10018:, who in his PhD dissertation, finished in 1924, developed a complex new interpretation of Reconstruction. The Dunning School portrayed freedmen as mere pawns in the hands of northern whites. Beale argued that the whites themselves were pawns in the hands of Northern industrialists, who had taken control of the nation during the Civil War and who Beale felt would be threatened by return to power of the Southern Whites. Beale further argued that the rhetoric of civil rights for Blacks, and the dream of equality, was rhetoric designed to fool idealistic voters, calling it "claptrap", arguing: "Constitutional discussions of the rights of the Negro, the status of Southern states, the legal position of ex-rebels, and the powers of Congress and the president determined nothing. They were pure sham." The Beard–Beale interpretation of Reconstruction became known as "revisionism", and replaced the Dunning School for most historians until the 1950s, after which it was largely discredited.
8032:
the
Constitution of the United States and then engaged in rebellion.... Sheridan interpreted these restrictions stringently, barring from registration not only all pre-1861 officials of state and local governments who had supported the Confederacy but also all city officeholders and even minor functionaries such as sextons of cemeteries. In May Griffin ... appointed a three-man board of registrars for each county, making his choices on the advice of known scalawags and local Freedmen's Bureau agents. In every county where practicable a freedman served as one of the three registrars.... Final registration amounted to approximately 59,633 whites and 49,479 blacks. It is impossible to say how many whites were rejected or refused to register (estimates vary from 7,500 to 12,000), but blacks, who constituted only about 30 percent of the state's population, were significantly over-represented at 45 percent of all voters.
8440:
9867:, which set up a 15-member commission of eight Republicans and seven Democrats to settle the disputed 1876 election. Since the Constitution did not explicitly indicate how Electoral College disputes were to be resolved, Congress was forced to consider other methods to settle the crisis. Many Democrats argued that Congress as a whole should determine which certificates to count. However, the chances that this method would result in a harmonious settlement were slim, as the Democrats controlled the House, while the Republicans controlled the Senate. Several Hayes supporters, on the other hand, argued that the President pro tempore of the Senate had the authority to determine which certificates to count, because he was responsible for chairing the congressional session at which the electoral votes were to be tallied. Since the office of president pro tempore was occupied by a Republican, Senator
7192:
Black freedmen workers were tied to labor on plantations for one year at a pay rate of $ 10 a month. Only 10% of the state's electorate had to take the loyalty oath in order for the state to be readmitted into the U.S. Congress. The state was required to abolish slavery in its new state constitution. Identical
Reconstruction plans would be adopted in Arkansas and Tennessee. By December 1864, the Lincoln plan of Reconstruction had been enacted in Louisiana and the legislature sent two senators and five representatives to take their seats in Washington. However, Congress refused to count any of the votes from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee, in essence rejecting Lincoln's moderate Reconstruction plan. Congress, at this time controlled by the Radicals, proposed the Wade–Davis Bill that required a majority of the state electorates to take the oath of loyalty to be admitted to Congress. Lincoln
9653:) hit the Southern economy hard and disillusioned many Republicans who had gambled that railroads would pull the South out of its poverty. The price of cotton fell by half; many small landowners, local merchants, and cotton factors (wholesalers) went bankrupt. Sharecropping for Black and White farmers became more common as a way to spread the risk of owning land. The old abolitionist element in the North was aging away, or had lost interest, and was not replenished. Many northern whites returned to the North or joined the Redeemers. Blacks had an increased voice in the Republican Party, but across the South it was divided by internal bickering and was rapidly losing its cohesion. Many local Black leaders started emphasizing individual economic progress in cooperation with White elites, rather than racial political progress in opposition to them, a conservative attitude that foreshadowed
7538:
judicial system had been wholly refigured to make one of its primary purposes the coercion of
African Americans to comply with the social customs and labor demands of whites. Trials were discouraged and attorneys for Black misdemeanor defendants were difficult to find. The goal of county courts was a fast, uncomplicated trial with a resulting conviction. Most Blacks were unable to pay their fines or bail, and "the most common penalty was nine months to a year in a slave mine or lumber camp". The South's judicial system was rigged to generate fees and claim bounties, not to ensure public protection. Black women were socially perceived as sexually avaricious and since they were portrayed as having little virtue, society held that they could not be raped. One report indicates two freed women, Frances Thompson and Lucy Smith, described their violent sexual assault during the
9096:
low. The planters had provided privately for their own needs. There was some fraudulent spending in the postwar years; a collapse in state credit because of huge deficits, forced the states to increase property tax rates. In places, the rate went up to 10 times higher—despite the poverty of the region. The planters had not invested in infrastructure and much had been destroyed during the war. In part, the new tax system was designed to force owners of large plantations with huge tracts of uncultivated land either to sell or to have it confiscated for failure to pay taxes. The taxes would serve as a market-based system for redistributing the land to the landless freedmen and White poor. Mississippi, for instance, was mostly frontier, with 90% of the bottom lands in the interior undeveloped.
6305:
8078:. "Proscription" was the policy of disqualifying as many ex-Confederates as possible. For example, in 1865 Tennessee had disenfranchised 80,000 ex-Confederates. However, proscription was soundly rejected by the Black element, which insisted on universal suffrage. The issue would come up repeatedly in several states, especially in Texas and Virginia. In Virginia, an effort was made to disqualify for public office every man who had served in the Confederate Army even as a private, and any civilian farmer who sold food to the Confederate States Army. Disenfranchising Southern Whites was also opposed by moderate Republicans in the North, who felt that ending proscription would bring the South closer to a republican form of government based on the
9071:
Nevertheless, thousands of miles of lines were built as the
Southern system expanded from 11,000 miles (18,000 km) in 1870 to 29,000 miles (47,000 km) in 1890. The lines were owned and directed overwhelmingly by Northerners. Railroads helped create a mechanically skilled group of craftsmen and broke the isolation of much of the region. Passengers were few, however, and apart from hauling the cotton crop when it was harvested, there was little freight traffic. As Franklin explains: "numerous railroads fed at the public trough by bribing legislators ... and through the use and misuse of state funds". According to one businessman, the effect "was to drive capital from the state, paralyze industry, and demoralize labor".
7092:. Lincoln planned to free the Southern slaves in the Emancipation Proclamation and he was concerned that freedmen would not be well treated in the United States by Whites in both the North and South. Although Lincoln gave assurances that the United States government would support and protect any colonies that were established for former slaves, the leaders declined the offer of colonization. Many free Blacks had been opposed to colonization plans in the past because they wanted to remain in the United States. Lincoln persisted in his colonization plan in the belief that emancipation and colonization were both part of the same program. By April 1863, Lincoln was successful in sending Black colonists to
7326:
364:
9583:
7693:
the
Fourteenth Amendment (except for Tennessee, all former Confederate states did refuse to ratify, as did the border states of Delaware, Maryland, and Kentucky). Radical Republicans in Congress, led by Stevens and Sumner, opened the way to suffrage for male freedmen. They were generally in control, although they had to compromise with the moderate Republicans (the Democrats in Congress had almost no power). Historians refer to this period as "Radical Reconstruction" or "congressional Reconstruction". The business spokesmen in the North generally opposed Radical proposals. Analysis of 34 major business newspapers showed that 12 discussed politics, and only one,
6179:
of the war was accompanied by a large migration of newly freed people to the cities, where they were relegated to the lowest paying jobs, such as unskilled and service labor. Men worked as rail workers, rolling and lumber mills workers, and hotel workers. Black women were largely confined to domestic work employed as cooks, maids, and child nurses, or in hotels and laundries. The large population of slave artisans during the prewar period did not translate into a large number of free artisans during
Reconstruction. The dislocations had a severe negative impact on the Black population, with a large amount of sickness and death.
7520:
authorities. As to my personal experience, I will only mention that during my two days sojourn at
Atlanta, one Negro was stabbed with fatal effect on the street, and three were poisoned, one of whom died. While I was at Montgomery, one Negro was cut across the throat evidently with intent to kill, and another was shot, but both escaped with their lives. Several papers attached to this report give an account of the number of capital cases that occurred at certain places during a certain period of time. It is a sad fact that the perpetration of those acts is not confined to that class of people which might be called the rabble.
9849:
9521:
office. In most states, the more
Whiggish Republicans fought for control with the more Radical Republicans and their Black allies. Most of the 430 Republican newspapers in the South were edited by native Southerners—only 20 percent were edited by northerners. White businessmen generally boycotted Republican papers, which survived through government patronage. Nevertheless, in the increasingly bitter battles inside the Republican Party, those who supported Reconstruction usually lost; many of the disgruntled losers switched over to the Whig-leaning or Democratic side. In Mississippi, the Whiggish faction led by
9282:
April 1866, that limited the treasury to a currency contraction of only $ 10 million over six months. Meanwhile, the Senate refunded the entire national debt, but the House failed to act. By early 1867, postwar prosperity was a reality, and the optimists wanted an end to contraction, which
Congress ordered in January 1868. Meanwhile, the Treasury issued new bonds at a lower interest rate to refinance the redemption of short-term debt. While the old state bank notes were disappearing from circulation, new national bank notes, backed by species, were expanding. By 1868 inflation was minimal.
7206:
common-law marriages or community-recognized relationships. The acknowledgement of marriage by the state increased the state's recognition of freed people as legal actors and eventually helped make the case for parental rights for freed people against the practice of apprenticeship of Black children. These children were legally taken away from their families under the guise of "providing them with guardianship and 'good' homes until they reached the age of consent at twenty-one" under acts such as the
Georgia 1866 Apprentice Act. Such children were generally used as sources of unpaid labor.
6594:
2101:
8875:
6988:
3584:
6810:
8332:
8183:
8258:. Within a year, the three remaining states—Mississippi, Virginia, and Texas—adopted the new amendment—and were admitted to Congress. Grant put military pressure on Georgia to reinstate its black legislators and adopt the new amendment. Georgia complied, and on February 24, 1871, its senators were seated in Congress, with all the former Confederate states represented. Southern Reconstructed states were controlled by Republicans and former slaves. Eight years later, in 1877, the Democratic Party had full control of the region and Reconstruction was dead.
10234:, "in the post-bellum South economic competition among Whites played an important part in protecting blacks from racial coercion", was accepted in whole or part by 66% of the economists, but by only 22% of the historians. Whaples says this highlights: "A recurring difference dividing historians and economists. The economists have more faith in the power of the competitive market. For example, they see the competitive market as protecting disenfranchised blacks and are less likely to accept the idea that there was exploitation by merchant monopolists."
7636:
7884:
10329:
8049:
6170:, Lincoln declared that "an extraordinary occasion" existed in the South and raised an army to quell "combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings." Over the next four years, 237 named battles were fought between the Union and Confederate armies, resulting in the dissolution of the Confederate States in 1865. During the war, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared that "all persons held as slaves" within the Confederate territory "are, and henceforward shall be free."
11594:
8652:
who had been pro-slavery were angry with governments that had African Americans in office. Furious white Southerners told the rumor that Reconstruction was secretly promoting Black Americans having full control over whites. Many congressional elections in the South were contested. Even states with majority-African-American populations often elected only one or two African American representatives to Congress. Exceptions included South Carolina; at the end of Reconstruction, four of its five congressmen were African Americans.
15637:
13603:
11606:
11476:
16874:
16602:
15135:
11459:
8319:"A condition of affairs now exists in some of the States of the Union rendering life and property insecure, and the carrying of the mails and the collection of the revenue dangerous. The proof that such a, condition of affairs exists in some localities is now before the Senate. That the power to correct these evils is beyond the control of State authorities, I do not doubt. That the power of the Executive of the United States, acting within the limits of existing laws, is sufficient for present emergencies, is not clear."
6872:
7685:
7221:
8082:, as called for by the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence. Strong measures that were called for in order to forestall a return to the defunct Confederacy increasingly seemed out of place, and the role of the United States Army and controlling politics in the state was troublesome. Historian Mark Summers states that increasingly "the disenfranchisers had to fall back on the contention that denial of the vote was meant as punishment, and a lifelong punishment at that ... Month by month, the un-
9414:. Democrats nominated some Blacks for political office and tried to entice other Blacks from the Republican side. When these attempts to combine with the Blacks failed, the planters joined the common farmers in simply trying to displace the Republican governments. The planters and their business allies dominated the self-styled "conservative" coalition that finally took control in the South. They were paternalistic toward the Blacks but feared they would use power to raise taxes and slow business development.
9434:
with sticks and stones, the firing of rival club-houses. Republican clubs marched the streets of Philadelphia, amid revolver shots and brickbats, to save the Negroes from the "rebel" savages in Alabama.... The project to make voters out of black men was not so much for their social elevation as for the further punishment of the Southern white people—for the capture of offices for Radical scamps and the entrenchment of the Radical party in power for a long time to come in the South and in the country at large.
7305:
fighting the Radical positions. There is considerable debate on how well Lincoln, had he lived, would have handled Congress during the Reconstruction process that took place after the Civil War ended. One historical camp argues that Lincoln's flexibility, pragmatism, and superior political skills with Congress would have solved Reconstruction with far less difficulty. The other camp believes that the Radicals would have attempted to impeach Lincoln, just as they did to his successor, Andrew Johnson, in 1868.
9356:
7542:. However, Black women were vulnerable even in times of relative normalcy. Sexual assaults on African-American women were so pervasive, particularly on the part of their white employers, that Black men sought to reduce the contact between white males and Black females by having the women in their family avoid doing work that was closely overseen by whites. Black men were construed as being extremely sexually aggressive and their supposed or rumored threats to white women were often used as a pretext for
9501:", included founders of the party who expressed dismay that the party had succumbed to corruption. They were further wearied by the continued insurgent violence of Whites against Blacks in the South, especially around every election cycle, which demonstrated that the war was not over and changes were fragile. Leaders included editors of some of the nation's most powerful newspapers. Charles Sumner, embittered by the corruption of the Grant administration, joined the new party, which nominated editor
10064:
on the part of the dominant Republican Party. Some wanted high tariffs and some low. Some wanted greenbacks and others wanted gold. There was no conspiracy to use Reconstruction to impose any such unified economic policy on the nation. Northern businessmen were widely divergent on monetary or tariff policy, and seldom paid attention to Reconstruction issues. Furthermore, the rhetoric on behalf of the rights of the freedmen was not claptrap but deeply-held and very serious political philosophy.
9729:
34372:
31357:
5785:
8366:, who replaced Hoar, was zealous in his attempt to destroy the Klan. Akerman and South Carolina's U.S. marshal arrested over 470 Klan members, but hundreds of Klansmen, including the Klan's wealthy leaders, fled the state. Akerman returned over 3,000 indictments of the Klan throughout the South and obtained 600 convictions for the worst offenders. By 1872, Grant had crushed the Klan, and African Americans peacefully voted in record numbers in elections in the South. Attorney General
9451:, but retreated before federal troops reached the city. None was prosecuted. Their election-time tactics included violent intimidation of African American and Republican voters prior to elections, while avoiding conflict with the U.S. Army or the state militias, and then withdrawing completely on election day. White supremacist violence continued in both the North and South; the White Liners movement to elect candidates dedicated to white supremacy reached as far as Ohio in 1875.
9051:
9006:
were too expensive and unnecessary for a region where the vast majority of people were cotton or tobacco farmers. They had no expectation of better education for their residents. One historian found that the schools were less effective than they might have been because "poverty, the inability of the states to collect taxes, and inefficiency and corruption in many places prevented successful operation of the schools". After Reconstruction ended and White elected officials
8431:
it. Meanwhile, white northern Republicans were becoming more conservative. Republicans and Black Americans lost power in the South. By 1870, most Republicans felt the war goals had been achieved, and they turned their attention to other issues such as economic policies. White Americans were in almost full control again by the start of the 1900s and did not enforce Black voting rights. The United States government eventually pulled all its troops from the Southern states.
34360:
10119:, they rejected the Dunning School and found a great deal to praise in Radical Reconstruction. Foner, the primary advocate of this view, argued that it was never truly completed, and that a "Second Reconstruction" was needed in the late 20th century to complete the goal of full equality for African Americans. The neo-abolitionists followed the revisionists in minimizing the corruption and waste created by Republican state governments, saying it was no worse than
34315:
33988:
33084:
32514:
28422:
28386:
10497:"It is our hope that states and districts will adopt these guidelines for their own educational standards, curricula, and professional development," the report states. "In so doing, they will be better equipped to teach students the true history of Reconstruction, help students understand its significance and make connections to the present day. And they will empower teachers to educate their students and themselves about ongoing Reconstruction scholarship."
3509:
3470:
7676:
influence to block the amendment in the states since three-fourths of the states were required for ratification (the amendment was later ratified). The moderate effort to compromise with Johnson had failed, and a political fight broke out between the Republicans (both Radical and moderate) on one side, and on the other side, Johnson and his allies in the Democratic Party in the North, and the groupings (which used different names) in each Southern state.
6607:
7620:
7461:
28432:
3519:
6940:) held Black slaves and signed treaties supporting the Confederacy. During the war, a war among pro-Union and anti-Union Native Americans had raged. Congress passed a statute that gave the president the authority to suspend the appropriations of any tribe if the tribe is "in a state of actual hostility to the government of the United States ... and, by proclamation, to declare all treaties with such tribe to be abrogated by such tribe".
34434:
32526:
6110:. According to historians Downs and Masur, "Reconstruction began when the first US soldiers arrived in slaveholding territory, and enslaved people escaped from plantations and farms, some of them fleeing into free states, and others trying to find safety with US forces." Soon afterwards, early discourse and experimentation began in earnest regarding Reconstruction policies. The Reconstruction policies provided opportunities to enslaved
7161:
9623:. Across the South, some Democrats switched from the race issue to taxes and corruption, charging that Republican governments were corrupt and inefficient. With a continuing decrease in cotton prices, taxes squeezed cash-poor farmers who rarely saw $ 20 in currency a year, but had to pay taxes in currency or lose their farms. But major planters, who had never paid taxes before, often recovered their property even after confiscation.
7292:, and an alternative subordinate status of servitude for Blacks rather than slavery. Lincoln flatly rejected recognition of the Confederacy, and said that the slaves covered by his Emancipation Proclamation would not be re-enslaved. He said that the Union states were about to pass the Thirteenth Amendment, outlawing slavery. Lincoln urged the governor of Georgia to remove Confederate troops and "ratify this constitutional amendment
34417:
8344:
9265:, which was legal tender but not backed by gold or silver. In addition about $ 275 million of coin was in circulation. The new administration policy announced in October 1865 would be to make all the paper convertible into specie, if Congress so voted. The House of Representatives passed the Alley Resolution on December 18, 1865, by a vote of 144 to 6. In the Senate it was a different matter, for the key player was Senator
34451:
8045:", and in-between delegates. The Radicals were a coalition: 40% were Southern White Republicans; 25% were White and 34% were Black. In addition to expanding the franchise, they pressed for provisions designed to promote economic growth, especially financial aid to rebuild the ruined railroad system. The conventions set up systems of free public schools funded by tax dollars, but did not require them to be racially integrated.
9253:
9418:
the Negroes work better, drove the worst of the Radical leaders from the country and started the whites on the way to gain political supremacy". The evil result, Fleming said, was that lawless elements "made use of the organization as a cloak to cover their misdeeds ... The lynching habits of today are largely due to conditions, social and legal, growing out of Reconstruction." Historians have noted that the peak of
58:
7026:... the liberating slaves of traitorous owners, will alarm our Southern Union friends, and turn them against us—perhaps ruin our fair prospect for Kentucky." After Frémont refused to rescind the emancipation order, Lincoln terminated him from active duty on November 2, 1861. Lincoln was concerned that the border states would secede from the Union if slaves were given their freedom. On May 26, 1862, Union Major General
6301:
century, the South was locked into a system of poverty. How much of this failure was caused by the war and by previous reliance on slavery remains the subject of debate among economists and historians. In both the North and South, modernization and industrialization were the focus of the post-war recovery, built on the growth of cities, railroads, factories, and banks and led by Radical Republicans and former Whigs.
34400:
8998:
Reconstruction. Some slaves had learned to read from White playmates or colleagues before formal education was allowed by law; African Americans started "native schools" before the end of the war; Sabbath schools were another widespread means that freedmen developed to teach literacy. When they gained suffrage, Black politicians took this commitment to public education to state constitutional conventions.
10060:, he wrote "when the war closed, Northern business men looked to the South as a colony into which business might expand". Further in the same book, he wrote: "Moderates, Liberals, and Democrats continued to deplore Southern conditions until the Northern business man was persuaded that only a restoration of native white government would bring the peace necessary for economic penetration into the South."
34348:
7607:
parties, and give evidence, to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property, and to full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property, as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, and penalties and to none other, any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or custom to the Contrary notwithstanding.
8452:
years "about 15 percent of the officeholders in the South were Black—a larger proportion than in 1990". Most of those offices were at the local level. In 1860, Blacks constituted the majority of the population in Mississippi and South Carolina, 47% in Louisiana, 45% in Alabama, and 44% in Georgia and Florida, so their political influence was still far less than their percentage of the population.
7742:
196:
7533:
suffer the increased burden imposed upon them by the cruel taskmaster, whose only interest is their labor, wrung from them by every device an inhuman ingenuity can devise; hence the lash and murder is resorted to intimidate those whom fear of an awful death alone cause to remain, while patrols, Negro dogs and spies, disguised as Yankees, keep constant guard over these unfortunate people.
9492:
the states and in authorizing military commissions for the trial of civilians in time of peace. There should have been as little military government as possible; no military commissions; no classes excluded from suffrage; and no oath except one of faithful obedience and support to the Constitution and laws, and of sincere attachment to the constitutional government of the United States.
6704:. The Radicals insisted that meant Congress decided how Reconstruction should be achieved. The issues were multiple: Who should decide, Congress or the president? How should republicanism operate in the South? What was the status of the former Confederate states? What was the citizenship status of the leaders of the Confederacy? What was the citizenship and suffrage status of freedmen?
183:
7867:, as originally passed, were initially called "An act to provide for the more efficient Government of the Rebel States". The legislation was enacted by the 39th Congress, on March 2, 1867. It was vetoed by President Johnson, and the veto then overridden by a two-thirds majority, in both the House and the Senate, the same day. Congress also clarified the scope of the federal writ of
7177:
states. Eventually, as the U.S. Army advanced into the Confederacy, millions of slaves were set free. Many of these freedmen joined the U.S. Army and fought in battles against the Confederate forces. Yet hundreds of thousands of freed slaves died during emancipation from illnesses that devastated army regiments. Freed slaves suffered from smallpox, yellow fever, and malnutrition.
7651:
attempted to fix by federal law "a perfect equality of the white and black races in every state of the Union". Johnson said it was an invasion by federal authority of the rights of the states; it had no warrant in the Constitution and was contrary to all precedents. It was a "stride toward centralization and the concentration of all legislative power in the national government".
