April 29, 12385:259055353 11811:265454373 11757:, ch. 30. 11745:, ch. 29. 11544:March 11, 11517:, ch. 26. 11010:159753820 10876:162391933 10854:: 13–27. 10795:164628161 10779:2159-9807 10599:Citations 10356:New South 10166:In 1990, 10076:, in his 10053:socialist 9912:Redeemers 9877:Wisconsin 9737:Governor 9719:Coushatta 9558:alliance. 9461:Redeemers 9420:lynchings 9398:frequent. 9271:Jay Cooke 9056:rail yard 8827:Virginia 8699:Arkansas 8493:Virginia 8009:The five 7975:John Pope 7789:Redeemers 7433:mistakes. 6908:in 1920. 6861:U.S. Army 6795:scalawags 6744:secession 6294:riverboat 6124:education 6005:terrorism 5981:Redeemers 5884:terrorism 5755:Hollywood 5745:Blackface 5680:Prejudice 5598:US cities 5475:Lexington 5450:Davenport 5430:Baltimore 5406:US cities 5382:Tennessee 5332:Louisiana 5278:US states 5086:Melungeon 5056:Blaxicans 4854:Socialism 4819:Garveyism 4794:Anarchism 4598:Good hair 4425:Soul food 4395:Folktales 4060:Reactions 3968:Pana riot 3734:Lynchings 3678:Lynchings 3662:Practices 3623:Redeemers 3141:The South 2725:Air Force 2600:Education 2476:1991–2008 2461:1991–2008 2454:1981–1991 2439:1980–1991 2432:1964–1975 2421:1954–1968 2406:1964–1980 2399:1954–1968 2388:1945–1964 2373:1945–1964 2366:1941–1945 2355:1929–1941 2344:1918–1929 2333:1917–1918 2318:1917–1945 2311:1896–1917 2300:1877–1896 2289:1865–1877 2274:1865–1917 2267:1849–1865 2252:1849–1865 2245:1825–1849 2234:1817–1825 2219:1815–1849 2212:1801–1817 2201:1788–1801 2186:1789–1815 2179:1783–1788 2168:1765–1783 2153:1776–1789 2146:1607–1765 1999:Jefferson 1651:Mormonism 1586:Palestine 1400:Australia 1330:Indonesia 1221:Lei Áurea 1204:Code Noir 1184:Caribbean 1157:Treatment 896:Treatment 869:Devshirme 731:Odalisque 549:In Russia 490:Babylonia 478:Antiquity 283:Lowry War 103:Including 51:1865–1877 34319:Category 34149:Red Room 33992:Category 33904:(father) 33898:(mother) 33823:Currency 33703:election 33688:election 33242:Grantism 33237:Scandals 33185:Overland 33088:Category 32519:Category 32449:(cousin) 32425:(sister) 32413:(mother) 32407:(father) 32074:Currency 32047:Birthday 31641:Speeches 31350:Category 31141:America 31107:Diaspora 31092:Virginia 31025:Oklahoma 31008:New York 30991:Nebraska 30954:Maryland 30937:Kentucky 30903:Illinois 30842:Arkansas 30747:Illinois 30685:of color 30371:Populism 30344:Movement 30261:Religion 29603:Lynching 29386:Timeline 28852:Glossary 28717:Virginia 28667:Oklahoma 28647:New York 28622:Nebraska 28612:Missouri 28597:Michigan 28587:Maryland 28572:Kentucky 28552:Illinois 28527:Delaware 28517:Colorado 28507:Arkansas 28426:Category 28240:Virginia 28190:Oklahoma 28170:New York 28145:Nebraska 28135:Missouri 28120:Michigan 28110:Maryland 28095:Kentucky 28075:Illinois 28050:Delaware 28040:Colorado 28030:Arkansas 27909:Lesbians 27883:Comanche 27878:Cherokee 27671:Medicine 27629:Genocide 27622:Religion 27544:Military 27517:Taxation 27467:Abortion 27383:Cultural 27263:Parkland 27193:Iraq War 27131:Gulf War 26903:Ivy Mike 26822:New Deal 26198:Colonial 26143:Timeline 26085:Category 25781:Abortion 25645:Religion 25603:Columbia 25561:internet 25497:Holidays 25492:Folklore 25463:literacy 25401:eviction 25291:Aviation 25263:Taxation 25218:Currency 25211:by state 25121:Scandals 24991:Township 24749:Judicial 24650:Governor 24413:Judicial 24299:Marshals 24172:Politics 24126:Missouri 24116:Columbia 24111:Colorado 24106:Arkansas 24099:Longest 24078:Southern 24063:Northern 23907:counties 23861:Military 23851:Economic 23829:By topic 23808:Iraq War 23758:Cold War 23516:By event 23378:Category 23346:Suffrage 22281:Timeline 20496:Scalawag 20474:Freedman 20216:license. 20099:Archived 20043:Archived 19992:Archived 19965:Archived 19938:Archived 19915:(1991). 