8422:, Grant sent in tens of thousands of armed, uniformed federal marshals and other election officials to regulate the 1870 and subsequent elections. Democrats across the North then mobilized to defend their base and attacked Grant's entire set of policies. On October 21, 1876, President Grant deployed troops to protect Black and White Republican voters in Petersburg, Virginia.
10191:, Cecelia O'Leary, Laura Edwards, LeeAnn Whites, and Edward J. Blum has encouraged greater attention to race, religion, and issues of gender while at the same time pushing the effective end of Reconstruction to the end of the 19th century, while monographs by Charles Reagan Wilson, Gaines Foster, W. Scott Poole, and Bruce Baker have offered new views of the Southern "
6297:
untouched areas, the lack of maintenance and repair, the absence of new equipment, the heavy over-use, and the deliberate relocation of equipment by the Confederates from remote areas to the war zone ensured the system would be ruined at war's end. Restoring the infrastructure—especially the railroad system—became a high priority for Reconstruction state governments.
9745:. The White League took over and held the state house and city hall, but they retreated before the arrival of reinforcing federal troops. Kellogg had asked for reinforcements before, and Grant finally responded, sending additional troops to try to quell violence throughout plantation areas of the Red River Valley, although 2,000 troops were already in the state.
9083:. In the South, wealthy landowners were allowed to self-assess the value of their own land. These fraudulent assessments were almost valueless, and pre-war property tax collections were lacking due to property value misrepresentation. State revenues came from fees and from sales taxes on slave auctions. Some states assessed property owners by a combination of
7118:
military governors kept the administration of Reconstruction under presidential control, rather than that of the increasingly unsympathetic Radical Congress. On March 3, 1862, Lincoln installed a loyalist Democrat, Senator Andrew Johnson, as military governor with the rank of brigadier general in his home state of Tennessee. In May 1862, Lincoln appointed
9269:, who said that inflation contraction was not nearly as important as refunding the short-term and long-term national debt. The war had been largely financed by national debt, in addition to taxation and inflation. The national debt stood at $ 2.8 billion. By October 1865, most of it in short-term and temporary loans. Wall Street bankers typified by
10230:, who studied American history in all time periods. He asked whether they wholly or partly accepted, or rejected, 40 propositions in the scholarly literature about American economic history. The greatest difference between economics PhDs and history PhDs came in questions on competition and race. For example, the proposition originally put forward by
6345:" under which a loyal unionist state government would be established when ten percent of its 1860 voters pledged an oath of allegiance to the Union, with a complete pardon for those who pledged such an oath. By 1864, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas had established fully functioning Unionist governments under this plan. However, Congress passed the
9545:
away from the river fronts, but freedmen often did not have the stake to get started. They hoped that the government would help them acquire land which they could work. Only South Carolina created any land redistribution, establishing a land commission and resettling about 14,000 freedmen families and some poor Whites on land purchased by the state.
9689:, freedmen fearing a Democratic attempt to take over the parish government reinforced defenses at the small Colfax courthouse in late March. White militias gathered from the area a few miles outside the settlement. Rumors and fears abounded on both sides. William Ward, an African American Union veteran and militia captain, mustered his company in
7500:, which gave the freedmen greater economic independence and social autonomy than gang labor. However, because they lacked capital and the planters continued to own the means of production (tools, draft animals, and land), the freedmen were forced into producing cash crops (mainly cotton) for the land-owners and merchants, and they entered into a
9469:, the classically liberal, pro-business faction of the Democratic Party. They were a coalition which sought to regain political power, reestablish white supremacy, and oust the Radical Republicans from influence. Led by rich former planters, businessmen, and professionals, they dominated Southern politics in most areas from the 1870s to 1910.
10044:
Fourteenth Amendment, which gave the Negro his citizenship, Beard found significant primarily as a result of a conspiracy of a few legislative draftsmen friendly to corporations to use the supposed elevation of the blacks as a cover for a fundamental law giving strong protection to business corporations against regulation by state government.
8960:, a Methodist bishop, played a leading role in mobilizing the Northern Methodists for the cause. Biographer Robert D. Clark called him the "High Priest of the Radical Republicans". The Methodist Ministers Association of Boston, meeting two weeks after Lincoln's assassination, called for a hard line against the Confederate leadership:
9875:, this method would have favored Hayes. Still others proposed that the matter should be settled by the Supreme Court. In a stormy session that began on March 1, 1877, the House debated the objection for about twelve hours before overruling it. Immediately, another spurious objection was raised, this time to the electoral votes from
7233:
without deference to a person's color, authorized the bureau to lease confiscated land for a period of three years and to sell it in portions of up to 40 acres (16 ha) per buyer. The bureau was to expire one year after the termination of the war. Lincoln was assassinated before he could appoint a commissioner of the bureau.
7717:
Left unaffected was that states would still determine voter registration and electoral laws. The amendments were directed at ending slavery and providing full citizenship to freedmen. Northern congressmen believed that providing Black men with the right to vote would be the most rapid means of political education and training.
9948:
and accommodations and ambitious economic development programs (including aid to railroads and other enterprises)." Despite these achievements the interpretation of Reconstruction has been a topic of controversy because nearly all historians hold that Reconstruction ended in failure, but for very different reasons.
10082:, published in 1935, compared results across the states to show achievements by the Reconstruction legislatures and to refute claims about wholesale African American control of governments. He showed Black contributions, as in the establishment of universal public education, charitable and social institutions and
9907:, including help with a railroad in Texas (which never happened) and name a Southerner to his cabinet (this did happen). With the end to the political role of Northern troops, the president had no method to enforce Reconstruction; thus, this "back room" deal signaled the end of American Reconstruction.
9713:, first in parishes of the Red River Valley. The new organization operated openly and had political goals: the violent overthrow of Republican rule and suppression of Black voting. White League chapters soon rose in many rural parishes, receiving financing for advanced weaponry from wealthy men. In the
9701:
This marked the beginning of heightened insurgency and attacks on Republican officeholders and freedmen in Louisiana and other Deep South states. In Louisiana, Judge T. S. Crawford and District Attorney P. H. Harris of the 12th Judicial District were shot off their horses and killed by ambush October
9610:
Not all Democrats agreed; an insurgent element continued to resist Reconstruction no matter what. Eventually, a group called "Redeemers" took control of the party in the Southern states. They formed coalitions with conservative Republicans, including supporters of Reconstruction, emphasizing the need
9601:
By 1870, the Democratic leadership across the South decided it had to end its opposition to Reconstruction and Black suffrage to survive and move on to new issues. The Grant administration had proven by its crackdown on the Ku Klux Klan that it would use as much federal power as necessary to suppress
9544:
Finally, some of the more prosperous freedmen were joining the Democrats, as they were angered at the failure of the Republicans to help them acquire land. The South was "sparsely settled"; only 10 percent of Louisiana was cultivated, and 90 percent of Mississippi bottom land was undeveloped in areas
9417:
Fleming described the first results of the insurgent movement as "good", and the later ones as "both good and bad". According to Fleming (1907), the KKK "quieted the Negroes, made life and property safer, gave protection to women, stopped burnings, forced the Radical leaders to be more moderate, made
9381:
groups, such as the White League in Louisiana and the Red Shirts in Mississippi and the Carolinas, that assassinated and intimidated both Black and White Republican leaders at election time. Historian George C. Rable called such groups the "military arm of the Democratic Party". By the mid-1870s, the
9281:
to the West Coast, and especially the flourishing of manufacturing during the war. The gold premium over greenbacks was $ 145 in greenbacks to $ 100 in gold, and the optimists thought that the heavy demand for currency in an era of prosperity would return the ratio to 100. A compromise was reached in
9260:
The Civil War had been financed primarily by issuing short-term and long-term bonds and loans, plus inflation caused by printing paper money, plus new taxes. Wholesale prices had more than doubled, and reduction of inflation was a priority for Secretary McCulloch. A high priority, and by far the most
8987:
God's gift of freedom. They appreciated opportunities to exercise their independence, to worship in their own way, to affirm their worth and dignity, and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man. Most of all, they could form their own churches, associations, and conventions. These
8651:
guaranteed only that voting could not be restricted on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. From 1868 on, campaigns and elections were surrounded by violence as White insurgents and paramilitaries tried to suppress the Black vote, and fraud was rampant. Many white southerners
7597:
laws are to be enacted and enforced depriving persons of African descent of privileges which are essential to freemen.... A law that does not allow a colored person to go from one county to another, and one that does not allow him to hold property, to teach, to preach, are certainly laws in violation
7577:
In January 1866, Congress renewed the Freedmen's Bureau; however, Johnson vetoed the Freedmen's Bureau Bill in February 1866. Although Johnson had sympathy for the plight of the freedmen, he was against federal assistance. An attempt to override the veto failed on February 20, 1866. This veto shocked
7236:
With the help of the bureau, the recently freed slaves began voting, forming political parties, and assuming the control of labor in many areas. The bureau helped to start a change of power in the South that drew national attention from the Republicans in the North to the Democrats in the South. This
7070:
to "adopt a system of gradual emancipation which should work the extinction of slavery in twenty years". On March 26, 1862, Lincoln met with Senator Charles Sumner and recommended that a special joint session of Congress be convened to discuss giving financial aid to any border states who initiated a
7041:
On April 16, 1862, Lincoln signed a bill into law outlawing slavery in Washington, D.C., and freeing the estimated 3,500 slaves in the city. On June 19, 1862, he signed legislation outlawing slavery in all U.S. territories. On July 17, 1862, under the authority of the Confiscation Acts and an amended
6900:
African Americans held public office in the South; some of them were men who had escaped to the North and gained educations, and returned to the South. They did not hold office in numbers representative of their proportion in the population, but often elected Whites to represent them. The question of
6867:
As president in 1865, Johnson wrote to the man he appointed as governor of Mississippi, recommending: "If you could extend the elective franchise to all persons of color who can read the Constitution in English and write their names, and to all persons of color who own real estate valued at least two
6654:
swearing that they had never supported the Confederacy or been one of its soldiers. This oath also entailed having them to swear a loyalty to the Constitution and the Union before they could have state constitutional meetings. Lincoln blocked it. Pursuing a policy of "malice toward none" announced in
6317:
From its origins, questions existed as to the legal significance of the Civil War, whether secession had actually occurred, and what measures, if any, were necessary to restore the governments of the Confederate States. For example, throughout the conflict, the United States government recognized the
6178:
The Civil War had immense social implications for the United States. Emancipation had altered the legal status of 3.5 million persons, threatened the end of the plantation economy of the South, and provoked questions regarding the legal and social inequality of the races in the United States. The end
10441:
Politically, the film offers a conservative view of Georgia and the South. In her novel, despite her Southern prejudices, Mitchell showed clear awareness of the shortcomings of her characters and their region. The film is less analytical. It portrays the story from a clearly Old South point of view:
9951:
The first generation of Northern historians believed that the former Confederates were traitors and Johnson was their ally who threatened to undo the Union's constitutional achievements. By the 1880s, however, Northern historians argued that Johnson and his allies were not traitors but had blundered
9634:
In the North, a live-and-let-live attitude made elections more like a sporting contest. But in the Deep South, many White citizens had not reconciled with the defeat of the war or the granting of citizenship to freedmen. As an Alabamian supporter of Reconstruction explained: "Our contest here is for
9520:
In the South, political and racial tensions built up inside the Republican Party as they were attacked by the Democrats. In 1868, Georgia Democrats, with support from some Republicans, expelled all 28 Black Republican members from the state house, arguing Blacks were eligible to vote but not to hold
9422:
took place near the turn of the century, decades after Reconstruction ended, as Whites were imposing Jim Crow laws and passing new state constitutions that disenfranchised the Blacks. The lynchings were used for intimidation and social control, with a frequency associated more with economic stresses
9242:
The argument made by the taxpayers, however, was plausible and it may be conceded that, upon the whole, they were about right; for no doubt it would have been much easier upon the taxpayers to have increased at that time the interest-bearing debt of the state than to have increased the tax rate. The
9066:
Every Southern state subsidized railroads, which modernizers believed could haul the South out of isolation and poverty. Millions of dollars in bonds and subsidies were fraudulently pocketed. One ring in North Carolina spent $ 200,000 in bribing the legislature and obtained millions of state dollars
9025:
In the late 19th century, the federal government established land grant legislation to provide funding for higher education across the United States. Learning that Blacks were excluded from land grant colleges in the South, in 1890 the federal government insisted that Southern states establish Black
8969:
The denominations all sent missionaries, teachers and activists to the South to help the freedmen. Only the Methodists made many converts, however. Activists sponsored by the Northern Methodist Church played a major role in the Freedmen's Bureau, notably in such key educational roles as the bureau's
8430:
Grant's support from Congress and the nation declined due to scandals within his administration and the political resurgence of the Democrats in the North and South. Anti-Reconstruction whites claimed that wealthy white landowners had lost power, and they blamed governmental scandals in the South on
8100:
During the Civil War, many in the North believed that fighting for the Union was a noble cause—for the preservation of the Union and the end of slavery. After the war ended, with the North victorious, the fear among Radicals was that President Johnson too quickly assumed that slavery and Confederate
8031:
The first critical step ... was the registration of voters according to guidelines established by Congress and interpreted by Generals Sheridan and Charles Griffin. The Reconstruction Acts called for registering all adult males, white and black, except those who had ever sworn an oath to uphold
7716:
to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and granting them federal civil rights. The Fifteenth Amendment, proposed in late February 1869, and passed in early February 1870, decreed that the right to vote could not be denied because of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude".
7692:
Concerned by multiple reports of abuse of black freedmen by Southern white officials and plantation owners, Republicans in Congress took control of Reconstruction policies after the election of 1866. Johnson ignored the policy mandate, and he openly encouraged Southern states to deny ratification of
7483:
The Black Codes indicated the plans of the Southern whites for the former slaves. The freedmen would have more rights than did free Blacks before the war, but they would still have only second-class civil rights, no voting rights, and no citizenship. They could not own firearms, serve on a jury in a
7205:
Before 1864, slave marriages had not been recognized legally; emancipation did not affect them. When freed, many sought official marriages. Before emancipation, slaves could not enter into contracts, including the marriage contract. Not all free people formalized their unions. Some continued to have
7108:
activist, criticized Lincoln by stating that he was "showing all his inconsistencies, his pride of race and blood, his contempt for Negroes and his canting hypocrisy". African Americans, according to Douglass, wanted citizenship and civil rights rather than colonies. Historians are unsure if Lincoln
7006:
into law, the first on August 6, 1861, and the second on July 17, 1862, safeguarding fugitive slaves who crossed from the Confederacy across Union lines and giving them indirect emancipation if their masters continued insurrection against the United States. The laws allowed the confiscation of lands
6822:
for former Confederates was one of two main concerns. A decision needed to be made whether to allow just some or all former Confederates to vote (and to hold office). The moderates in Congress wanted virtually all of them to vote, but the Radicals resisted. They repeatedly imposed the Ironclad Oath,
6754:
no longer applied to counting the population of Blacks. After the 1870 Census, the South would gain numerous additional representatives in Congress, based on the full population of freedmen. One Illinois Republican expressed a common fear that if the South were allowed to simply restore its previous
6690:
vehemently opposed Johnson's plans for an abrupt end to Reconstruction, insisting that Reconstruction must "revolutionize Southern institutions, habits, and manners .... The foundations of their institutions ... must be broken up and relaid, or all our blood and treasure have been spent in
10478:
In social studies standards for 45 out of 50 states and the District of Columbia, discussion of Reconstruction is "partial" or "non-existent", according to historians who reviewed how the period is discussed in K-12 social studies standards for public schools nationwide. In a report produced by the
10170:
concluded that from the Black point of view "Reconstruction must be judged a failure." Foner stated Reconstruction was "a noble if flawed experiment, the first attempt to introduce a genuine inter-racial democracy in the United States". According to him, the many factors contributing to the failure
10063:
The Beard–Beale interpretation of the monolithic Northern industrialists fell apart in the 1950s when it was closely examined by numerous historians, including Robert P. Sharkey, Irwin Unger, and Stanley Coben. The younger scholars conclusively demonstrated that there was no unified economic policy
9938:
Numerous African-Americans were elected to local office through the 1880s, and in the 1890s in some states, biracial coalitions of populists and Republicans briefly held control of state legislatures. In the last decade of the 19th century, Southern states elected five Black U.S. congressmen before
9902:
The Democrats agreed not to block Hayes' inauguration based on a "back room" deal. Key to this deal was the understanding that federal troops would no longer interfere in Southern politics despite substantial election-associated violence against Blacks. The Southern states indicated that they would
9783:
The campaigns and elections of 1876 were marked by additional murders and attacks on Republicans in Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida. In South Carolina the campaign season of 1876 was marked by murderous outbreaks and fraud against freedmen. Red Shirts paraded with arms behind
9668:
president in 1876. President Grant was not running for re-election and seemed to be losing interest in the South. States fell to the Redeemers, with only four in Republican hands in 1873: Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina. Arkansas then fell after the violent Brooks–Baxter War in
9540:
Meanwhile, in state after state the freedmen were demanding a bigger share of the offices and patronage, squeezing out white allies but never commanding the numbers equivalent to their population proportion. By the mid-1870s: "The hard realities of Southern political life had taught the lesson that
9529:. The party lost support steadily as many supporters of Reconstruction left it; few recruits were acquired. The most bitter contest took place inside the Republican Party in Arkansas, where the two sides armed their forces and confronted each other in the streets; no actual combat took place in the
9491:
Congress was right in not limiting, by its Reconstruction acts, the right of suffrage to Whites; but wrong in the exclusion from suffrage of certain classes of citizens and all unable to take its prescribed retrospective oath, and wrong also in the establishment of despotic military governments for
9327:
leader (Forrest denied in his congressional testimony being a member). Other Southerners interviewed included farmers, doctors, merchants, teachers, and clergymen. The committee heard numerous reports of White violence against Blacks, while many Whites denied Klan membership or knowledge of violent
9261:
controversial, was the currency question. The old paper currency issued by state banks had been withdrawn, and Confederate currency was worthless. The national banks had issued $ 207 million in currency, which was backed by gold and silver. The federal treasury had issued $ 428 million in
9070:
There were complaints among taxpayers because taxes had historically been low, as the planter elite was not committed to public infrastructure or public education. Taxes historically had been much lower in the South than in the North, reflecting the lack of government investment by the communities.
8964:
Resolved, that no terms should be made with traitors, no compromise with rebels.... That we hold the national authority bound by the most solemn obligation to God and man to bring all the civil and military leaders of the rebellion to trial by due course of law, and when they are clearly convicted,
8891:
Freedmen were very active in forming their own churches, mostly Baptist or Methodist, and giving their ministers both moral and political leadership roles. In a process of self-segregation, practically all Blacks left White churches so that few racially integrated congregations remained (apart from
8451:
to local, state, and national offices; though they did not dominate any electoral offices, Black men as representatives voting in state and federal legislatures marked a drastic social change. At the beginning of 1867, no African American in the South held political office, but within three or four
8293:
between 1870 and 1871, designed to protect blacks and Reconstruction governments. These were criminal codes that protected the freedmen's right to vote, to hold office, to serve on juries, and receive equal protection of laws. Most important, they authorized the federal government to intervene when
8026:
in which the military closely supervised local government, supervised elections, and tried to protect office holders and freedmen from violence. Blacks were enrolled as voters; former Confederate leaders were excluded for a limited period. No one state was entirely representative. Randolph Campbell
7606:
All persons born in the United States ... are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States; and such citizens of every race and color, without regard to any previous condition of slavery ... shall have the same right in every State ... to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be
7437:
Historians generally agree that President Johnson was an inept politician who lost all his advantages by unskilled maneuvering. He broke with Congress in early 1866 and then became defiant and tried to block enforcement of Reconstruction laws passed by the U.S. Congress. He was in constant conflict
6879:
Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens, leaders of the Radical Republicans, were initially hesitant to enfranchise the largely illiterate freedmen. Sumner preferred at first impartial requirements that would have imposed literacy restrictions on Blacks and Whites. He believed that he would not succeed
6838:
proposed, unsuccessfully, that all former Confederates lose the right to vote for five years. The compromise that was reached disenfranchised many Confederate civil and military leaders. No one knows how many temporarily lost the vote, but one estimate placed the number as high as 10,000 to 15,000.
10466:
said, "for no other period of American history does so wide a gap exist between current scholarship and popular historical understanding, which, judging from references to Reconstruction in recent newspaper articles, films, popular books, and in public monuments across the country, still bears the
10318:
If we see Reconstruction's purpose as making sure that the main goals of the war would be fulfilled, of a Union held together forever, of a North and South able to work together, of slavery extirpated, and sectional rivalries confined, of the permanent banishment of the fear of vaunting appeals to
10259:
A fourth school sees the major reason for the failure of Reconstruction as the states' inability to suppress the violence of Southern Whites when they sought reversal for Blacks' gains. Etcheson (2009) points to the "violence that crushed black aspirations and the abandonment by Northern whites of
10130:
ideals. They argued that the tragedy of Reconstruction was not that it failed because Blacks were incapable of governing, especially as they did not dominate any state government, but that it failed because Whites raised an insurgent movement to restore White supremacy. White-elite-dominated state
10021:
The Beardian interpretation of the causes of the Civil War downplayed slavery, abolitionism, and issues of morality. It ignored constitutional issues of states' rights and even ignored American nationalism as the force that finally led to victory in the war. Indeed, the ferocious combat itself was
9996:
Reconstruction was a battle between two extremes: the Democrats, as the group which included the vast majority of the whites, standing for decent government and racial supremacy, versus the Republicans, the Negroes, alien carpetbaggers, and renegade scalawags, standing for dishonest government and
9947:
Besides the election of Southern black people to state governments and the United States Congress, other achievements of the Reconstruction era include "the South's first state-funded public school systems, more equitable taxation legislation, laws against racial discrimination in public transport
9693:
and went to the courthouse. On Easter Sunday, April 13, 1873, the Whites attacked the defenders at the courthouse. There was confusion about who shot one of the White leaders after an offer by the defenders to surrender. It was a catalyst to mayhem. In the end, three Whites died and 120–150 Blacks
9566:
with a few exceptions, were less efficient, less capable, and knew less about matters of state and governmental administration than many of the former slaves.... As a rule, therefore, the Whites that came into the leadership of the Republican Party between 1872 and 1875 were representatives of the
9433:
Outrages upon the former slaves in the South there were in plenty. Their sufferings were many. But white men, too, were victims of lawless violence, and in all portions of the North and the late "rebel" states. Not a political campaign passed without the exchange of bullets, the breaking of skulls
9005:
The rural areas faced many difficulties opening and maintaining public schools. In the country, the public school was often a one-room affair that attracted about half the younger children. The teachers were poorly paid, and their pay was often in arrears. Conservatives contended the rural schools
7554:
During fall 1865, out of response to the Black Codes and worrisome signs of Southern recalcitrance, the Radical Republicans blocked the readmission of the former rebellious states to the Congress. Johnson, however, was content with allowing former Confederate states into the Union as long as their
7519:
The number of murders and assaults perpetrated upon Negroes is very great; we can form only an approximative estimate of what is going on in those parts of the South which are not closely garrisoned, and from which no regular reports are received, by what occurs under the very eyes of our military
7415:
Smith argues that "Johnson attempted to carry forward what he considered to be Lincoln's plans for Reconstruction." McKitrick says that in 1865 Johnson had strong support in the Republican Party, saying: "It was naturally from the great moderate sector of Unionist opinion in the North that Johnson
7191:
Lincoln was determined to effect a speedy restoration of the Confederate states to the Union after the Civil War. In 1863, he proposed a moderate plan for the Reconstruction of the captured Confederate state of Louisiana. The plan granted amnesty to rebels who took an oath of loyalty to the Union.
7168:
In July 1862, Lincoln became convinced that "a military necessity" was needed to strike at slavery in order to win the Civil War for the Union. The Confiscation Acts were only having a minimal effect to end slavery. On July 22, he wrote a first draft of the Emancipation Proclamation that freed the
6649:
of 1864 passed in Congress by the Radicals was designed to permanently disfranchise the Confederate element in the South. The bill asked the government to grant African American men the right to vote and that anyone who willingly gave weapons to the fight against the United States should be denied
9677:
In the lower South, violence increased as new insurgent groups arose, including the Red Shirts in Mississippi and the Carolinas, and the White League in Louisiana. The disputed election in Louisiana in 1872 found both Republican and Democratic candidates holding inaugural balls while returns were
9099:
The following table shows property tax rates for South Carolina and Mississippi. Many local town and county assessments effectively doubled the tax rates reported in the table. These taxes were still levied upon the landowners' own sworn testimony as to the value of their land, which remained the
9095:
During Reconstruction, the state legislature mobilized to provide for public need more than had previous governments: establishing public schools and investing in infrastructure, as well as charitable institutions such as hospitals and asylums. They set out to increase taxes, which were unusually
8997:
Historian James D. Anderson argues that the freed slaves were the first Southerners "to campaign for universal, state-supported public education". Blacks in the Republican coalition played a critical role in establishing the principle in state constitutions for the first time during congressional
7537:
Much of the violence that was perpetrated against African Americans was shaped by gender prejudices regarding African Americans. Black women were in a particularly vulnerable situation. To convict a white man of sexually assaulting Black women in this period was exceedingly difficult. The South's
7304:
Lincoln continued to advocate his Louisiana Plan as a model for all states up until his assassination on April 15, 1865. The plan successfully started the Reconstruction process of ratifying the Thirteenth Amendment in all states. Lincoln is typically portrayed as taking the moderate position and
6842:
Second, and closely related, was the issue of whether the 4 million freedmen were to be received as citizens: Would they be able to vote? If they were to be fully counted as citizens, some sort of representation for apportionment of seats in Congress had to be determined. Before the war, the
10043:
the Northern capitalists were able to impose their economic program, quickly passing a series of measures on tariffs, banking, homesteads, and immigration that guaranteed the success of their plans for economic development. Solicitude for the freedmen had little to do with Northern policies. The
9963:
during Reconstruction, concluded later that: "the Reconstruction experiment in racial democracy failed because it began at the wrong end, emphasizing political means and civil rights acts rather than economic means and self-determination". His solution was to concentrate on building the economic
9795:
A 2019 study found that counties that were occupied by the U.S. Army to enforce enfranchisement of emancipated slaves were more likely to elect Black politicians. The study also found that "political murders by White-supremacist groups occurred less frequently" in these counties than in Southern
8946:
A War Department order of November 1863, applicable to the Southwestern states of the Confederacy, authorized the Northern Methodists to occupy "all houses of worship belonging to the Methodist Episcopal Church South in which a loyal minister, appointed by a loyal bishop of said church, does not
8120:
to protect and gradually incorporate refugee slaves in west Tennessee and northern Mississippi into the Union war effort and pay them for their labor. It was the beginning of his vision for the Freedmen's Bureau. Grant opposed President Johnson by supporting the Reconstruction Acts passed by the
8017:
from Virginia in 1863, and Tennessee, which had already been re-admitted in 1866, were not included in the military districts. Federal troops, however, were kept in West Virginia through 1868 in order to control civil unrest in several areas throughout the state. Federal troops were removed from
7532:
who board some of the boats; after the boats leave they hang, shoot, or drown the victims they may find on them, and all those found on the roads or coming down the rivers are almost invariably murdered. The bewildered and terrified freedmen know not what to do—to leave is death; to remain is to
7176:
On January 1, 1863, the actual Emancipation Proclamation was issued, specifically naming 10 states in which slaves would be "forever free". The proclamation did not name the states of Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware, and specifically excluded numerous counties in some other
6895:
Sumner soon concluded that "there was no substantial protection for the freedman except in the franchise". This was necessary, he stated, "(1) For his own protection; (2) For the protection of the white Unionist; and (3) For the peace of the country. We put the musket in his hands because it was
10138:
Re-establishment of White supremacy meant that within a decade African Americans were excluded from virtually all local, state, and federal governance in all states of the South. Lack of representation meant that they were treated as second-class citizens, with schools and services consistently
7702:
The South's White leaders, who held power in the immediate post-bellum era before the vote was granted to the freedmen, renounced secession and slavery, but not White supremacy. People who had previously held power were angered in 1867 when new elections were held. New Republican lawmakers were
7650:
Although strongly urged by moderates in Congress to sign the Civil Rights bill, Johnson broke decisively with them by vetoing it on March 27, 1866. His veto message objected to the measure because it conferred citizenship on the freedmen at a time when 11 out of 36 states were unrepresented and
6788:
personnel to administer the region until new governments loyal to the Union—that accepted the Fourteenth Amendment and the right of freedmen to vote—could be established. Congress temporarily suspended the ability to vote of approximately 10,000 to 15,000 former Confederate officials and senior
6300:
Over a quarter of Southern White men of military age—the backbone of the White workforce—died during the war, leaving their families destitute, and per capita income for White Southerners declined from $ 125 in 1857 to a low of $ 80 in 1879. By the end of the 19th century and well into the 20th
9736:
Later in 1874 the White League mounted a serious attempt to unseat the Republican governor of Louisiana, in a dispute that had simmered since the 1872 election. It brought 5,000 troops to New Orleans to engage and overwhelm forces of the metropolitan police and state militia to turn Republican
7232:
became law, sponsored by the Republicans to aid freedmen and White refugees. A federal bureau was created to provide food, clothing, fuel, and advice on negotiating labor contracts. It attempted to oversee new relations between freedmen and their former masters in a free labor market. The act,
6899:
The Republicans believed that the best way for men to get political experience was to be able to vote and to participate in the political system. They passed laws allowing all male freedmen to vote. In 1867, Black men voted for the first time. Over the course of Reconstruction, more than 1,500
6275:
The Confederate States in 1861 had 297 towns and cities, with a total population of 835,000 people; of these, 162, with 681,000 people, were at some point occupied by Union forces. Eleven cities were destroyed or severely damaged by military action, including Atlanta, Charleston, Columbia, and
7725:
most Blacks and many poor Whites in the South. From 1890 to 1910, Southern states passed new state constitutions that completed the disenfranchisement of Blacks. U.S. Supreme Court rulings on these provisions upheld many of these new Southern state constitutions and laws, and most Blacks were
7675:
on reservations), penalized states that did not give the vote to freedmen, and most important, created new federal civil rights that could be protected by federal courts. It guaranteed the federal war debt would be paid (and promised the Confederate debt would never be paid). Johnson used his
7196:
the bill and the rift widened between the moderates, primarily concerned with preserving the Union and winning the war, and the Radicals, who wanted to effect a more complete change within Southern society. Frederick Douglass denounced Lincoln's 10% electorate plan as undemocratic since state
7117:
Starting in March 1862, in an effort to forestall Reconstruction by the Radicals in Congress, Lincoln installed military governors in certain rebellious states under Union military control. Although the states would not be recognized by the Radicals until an undetermined time, installation of
6863:
veterans. Johnson also believed that such service should be rewarded with citizenship. Lincoln proposed giving the vote to "the very intelligent, and especially those who have fought gallantly in our ranks". In 1864, Governor Johnson said: "The better class of them will go to work and sustain
6050:
Historians continue to disagree about the legacy of Reconstruction. Criticism of Reconstruction focuses on the early failure to prevent violence, corruption, starvation, disease, and other problems. Some consider the Union's policy toward freed slaves as inadequate and it policy toward former
9829:
The White Democrats in the South agreed to accept Hayes' victory if he withdrew the last federal troops. By this point, the North was weary of insurgency. White Democrats controlled most of the Southern legislatures and armed militias controlled small towns and rural areas. Blacks considered
6847:
of a corresponding number of free Whites. By having 4 million freedmen counted as full citizens, the South would gain additional seats in Congress. If Blacks were denied the vote and the right to hold office, then only Whites would represent them. Many, including most White Southerners,
6296:
service available to move crops and animals to market. Railroad mileage was located mostly in rural areas; over two-thirds of the South's rails, bridges, rail yards, repair shops, and rolling stock were in areas reached by Union armies, which systematically destroyed what they could. Even in
10086:
as important results, and he noted their collaboration with Whites. He also pointed out that Whites benefited most by the financial deals made, and he put excesses in the perspective of the war's aftermath. He noted that despite complaints, several states kept their Reconstruction-era state
8978:
God had chastised them and given them a special mission—to maintain orthodoxy, strict biblicism, personal piety, and traditional race relations. Slavery, they insisted, had not been sinful. Rather, emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God's
10279:
Historian Donald R. Shaffer maintained that the gains during Reconstruction for African Americans were not entirely extinguished. The legalization of African American marriages and families and the independence of Black churches from White denominations were a source of strength during the
9930:
The Democrats gained control of the Senate, and had complete control of Congress, having taken over the House in 1875. Hayes vetoed bills from the Democrats that outlawed the Republican Enforcement Acts; however, with the military underfunded, Hayes could not adequately enforce these laws.
8460:
before the war, who had achieved education and positions of leadership elsewhere. Other African American men elected to office were already leaders in their communities, including a number of preachers. As happened in White communities, not all leadership depended upon wealth and literacy.
7445:
However, the fears of the planter elite and other leading white citizens were partly assuaged by the actions of President Johnson, who ensured that a wholesale land redistribution from the planters to the freedmen did not occur. President Johnson ordered that confiscated or abandoned lands
7432:
It is likely that had he lived, Lincoln would have followed a policy similar to Johnson's, that he would have clashed with congressional Radicals, that he would have produced a better result for the freedmen than occurred, and that his political skills would have helped him avoid Johnson's
9087:
and a capitation tax, a tax on each worker employed. This tax was often assessed in a way to discourage a free labor market, where a slave was assessed at 75 cents, while a free White was assessed at a dollar or more, and a free African American at $ 3 or more. Some revenue also came from
10401:(1915); it stimulated the formation of the 20th-century version of the KKK. Many other authors romanticized the supposed benevolence of slavery and the elite world of the antebellum plantations, in memoirs and histories which were published in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; the
8922:
Blacks in the South made up a core element of the Republican Party. Their ministers had powerful political roles that were distinctive since they did not depend on White support, in contrast to teachers, politicians, businessmen, and tenant farmers. Acting on the principle as stated by
9369:
While Republican whites supported measures for black civil rights, other whites typically opposed these measures. Some supported armed attacks to suppress blacks. They self-consciously defended their own actions within the framework of a white American discourse of resistance against
7438:
constitutionally with the Radicals in Congress over the status of freedmen and whites in the defeated South. Although resigned to the abolition of slavery, many former Confederates were unwilling to accept both social changes and political domination by former slaves. In the words of
8370:, Akerman's replacement, suspended his prosecutions of the Klan in North Carolina and South Carolina in the Spring of 1873, but prior to the election of 1874, he changed course and prosecuted the Klan. Civil rights prosecutions continued but with fewer yearly cases and convictions.
8927:, an AME minister in Florida: "A man in this state cannot do his whole duty as a minister except he looks out for the political interests of his people." More than 100 Black ministers were elected to state legislatures during Reconstruction, as well as several to Congress and one,
6361:
In addition to the legal status of the seceded states, Congress debated the legal consequences for Confederate veterans and others who had engaged in "insurrection and rebellion" against the government and the legal rights of those freed from slavery. These debates resulted in the
10459:" dominated white scholarship about Reconstruction during most of the 20th century. Black scholarship on the Reconstruction era was mostly ignored until the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, though the racist interpretations of the Dunning School continue to this day.
6699:
Since the war had ended, Congress rejected Johnson's argument that he had the war power to decide what to do. Congress decided it had the primary authority to decide how Reconstruction should proceed, because the Constitution stated the United States had to guarantee each state a
7720:
Many Blacks took an active part in voting and political life, and rapidly continued to build churches and community organizations. Following Reconstruction, White Democrats and insurgent groups used force to regain power in the state legislatures, and pass laws that effectively
9752:, another paramilitary group, arose in 1875 in Mississippi and the Carolinas. Like the White League and White Liner rifle clubs, to which 20,000 men belonged in North Carolina alone, these groups operated as a "military arm of the Democratic Party", to restore White supremacy.
9630:
used state troops against the Klan, but the prisoners were released by federal judges. Holden became the first governor in American history to be impeached and removed from office. Republican political disputes in Georgia split the party and enabled the Redeemers to take over.
9512:" faction of his party (which depended on his patronage), and the Southern Republican Party. Grant won with 55.6% of the vote to Greeley's 43.8%. The Liberal Republican Party vanished and many former supporters—even former abolitionists—abandoned the cause of Reconstruction.
8222:
used his patronage powers to integrate the postal system and appointed a record number of African-American men and women as postal workers across the nation, while also expanding many of the mail routes. Grant appointed Republican abolitionist and champion of black education
7699:, supported radicalism. The other 11 opposed a "harsh" Reconstruction policy, favored the speedy return of the Southern states to congressional representation, opposed legislation designed to protect the freedmen, and deplored the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson.
7296:, so as to take effect—say in five years... Slavery is doomed." Lincoln also urged compensated emancipation for the slaves as he thought the North should be willing to share the costs of freedom. Although the meeting was cordial, the parties did not settle on agreements.
5970:
over Johnson's vetoes, setting out the terms by which the former Confederate states could be readmitted to the Union. Constitutional conventions held throughout the South gave Black men the right to vote. New state governments were established by a coalition of freedmen,
9397:
The Negro troops, even at their best, were everywhere considered offensive by the native whites.... The Negro soldier, impudent by reason of his new freedom, his new uniform, and his new gun, was more than Southern temper could tranquilly bear, and race conflicts were
19937:
9988:, analyzed Reconstruction as a failure after 1866 for different reasons. They claimed that Congress took freedoms and rights from qualified Whites and gave them to unqualified Blacks who were being duped by what they called "corrupt carpetbaggers and scalawags". As
7244:
Even with the benefits that it gave to the freedmen, the Freedmen's Bureau was unable to operate effectively in certain areas. Terrorizing freedmen for trying to vote, hold a political office, or own land, the Ku Klux Klan was the nemesis of the Freedmen's Bureau.
9792:, South Carolina massacres. One historian estimated 150 Blacks were killed in the weeks before the 1876 election across South Carolina. Red Shirts prevented almost all Black voting in two majority-Black counties. The Red Shirts were also active in North Carolina.
9299:), on the same day, the U.S. Congress launched a 21-member investigation committee on the status of the Southern Reconstruction states North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. Congressional members on the committee included Rep.
6852:, and some Northern Republicans, opposed voting rights for African-Americans. The small fraction of Republican voters opposed to Black suffrage contributed to the defeats of several suffrage measures voted on in most Northern states. Some Northern states that had
6075:
in 1863 until the withdrawal of the final federal troops stationed in the South in 1877. However, historians have proposed different start and end dates for the Reconstruction era, and the exact period of Reconstruction may vary depending on the state or subject.
9067:
for its railroads. Instead of building new track, however, it used the funds to speculate in bonds, reward friends with extravagant fees, and enjoy lavish trips to Europe. Taxes were quadrupled across the South to pay off the railroad bonds and the school costs.
6911:
From 1890 to 1908, Southern states passed new state constitutions and laws that disenfranchised most Blacks and tens of thousands of poor Whites with new voter registration and electoral rules. When establishing new requirements such as subjectively administered
10131:
legislatures passed disenfranchising state constitutions from 1890 to 1908 that effectively barred most Blacks and many poor Whites from voting. This disenfranchisement affected millions of people for decades into the 20th century, and closed African Americans
9883:, refused to entertain dilatory motions. Eventually, the filibusterers gave up, allowing the House to reject the objection in the early hours of March 2. The House and Senate then reassembled to complete the count of the electoral votes. At 4:10 am on March 2,
10358:
during Grady's time as editor from 1880 to 1889. Harris wrote many editorials in which he encouraged Southerners to accept the changed conditions along with some Northern influences, but he asserted his belief that change should proceed under White supremacy.
9402:
Often, these White Southerners identified as the "Conservative Party" or the "Democratic and Conservative Party" in order to distinguish themselves from the national Democratic Party and to obtain support from former Whigs. These parties sent delegates to the
6789:
officers, while constitutional amendments gave full citizenship to all African Americans, and suffrage to the adult men. With the power to vote, freedmen began participating in politics. While many enslaved people were illiterate, educated Blacks (including
10442:
the South is presented as a great civilization, the practice of slavery is never questioned, and the plight of the freedmen after the Civil War is implicitly blamed on their emancipation. A series of scenes whose racism rivals that of D. W. Griffith's film
9001:
The Republicans created a system of public schools, which were segregated by race everywhere except New Orleans. Generally, elementary and a few secondary schools were built in most cities, and occasionally in the countryside, but the South had few cities.
6793:) moved down from the North to aid them, and natural leaders also stepped forward. They elected White and Black men to represent them in constitutional conventions. A Republican coalition of freedmen, Southerners supportive of the Union (derisively called "
9021:
in Mississippi. The normal schools and state colleges produced generations of teachers who were integral to the education of African American children under the segregated system. By the end of the century, the majority of African Americans were literate.
9328:
activities. The majority report by Republicans concluded that the government would not tolerate any Southern "conspiracy" to resist violently the congressional Reconstruction. The committee completed its 13-volume report in February 1872. While President
10487:, highlights the historical connections to Reconstruction that surround us today and examines Reconstruction's place in state social studies standards across the United States and the barriers to teaching effective Reconstruction history. According to a
9496:
By 1872, President Ulysses S. Grant had alienated large numbers of leading Republicans, including many Radicals, by the corruption of his administration and his use of federal soldiers to prop up Radical state regimes in the South. The opponents, called
6133:
The conventional end of Reconstruction is 1877, when the federal government withdrew the last troops stationed in the South as part of the Compromise of 1877. However, some scholars offer later dates, such as 1890, when Republicans failed to pass the
9347:, with chapters active in Mississippi and the Carolinas. They used intimidation and outright attacks to run Republicans out of office and repress voting by Blacks, leading to White Democrats regaining power by the elections of the mid-to-late 1870s.
8988:
institutions offered self-help and racial uplift, and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed. As a result, black preachers continued to insist that God would protect and help them; God would be their rock in a stormy land.
8210:. Grant met with prominent black leaders for consultation and signed a bill into law, on March 18, 1869, that guaranteed equal rights to both blacks and whites, to serve on juries, and hold office, in Washington D.C. In 1870 Grant signed into law a
6695:
on March 27, 1866. While Democrats celebrated, the Republicans rallied, passed the bill again, and overrode Johnson's repeat veto. Full-scale political warfare now existed between Johnson (now allied with the Democrats) and the Radical Republicans.
1862:
9755:
Democrats and many Northern Republicans agreed that Confederate nationalism and slavery were dead—the war goals were achieved—and further federal military interference was an undemocratic violation of historical Republican values. The victory of
8021:
The 10 Southern state governments were re-constituted under the direct control of the United States Army. One major purpose was to recognize and protect the right of African Americans to vote. There was little to no combat, but rather a state of
10479:
education nonprofit Zinn Education Project, the study's authors say they are concerned that American children will grow up to be uninformed about a critical period of history that helps explain why full racial equality remains unfulfilled today.
8973:
Many Americans interpreted great events in religious terms. Historian Wilson Fallin Jr. contrasts the interpretation of the Civil War and Reconstruction in White versus Black Baptist sermons in Alabama. White Baptists expressed the view that:
7075:
plan. In April 1862, the joint session of Congress met; however, the border states were not interested and did not make any response to Lincoln or any congressional emancipation proposal. Lincoln advocated compensated emancipation during the
7253:
Other legislation was signed that broadened equality and rights for African Americans. Lincoln outlawed discrimination on account of color, in carrying U.S. mail, in riding on public street cars in Washington, D.C., and in pay for soldiers.
6042:
on the understanding that federal troops would be withdrawn from the South, effectively bringing Reconstruction to an end. Post-Civil War efforts to enforce federal civil rights protections in the South ended in 1890 with the failure of the
11045:
9606:
offered the chance for a clean slate without having to re-fight the Civil War every election. Furthermore, many wealthy Southern landowners thought they could control part of the newly enfranchised Black electorate to their own advantage.
6887:
before the war. In 1880, for example, the White illiteracy rate was about 25% in Tennessee, Kentucky, Alabama, South Carolina, and Georgia, and as high as 33% in North Carolina. This compares with the 9% national rate, and a Black rate of
7446:
administered by the Freedmen's Bureau would not be redistributed to the freedmen but would be returned to pardoned owners. Land was returned that would have been forfeited under the Confiscation Acts passed by Congress in 1861 and 1862.
6622:, 1865, entitled "The Rail Splitter At Work Repairing the Union". The caption reads (Johnson): "Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than ever." (Lincoln): "A few more stitches Andy and the good old Union will be mended."
22995:
14363:
7711:
Three constitutional amendments, known as the Reconstruction amendments, were adopted. The Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery was ratified in 1865. The Fourteenth Amendment was proposed in 1866 and ratified in 1868, guaranteeing
10183:
explained that although the constitutional amendments and civil rights legislation on their own merit were remarkable achievements, no permanent government agency whose specific purpose was civil rights enforcement had been created.