19825:June 27, 19819:Archived 19801:Archived 19767:Archived 19736:Archived 19614:Archived 19530:(1875). 19495:Archived 19466:(1899). 19402:Archived 19127:Archived 19028:(1966). 18972:(2016). 18903:(1989). 18881:40194198 18838:Archived 18807:Archived 18748:(2008). 18720:(1965). 18694:(2001). 18682:(2009). 18410:(1992). 18281:(2007). 18232:Archived 18124:Archived 18009:(2019). 17975:(2005). 17950:(1988). 17881:(2024). 17758:(2017). 17726:(2017). 17691:(2012). 17511:March 8, 17505:Archived 17480:March 8, 17474:Archived 17449:March 8, 17408:March 8, 17402:Archived 17313:Archived 17266:40580412 17022:Archived 16993:Archived 16964:Archived 16929:(2007). 16798:March 3, 16747:Archived 16631:(1935). 16596:20089450 16080:(1976). 16044:Archived 16040:HarpWeek 15988:: 1–46. 15793:, ch. 3. 15730:40038083 14746:Archived 14715:Archived 14695:Archived 14693:. 1872. 14632:, ch. 7. 14615:April 9, 14364:Archived 13954:Archived 13392:, ch. 6. 13356:Archived 13324:41708163 12778:(1981). 12390:July 24, 12283:July 21, 12081:Sec. 72. 11658:42627061 11500:Archived 11451:July 26, 11445:Archived 11334:March 7, 11261:(1936). 11182:(2001). 11159:18760067 11014:Archived 10880:Archived 10868:43903055 10799:Archived 10787:26070478 10695:Archived 10690:ABC News 10615:Archived 10502:See also 10437:argues: 10366: – 10295:argues: 10282:Jim Crow 10159:and the 9873:Michigan 9790:Ellenton 9673:Violence 9613:Virginia 9510:Stalwart 9189:11 mills 9167:12 mills 9156:12 mills 9148:4 mills 9137:5 mills 9012:Jim Crow 8870:Religion 8727:Georgia 8713:Florida 8685:Alabama 8672:Senators 8578:Alabama 8561:Florida 8544:Georgia 8237:Virginia 7859:Statutes 7696:Iron Age 7587:Illinois 7581:Senator 7544:lynching 7340:-headed 7239:election 7128:New Bern 7098:Chiriqui 7068:Missouri 7064:Kentucky 7060:Maryland 7056:Delaware 7020:Missouri 6967:de facto 6964:and the 6938:Oklahoma 6820:Suffrage 6805:Suffrage 6735:and the 6370:Timeline 6351:majority 6328:Wheeling 6272:system. 6242:suffrage 6022:and the 5922:moderate 5795:Category 5618:Diaspora 5545:Missouri 5470:Kentucky 5397:Virginia 5367:Oklahoma 5352:New York 5347:Nebraska 5337:Maryland 5312:Illinois 5292:Arkansas 5131:Merikins 5076:Freedmen 5049:Mascogos 4849:Populism 4740:Politics 4635:Religion 4605:Stepping 4371:Lifeways 4207:Timeline 4174:a series 4172:Part of 3820:Sam Hose 3566:a series 3564:Part of 3513:Category 3064:Lesbians 3038:Comanche 3033:Cherokee 2831:Medicine 2782:Religion 2704:Military 2677:Taxation 2627:Abortion 2543:Cultural 2031:Iron bit 2021:40 acres 1984:breeding 1794:Freedman 1629:Religion 1489:Portugal 1374:Thailand 1364:Maldives 1359:Malaysia 1352:Kwalliso 1296:Booi Aha 1248:Restavek 1228:Colombia 1199:Trinidad 1189:Barbados 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26069:Outline 26017:illegal 26002:Smoking 25865:Obesity 25748:Poverty 25670:Theater 25660:Society 25514:Housing 25475:Fashion 25431:poverty 25376:Cuisine 25348:Culture 25335:Society 25296:Driving 25223:Exports 25201:Tourism 25161:Banking 25139:Economy 25099:Parties 24943:Charter 24907:Sheriff 24354:Speaker 24222:Cabinet 24185:Federal 24093:Western 24058:Eastern 24053:Central 24048:Pacific 24008:Regions 23959:Islands 23442:History 22971:Aspects 22370:Alabama 22036:Address 21859:Prelude 20815:1876–77 20810:1874–75 20805:1872–73 20800:1870–71 20795:1868–69 20790:1866–67 20785:1864–65 20769:1876–77 20764:1874–75 20759:1872–73 20754:1870–71 20749:1868–69 20744:1866–67 20739:1864–65 19798:excerpt 19773:July 9, 19667:1836959 19501:May 14, 19474:(ed.). 19249:2954450 19018:2197687 18483:1895802 18400:6889578 17367:(Film)" 17309:2710931 17070:2123771 16528:1892388 16474:1898466 16264:2714704 16198:2192035 16129:2206012 16050:May 14, 15468:1458620 15332:1893078 13652:1084950 13244:2204965 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