9438:
As Reconstruction continued, Whites accompanied elections with increased violence in an attempt to run Republicans out of office and suppress Black voting. The victims of this violence were overwhelmingly African American, as in the
7383:
had taken a hard line and spoke of hanging Confederates, but when he succeeded Lincoln as president, Johnson took a much softer position, pardoning many Confederate leaders and other former Confederates. Former Confederate President
14745:
7504:. Widespread poverty, disruption to an agricultural economy too dependent on cotton, and the falling price of cotton, led within decades to the routine indebtedness of the majority of the freedmen, and the poverty of many planters.
33248:
8163:
landslide of 214 votes to Seymour's 80. Seymour received a majority of white votes, but Grant was aided by 500,000 votes cast by blacks, winning him 52.7 percent of the popular vote. He lost Louisiana and Georgia primarily due to
7495:
work patterns that had been used in slavery. Instead of gang labor, freed people preferred family-based labor groups. They forced planters to bargain for their labor. Such bargaining soon led to the establishment of the system of
31611:
10517:
7654:
The Democratic Party, proclaiming itself the party of white men, North and South, supported Johnson. However, the Republicans in Congress overrode his veto (the Senate by the close vote of 33–15, and the House by 122–41) and the
5720:
5607:
7442:, President Johnson's choice as the provisional governor of South Carolina: "First, the Negro is to be invested with all political power, and then the antagonism of interest between capital and labor is to work out the result."
9552:
celebrated a cross-racial coalition of poor Whites and Blacks, such coalitions rarely formed in these years. Writing in 1913, former Congressman Lynch, recalling his experience as a Black leader in Mississippi, explained that:
8124:
In northern cities Grant contended with a strong immigrant, and particularly in New York City an Irish, anti-Reconstructionist Democratic bloc. Republicans sought to make inroads campaigning for the Irish taken prisoner in the
7408:—were ever executed for war crimes. Andrew Johnson's racist view of Reconstruction did not include the involvement of blacks in government, and he refused to heed Northern concerns when Southern state legislatures implemented
6051:
slaveholders as too lenient. However, Reconstruction is credited with restoring the federal Union, limiting reprisals against the South, and establishing a legal framework for racial equality via the constitutional rights to
19934:
19514:
The Statutes at Large of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America, from the Institution of the Government, February 8, 1861, to its Termination, February 18, 1862, Inclusive; Arranged in Chronological
10428:
in 1939. In each case, the second half of the story focuses on Reconstruction in Atlanta. The book sold millions of copies nationwide; the film is regularly re-broadcast on television. In 2018, it remained at the top of the
21884:
7528:, Major J. P. Houston noted that whites who killed 12 African Americans in his district never came to trial. Many more killings never became official cases. Captain Poillon described white patrols in southwestern Alabama:
9914:
to have full control of these states. President Grant had already removed troops from Florida, before Hayes was inaugurated, and troops from the other Reconstruction states had long since been withdrawn. Hayes appointed
34561:
20363:
9030:
to provide for Black higher education, in order to continue to receive funds for their already established White schools. Some states classified their Black state colleges as land grant institutions. Former Congressman
8455:
About 137 Black officeholders had lived outside the South before the Civil War. Some who had escaped from slavery to the North and had become educated returned to help the South advance in the postwar era. Others were
6959:
in September 1865, and was attended by hundreds of Native Americans representing dozens of tribes. Over the next several years the commission negotiated treaties with tribes that resulted in additional re-locations to
6357:
supported the Confederate government and disfranchised all those who had. Lincoln vetoed the Wade–Davis Bill, but it established a lasting conflict between the presidential and congressional visions of reconstruction.
8951:
Across the North, several denominations—especially the Methodists, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians, as well as the Quakers—strongly supported Radical policies. The focus on social problems paved the way for the
6280:
stock of horses, mules, and cattle was much depleted. Forty percent of Southern livestock had been killed. The South's farms were not highly mechanized, but the value of farm implements and machinery according to the
9557:
While the colored men did not look with favor upon a political alliance with the poor whites, it must be admitted that, with very few exceptions, that class of whites did not seek, and did not seem to desire such an
10313:
magazine the effects if Reconstruction had not failed. However, in 2014, historian Mark Summers argued that the "failure" question should be looked at from the viewpoint of the war goals; in that case, he argues:
8406:, schools, transportation, and selecting juries. Although weakly enforceable, the law spread fear among whites opposed to interracial justice and was overturned by the Supreme Court in 1883. The later enforceable
6817:
Congress had to consider how to restore to full status and representation within the Union those Southern states that had declared their independence from the United States and had withdrawn their representation.
10055:
politician and historian, adhered to the point that there were Northeastern businessmen wanting to control the Southern economy before and after the war, implying that they did by owning railroads. In his book,
6230:
vision, which demanded strict segregation of the races and the preservation of political and cultural domination of Blacks by Whites, opposed any right to vote by Blacks, and accepted intimidation and violence;
7659:
became law. Congress also passed a watered-down Freedmen's Bureau bill; Johnson quickly vetoed as he had done to the previous bill. Once again, however, Congress had enough support and overrode Johnson's veto.
9779:
asked Grant for federal troops to fight back; Grant initially refused, saying public opinion was "tired out" of the perpetual troubles in the South. Ames fled the state as the Democrats took over Mississippi.
7578:
the congressional Radicals. In response, both the Senate and House passed a joint resolution not to allow any senator or representative seat admittance until Congress decided when Reconstruction was finished.
9775:, in which Red Shirts and Democratic rifle clubs, operating in the open, threatened or shot enough Republicans to decide the election for the Democrats. Hundreds of Black men were killed. Republican Governor
28884:
8382:, which restored political rights to former Confederates, except for a few hundred former Confederate officers. Grant wanted people to vote and practice free speech despite their "views, color or nativity."
7726:
prevented from voting in the South until the 1960s. Full federal enforcement of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments did not reoccur until after passage of legislation in the mid-1960s as a result of the
10034:
The Beards were especially interested in the Reconstruction era, as the industrialists of the Northeast and the farmers of the West cashed in on their great victory over the Southern aristocracy. Historian
9694:
were killed, some 50 that evening while being held as prisoners. The disproportionate numbers of Black to White fatalities and documentation of brutalized bodies are why contemporary historians call it the
14983:
6682:
became president. Radicals considered Johnson to be an ally, but upon becoming president, he rejected the Radical program of Reconstruction. He was on good terms with ex-Confederates in the South and ex-
9382:"conservatives" and Democrats had aligned with the national Democratic Party, which enthusiastically supported their cause even as the national Republican Party was losing interest in Southern affairs.
30729:
30724:
9042:, increases in Black politicians led to greater tax revenue, which was put towards public education spending (and land tenancy reforms). Logan finds that this led to greater literacy among Black men.
7173:
was enough of a battlefield victory to enable him to release the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation that gave the rebels 100 days to return to the Union or the actual proclamation would be issued.
28721:
19818:
16834:, p. 256: Foner adds: "What remains certain is that Reconstruction failed, and that for blacks its failure was a disaster whose magnitude cannot be obscured by the accomplishments that endured."
13608:
13606:
11613:
11611:
11609:
8448:
6801:")—some of whom were returning natives, but were mostly Union veterans—organized to create constitutional conventions. They created new state constitutions to set new directions for Southern states.
1857:
9702:
8, 1873, while going to court. One widow wrote to the Department of Justice that her husband was killed because he was a Union man, telling "the efforts made to screen those who committed a crime".
5889:
Throughout the war, the Union was confronted with the issue of how to administer areas it captured and how to handle the steady stream of slaves who were escaping to Union lines. In many cases, the
10226:
Economists and economic historians have different interpretations of the economic impact of race on the postwar Southern economy. In 1995, Robert Whaples took a random survey of 178 members of the
8056:'s caricature of the forces arraigned against Grant and Reconstruction in the 1868 election. Atop a black Union veteran reaching for a ballot box: the New York City Irish; Confederate and Klansman
15140:
15138:
11466:
11464:
11462:
10587:
Although Grant and Attorney General Amos T. Akerman set up a strong legal system to protect African Americans, the Department of Justice did not set up a permanent Civil Rights Division until the
6758:
The election of 1866 decisively changed the balance of power, giving the Republicans two-thirds majorities in both houses of Congress, and enough votes to overcome Johnson's vetoes. They moved to
16651:
10271:
Other historians emphasize the failure to fully incorporate Southern Unionists into the Republican coalition. Derek W. Frisby points to "Reconstruction's failure to appreciate the challenges of
7169:
slaves in states in rebellion. After he showed his Cabinet the document, slight alterations were made in the wording. Lincoln decided that the defeat of the Confederate invasion of the North at
30736:
23628:
10260:
Southern Republicans". Etcheson wrote that it is hard to see Reconstruction "as concluding in anything but failure". Etcheson adds: "W. E. B. DuBois captured that failure well when he wrote in
6079:
In the twentieth century, most scholars of the Reconstruction era began their review in 1865, with the end of formal hostilities between the North and South. However, in his landmark monograph
5592:
14357:
9234:
Called upon to pay taxes on their property, essentially for the first time, angry plantation owners revolted. The conservatives shifted their focus away from race to taxes. Former Congressman
8378:
In addition to fighting for African American civil rights, Grant wanted to reconcile with white southerners, out of a spirit of Appomattox. To placate the South, in May 1872, Grant signed the
5897:
in the South, protecting freedmen's legal rights, and creating educational and religious institutions. Despite its reluctance to interfere with the institution of slavery, Congress passed the
30477:
24348:
19713:
Influential book which blamed Carpetbaggers for what it deemed to be the failure of Reconstruction; the Dunning School has been referred to as "part of the edifice of the Jim Crow System";
14735:
11013:
9447:, the White League entered New Orleans with 5,000 members and defeated the police and militia, to occupy federal offices for three days in an attempt to overturn the disputed government of
9377:
The opponents of Reconstruction formed state political parties, affiliated with the national Democratic Party and often named the "Conservative Party." They supported or tolerated violent
5924:
Republicans disagreed over the nature of secession, the conditions for readmission, and the desirability of social reforms as a consequence of the Confederate defeat. Lincoln favored the "
22229:
7671:. It was designed to put the key provisions of the Civil Rights Act into the Constitution, but it went much further. It extended citizenship to everyone born in the United States (except
7022:, confiscated Confederate property, and emancipated their slaves. Lincoln immediately ordered Frémont to rescind his emancipation declaration, stating: "I think there is great danger that
5524:
9017:
After the war, Northern missionaries founded numerous private academies and colleges for freedmen across the South. In addition, every state founded state colleges for freedmen, such as
24840:
20478:
19905:
9035:
wrote: "there are very many liberal, fair-minded and influential Democrats in the state who are strongly in favor of having the state provide for the liberal education of both races".
7007:
for colonization from those who aided and supported the rebellion. However, these laws had limited effect as they were poorly funded by Congress and poorly enforced by Attorney General
5602:
8281:
to prosecute the Klan. In Grant's two terms he strengthened Washington's legal capabilities to directly intervene to protect citizenship rights even if the states ignored the problem.
30741:
9678:
reviewed. Both certified their own slates for local parish offices in many places, causing local tensions to rise. Finally, federal support helped certify the Republican as governor.
5587:
28841:
28468:
23141:
22708:
22632:
22520:
22459:
22408:
10299:
What remains certain is that Reconstruction failed, and that for Blacks its failure was a disaster whose magnitude cannot be obscured by the genuine accomplishments that did endure.
10179:
Supreme Court decisions that dismantled previous congressional civil rights legislation; and the economic reestablishment of Whiggish white planters in the South by 1877. Historian
9810:
Reconstruction continued in South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida until 1877. The elections of 1876 were accompanied by heightened violence across the Deep South. A combination of
6007:
to disrupt the efforts of the Reconstruction governments and terrorize Republicans. Congressional anger at President Johnson's repeated attempts to veto radical legislation led to
22144:
22130:
17504:
28736:
8168:
violence against African-American voters. At the age of 46, Grant was the youngest president yet elected, and the first president elected after the nation had outlawed slavery.
6338:
focused on whether secession was legally valid, the implications of secession for the nature of the seceded states, and the legitimate method of their readmission to the Union.
4240:
33817:
17401:
8074:
Until 1872, most former Confederate or prewar Southern office holders were disqualified from voting or holding office; all but 500 top Confederate leaders were pardoned by the
7555:
state governments adopted the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery. By December 6, 1865, the amendment was ratified and Johnson considered Reconstruction over. According to
32824:
32100:
30412:
29171:
28671:
28626:
28541:
24713:
19964:
13355:
9814:
and intimidating Blacks suppressed their vote even in majority Black counties. The White League was active in Louisiana. After Republican Rutherford B. Hayes won the disputed
8919:
had split before the war due to disagreements about slavery. By 1871, the Northern Methodists had 88,000 Black members in the South, and had opened numerous schools for them.
6202:
and rented small lots to the freedmen and their families. Thus, the main structure of the Southern economy changed from an elite minority of landed gentry slaveholders into a
6118:
when all the white residents and slaveholders fled the area after the arrival of the Union. After the Battle of Port Royal, reconstruction policies were implemented under the
4886:
3548:
17210:
9602:
open anti-Black violence. Democrats in the North concurred with these Southern Democrats. They wanted to fight the Republican Party on economic grounds rather than race. The
8402:. Grant endorsed the measure, despite his previous feud with Sumner, signing it into law on March 1, 1875. The law, ahead of its times, outlawed discrimination for blacks in
33479:
32661:
29176:
29166:
28581:
28546:
20373:
6727:
was convinced that Johnson's Southern appointees were disloyal to the Union, hostile to loyal Unionists, and enemies of the Freedmen. Radicals used as evidence outbreaks of
22505:
9910:
After assuming office on March 4, 1877, President Hayes removed troops from the capitals of the remaining Reconstruction states, Louisiana and South Carolina, allowing the
8156:
of Missouri for vice president. The Democrats advocated the immediate restoration of former Confederate states to the Union and amnesty from "all past political offenses".
6026:. However, continuing resistance to Reconstruction by Southern whites and its high cost contributed to its losing support in the North during the Grant administration. The
20814:
20809:
20804:
20799:
20794:
20789:
20784:
7611:
The bill did not give freedmen the right to vote. Congress quickly passed the Civil Rights Bill; the Senate on February 2 voted 33–12; the House on March 13 voted 111–38.
7241:
between Grant and Seymour (Johnson did not get the Democratic nomination), where almost 700,000 Black voters voted and swayed the election 300,000 votes in Grant's favor.
4299:
4251:
33822:
33484:
11499:
32073:
29206:
24430:
10030:
social cataclysm in which the capitalists, laborers, and farmers of the North and West drove from power in the national government the planting aristocracy of the South.
8676:
5597:
5549:
22771:
33273:
32270:
24435:
14680:"Table I. Population of the United States (by States and Territories) in the Aggregate and as White, Colored, Free Colored, Slave, Chinese, and Indian, at Each Census"
9410:
Most White members of both the planter and business class and common farmer class of the South opposed Reconstruction, Black civil rights and military rule and sought
8669:
5559:
5554:
4156:
1988:
13181:. Foner (1988) entitles his sixth chapter "The Making of Radical Reconstruction". Benedict argues the Radical Republicans were conservative on many other issues, in:
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33288:
33278:
33268:
27649:
26828:
24530:
23870:
23740:
23350:
23107:
22751:
10555:
Georgia had a Republican governor and legislature, but the Republican hegemony was tenuous at best, and Democrats continued to win presidential elections there. See
9541:
black constituents needed to be represented by black officials." The financial depression increased the pressure on Reconstruction governments, dissolving progress.
7627:
was nationwide. This 1866 Pennsylvania election poster alleged that the bureau kept the Negro in idleness at the expense of the hardworking white taxpayer. A racist
5825:
5569:
2809:
2361:
19766:
9311:. Subcommittee members traveled into the South to interview the people living in their respective states. Those interviewed included top-ranking officials, such as
34681:
29119:
19639:
11034:
6268:
had nearly zero value, and the Southern banking system was in collapse by the war's end. Where scarce Union dollars could not be obtained, residents resorted to a
229:
31606:
14999:
8916:
34198:
31847:
25120:
24000:
22475:
18806:
10798:
7703:
elected by a coalition of White Unionists, freedmen and Northerners who had settled in the South. Some leaders in the South tried to accommodate new conditions.
6747:
5539:
34440:
9903:
protect the lives of African Americans; however, such promises were largely not kept. Hayes' friends also let it be known that he would promote federal aid for
34591:
31554:
31262:
31257:
30806:
29538:
29395:
29114:
28958:
28901:
27511:
27330:
25879:
24607:
24375:
24209:
23865:
23310:
23212:
22746:
22295:
22265:
22025:
20378:
19126:
10507:
10379:
7695:
7664:
6905:
6639:
6534:
6462:
4442:
2671:
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1847:
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Chin, Gabriel Jackson (September 14, 2004). "The 'Voting Rights Act of 1867': The Constitutionality of Federal Regulation of Suffrage During Reconstruction".
10446:(1915) mainly portrays Reconstruction as a time when Southern whites were victimized by freed slaves, who themselves were exploited by Northern carpetbaggers.
10211:(1988) focusing on the situation in the South, covers 1863 to 1865. While 1877 is the usual date given for the end of Reconstruction, some historians such as
6750:. The Republicans sought to prevent Johnson's Southern politicians from "restoring the historical subordination of Negroes". Since slavery was abolished, the
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under the leadership of Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, favored a mild policy toward the South." David A. Lincove, citing Lincoln biographers
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of 1873. After federal suppression of the Klan in the early 1870s, White insurgent groups tried to avoid open conflict with federal forces. In 1874 in the
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that restricted the rights of freedmen. His actions outraged many Northerners and stoked fears that the Southern elite would regain its political power.
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necessary; for the same reason we must give him the franchise." The support for voting rights was a compromise between moderate and Radical Republicans.
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Trelease, Allen W. (August 1976). "Republican Reconstruction in North Carolina: A Roll-call Analysis of the State House of Representatives, 1866–1870".
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The year 1877 is also commonly used as a dividing point for two-semester survey courses and two-volume textbooks that aim to cover all of U.S. history.
9725:. Four of the White men were related to the Republican representative of the parish, who was married to a local woman; three were native to the region.
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Chacón, Mario L.; Jensen, Jeffrey L. (2020). "Democratization, De Facto Power, and Taxation: Evidence from Military Occupation during Reconstruction".
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that was over 70% in the South. By 1900, however, with emphasis within the Black community on education, the majority of Blacks had achieved literacy.
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considered failure inevitable because it felt that taking the right to vote or hold office away from Southern Whites was a violation of republicanism.
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nationalism were dead and that the Southern states could return. The Radicals sought out a candidate for president who represented their viewpoint.
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Force Bill of 1795, he authorized the recruitment of freed slaves into the U.S. Army and seizure of any Confederate property for military purposes.
6334:.) As additional territory came under Union control, reconstructed governments were established in Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Debates over
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Reconstruction changed the means of taxation in the South. In the U.S. from the earliest days until today, a major source of state revenue was the
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in part of South Carolina and he also sent federal troops to help marshals, who initiated prosecutions of Klan members. Grant's Attorney General,
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writing in 1913, Johnson was following the moderate Lincoln presidential Reconstruction policy to get the states readmitted as soon as possible.
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9879:. Again, the Senate voted to overrule the objection, while a filibuster was conducted in the House. However, the Speaker of the House, Democrat
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Grant was so adamant about the passage of the Ku Klux Klan Act, he earlier had sent a message to Congress, on March 23, 1871, in which he said:
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was held in prison for two years, but other Confederate leaders were not. There were no trials on charges of treason. Only three people—Captain
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hundred and fifty dollars, and pay taxes thereon, you would completely disarm the adversary , and set an example the other states will follow."
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6162:. Though Lincoln initially declared secession "legally void" and declined to negotiate with Confederate delegates to Washington, following the
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constitutions into the early 20th century. Despite receiving favorable reviews, his work was largely ignored by White historians of his time.
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of 1867 which outlined the terms in which the rebel states would be readmitted to the Union. Under these acts Republican Congress established
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with the rank of brigadier general. Stanly resigned almost a year later when he angered Lincoln by closing two schools for Black children in
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Northern anger over the assassination of Lincoln and the immense human cost of the war led to demands for punitive policies. Vice President
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However, Radical politicians took up the task at the state level. In Tennessee alone, over 80,000 former Confederates were disenfranchised.
6330:. (This recognition was rendered moot when the Pierpont government separated the northwestern counties of the state and sought admission as
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of 1965 that segregation was outlawed and suffrage restored, under what has in retrospect been referred to as the "Second Reconstruction".
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There were few African Americans elected or appointed to national office. African Americans voted for both White and Black candidates. The
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Republicans took control of all Southern state governorships and state legislatures, except for Virginia. The Republican coalition elected
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in the House of Representatives. Congress, on December 4, 1865, rejected Johnson's moderate presidential Reconstruction, and organized the
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proposed 1861 as a starting date, interpreting Reconstruction as beginning "as soon as the Union captured territory in the Confederacy" at
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state sovereignty, backed by armed force, then Reconstruction looks like what in that respect it was, a lasting and unappreciated success.
8116:, a Radical, to be reinstated as secretary of war. As early as 1862, during the Civil War, Grant had appointed the Ohio military chaplain
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1868 Republican cartoon identifies Democratic candidates Seymour and Blair (right) with KKK violence and with Confederate soldiers (left).
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Highly detailed narrative by Pulitzer Prize winner; argues was a political disaster because it violated the rights of White Southerners.
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for economic modernization. Railroad building was seen as a panacea since Northern capital was needed. The new tactics were a success in
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The 11 Southern states held constitutional conventions giving Black men the right to vote, where the factions divided into the Radical, "
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gave up on the idea of African American colonization at the end of 1863 or if he actually planned to continue this policy up until 1865.
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says that in 1866 congressmen "described the oath as the last bulwark against the return of ex-rebels to power, the barrier behind which
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This article is about the history of the United States from 1865 until 1877. For the U.S. legislation enacted between 1867 and 1868, see
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met with three Southern representatives to discuss the peaceful Reconstruction of the Union and the Confederacy on February 3, 1865, in
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A second school sees the reason for failure as Northern Republicans' lack of effectiveness in guaranteeing political rights to Blacks.
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Instead, they emphasized that suppression of the rights of African Americans was a worse scandal, and a grave corruption of America's
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As it became clear that the war would end in a Union victory, Congress debated the process for the readmission of the seceded states.
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Conklin, Forrest (1993). "'Wiping Out' Andy" Johnson's Moccasin Tracks: The Canvass of Northern States By Southern Radicals, 1866".
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Reconstruction a failure because the federal government withdrew from enforcing their ability to exercise their rights as citizens.
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themselves, and that class ought to be allowed to vote, on the ground that a loyal Negro is more worthy than a disloyal White man."
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The first plan for legal reconstruction was introduced by Lincoln in his Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, the so-called "
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life, for the right to earn our bread, ... for a decent and respectful consideration as human beings and members of society."
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7948:, placed 10 of the former Confederate states—all but Tennessee—under military control, grouping them into five military districts:
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lawsuit involving whites, or move about without employment. The Black Codes outraged Northern opinion. They were overthrown by the
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Report of the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States February 19, 1872
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Williams, Frank J. (2006). "'Doing Less' and 'Doing More': The President and the Proclamation Legally, Militarily, Politically".
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Nationally, President Grant was blamed for the depression; the Republican Party lost 96 seats in all parts of the country in the
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Grant's Justice Department destroyed the Ku Klux Klan, but during both of his terms, Blacks lost their political strength in the
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20162:. Film connecting the replacement of civil rights with segregation and disenfranchisement at the end of 19th-century during the
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regularly skewered Andrew Johnson's reconstruction policies as dangerous and destructive; clockwise from top left: Johnson as a
7288:. The Southerners proposed the Union recognition of the Confederacy, a joint Union–Confederate attack on Mexico to oust Emperor
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Simpson, Brooks D. (1999). "Ulysses S. Grant and the Freedmen's Bureau". In Cimbala, Paul A. & Miller, Randall M. (eds.).
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Paskoff, Paul F. (2008). "Measures of War: A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War's Destructiveness in the Confederacy".
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Four main groups competed with each other across the South to form new Methodist churches composed of freedmen. They were the
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The enormous cost of the Confederate war effort took a high toll on the region's economic infrastructure. The direct costs in
6095:, and the earnest debate of Reconstruction policies during the Civil War. Many historians now follow this 1863 periodization.
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20196:. 2015. – This is part of an extensive assessment of the Civil War and slavery which gives particular attention to children.
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Twenty Years of Congress: From Lincoln to Garfield. With a review of the events which led to the political revolution of 1860
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passed over as merely an ephemeral event. Much more important was the calculus of class conflict. As the Beards explained in
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finally prevailed when the White House intervened, but both sides were badly weakened, and the Democrats soon came to power.
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17046:(March 1995). "Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions".
7142:, elected in December 1862, to the House, which capitulated and voted to seat them. In July 1862, Lincoln installed Colonel
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his second inaugural address, Lincoln asked voters only to support the Union in the future, regardless of the past. Lincoln
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10350:(mostly after Reconstruction), tried to advance racial and sectional reconciliation in the late 19th century. He supported
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some Catholic churches in Louisiana). They started many new Black Baptist churches and soon, new Black state associations.
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July 19, 1867: Congress passes the third Reconstruction Act, creating a system of military government throughout the South.
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Quigley, David (January 2008). "Constitutional Revision and the City: The Enforcement Acts and Urban America, 1870–1894".
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era. Reconstruction was never forgotten within the Black community and it remained a source of inspiration. The system of
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Stevens and his followers viewed secession as having left the states in a status like new territories. Sumner argued that
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A third school blames the failure on not giving land to the freedmen so they could have their own economic base of power.
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9092:. These taxes were more than poor people could pay, with the designed and inevitable consequence that they did not vote.
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Grant also recommended the enforcement of laws in all parts of the United States to protect life, liberty, and property.
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2003:
1692:
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20098:
17141:
Frisby, Derek W. (2010). "A Victory Spoiled: West Tennessee Unionists During Reconstruction". In Cimbala, Paul (ed.).
13580:. 2016 Annual Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, San Juan, Puerto Rico. p. 18. Archived from
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February 24, 1871: Representatives from Georgia, the final Confederate state to be readmitted, are seated in Congress.
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Smith, Stacey L. (November 3, 2016). "Beyond North and South: Putting the West in the Civil War and Reconstruction".
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At the national level, textbooks typically date the era from 1865 to 1877. Eric Foner's textbook of national history
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had destroyed statehood but the Constitution still extended its authority and its protection over individuals, as in
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19269:(highly detailed compendium of facts and primary sources; details on every U.S. state & the national government)
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prosecuted the Ku Klux Klan, believing that the strong arm of the federal Justice Department could pacify the South.
7507:
Northern officials gave varying reports on conditions for the freedmen in the South. One harsh assessment came from
7038:... forever free". Lincoln, embarrassed by the order, rescinded Hunter's declaration and canceled the emancipation.
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latter course, however, had been adopted and could not then be changed unless of course they wanted to change them.
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African-Americans remained involved in Southern politics, particularly in Virginia, which was run by the biracial
8970:
state superintendent or assistant superintendent of education for Virginia, Florida, Alabama, and South Carolina.
6739:. Radical Republicans demanded a prompt and strong federal response to protect freedmen and curb Southern racism.
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21983:
21892:
19682:
18756:
Stewart, Megan A., and Karin E. Kitchens. "Social transformation and violence: Evidence from US Reconstruction."
17048:
13628:
Tyack, David; Lowe, Robert (1986). "The constitutional moment: Reconstruction and Black education in the South".
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10275:
and incorporate these loyal Southerners into a strategy that would positively affect the character of the peace".
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White Leaguers attacking the New Orleans integrated police force and state militia, Battle of Liberty Place, 1874
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in 1874, the White League assassinated six White Republican officeholders and five to 20 Black witnesses outside
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35:
19107:"Reconstruction Reconsidered: A Historiography of Reconstruction, from the Late Nineteenth Century to the 1960s"
18211:
14772:
6308:
The distribution of wealth per capita in 1872, illustrating the disparity between North and South in that period
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19685:: a history of the part which Black Folk played in the attempt to reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880
19423:
18761:
18737:
18453:
13183:
Benedict, Michael Les (1974). "Preserving the Constitution: The Conservative Basis of Radical Reconstruction".
11644:
10430:
9892:
9856:
8190:
8177:
7574:, a 15-member panel to devise Reconstruction requirements for the Southern states to be restored to the Union.
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in the North. He appointed his own governors and tried to close the Reconstruction process by the end of 1865.
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indicated his "let alone" policy toward the South would become Republican policy, as happened when he won the
6523:
March 2 and 3, 1868: Congress impeaches President Johnson on eleven articles of impeachment for violating the
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13581:
11299:
Lash, Jeffrey N. (1993). "Civil War Irony: Confederate Commanders and the Destruction of Southern Railways".
10192:
9992:(who was a sharp critic of the Dunning School) noted, the Dunning scholars portrayed the era in stark terms:
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Northern teachers traveled into the South to provide education and training for the newly freed population.
6736:
6707:
After the war ended, President Andrew Johnson gave back most of the land to the former White slave owners.
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1998:
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1368:
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676:
644:
260:
19436:
Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational, and Industrial
17015:
9562:
Lynch reported that poor Whites resented the job competition from freedmen. Furthermore, the poor Whites:
9273:
believed that the economy was about to grow rapidly, thanks to the development of agriculture through the
8013:
that had not joined the Confederacy were not subject to military Reconstruction. West Virginia, which had
6030:
was marked by widespread Black voter suppression in the South, and the result was close and contested. An
363:
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16176:
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11389:
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10383:(1905) – idealized White resistance to Northern and Black coercion, hailing vigilante action by the
8133:
to recognize a lawful state of war between Ireland and England. In 1867 Grant personally intervened with
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2008:
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772:
553:
373:
19467:
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12324:. The Centennial History of the Civil War. Vol. 2. New York: Doubleday. pp. 365–367, 461–468.
10832:
Stazak, Luke; Masur, Kate; Williams, Heather Andrea; Downs, Gregory P.; Glymph, Thavolia; Hahn, Steven;
9612:
8938:
used the Army to seize control of Methodist churches in large cities, over the vehement protests of the
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10413:
9706:
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14 mills (1.4%) "a rate which virtually amounted to confiscation" (highest rate between 1822 and 1898)
8935:
8912:
8211:
7372:
7320:
7105:
6425:
6257:
The Civil War had a devastating economic and material impact on the South, where most combat occurred.
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2863:
1912:
1764:
1749:
1640:
836:
506:
293:
31517:
22541:
20039:
19687:. Explores the economics and politics of the era from a labor perspective; an early rejection of the
17466:"Erasing the Black Freedom Struggle: How State Standards Fail to Teach the Truth About Reconstruction"
14797:
A Rock in a Weary Land: The African Methodist Episcopal Church During the Civil War and Reconstruction
13404:
Journal of the Senate of the State of West Virginia for the Sixth Session, Commencing January 21, 1868
10655:
Reconstruction in the Cane Fields: From Slavery to Free Labor in Louisiana's Sugar Parishes, 1862–1880
10242:
Reconstruction is widely considered a failure, though the reason for this is a matter of controversy.
9277:, the expansion of railroads, especially rebuilding the devastated Southern railroads and opening the
8235:
Immediately upon inauguration in 1869, Grant bolstered Reconstruction by prodding Congress to readmit
6276:
Richmond, though the rate of damage in smaller towns was much lower. Farms were in disrepair, and the
5951:
bills, he pardoned thousands of Confederate leaders, and he allowed Southern states to pass draconian
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34486:
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33991:
33797:
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33359:
33107:
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28338:
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26811:
26638:
26608:
26377:
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24785:
24590:
24585:
24147:
23601:
23238:
23128:
23048:
23008:
22678:
22386:
22234:
21978:
21948:
20368:
19851:
18849:
Railroads, Reconstruction, and the Gospel of Prosperity: Aid Under the Radical Republicans, 1865–1877
18745:
17423:
Foner, Eric (2016). ""Epilogue" in The Reconstruction Era: Official National Park Service Handbook".
14538:
10425:
10334:
9603:
9577:
8153:
7713:
7229:
7155:
6849:
6589:
between Hayes and Tilden results in an electoral dispute over Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana.
6436:
6397:
6363:
6323:
6282:
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6072:
5906:
5863:
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5361:
5321:
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3899:
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3427:
3356:
3321:
2894:
2383:
2013:
1907:
1438:
1426:
1016:
989:
494:
162:
16954:
Locks, Catherine; Mergel, Sarah; Roseman, Pamela; Spike, Tamara; Lasseter, Marie (October 1, 2013).
15348:
The Macroeconomic Effects of War Finance in the United States: Taxes, Inflation, and Deficit Finance
10485:
Erasing the Black Freedom Struggle: How State Standards Fail to Teach the Truth About Reconstruction
10264:(1935): 'The slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward slavery.
9100:
dubious and exploitable system used by wealthy landholders in the South well into the 20th century.
8214:
that opened a path to citizenship for foreign-born Black residents in the US. Additionally, Grant's
7511:, who reported on the situation in the states along the Gulf Coast. His report documented dozens of
34085:
33641:
33543:
32909:
32751:
32518:
32305:
32227:
31657:
31527:
31380:
30796:
30360:
30273:
29917:
29706:
29521:
29461:
29451:
29377:
29075:
28358:
28333:
28249:
28154:
28114:
27706:
27252:
27095:
27080:
26981:
26929:
26887:
26875:
26712:
26514:
26115:
25592:
24972:
24942:
24937:
24927:
24693:
24649:
24490:
24251:
24037:
23901:
23715:
23655:
22844:
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22105:
21921:
21916:
20066:
16152:
12943:
12775:
12134:
10689:
10634:
10588:
10156:
9789:
9619:
built a winning coalition. In Tennessee, the Redeemers formed a coalition with Republican Governor
9508:
Grant made up for the defections by new gains among Union veterans and by strong support from the "
9426:
9089:
8407:
8391:
7983:
7961:
7920:
7902:
7656:
7590:
7485:
7263:
7127:
7088:
In August 1862, Lincoln met with African American leaders and urged them to colonize some place in
7077:
7051:
6692:
6579:
6476:
6469:
6418:
6390:
6376:
6264:, government expenditures, and physical destruction totaled $ 3.3 billion. By early 1865, the
6023:
5196:
4976:
4823:
4707:
4481:
4362:
4190:
3864:
3396:
3301:
3261:
2856:
1788:
1657:
1210:
999:
484:
385:
31626:
26789:
19988:
18194:
Climbing up to Glory: A Short History of African Americans During the Civil War and Reconstruction
15890:
15495:"Resistance, Rebirth, and Redemption: The Rhetoric of White Supremacy in Post-Civil War Louisiana"
15068:
14711:
9848:
9211:
8983:
In sharp contrast, Black Baptists interpreted the Civil War, emancipation, and Reconstruction as:
8247:
into the Union, while ensuring their state constitutions protected every citizen's voting rights.
664:
34551:
34531:
33863:
33511:
33494:
33164:
33087:
32987:
32972:
32819:
32550:
32380:
31862:
31129:
30679:
30333:
30302:
30082:
30022:
29887:
29630:
29101:
29044:
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28343:
28323:
28214:
28204:
28199:
28179:
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27257:
26574:
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25086:
24822:
24580:
23547:
23340:
23159:
22937:
22921:
22812:
22653:
22490:
22429:
22120:
21899:
19881:
17968:
Pulitzer-prize winning history, and most detailed synthesis of original and previous scholarship.
17860:
Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction
13279:
13068:
12971:
Slavery by Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II
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and the settlement of sharecropper accounts at the end of the season, than for any other reason.
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was one of the last major acts of Congress and Grant to preserve Reconstruction and equality for
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had to be permanently destroyed. Moderates said this could be easily accomplished as soon as the
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19478:. Vol. XII. Atlanta, Georgia: Confederate Publishing Company. pp. 267–568 – via
14679:
13067:. Vol. 7: The Reconstruction Period (Revised ed.). New York: Kraus Reprints. pp.
13021:
Freedwomen and the Freedmen's Bureau: Race, Gender, and Public Policy in the Age of Emancipation
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government, and they broadly succeeded in convincing many fellow White citizens, says Steedman.
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20172:– Historians Eric Foner, David Blight and Ed Ayers discuss "Civil Rights During Reconstruction"
18610:
History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley–Bryan Campaign of 1896
17252:
Mixon, Wayne (1977). "Joel Chandler Harris, the Yeoman Tradition, and the New South Movement".
15159:
A Century of Agriculture in the 1890 Land Grant Institutions and Tuskegee University, 1890–1990
13327:
12630:
11350:
Alexander, Thomas B. (August 1961). "Persistent Whiggery in the Confederate South, 1860–1877".
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8903:, both independent Black denominations founded in Philadelphia and New York, respectively; the
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of the rights of a freeman... The purpose of this bill is to destroy all these discriminations.
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6768:. Johnson was acquitted by one vote, but he lost the influence to shape Reconstruction policy.
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The Southern economy had been ruined by the war. Charleston, South Carolina: Broad Street, 1865
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February 3, 1865: Lincoln meets to discuss reconciliation with Southern representatives at the
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2020:
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1021:
745:
711:
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277:
95:
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Weisberger, Bernard A. (1959). "The dark and bloody ground of Reconstruction historiography".
18203:
Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family, from Slavery to the Present
17183:
16768:
McPherson, James M. (1978). "The Dimensions of Change: The First and Second Reconstructions".
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16325:
14833:
13885:"Failing to 'unite with the abolitionists': the Irish Nationalist Press and U.S. emancipation"
13850:
13677:
13574:
Republican Party Politics and the American South: From Reconstruction to Redemption, 1865–1880
13548:
Blacks, Carpetbaggers, and Scalawags: the Constitutional Conventions of Radical Reconstruction
13346:"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875"
12750:
12656:. North's Civil War. Vol. 2. New York: Fordham University Press. pp. 138, 141, 145.
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12092:"Act of Congress, R.S. Sec. 2080 derived from act July 5, 1862, ch. 135, Sec. 1, 12 Stat. 528"
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badly in rejecting the Fourteenth Amendment and setting the stage for Radical Reconstruction.
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as military governor of Louisiana in May 1862, Shepley sent two anti-slavery representatives,
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Coben, Stanley (1959). "Northeastern Business and Radical Reconstruction: A Re-examination".
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Feminism and suffrage: The emergence of an independent women's movement in America, 1848–1869
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The report included sworn testimony from soldiers and officials of the Freedmen's Bureau. In
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In an effort to keep border states in the Union, Lincoln, as early as 1861, designed gradual
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15530:. Chronicles of America series. Vol. 32. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 21.
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article entitled "The South's schools are failing to teach accurate Reconstruction history":
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Blair, William (2005). "The use of military force to protect the gains of reconstruction".
16174:
Green, Fletcher M. (November 1936). "Walter Lynwood Fleming: Historian of Reconstruction".
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12162:. North's Civil War (1st ed.). New York: Fordham University Press. pp. 285, 305.
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the right to vote. The bill required voters, fifty-one percent of White males, to take the
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return large majorities for the radicals, ending presidential reconstruction under Johnson.
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138:
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15044:. Religion and American culture. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp. 52–53.
13926:"The Irish Republic: Reconstructing Liberty, Right Principles, and the Fenian Brotherhood"
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6510:, establishing requirements for the readmission of additional states, over Johnson's veto.
8:
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19917:
Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868
19576:
19533:
The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction
19320:
17579:
Reconstructing Democracy: Grassroots Black Politics in the Deep South after the Civil War
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as their vice-presidential candidate. Grant won favor with the Radicals after he allowed
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Congress, however, controlled by the Radicals, had other plans. The Radicals were led by
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6797:" by White Democrats), and Northerners who had migrated to the South (derisively called "
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because of his constant attempts to thwart Radical Reconstruction measures, by using the
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6507:
6346:
6039:
6018:, Radical Republicans passed additional legislation to enforce civil rights, such as the
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to intimidate and control people of color and to discourage or prevent them from voting.
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18172:
Searching for Freedom after the Civil War: Klansman, Carpetbagger, Scalawg, and Freedman
17892:
The Wars of Reconstruction: The Brief, Violent History of America's Most Progressive Era
16956:"History in the Making: A History of the People of the United States of America to 1877"
16450:
Hesseltine, William B. (1935). "Economic Factors in the Abandonment of Reconstruction".
15525:
13062:
10566:
9705:
Political violence was endemic in Louisiana. In 1874, the White militias coalesced into
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had minimal capital to pay freedmen workers to bring in crops. As a result, a system of
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populations in the Sea Islands who became free overnight on November 7, 1861, after the
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19811:"Bekken on Keith, 'When It Was Grand: The Radical Republican History of the Civil War'"
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Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1867
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reads "My boy, we've toiled and taken care of you long enough. Now you've got to work!"
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that gave the freedmen more legal equality (although still without the right to vote).
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in Central America; however, none of the colonies were able to remain self-sufficient.
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20032:
I Saw Death Coming: A History of Terror and Survival in the War Against Reconstruction
19440:
2 vols. Presents a broad collection of primary sources; Vol. 1: On National Politics;
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15627:
12604:
10518:
Remembering Reconstruction: Struggles over the Meaning of America's Most Turbulent Era
8159:
Grant won the popular vote by 300,000 votes out of 5,716,082 votes cast, receiving an
7015:
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was also debated but was rejected. Women eventually gained the right to vote with the
6755:
established powers, that the "reward of treason will be an increased representation".
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20204:
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19702:
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large collection of speeches and primary documents, 1865–1870, complete text online.
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19149:
Simpson, Brooks D. (2016). "Mission Impossible: Reconstruction Policy Reconsidered".
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17106:
Etcheson, Nicole (June 2009). "Reconstruction and the Making of a Free-Labor South".
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The Rivers Ran Backward: The Civil War and the Remaking of the American Middle Border
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in passing legislation to disenfranchise illiterate Whites who already had the vote.
6859:
Lincoln had supported a middle position: to allow some Black men to vote, especially
6856:
on the subject limited the ability of their own small populations of Blacks to vote.
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July 24, 1866: Tennessee is the first state reestablished or readmitted to the Union.
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6407:" for the recognizing unionist governments in Union-controlled Confederate territory.
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The Great Task Remaining Before Us: Reconstruction as America's Continuing Civil War
17091:
Burton, Vernon (2006). "Civil War and Reconstruction". In Barney, William L. (ed.).
15310:
Schell, Herbert S. (1930). "Hugh McCulloch and the Treasury Department, 1865–1869".
12276:
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10952:
9939:
disenfranchising state constitutions were passed throughout the former Confederacy.
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7146:
as military governor of Arkansas, though he resigned soon after due to poor health.
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vain." Johnson broke decisively with the Republicans in Congress when he vetoed the
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19654:
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19519:
19479:
19471:
19236:
19187:
19158:
19118:
19025:
19005:
18470:
18379:
18313:
17745:
17640:
17609:
17599:
17588:"The Long Shadow of Slavery: The Persistence of Slave Owners in Southern Lawmaking"
17560:
Passage of the Republic: An Interdisciplinary History of Nineteenth Century America
17296:
17115:
17057:
16955:
16628:
16556:
16515:
16461:
16251:
16185:
16116:
15989:
15717:
15506:
15319:
15195:
14547:
13937:
13896:
13639:
13231:
13194:
12538:
12039:
11772:
11398:
11361:
11225:
11138:
10997:
10916:. National Park Service: The National Historic Landmarks Program. pp. 3–4, 91.
10855:
10766:
10363:
10120:
10073:
10011:
9932:
9785:
9772:
9722:
9665:
9549:
9329:
9312:
9308:
8395:
8299:
8290:
8278:
8224:
8203:
8186:
8105:
7872:
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7501:
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7186:
6961:
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6884:
6835:
6720:
6687:
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6404:
6342:
6277:
6221:
vision, which focused on coping with the death and devastation the war had brought;
6019:
6015:
5925:
5894:
5208:
5065:
4893:
4828:
4808:
4717:
4080:
3909:
3371:
3251:
3216:
3114:
3037:
3032:
2514:
2339:
2037:
1610:
1605:
1595:
1570:
1535:
1503:
1473:
1346:
1334:
1312:
1290:
1237:
1073:
1041:
343:
324:
158:
124:
67:
19971:
major Southern conservative magazine; stress on business, economics and statistics
18890:
18461:
Morrow, Ralph E. (1954). "Northern Methodism in the South during Reconstruction".
18346:
15683:
For Free Press and Equal Rights: Republican Newspapers in the Reconstruction South
13901:
13884:
12942:(Report). U.S. Senate Exec. Doc. No. 2, 39th Congress, 1st session. Archived from
12204:
The Emancipation Proclamation : three views (social, political, iconographic)
9964:
infrastructure of the Black community, in part by his leadership and the Southern
8206:
was considered an effective civil rights executive, concerned about the plight of
6871:
34270:
33781:
33663:
33634:
33394:
33074:
33069:
33054:
32736:
32142:
31852:
31803:
31591:
31456:
31403:
30815:
30642:
30552:
30547:
30478:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
30328:
30283:
30137:
30127:
30107:
30092:
29992:
29867:
29857:
29496:
29080:
29008:
28946:
28292:
28229:
28184:
28084:
27090:
27023:
26919:
26880:
26764:
26707:
26579:
26482:
26380:
26300:
26295:
26245:
25237:
25013:
24911:
24683:
23983:
23916:
23685:
23606:
23552:
23355:
23245:
23168:
The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution
23060:
22950:
22885:
22776:
22622:
22592:
22556:
22074:
20525:
20276:
20209:
20187:
20102:
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19995:
19968:
19941:
19804:
19739:
19617:
19441:
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19328:
19312:
19304:
19296:
19288:
19280:
19272:
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18973:
18969:
18938:
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18841:
18817:
18810:
18777:
18639:
18633:
18588:
18567:
18278:
18248:
18181:
18150:
18107:
18086:
18011:
The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution
17951:
17858:
17759:
17727:
17693:
17662:
Reforging the White Republic: Race, Religion, and American Nationalism, 1865–1898
17440:"Why It Matters That U.S. Schools Are Failing to Teach the Reconstruction Period"
17335:
16105:
Moore, James T. (May 1975). "Black Militancy in Readjuster Virginia, 1879–1883".
16035:
14740:
14718:
13402:
13350:
12157:
11916:
11680:
11503:
11179:
10618:
10188:
10180:
10144:
10015:
9884:
9868:
9823:
9811:
9695:
9664:. The Bourbon Democrats took control of the House and were confident of electing
9650:
9484:
9440:
9411:
8957:
8878:
8363:
8336:
8295:
8149:
8109:
7996:
7850:
7809:
7385:
7220:
7089:
6991:
6619:
6236:
6210:
6155:
5984:
5902:
5236:
5043:
4793:
4712:
4042:
4012:
3649:
3432:
3376:
3331:
3231:
2306:
1946:
1832:
1827:
1580:
1550:
1545:
1268:
1232:
1031:
949:
654:
400:
298:
116:
20199:
19600:
We Ask Only for Even-Handed Justice: Black Voices from Reconstruction, 1865–1877
17671:
Bluecoats and Tar Heels: Soldiers and Civilians in Reconstruction North Carolina
13116:. Digital History Project, University of Houston. image 11 of 40. Archived from
12099:
11837:
11184:
9355:
6662:
Following Lincoln's veto, the Radicals lost support but regained strength after
6479:
in Memphis, Tennessee kill 48, primarily freed African Americans, and injure 75.
5874:. To circumvent these legal achievements, the former Confederate states imposed
34352:
33970:
33328:
32861:
32636:
32573:
32504:
32497:
32458:
32404:
32357:
32349:
32222:
32135:
31968:
31745:
31571:
31252:
30657:
30620:
30610:
30370:
30365:
30307:
30142:
30072:
30002:
29997:
29501:
29425:
28446:
27972:
27040:
27018:
26996:
26974:
26969:
26494:
26425:
26355:
26100:
25707:
25607:
24990:
24125:
24115:
24110:
24105:
23777:
23640:
23574:
23219:
23043:
22368:
20557:
20547:
20281:
20177:
19761:
19688:
19635:
19561:
19545:
2 vols. (1998), 900 pp; his speeches plus and letters to and from Stevens.
19463:
18866:
Sweet, William W. (1914). "The Methodist Episcopal Church and Reconstruction".
18334:
18183:
To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War
17749:
17043:
15431:
The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance 1865–1879
14143:. Vol. 19. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. xiii.
11113:
10456:
10421:
10388:
10351:
10247:
10104:
9977:
9616:
9502:
9390:
9084:
9032:
9014:
laws, they consistently underfunded Black institutions, including the schools.
8399:
8061:
7965:
7956:
7643:
7582:
7563:
7556:
7525:
7416:
could draw his greatest comfort." Ray Allen Billington says: "One faction, the
7401:
7380:
7143:
7123:
6823:
which would effectively have allowed no former Confederates to vote. Historian
6724:
6679:
6615:
6455:
6383:
6289:
6286:
6203:
5944:
5879:
5695:
5120:
5090:
4848:
4838:
4669:
4113:
4032:
3904:
3119:
2196:
2030:
1919:
811:
452:
410:
120:
20193:
19732:
18318:
18301:
17883:
The Age of Reconstruction: How Lincoln's New Birth of Freedom Remade the World
17604:
17587:
17337:
Blood and Irony: Southern White Women's Narratives of the Civil War, 1861–1937
17061:
16912:
16582:
Montgomery, David (1961). "Radical Republicanism in Pennsylvania, 1866–1873".
15993:
15933:
But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction
15706:
Woodward, Earl F. (1971). "The Brooks and Baxter War in Arkansas, 1872–1874".
15200:
15183:
13925:
11665:
11340:
Direct costs for the Confederacy are based on the value of the dollar in 1860.
11142:
10859:
9728:
9593:, a political cartoon about the Wheeler Compromise in Louisiana, published in
9290:
5991:'s control of Southern governments and society. Violent groups, including the
34470:
34105:
33943:
33533:
32977:
32933:
32410:
32162:
31461:
30210:
30192:
30182:
30152:
30097:
30052:
30037:
29982:
29972:
29957:
29907:
29902:
29872:
29669:
29597:
29420:
29233:
28983:
28926:
27182:
26959:
24688:
23988:
23797:
23432:
23320:
23284:
23185:
22880:
22663:
22627:
22587:
20562:
20412:
20163:
19587:
18657:
18227:
17840:
17465:
17397:
16663:
16310:
16001:
15583:
15440:
15413:
15209:
13910:
12384:
11997:
Freedom's lawmakers: a directory of Black officeholders during Reconstruction
10778:
10575:
10285:
10281:
10127:
9960:
9776:
9644:
9534:
9526:
9359:
9274:
9235:
8953:
8419:
8308:
8219:
8113:
8083:
7868:
7798:
7497:
7119:
6913:
6651:
6517:
6432:
6331:
6261:
6195:
6191:
5976:
5764:
5759:
3632:
1968:
1892:
1339:
1322:
1097:
927:
917:
701:
351:
90:
18152:
The Emancipation Proclamation: Three Views (Social, Political, Iconographic)
15510:
14302:
14300:
6813:
Monument in honor of the Grand Army of the Republic, organized after the war
34562:
African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement
33931:
33023:
32646:
32452:
32152:
32083:
31985:
31750:
31723:
31596:
31498:
30522:
30290:
30215:
30187:
30172:
30157:
30112:
30087:
30067:
29977:
29947:
29942:
29912:
29862:
29714:
29400:
27171:
27107:
26648:
24995:
24967:
24022:
23360:
23330:
23122:
22761:
22673:
22449:
22212:
22089:
20567:
20505:
20490:
20485:
20095:
19872:
19846:
19746:
Reconstruction in Alabama: From Civil War to Redemption in the Cotton South
18399:
17878:
15467:
13220:
Kolchin, Peter (1967). "The Business Press and Reconstruction, 1865–1868".
13076:
12834:
12507:
12339:
12176:
10489:
10384:
10309:
10231:
10140:
10108:
9997:
alien ideals. These historians wrote literally in terms of white and black.
9916:
9710:
9682:
9378:
9340:
9333:
9324:
9316:
9266:
9080:
9050:
9039:
8271:
8165:
8126:
7978:
7767:
7668:
7515:
and claimed that hundreds or thousands more African Americans were killed:
7341:
7139:
7027:
7008:
6824:
6798:
6728:
6659:
the Wade–Davis Bill, which was much more strict than the ten percent plan.
5996:
5992:
5248:
5060:
4788:
4651:
3716:
3694:
3689:
1973:
1805:
1781:
1687:
1680:
1411:
939:
912:
875:
853:
740:
457:
437:
415:
405:
395:
390:
380:
265:
146:
19935:"Slavery, Reconstruction, and Bureaucratic Capacity in the American South"
19371:
Free at Last: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom, and the Civil War
19191:
19162:
19122:
19031:
Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction
18940:
The Trial of Democracy: Black Suffrage and Northern Republicans, 1860–1910
18696:
17644:
17497:"The South's schools are failing to teach accurate Reconstruction history"
16710:
The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama
16560:
15458:
Money, Class, and Party: An Economic Study of Civil War and Reconstruction
14927:
14892:
14599:"America's Civil War: Date of Secession Compared to 1860 Black Population"
13941:
13682:(4th ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 436.
12542:
12055:
The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama
11802:
11794:
11272:
11229:
11001:
10770:
9224:
Studies in State Taxation with Particular Reference to the Southern States
8145:, articulate in its support for black equality, to New York from Chicago.
7412:
that set the status of the freedmen much lower than that of white people.
1220:
34183:
33907:
33472:
32386:
32029:
30542:
30527:
30375:
30338:
30177:
30132:
30117:
29882:
29877:
29724:
29085:
28978:
28973:
27063:
26991:
26907:
26727:
26452:
25272:
24803:
24140:
24042:
23782:
23645:
23401:
23153:
22561:
20400:
20395:
20390:
19890:
18726:. New York: Vintage Books; short survey; rejects Dunning School analysis.
18048:
Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow
17755:
17688:
15632:. New York, D. Appleton and Company. p. 585 – via Archive.org.
14297:
13012:
12935:
12654:
Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil War Era
12497:
11118:"The economic cost of the American Civil War: Estimates and implications"
10372:
9590:
8379:
8347:
8303:
8240:
8053:
8023:
7508:
7492:
7491:
The freedmen, with the strong backing of the Freedmen's Bureau, rejected
7469:
7333:
7193:
6656:
6631:
6572:
6393:
becomes law, providing the legal basis for the Emancipation Proclamation.
6183:
6167:
6107:
6103:
6056:
5414:
5070:
4923:
4803:
4587:
1810:
1798:
1151:
954:
944:
902:
716:
19143:
Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction: Documents and Essays
18880:
18834:
17783:
17614:
17265:
16595:
15729:
15571:
15095:
Schools for All: The Blacks and Public Education in the South, 1865–1877
13323:
11839:
Tennessee's Radical Army: The State Guard and Its Role in Reconstruction
11657:
10867:
10837:
10786:
10405:
promoted influential works which were written in these genres by women.
10288:
granted Blacks a considerable amount of freedom as compared to slavery.
8443:"Radical members of the first legislature after the war, South Carolina"
7940:
on July 19, 1867. The first Reconstruction Act, authored by Oregon Sen.
7276:, Virginia. The Southern delegation included Confederate Vice President
7034:, and Florida, declaring all "persons ... heretofore held as slaves
6638:
surrendered and the Southern states repealed secession and accepted the
5854:
and was dominated by the legal, social, and political challenges of the
57:
34364:
34276:
33538:
32446:
30077:
30062:
30032:
30027:
29776:
29744:
29583:
29551:
29286:
27150:
27058:
26964:
26897:
26670:
24135:
23941:
23767:
23762:
23680:
23279:
23135:
19860:
Between Freedom and Progress: The Lost World of Reconstruction Politics
19752:
19666:
19412:– via Project Gutenberg; the most detailed study; Dunning School.
19362:
19248:
19017:
18482:
18006:
17984:
17972:
17947:
17308:
17119:
17069:
16988:
The American Yawp: A Massively Collaborative Open U.S. History Textbook
16527:
16473:
16412:. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan. p. 54 – via Archive.org.
16351:
Charles, Allan D. (1983). "Howard K Beale". In Wilson, Clyde N. (ed.).
16263:
16197:
16128:
15331:
14731:
14551:
13651:
13243:
13206:
11776:
11536:. Vol. 284, no. 3. September 1999. p. 60. Archived from
11429:
11410:
11373:
11150:
10833:
10546:
All Blacks would be counted in 1870, whether or not they were citizens.
10463:
10292:
10167:
10112:
9924:
9371:
9336:
9256:$ 20 banknote with portrait of Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch
7987:
7628:
7389:
6853:
6606:
6213:
identified three visions of the social implications of Reconstruction:
6135:
6084:
6044:
5875:
4519:
4258:
4070:
4017:
3919:
2449:
2295:
1963:
1255:
959:
826:
191:
34457:
34003:
30413:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
29222:
26986:
20015:
18750:
Giants: The Parallel Lives of Frederick Douglass & Abraham Lincoln
14455:
12996:
Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction
12568:
Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction
10215:
extend the era to the 1890s to include the imposition of segregation.
9332:
had been able to suppress the KKK through the Enforcement Acts, other
7619:
7460:
6883:
In the South, many poor Whites were illiterate as there was almost no
33489:
30691:
30537:
30042:
29826:
29764:
29659:
26816:
26435:
26285:
25624:
25617:
22546:
20500:
20219:
20212:. Full semester course in text/audio/video; materials free under the
20131:
18779:
Rebuilding Zion: The Religious Reconstruction of the South, 1863–1877
18769:
The Railroads of the South, 1865–1900: A Study in Finance and Control
18250:
The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant: Preserving the Civil War's Legacy
18212:"Federal Enforcement of Civil Rights During the First Reconstruction"
16837:
16652:"Nine decades later, W.E.B. Du Bois's work faces familiar criticisms"
15721:
14486:
14316:
13980:
10635:"History & Culture - Reconstruction Era National Historical Park"
10355:
10052:
9911:
9718:
9460:
9270:
9055:
7788:
7756:
7018:, Union commander of the Western Department, declared martial law in
6293:
6154:, seceded from the United States following the election of President
6004:
5980:
5972:
5744:
5085:
4818:
4597:
4424:
3967:
3622:
1203:
868:
730:
282:
34359:
29338:
19658:
19240:
19009:
18474:
17300:
17159:
16519:
16465:
16255:
16189:
16120:
15323:
14157:
13235:
13198:
11724:
11623:
11402:
11365:
9681:
Slates for local offices were certified by each candidate. In rural
8302:, passed on April 20, 1871, that authorized the president to impose
8289:
Congress and Grant passed a series (three) of powerful civil rights
7160:
885:
33241:
33099:
31164:
31159:
30669:
27192:
27130:
26902:
26821:
23807:
23757:
23345:
20495:
20473:
19717:"How Radical Change Occurs: An Interview With Historian Eric Foner"
18664:(7th ed.). Macmillan Library Reference USA. pp. 245–260.
18492:
A History of the United States Since the Civil War: 1865–68. Vol. 1
17789:
Cimbala, Paul Alan; Miller, Randall M.; Simpson, Brooks D. (2002).
16734:
16374:
16372:
13643:
12987:
11950:(15th anniversary ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 418.
11046:
Proclamation Calling Militia and Convening Congress, April 15, 1861
9872:
9011:
8343:
8266:
In 1870, to enforce Reconstruction, Congress and Grant created the
8236:
8148:
The Democrats, having abandoned Johnson, nominated former governor
7752:
7586:
7543:
7164:
Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation in Massachusetts, 1862
7067:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7019:
6966:
6937:
6889:
6819:
6794:
6530:
May 26, 1868: The Senate narrowly votes against convicting Johnson.
6492:
August 27 through September 15, 1866: President Johnson launches a
6241:
5913:
to provide much-needed food and shelter to the newly freed slaves.
5901:
to seize Confederates' slaves, providing a precedent for President
5871:
5130:
5055:
5048:
1793:
1351:
1295:
1247:
907:
752:
607:
513:
31372:
30428:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
19793:
When It Was Grand: The Radical Republican History of the Civil War
18799:
A Dangerous Stir: Fear, Paranoia, and the Making of Reconstruction
18088:
Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America
16858:
What Reconstruction Meant: Historical Memory in the American South
16036:"Hayes vs. Tilden: The Electoral College Controversy of 1876–1877"
15905:
15527:
The Sequel of Appomattox: A Chronicle of the Reunion of the States
15040:
Uplifting the People: Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama
13830:
13517:
13515:
13090:
12406:
10709:
9515:
9252:
6489:
in New Orleans at a racially integrated constitutional convention.
32542:
32476:
29781:
19452:(1911); via Internet Archive. North Carolina "scalawag" governor.
18996:(November 1946). "An Analysis of Some Reconstruction Attitudes".
18149:
Holzer, Harold; Medford, Edna Greene; Williams, Frank J. (2006).
17930:
America's Reconstruction: People and Politics After the Civil War
17716:
Reconstructions: New Perspectives on the Postbellum United States
17185:
Interpretations of American History Vol. I Through Reconstruction
13263:(1876) belongs at the heart of the American constitutional canon"
13114:
America's Reconstruction: People and Politics After the Civil War
12865:
12717:
A Just and Lasting Peace: A Documentary History of Reconstruction
12559:
12206:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 54–59.
11748:
11736:
11508:
10685:"What America owes: How reparations would look and who would pay"
9505:. The loosely-organized Democratic Party also supported Greeley.
9472:
9295:
On April 20, 1871, prior to the passage of the Ku Klux Klan Act (
6151:
5959:
candidates swept to power in the 1866 midterm elections, gaining
5218:
4524:
1776:
858:
538:
355:
22131:
Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866
18892:
Reconstruction In Georgia: Economic, Social, Political 1865–1872
17821:
Donald, David Herbert; Baker, Jean H.; Holt, Michael F. (2001).
16986:
16895:
Give me liberty! : an American history. volume 2, From 1865
16701:
16639:. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company – via Archive.org.
16389:
16387:
16369:
13696:
13422:(1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 296.
13407:, Wheeling: John Frew, 1868, p. 10 – via Google Books
12526:
6386:
of Tennessee as the first military governor of a Southern state.
30615:
18341:. New York, Evanston, and London: Harper & Row, Publishers.
16301:
The Critical Year; A study of Andrew Johnson and reconstruction
14658:. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
13512:
12913:
12609:
11682:
The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement
11190:. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
7337:
6400:, freeing all persons held in slavery in Confederate territory.
6269:
6111:
5125:
1478:
1300:
880:
863:
725:
560:
528:
21958:
19729:
Splendid Failure: Postwar Reconstruction in the American South
18141:
With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union
17695:
The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses S. Grant in War and Peace
16897:(Brief 5th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. C.
14635:
13132:
13064:
History of the United States of America under the Constitution
12889:
12877:
12808:
Reconstruction in the United States: An Annotated Bibliography
10957:
National Park Service History Electronic Library & Archive
8425:
8036:
34382:
30427:
28842:
Slave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863
20374:
United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction
18895:(reprint ed.). New York: The Columbia University Press;
18686:(2nd ed.). Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
16384:
14988:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 212–213.
13852:
Beyond Equality: Labor and the Radical Republicans, 1862–1872
13743:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 99.
8244:
7093:
4898:
4085:
735:
721:
696:
19607:'Our Domestic Relations: or, How to Treat the Rebel States'
19459:(1967), collection of long political speeches and pamphlets.
15924:
15474:
15252:
15228:
14835:
The Way It Was in the South: The Black Experience in Georgia
12537:. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. p. 240.
11976:
9571:
8294:
states did not act. Urged by Grant and his Attorney General
8230:
7476:
Southern state governments quickly enacted the restrictive "
7449:
30472:
20085:"Reconstruction Historiography: A Source of Teaching Ideas"
20003:
daily edition online through ProQuest at academic libraries
19868:"When the South Was the Most Progressive Region in America"
18302:"Do Black Politicians Matter? Evidence from Reconstruction"
17793:
An Uncommon Time: The Civil War and the Northern Home Front
15877:"Forty Acres and a Mule: The Ruined Hope of Reconstruction"
15607:
15595:
15184:"Do Black Politicians Matter? Evidence from Reconstruction"
14113:
The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses Grant in War and Peace
14012:
13769:
12535:
The Making of the American South: A Short History 1500–1877
12159:
An uncommon time: the Civil War and the northern home front
11964:
11901:
Johnson to Gov. William L. Sharkey, August 1865; quoted in
10338:, which is set during the Civil War and Reconstruction eras
10198:
10148:
9980:
of scholars, who were trained at the history department of
9291:
Congressional investigation into Reconstruction states 1872
9238:, a Black Republican leader from Mississippi, later wrote:
7367:
7351:
4928:
602:
432:
195:
27:
Military occupation of southern US states from 1865 to 1877
23393:
23142:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
20035:, from the Teach the Black Freedom Struggle online series.
19592:
After the War: A Southern Tour, May 1, 1865 to May 1, 1866
19581:
The prostrate state: South Carolina under negro government
18819:
The Ordeal of the Reunion: A New History of Reconstruction
17989:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
17977:
Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction
17953:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
17386:"Henry Louis Gates Jr. and the Long Arc of Reconstruction"
16082:
Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas After Reconstruction
14507:
14505:
14476:
14474:
14051:
13814:
The Freedmen's Bureau and Reconstruction: Reconsiderations
13144:
12695:
12466:
12464:
12315:
12313:
12197:
12195:
12193:
12191:
11241:
11239:
11081:
11079:
10209:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
10001:
7472:
denouncing KKK and White League murders of innocent Blacks
6951:
who had affiliated with the Confederacy. The council, the
6410:
January 16, 1865: General William Tecumseh Sherman issues
182:
23351:
Technological and industrial history of the United States
20159:
19602:(University of Massachusetts Press, 2014). xviii, 133 pp.
19507:
One of the first Black congressmen during Reconstruction.
19367:
Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867
19356:
History of the Thirty-ninth Congress of the United States
18590:
The Civil War and Reconstruction [Second Edition]
18285:. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. pp. 15–21.
17850:
After Appomattox: Military Occupation and the Ends of War
16712:. Athens: University of Georgia Press. pp. 135–136.
16215:. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. p. 164.
16058:
15832:
15808:
15796:
15772:
15760:
15748:
15736:
15379:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 174–196.
15288:
15111:
15074:
14899:
14760:
14431:
14419:
14261:
14249:
13936:(3 & 4). Irish-American Cultural Institute: 252–271.
13793:
13781:
13591:
13527:
13475:
13463:
10895:
is almost literally a landmark. It defines the territory.
10683:
Lynn, Samara; Thorbecke, Catherine (September 27, 2020).
6240:
vision, which emphasized full freedom, citizenship, male
6173:
19074:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–18
18911:
17340:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 128–130.
16849:
16677:
16278:
15844:
15784:
15561:
15559:
15123:
14578:
14397:
14395:
14393:
14337:
14335:
14285:
14029:
14027:
14002:
14000:
13720:
12182:
11817:
11771:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 93.
10831:
10362:
In popular literature, two early 20th-century novels by
9919:
from Tennessee, a Southern Democrat, to the position of
9587:
A Republican Form of Government and No Domestic Violence
8350:
illustration entitled "Halt," published October 17, 1874
7875:
unlawful state court convictions or sentences, in 1867.
7308:
7197:
admission and loyalty only depended on a minority vote.
7045:
6977:
34199:
List of federal judges appointed by Rutherford B. Hayes
19919:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
18501:
Forgotten Abolitionist: John A. J. Creswell of Maryland
16953:
14985:
Religion and the Radical Republican Movement, 1860–1870
14736:"South Carolina's Forgotten Black Political Revolution"
14623:
14517:
14502:
14471:
14407:
14181:
14169:
14094:
14092:
14090:
14063:
13383:
13056:
13054:
13052:
12514:
12461:
12449:
12310:
12188:
11946:
The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction
11236:
11076:
10135:
poor Whites out of the political process in the South.
9927:" packed up and headed to new opportunities in Kansas.
7054:
programs paid for by government bonds. Lincoln desired
237:
62:
From left to right and top to the bottom: The ruins of
23311:
African American founding fathers of the United States
23213:
The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan
20379:
United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction
19855:(1979). Pulitzer Prize; social history of the freedmen
19748:(LSU Press, 2017) 464 pp; a standard scholarly history
19213:
Uses primary documents to present opposing viewpoints.
19099:
A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents 1865–1881
17586:
Bellani, Luna; Hager, Anselm; Maurer, Stephan (2022).
17464:
Rosado, Ana; Cohn-Postar, Gideon; Eisen, Mimi (2022).
17463:
16933:(1st ed.). New York: Hill and Wang. p. 312.
16689:
15961:
15014:
14864:
14273:
14225:
14039:
12998:. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. p. 202.
12841:
12681:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 205.
11552:
11066:
11064:
10508:
African American founding fathers of the United States
10380:
The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan
9771:
An explosion of violence accompanied the campaign for
9698:
rather than the Colfax Riot, as it was known locally.
9525:
was decisively defeated by the Radical faction led by
8418:
To counter vote fraud in the Democratic stronghold of
8410:
borrowed many of the earlier 1875's law's provisions.
8171:
6906:
Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
6535:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
6520:
from office over his military reconstruction policies.
6463:
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
34336:
20096:"Jensen's Guide to Reconstruction History, 1861–1877"
19457:
The Radical Republicans and Reconstruction, 1861–1870
19338:
The American year-book and national register for 1869
18356:
McFeely, William S. (1974). Woodward, C. Vann (ed.).
18148:
17885:. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press.
16806:
16016:
15949:
15820:
15629:
The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase
15556:
15276:
15264:
15216:
14963:
14813:
14566:
14443:
14390:
14332:
14237:
14075:
14024:
13997:
13708:
13571:
Jenkins, Jeffery A.; Heersink, Boris (June 4, 2016).
12853:
12570:. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. p. 53.
12475:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 38–41.
12296:
12294:
11883:
11769:
To Try Men's Souls: Loyalty Tests in American History
8934:
In a highly controversial action during the war, the
8649:
Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
8006:
20,000 U.S. troops were deployed to enforce the act.
7112:
6542:
Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
6285:
was $ 81 million and was reduced by 40% by 1870. The
5966:
In 1867 and 1868, the Radical Republicans passed the
28812:
Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
21885:
The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women
19866:
Roberts, Blain; Kytle, Ethan J. (January 17, 2018).
19219:
Reconstruction: An Anthology of Revisionist Writings
18540:
The Road to Redemption: Southern Politics, 1869–1879
18358:
Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct
17788:
15935:. Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 132.
15544:
14852:
14378:
14087:
13816:(1st ed.). New York: Fordham University Press.
13049:
13037:
12901:
12584:
12133:(1). Oklahoma Historical Society: 30. Archived from
12057:. Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 136.
11846:
9487:, a leading Radical during the war, concluded that:
9407:
and abandoned their separate names by 1873 or 1874.
5932:, which proposed strict conditions for readmission.
1733:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
20132:"Proclamation Declaring the Insurrection at an End"
19698:
Reconstruction: Political & Economic, 1865–1877
19217:Stampp, Kenneth M.; Litwack, Leon F., eds. (1969).
18660:(2002). "Ulysses S. Grant". In Graff, Henry (ed.).
18542:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
18531:
Unionism and Reconstruction in Tennessee, 1860–1869
15240:
13023:. New York: Fordham University Press. p. 160.
12950:
12784:. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 3.
12489:
12437:
12425:
11569:
11567:
11091:
11061:
10928:"Nov. 7, 1861: The Port Royal Experiment Initiated"
10813:
10433:, adjusted in order to keep up with inflation. The
10039:paraphrases the Beards as arguing that in victory:
9393:, describes the mounting anger of Southern Whites:
8915:(predominantly White Methodists of the North). The
8197:
7964:: North Carolina and South Carolina, under General
6601:
6516:August 12, 1867: Johnson suspends Secretary of War
6190:. Having lost their enormous investment in slaves,
6071:The Reconstruction era is typically dated from the
5870:to grant citizenship and equal civil rights to the
5721:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
28827:Slave markets and slave jails in the United States
22136:Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866
20025:The Reconstruction Era National Historical Network
19933:Suryanarayan, Pavithra, and White, Steven (2020).
18695:
18412:Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution
18180:
17790:
17692:
17585:
16632:
16584:The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
16298:
15455:
15428:
15401:
15372:
15037:
14942:
14193:
13498:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 276.
12742:
12502:. New York: McClure, Phillips and Co. p. 76.
11943:
11869:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 155.
11867:Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America: a biography
11842:(PhD thesis). University of Tennessee. p. 59.
11186:Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory
11183:
10725:
10175:designed for the enforcement of civil rights; the
9126:1 mill (0.1%) (lowest rate between 1822 and 1898)
8326:
7936:With the Radicals in control, Congress passed the
7887:Map of the five Reconstruction military districts
7642:cover of July 29, 1865; the text in the planter's
7200:
6198:was developed, in which landowners broke up large
21927:District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act
20200:"The Civil War and Reconstruction Era, 1845–1877"
19560:. The American Presidency Project. Archived from
19541:Palmer, Beverly Wilson; Byers Ochoa, Holly; eds.
19330:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1877
19322:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1876
19314:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1875
19306:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1873
19298:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1872
19290:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1870
19282:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1869
19274:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1868
17188:(7th ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 409.
17145:. New York: Fordham University Press. p. 9.
16860:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
14887:. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
14799:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
13550:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
12411:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
11710:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
11035:First Inaugural Address—Final Text, March 4, 1861
10843:The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
9784:Democratic candidates; they killed Blacks in the
9074:
9045:
8434:
8064:, a burning freedmen's school in the background.
7593:, because the abolition of slavery was empty if:
7257:
6970:creation (initially by treaty) of an unorganized
6150:, eleven Southern states, all of which permitted
70:voting for the first time in 1867; office of the
34468:
30463:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
29091:Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade
28476:
26130:
24836:Native American recognition in the United States
18919:The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference
18868:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
18440:The Age of Hate: Andrew Johnson and the Radicals
18431:Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction
17991:(updated ed.). New York: Harper Perennial.
17360:
17182:Couvares, Francis G.; et al., eds. (2000).
16789:"The United States Needs a Third Reconstruction"
15685:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.
14687:Population by States and Territories – 1790–1870
13169:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 51, 174 ff.
11574:Alexander, Leslie M.; Rucker, Walter C. (2010).
11564:
10346:, who wrote under the name "Joe Harris" for the
10237:
9863:On January 29, 1877, President Grant signed the
8261:
7973:: Georgia, Alabama, and Florida, under Generals
1848:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
34682:Race-related controversies in the United States
30508:Black players in professional American football
30458:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
28880:Slavery as a positive good in the United States
19894:. Vol. 4. pp. 735–748. Archived from
19715:Konczal, Mike; Foner, Eric (February 3, 2015).
19092:A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction
17820:
17581:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.
17550:The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935
16480:
16406:Beard, Charles A. & Beard, Mary R. (1927).
16211:Harlan, Louis R. (1988). Smock, Raymond (ed.).
15305:
15303:
13570:
13496:Gone to Texas: a history of the Lone Star State
13271:Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review
12930:
12928:
12895:
12871:
12773:
12679:Abraham Lincoln and a nation worth fighting for
12408:Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders
11754:
11742:
11730:
11629:
11600:
11573:
11514:
10010:became popular among scholars. As disciples of
9516:The Republican coalition splinters in the South
9104:State Property Tax Rates during Reconstruction
9062:in ruins shortly after the end of the Civil War
8284:
8104:In May 1868, the Republicans unanimously chose
7679:
22271:Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
20075:Reconstructing the South: What Really Happened
19989:Primary sources from Gilder-Lehrman collection
19555:
19070:"Introduction to the 2014 Anniversary Edition"
18498:
18428:
17539:
16786:
15399:
14163:
14018:
13623:
13621:
12824:
12372:Andrew Johnson: military governor of Tennessee
10838:"Eric Foner's 'Reconstruction' at Twenty-five"
9971:
9669:1874 ripped apart the Republican Party there.
9483:As early as 1868, Supreme Court Chief Justice
9473:Republicans split nationally: election of 1872
9227:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. p. 192.
8864:
8086:character of the regime looked more glaring."
6947:ordered a meeting of representatives from all
4448:Education of freed people during the Civil War
34592:History of voting rights in the United States
34019:
33115:
32558:
31388:
29354:
28847:Slavery at American colleges and universities
28462:
26401:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution
26116:
25233:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
23417:
22245:First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
20235:
19216:
19141:Perman, Michael and Amy Murrell Taylor, eds.
18922:. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks.
18586:
18503:. Carlisle, Pennsylvania: Dickinson College.
18499:Osborne, John M.; Bombaro, Christine (2015).
18384:. New York City: W. W. Norton & Company.
18091:. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks.
18013:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
16378:
15875:Alexander, Danielle (January–February 2004).
13672:
13162:
13018:
12749:. New York: Oxford University Press. p.
12247:. New York: Greenwood Press. pp. viiii.
12156:Cimbala, Paul A.; Miller, Randall M. (2002).
12155:
11982:
11424:
11422:
11420:
11267:. New York: Prentice-Hall. pp. 573–574.
10953:"Reconstruction Era National Historical Park"
10682:
10171:included: lack of a permanent federal agency
9323:, a former Confederate general and prominent
7794:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era
7667:, whose principal drafter was Representative
7602:The key to the bill was the opening section:
6923:
6645:Lincoln broke with the Radicals in 1864. The
6349:in opposition, which instead proposed that a
5819:
4150:
3542:
2059:
1937:List of slavery-related memorials and museums
223:
34582:History of civil rights in the United States
30221:Historically black colleges and universities
28832:Kidnapping into slavery in the United States
27325:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
19865:
19714:
19430:
19369:(1982), 970 pp. of archival documents; also
18975:American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant
18351:. New York: McClure, Philips, & Company.
18283:Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War
17927:
17744:scholarly review and response by Calhoun at
17534:Bibliography of slavery in the United States
16817:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFFoner1990255 (
16330:. Manchester University Press. p. 226.
15979:
15589:
15577:
15300:
14838:. University of Georgia Press. p. 264.
14115:. New York: Anchor Books. pp. 463–479.
13855:. New York: Alfred Knopf. pp. 130–133.
12925:
12825:Randall, J. G.; Current, Richard N. (1955).
11301:Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives
10395:for the screen in his anti-Republican movie
9942:
9833:
9465:The Redeemers were the Southern wing of the
9247:
7706:
7299:
7248:
7149:
7130:. After Lincoln installed Brigadier General
5862:into the United States. During this period,
4459:Historically black colleges and universities
1853:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
34687:Andrew Johnson administration controversies
32856:President Andrew Johnson Museum and Library
29312:Family reunification ads after emancipation
20016:Reconstruction Era National Historical Park
19979:leading New York news magazine; pro-Radical
19952:
19556:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. (2018b).
19386:(1886). By Republican Congressional leader
18943:. Athens: The University of Georgia Press.
18489:
18209:
17208:
16984:
15634:; letter of May 30, 1868 to August Belmont.
15601:
14465:
14291:
13842:
13618:
12883:
11685:. University of Chicago Press. p. 29.
11112:
10151:in other legislation. It was not until the
9213:Reconstruction in South Carolina, 1865–1877
8426:National support of Reconstruction declines
8413:
8385:
8037:State constitutional conventions: 1867–1869
7122:military governor of the coastal region of
6100:Reconstruction Era National Historical Park
6038:, which awarded the election to Republican
5961:large majorities in both houses of Congress
5858:and the reintegration of the eleven former
4443:Education during the slave period in the US
34026:
34012:
33122:
33108:
32565:
32551:
31395:
31381:
29361:
29347:
29025:Slavery and the United States Constitution
28469:
28455:
26123:
26109:
23431:
23424:
23410:
20242:
20228:
19808:
19552:, 2 vols. (1990); Vol. 2 covers 1859–1874.
19493:. New York: The Neale Publishing Company.
19359:(1868). Summary of Congressional activity.
19226:
18635:A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction
18429:McPherson, James M.; Hogue, James (2009).
18269:Judicial power and Reconstruction politics
18187:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
18174:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
17928:Foner, Eric; Mahoney, Olivia (June 1997).
17852:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
17278:
16735:"Democracy, Anti-democracy, and the Canon"
16635:Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880
16581:
16486:
16449:
16422:
16405:
16393:
16355:. Detroit: Gale Research. pp. 32–38.
15400:Studenski, Paul; Kroos, Herman E. (1963).
15031:
15029:
14134:
14132:
13848:
13546:Hume, Richard L.; Gough, Jerry B. (2008).
13163:Teed, Paul E.; Ladd Teed, Melissa (2015).
12811:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood. p. 80.
11417:
11257:
11209:
11207:
10906:
10408:Of much more lasting impact was the story
10079:Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880
9923:. By 1879, thousands of African American "
9216:. Columbia, SC: The State Co. p. 329.
8398:. The initial bill was created by Senator
8254:that said states could not disenfranchise
8060:; and big-money Democratic Party chairman
7986:: Arkansas and Mississippi, under General
7878:
6642:—most of which happened by December 1865.
6182:During the war, Lincoln experimented with
5826:
5812:
4766:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
4157:
4143:
3549:
3535:
2066:
2052:
230:
216:
56:
34657:Political repression in the United States
32662:Drunk vice-presidential inaugural address
30438:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
26849:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
24846:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
22803:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
20113:. Links to primary and secondary sources.
19526:
18899:
18879:
18406:
18317:
18145:Portrays Lincoln as opponent of Radicals.
17613:
17603:
17209:Gordon-Reed, Annette (October 26, 2015).
16787:Codrington III, Wilfred (July 20, 2020).
16767:
16613:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFFoner1982 (
15874:
15643:
15625:
15199:
14922:. New York: Macmillan. pp. 245–267.
14584:
13900:
13627:
13545:
12740:
12602:
12242:
11835:
11705:
11617:
11558:
11349:
11245:
10426:Hollywood blockbuster with the same title
10307:described in an October 2015 article for
9389:, associated with the early 20th-century
8231:Final four Reconstruction states admitted
7450:Freedmen and the enactment of Black Codes
6843:population of slaves had been counted as
6443:, effectively ending hostilities on land.
6403:December 8, 1863: Lincoln announces his "
6003:, engaged in paramilitary insurgency and
4222:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
4129:Mass racial violence in the United States
320:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
34577:History of African-American civil rights
34111:1876 United States presidential election
33435:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act
33425:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871
31999:When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd
31908:1860 United States presidential election
29115:Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution
23326:History of the United States (1865–1917)
20136:American Historical Documents, 1000–1904
19510:
19024:
18992:
18888:
18846:
18744:
18565:
18344:
18027:
17780:The Freedmen's Bureau and Reconstruction
17778:Cimbala, Paul, and Randall Miller, eds.
17732:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
17546:
17361:Ruppersburg, Hugh; Dobbs, Chris (2017).
17327:
17181:
17105:
16812:
16683:
16327:The Debate on the American Civil War Era
16284:
16064:
15705:
15565:
15492:
15480:
15375:A financial history of the United States
15258:
15234:
15156:
15129:
15080:
15064:
13738:
13612:
13493:
13417:
13182:
13060:
12968:
12827:Lincoln the President: Last Full Measure
12520:
12495:
12470:
12455:
12201:
12183:Wagner, Gallagher & McPherson (2002)
11970:
11902:
11580:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 699.
11577:Encyclopedia of African American History
11386:
10979:
10651:
10327:
10221:
10199:Dating the end of the Reconstruction era
10139:underfunded in segregated societies, no
9847:
9806:1876 United States presidential election
9727:
9581:
9479:1872 United States presidential election
9429:(a Northern scholar) in 1917 explained:
9354:
9285:
9251:
9049:
8873:
8438:
8342:
8330:
8250:Grant advocated the ratification of the
8181:
8096:1868 United States presidential election
8047:
7882:
7683:
7634:
7618:
7459:
7324:
7219:
7159:
6986:
6870:
6808:
6605:
6592:
6303:
6063:, and male suffrage regardless of race.
1858:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1723:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1703:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
34215:Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center
34033:
32804:1868 impeachment managers investigation
28817:Indentured servitude in British America
27004:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
24897:List of counties and county equivalents
19911:
19880:
19843:(2021). New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
19841:, and the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
19694:
19634:
19543:The Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens
19397:Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama
19393:
19206:
19148:
19104:
18815:
18796:
18775:
18678:
18631:
18517:
18374:
18355:
18191:
17889:
17754:
17722:
17668:
17576:
17333:
17235:
17211:"What If Reconstruction Hadn't Failed?"
17042:
16843:
16707:
16627:
16540:
16350:
16323:
16076:
15613:
15523:
15453:
15408:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
15345:
15026:
14940:
14905:
14778:
14710:The complete 1870 census documents are
14535:
14523:
14511:
14496:
14480:
14413:
14352:
14350:
14310:
14215:
14187:
14175:
14129:
14069:
14045:
13968:
13917:
13882:
13811:
13799:
13775:
13219:
12993:
12847:
12804:
12701:
12565:
12245:Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction
12123:"Oklahoma, A Foreordained Commonwealth"
12052:
11864:
11678:
11641:
11482:
11213:
11204:
10731:
10559:"This Day in Georgia History: March 28"
10002:Revisionists and Beardians, 1930s–1940s
9626:In North Carolina, Republican Governor
9454:
9038:According to a 2020 study by economist
8901:African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
7623:The debate over Reconstruction and the
6920:" to enable illiterate Whites to vote.
6312:
6252:
6186:by giving land to African-Americans in
2082:This article is part of a series on the
14:
34469:
34159:United States Civil Service Commission
32196:
31828:Lincoln Trail Homestead State Memorial
31337:Topics related to the African diaspora
30443:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
23394:Articles related to Reconstruction era
22985:Bibliography of the Reconstruction era
22031:Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
20249:
20150:"Reconstruction: The Second Civil War"
19550:The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner
19067:
19051:Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era
19048:
18822:. University of North Carolina Press.
18766:
18716:
18607:
18587:Randall, J. G.; Donald, David (2016).
18556:
18537:
18528:
18460:
18437:
18277:
18178:
18138:
18105:
18084:
18061:
17983:
17687:
17557:
17495:Barber, Benjamin (February 17, 2022).
17494:
17438:Waxman, Olivia B. (January 12, 2022).
17437:
17383:
17165:
17140:
17090:
17013:
16985:Locke, Joseph L.; Wright, Ben (2022).
16925:
16749:from the original on November 21, 2018
16732:
16235:
16210:
15967:
15850:
15790:
15680:
15655:
15550:
15404:Financial History of the United States
15309:
15246:
15092:
15035:
15020:
14981:
14882:
14870:
14794:
14279:
14231:
14211:
14110:
14057:
13974:
13923:
13763:
13741:Retreat from reconstruction: 1869–1879
13726:
13702:
13521:
13303:
13150:
13138:
13096:
12973:. New York: Anchor Books. p. 16.
12956:
12934:
12919:
12907:
12859:
12829:. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company.
12676:
12623:
12590:
12532:
12431:
12404:
12375:. Princeton University Press. p.
12352:
12319:
12300:
12226:
12096:United States House of Representatives
12019:
11914:
11908:
11889:
11470:
11317:
11178:
11085:
10751:"The Future of Reconstruction Studies"
10748:
10715:
10697:from the original on February 25, 2021
10556:
9567:most substantial families of the land.
9343:in 1874, active in Louisiana; and the
8656:African Americans in Office 1870–1876
8373:
8298:, the strongest of these laws was the
7995:: Texas and Louisiana, under Generals
7030:emancipated slaves in South Carolina,
6943:As a component of Reconstruction, the
6292:lay in ruins, with little railroad or
6174:Abolition of slavery and social reform
6138:to secure voting rights in the South.
6011:, but he was not removed from office.
5893:played a vital role in establishing a
3998:1912 racial conflict in Forsyth County
34612:Legal history of Georgia (U.S. state)
34587:History of the Southern United States
34007:
33103:
32851:Andrew Johnson National Historic Site
32546:
31868:Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site
31484:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
31376:
31317:Landmark African-American legislation
29368:
29342:
29257:Slavery during the American Civil War
29070:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
28450:
27932:
27694:
27356:
26160:
26104:
23405:
23392:
23270:Women's suffrage in the United States
21959:Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction
20223:
20073:Eisen, Mimi and Ursula Wolfe-Rocca. "
19790:
19781:
19751:
19497:from the original on January 13, 2020
19486:
19404:from the original on October 12, 2015
19177:
19129:from the original on January 18, 2022
18968:
18957:
18865:
18771:. University of North Carolina Press.
18690:
18656:
18572:. New York: Oxford University Press.
18533:. University of North Carolina Press.
18299:
18271:(University of Chicago Press, 2022).
18246:
18200:
18169:
18005:
17971:
17946:
17908:
17877:
17863:. New York: Oxford University Press.
17856:
17847:
17784:https://doi.org/10.1515/9780823296828
17713:
17630:
17553:. University of North Carolina Press.
17422:
17384:Greene, Robert II (August 13, 2019).
17251:
17177:
16966:from the original on December 9, 2022
16892:
16880:
16855:
16831:
16695:
16649:
16608:
16503:
16353:Twentieth-century American Historians
16296:
16173:
16104:
16046:from the original on January 24, 2001
16022:
15955:
15930:
15916:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFFoner (
15865:, January 13, 1875, pp. 106–107.
15838:
15826:
15814:
15802:
15778:
15766:
15754:
15742:
15426:
15370:
15294:
15282:
15270:
15222:
15181:
15144:
15117:
14969:
14917:
14885:Northern Methodism and Reconstruction
14858:
14831:
14819:
14766:
14748:from the original on November 4, 2020
14730:
14641:
14629:
14572:
14492:
14449:
14437:
14425:
14401:
14384:
14341:
14326:
14322:
14306:
14267:
14255:
14243:
14219:
14199:
14138:
14098:
14081:
14033:
14006:
13977:The Irish and the American Presidency
13956:from the original on December 1, 2020
13836:
13787:
13766:, Vol. 1 p. 323; Vol. 2 pp. 645, 698.
13714:
13597:
13533:
13481:
13469:
13389:
13358:from the original on December 3, 2020
13043:
12713:
12443:
12120:
11999:. New York: Oxford University Press.
11994:
11941:
11935:
11852:
11823:
11766:
11428:
11318:Ransom, Roger L. (February 1, 2010).
11108:
11106:
11097:
11070:
11016:from the original on January 18, 2022
10975:
10973:
10882:from the original on January 18, 2022
10819:
10801:from the original on January 18, 2022
10719:
10483:The Zinn Education Project's report,
10375:of the White Man's Burden – 1865–1900
10323:
9899:, by an electoral margin of 185–184.
9350:
8108:as their presidential candidate, and
7549:
7309:Johnson's presidential Reconstruction
7180:
7046:Gradual emancipation and compensation
6982:
6978:Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction
6014:Under Johnson's successor, President
4964:Athletic associations and conferences
4453:History of African-American education
1745:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1422:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
211:
34389:
33593:Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant
33344:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
33129:
32825:1866 & 1867 U.S. House elections
31886:Republican National Convention, 1856
30448:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
22377:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
22065:Confederates surrender at Appomattox
21877:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
20178:"Reconstruction: Era and Definition"
20170:"Civil Rights During Reconstruction"
19837:The Failed Promise: Reconstruction,
19518:. Richmond: R. M. Smith – via
19076:(Updated ed.). Harper Collins.
18936:
18723:The Era of Reconstruction, 1865–1877
18524:. New York: Oxford University Press.
18463:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
18155:. Louisiana State University Press.
17659:
17024:from the original on August 20, 2022
16995:from the original on August 21, 2022
16650:Jones, Martha S. (January 7, 2022).
16507:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
16453:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
15312:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
14949:. Nashville: Abingdon. p. 323.
14653:
14604:Sewanee: The University of the South
14461:
14347:
13442:
13256:
12940:Report on the Condition of the South
12651:
12624:Zebley, Kathleen (October 8, 2017).
12368:
12024:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
11918:Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man
11298:
10907:Downs, Gregory; Masur, Kate (2017).
10744:
10742:
10740:
10513:Reconstruction Era National Monument
10090:
10026:(1927), the Civil War was really a:
9840:Electoral Commission (United States)
8052:"This is a white man's government",
7735:
7209:
7104:, a prominent 19th-century American
6875:Freedmen voting in New Orleans, 1867
6630:leaders argued that slavery and the
6499:October 9 through November 6, 1866:
6487:38 people are killed and 146 wounded
6396:January 1, 1863: Lincoln issues the
6353:of voters must pledge that they had
4887:Association for the Study of African
1942:Slave marriages in the United States
1541:Human trafficking in the Middle East
34567:Aftermath of the American Civil War
34154:Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes
34116:1876 Republican National Convention
32600:Vice President of the United States
31402:
30802:African-American Vernacular English
29262:End of slavery in the United States
23233:United Daughters of the Confederacy
22364:American Woman Suffrage Association
22359:National Woman Suffrage Association
22286:Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson
20585:Women during the Reconstruction era
19769:from the original on August 2, 2019
19695:Dunning, William Archibald (1905).
19462:
19209:Reconstruction: Opposing Viewpoints
18662:The Presidents: A Reference History
18066:Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President
17315:from the original on April 29, 2019
17093:A Companion to 19th-century America
16305:. New York: F. Ungar. p. 147.
16213:Booker T. Washington in Perspective
15658:Encyclopedia of American Journalism
15010:– via University of Kentucky.
12603:Mikkelson, Barbara (May 27, 2011).
11836:Severance, Benjamin Horton (2002).
10403:United Daughters of the Confederacy
10067:
9799:
9405:1868 Democratic National Convention
8172:Grant's presidential Reconstruction
8089:
7663:The last moderate proposal was the
7631:of an African American is depicted.
7614:
6831:and Negroes protected themselves".
6506:March 4, 1867: Congress passes the
6468:March 27, 1866: Johnson vetoes the
6366:to the United States Constitution.
5701:Race and ethnicity in the US census
5202:African-American Vernacular English
4771:National Conference of Black Mayors
1276:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
24:
32572:
32236:Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State
30720:U.S. cities with large populations
30423:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
29140:John Quincy Adams and abolitionism
26691:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
26681:Assassination of James A. Garfield
23275:Labor history of the United States
22311:South Carolina readmitted to Union
22308:North Carolina readmitted to Union
22291:Impeachment managers investigation
22230:Constitutional conventions of 1867
21906:National Women's Rights Convention
19946:American Political Science Review.
19898:on September 22, 2006 – via
19821:from the original on June 27, 2021
19626:
19346:
18702:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
18490:Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson (1917).
18234:from the original on March 4, 2016
18126:from the original on April 7, 2023
18030:Reconstruction After the Civil War
17811:
17729:The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant
17507:from the original on March 8, 2022
17476:from the original on March 8, 2022
17404:from the original on March 8, 2022
16238:"Historians of the Reconstruction"
15914:, pp. 555–556, Which source?.
15660:. London: Routledge. p. 441.
15493:Steedman, Marek D. (Spring 2009).
15462:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
15344:For an econometric approach, see:
14941:Norwood, Fredrick A., ed. (1982).
14700:from the original on July 21, 2011
14596:
11447:from the original on June 16, 2012
11103:
10994:University of North Carolina Press
10992:(1). Chapel Hill, North Carolina:
10970:
10763:University of North Carolina Press
10761:(1). Chapel Hill, North Carolina:
8942:. Historian Ralph Morrow reports:
8907:(which was sponsored by the White
8905:Colored Methodist Episcopal Church
8897:African Methodist Episcopal Church
8270:that allowed the Attorney General
8027:describes what happened in Texas:
7362:, King Andy with "prime minister"
7113:Installation of military governors
6731:against Black people, such as the
6496:to rally support for his policies.
6244:, and constitutional equality for
4904:National Black Chamber of Commerce
2492: Modern Era
1930:last survivors of American slavery
25:
34698:
34677:Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes
34255:University, Hayes and Orton Halls
34174:Baltimore railroad strike of 1877
33776:Grant Cottage State Historic Site
33500:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
32797:Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson
32116:Association of Lincoln Presenters
31555:13th Amendment abolishing slavery
29593:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
29589:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
29396:African American founding fathers
29307:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
29252:Origins of the American Civil War
28959:African American founding fathers
28902:Education during the slave period
26723:Assassination of William McKinley
24242:Director of National Intelligence
22516:United States expedition to Korea
22223:Reconstruction military districts
20009:
19640:"Reconstruction and its Benefits"
19060:
18907:. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
18345:McCarthy, Charles Hallan (1901).
17911:A Short History of Reconstruction
16543:Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction
16409:The Rise of American Civilization
15911:
14366:from the original on June 4, 2021
13166:Reconstruction: A Reference Guide
12745:Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction
11434:"If Lincoln hadn't died ..."
11264:A History of the South, 1607–1936
11057:Text of Emancipation Proclamation
10980:Brundage, Fitzhugh (March 2017).
10737:
10641:. www.nps.gov. February 24, 2023.
10467:mark of the old Dunning School."
10187:More recent work by Nina Silber,
10024:The Rise of American Civilization
9796:counties that were not occupied.
8992:
8909:Methodist Episcopal Church, South
8467:state constitutional conventions
7829:Civil rights movement (1896–1954)
7572:Joint Committee on Reconstruction
6087:proposed 1863, starting with the
5608:Places by plurality of population
4274:Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
4264:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
4217:Abolitionism in the United States
4124:Civil rights movement (1896–1954)
4119:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
3750:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer
891:Field slaves in the United States
758:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
34449:
34432:
34415:
34398:
34370:
34358:
34346:
34314:
34313:
33987:
33986:
33160:Grant and the American Civil War
33083:
33082:
32846:Andrew Johnson National Cemetery
32524:
32513:
32512:
32094:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins
31617:State of the Union Address, 1863
31355:
30473:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
29618:Nadir of American race relations
29055:History of slavery by U.S. state
28822:Slave trade in the United States
28430:
28421:
28420:
28385:
28384:
26942:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
26735:Nadir of American race relations
26614:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
24398:Government Accountability Office
22070:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
20364:African-American representatives
20148:Smith, Llewellyn M., dir. 2004.
19558:"1868 Democratic Party Platform"
19511:Matthews, James M., ed. (1864).
19180:The Journal of the Civil War Era
19151:The Journal of the Civil War Era
18961:The Republic for Which It Stands
18847:Summers, Mark Wahlgren (2014a).
18521:The Reconstruction of the Nation
18348:Lincoln's Plan of Reconstruction
18109:Reconstruction A Concise History
17823:The Civil War and Reconstruction
17673:. University Press of Kentucky.
17488:
17457:
17431:
17416:
17377:
17354:
17272:
17254:The Georgia Historical Quarterly
17245:
17202:
17171:
17134:
17099:
17084:
17036:
17007:
16978:
16947:
16919:
16886:
16825:
16780:
16761:
16726:
16643:
16621:
16575:
16534:
16497:
16490:A History Of The South 1607 1936
16443:
16429:. Knopf Doubleday. p. 303.
16416:
16399:
16344:
16317:
16290:
16229:
16204:
16167:
16135:
16098:
16070:
16028:
15973:
15868:
15856:
15699:
15674:
15656:Vaughn, Stephen L., ed. (2007).
15649:
15619:
15517:
15486:
15447:
15420:
15393:
15364:
15338:
15175:
15150:
15097:. University Press of Kentucky.
15093:Vaughn, William Preston (2015).
15086:
14975:
14945:Sourcebook of American Methodism
14934:
14911:
14876:
14825:
14788:
14724:
14672:
14647:
14590:
14529:
14104:
13975:Yanoso, Nicole Anderson (2017).
13876:
13805:
13732:
13666:
13564:
13539:
13487:
13436:
13411:
13395:
13370:
13338:
13297:
13257:Pope, James Gray (Spring 2014).
13250:
13213:
13156:
13102:
12962:
12499:Lincoln's plan of Reconstruction
11921:. New York: Knopf. p. 201.
11320:"The Economics of the Civil War"
10910:The Reconstruction Era 1861–1900
10660:Louisiana State University Press
10612:"The First Vote" by William Waud
10581:
10549:
10332:A poster for the 1939 epic film
10058:A History of The South 1607-1936
9762:1875 Ohio gubernatorial election
9638:
8198:Effective civil rights executive
8129:into Canada, and calling on the
7740:
6602:Restoring the South to the Union
6382:March 3, 1862: Lincoln appoints
5783:
4305:Black Belt in the American South
3810:Frazier B. Baker and Julia Baker
3582:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3469:
3468:
2099:
768:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
763:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
592:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
362:
194:
181:
143:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
34632:Legal history of South Carolina
34627:Legal history of North Carolina
34250:Rutherford B. Hayes High School
32652:1864 U.S. presidential election
32525:
32079:Illinois Centennial half dollar
32020:Presidential Library and Museum
31696:Second inaugural address (1865)
29479:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
29469:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
26644:First transcontinental railroad
23072:Black Reconstruction in America
22945:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
22855:1876 State of the Union Address
22782:1875 State of the Union Address
22709:1874 State of the Union Address
22633:1873 State of the Union Address
22572:1872 State of the Union Address
22521:1871 State of the Union Address
22460:1870 State of the Union Address
22409:1869 State of the Union Address
22404:First transcontinental railroad
22343:1868 State of the Union Address
22250:1867 State of the Union Address
22085:1865 State of the Union Address
22010:1864 State of the Union Address
21984:1863 State of the Union Address
21893:Woman in the Nineteenth Century
20194:"The Civil War: Reconstruction"
20118:"Reconstruction in Mississippi"
19983:Nast, Thomas, magazine cartoons
19683:Black Reconstruction in America
19620:, early abolitionist manifesto.
18816:Summers, Mark Wahlgren (2014).
18797:Summers, Mark Wahlgren (2009).
18559:Emancipation and Reconstruction
18210:Kaczorowski, Robert J. (1995).
18032:. University of Chicago Press.
17523:
17049:The Journal of Economic History
17020:. University of Chicago Press.
16776:(2): 135–144 – via JSTOR.
16487:Hesseltine, William B. (1936).
15188:The Journal of Economic History
13306:"Thirteenth Amendment optimism"
13304:Greene, Jamal (November 2012).
12896:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001)
12872:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001)
12798:
12767:
12734:
12707:
12670:
12645:
12617:
12596:
12398:
12362:
12261:
12236:
12149:
12114:
12084:
12071:
12046:
12013:
11988:
11895:
11858:
11829:
11760:
11755:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001)
11743:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001)
11731:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001)
11699:
11672:
11635:
11630:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001)
11601:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001)
11520:
11515:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001)
11488:
11380:
11343:
11311:
11292:
11279:
11251:
11172:
11126:The Journal of Economic History
11116:; Lewis, Frank D. (June 1975).
11050:
11039:
11028:
10945:
10920:
10900:
10540:
10450:
10262:Black Reconstruction in America
9572:Democrats try a "New Departure"
8327:Prosecution of the Ku Klux Klan
8018:Kentucky and Missouri in 1866.
7268:Lincoln and Secretary of State
7201:Legalization of slave marriages
7083:
6320:unionist government in Virginia
6053:national birthright citizenship
5943:. He was replaced by President
5941:fighting was drawing to a close
5909:. Congress later established a
4909:National Council of Negro Women
3963:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
3953:Spring Valley Race Riot of 1895
3673:Expulsions of African Americans
1718:Committee of Experts on Slavery
1269:East, Southeast, and South Asia
36:Reconstruction (disambiguation)
34672:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant
34058:29th and 32nd Governor of Ohio
34050:President of the United States
33144:President of the United States
33014:Bibliography of Andrew Johnson
32815:1866 National Union Convention
32757:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
32685:Inauguration of Andrew Johnson
32657:1864 National Union Convention
32589:President of the United States
32183:Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln
31740:Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co.
31683:First inaugural address (1861)
31668:Lincoln–Douglas debates (1858)
31418:President of the United States
30468:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
29474:Civil right movement 1896–1954
28917:List of American slave traders
28797:Slavery among Native Americans
26041:Separation of church and state
24257:National Reconnaissance Office
24200:President of the United States
22145:Petition for Universal Freedom
22126:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
20111:University of Illinois Chicago
20060:Bragg, William Harris. 2019.
19985:pro-Radical editorial cartoons
19377:, and Steven F. Miller (1993).
19101:(2014). 30 essays by scholars.
18916:; McPherson, James M. (2002).
18889:Thompson, C. Mildred (2010) .
18851:. Princeton University Press.
18593:. Pickle Partners Publishing.
17956:. New York: Harper & Row.
17913:. New York: Harper Perennial.
17714:Brown, Thomas J., ed. (2008).
17213:. The Atlantic. Archived from
17017:Building the American Republic
16236:Taylor, A. A. (January 1938).
15435:. Princeton University Press.
14795:Walker, Clarence Earl (1982).
13494:Campbell, Randolph B. (2003).
13418:Phillips, Christopher (2016).
12510:– via Project Gutenberg.
11915:Donald, David Herbert (1970).
11645:Tennessee Historical Quarterly
11528:"The Second Inaugural Address"
10825:
10749:Harlow, Luke E. (March 2017).
10676:
10645:
10627:
10605:
10470:As reported in a January 2022
10431:list of highest-grossing films
9857:President of the United States
9297:Last of three Enforcement Acts
9279:transcontinental railroad line
9075:Taxation during Reconstruction
9046:Railroad subsidies and payoffs
8435:African American officeholders
8358:. By October, Grant suspended
8191:President of the United States
8178:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant
8152:of New York for president and
7755:format but may read better as
7258:February 1865 peace conference
7014:In August 1861, Major General
6996:President of the United States
6678:in April 1865, Vice President
5848:Southern United States history
5706:Racism against Black Americans
1417:Slave raiding in Easter Island
13:
1:
34662:Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
34572:American military occupations
34542:1870s in Georgia (U.S. state)
34502:1860s in Georgia (U.S. state)
34179:Specie Payment Resumption Act
34169:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
33390:Specie Payment Resumption Act
32777:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
31848:Cottage at the Soldier's Home
31821:Little Pigeon Creek Community
30648:Cherokee freedmen controversy
29624:The Negro Motorist Green Book
29125:George Washington and slavery
29004:American Colonization Society
28999:African-American slave owners
23192:A Visit from the Old Mistress
22891:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
22757:Specie Payment Resumption Act
22382:Board of Indian Commissioners
22314:Louisiana readmitted to Union
22276:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
22140:Tennessee readmitted to Union
21974:Women's Loyal National League
20677:Straight-Out Democratic Party
20448:Confederate States of America
20038:Behn, Richard J., ed. 2020.
19900:Duke University School of Law
19595:(1866). By Republican editor.
19207:Stalcup, Brenda, ed. (1995).
19049:Zuczek, Richard, ed. (2006).
18758:Comparative Political Studies
18684:The Reconstruction Presidents
18566:Peterson, Merrill D. (1994).
18360:. New York: Delacorte Press.
16991:. Stanford University Press.
16846:, pp. 372–373, 424, 425.
16423:Hofstadter, Richard (2012) .
15709:Arkansas Historical Quarterly
14883:Morrow, Ralph Ernest (1956).
13902:10.1080/0144039x.2016.1208911
13679:The American South: A History
13676:; Terrill, Thomas E. (2009).
13631:American Journal of Education
13110:"The Freedman's Bureau, 1866"
12969:Blackmon, Douglas A. (2009).
12496:McCarthy, Charles H. (1901).
12471:Peterson, Merrill D. (1995).
12110:– via USCode.House.gov.
10982:"Reconstruction in the South"
10528:
10207:is an example. His monograph
9364:A Visit from the Old Mistress
9315:, former South Carolina Gov.
8262:Department of Justice created
8227:as U.S. Circuit Court judge.
7871:, to allow federal courts to
7237:is especially evident in the
7002:President Lincoln signed two
6916:, in some states, they used "
6776:In 1867, Congress passed the
6702:republican form of government
6160:Confederate States of America
6141:
6108:Sea Islands of South Carolina
5860:Confederate States of America
4914:National Pan-Hellenic Council
3988:Springfield race riot of 1908
177:
155:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
34667:Presidency of Andrew Johnson
34622:Legal history of Mississippi
33264:State of the Union addresses
32471:Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith
32178:Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences
32173:Lincoln Trail State Memorial
31602:National Academy of Sciences
29130:Thomas Jefferson and slavery
28875:American proslavery movement
28837:Slave states and free states
28478:Slavery in the United States
27812:Hispanic and Latino American
26666:Second Industrial Revolution
26500:Nat Turner's slave rebellion
26206:Exploration of North America
26132:History of the United States
24403:Government Publishing Office
23871:Technological and industrial
22818:Battle of the Little Bighorn
22302:Arkansas readmitted to Union
22208:Knights of the White Camelia
22170:Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866
22116:New Orleans Massacre of 1866
22090:Founding of the Ku Klux Klan
22048:Special Field Orders No. 15
21871:Slavery in the United States
19782:Henry, Robert Selph (1938).
19757:"Why Reconstruction Matters"
19548:Palmer, Beverly Wilson, ed.
19476:Confederate Military History
19257:
18632:Richter, William L. (2009).
18529:Patton, James Welch (1934).
18438:Milton, George Fort (1930).
18192:Jenkins, Wilbert L. (2002).
18028:Franklin, John Hope (1961).
17797:. Fordham University Press.
17530:Reconstruction: Bibliography
17285:: A Study in Popular Racism"
17279:Bloomfield, Maxwell (1964).
17180:, p. 604 reprinted in:
16541:Pressly, Thomas J. (1961). "
16243:The Journal of Negro History
14164:Osborne & Bombaro (2015)
14019:Peters & Woolley (2018b)
13839:, pp. 437–453, 458–460.
13278:(2): 385–447. Archived from
13019:Farmer-Kaiser, Mary (2010).
12121:Perry, Dan W. (March 1936).
11679:Valelly, Richard M. (2004).
10986:Journal of the Civil War Era
10755:Journal of the Civil War Era
10598:
10228:Economic History Association
9548:Although historians such as
8887:, of a man reading the Bible
8285:Enforcement Acts (1870–1871)
7680:Congressional Reconstruction
7354:to a wounded soldier of the
7315:Presidency of Andrew Johnson
6737:New Orleans massacre of 1866
6061:equal protection of the laws
5973:supportive white Southerners
5716:School segregation in the US
5254:Black American Sign Language
5228:Languages and other dialects
4028:Washington race riot of 1919
2967:Hispanic and Latino American
1708:Temporary Slavery Commission
1369:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
261:New Orleans massacre of 1866
7:
34482:40th United States Congress
34189:Presidente Hayes Department
34076:23rd Ohio Infantry Regiment
33833:1922 Grant Memorial coinage
33040:Treason must be made odious
32705:Pardons for ex-Confederates
32106:Abraham Lincoln Association
31838:Lincoln-Berry General Store
31766:Political career, 1849–1861
31673:Cooper Union Address (1860)
31663:House Divided speech (1858)
31565:Department of the Northwest
30518:Black players in ice hockey
30453:National Urban League (NUL)
30279:American Society of Muslims
29517:Selma to Montgomery marches
29437:Brown v. Board of Education
29155:Abraham Lincoln and slavery
27336:Indictments of Donald Trump
26527:First Industrial Revolution
26361:Declaration of Independence
26351:Second Continental Congress
25875:Women's reproductive health
24841:Federally recognized tribes
24704:Public utilities commission
24608:Public Health Service Corps
24511:Code of Federal Regulations
24393:Congressional Budget Office
24247:Central Intelligence Agency
24153:Water supply and sanitation
23580:Declaration of Independence
23336:Race (human categorization)
22726:United States v. Cruikshank
22317:Alabama readmitted to Union
22305:Florida readmitted to Union
20122:The Historical Text Archive
20083:Green Jr., Robert P. 1991.
20079:The Zinn Education Project.
20062:"Reconstruction in Georgia"
20045:September 21, 2015, at the
19784:The Story of Reconstruction
19490:The Facts of Reconstruction
19394:Fleming, Walter L. (1905).
19229:Journal of Southern History
19034:. Oxford University Press.
18998:Journal of Southern History
18978:. Random House Publishing.
18905:Andrew Johnson: A Biography
18782:. Oxford University Press.
18776:Stowell, Daniel W. (1998).
18414:. Oxford University Press.
18306:Journal of Economic History
18139:Harris, William C. (1997).
18112:. Oxford University Press.
17814:The Negro in Reconstruction
17764:. New York: Penguin Press.
17592:Journal of Economic History
17558:Barney, William L. (1987).
17547:Anderson, James D. (1988).
17540:Scholarly secondary sources
17470:Teach Reconstruction Report
17425:Eastern National Publishing
17108:Reviews in American History
16733:Pildes, Richard H. (2000).
16379:Stampp & Litwack (1969)
16177:Journal of Southern History
16108:Journal of Southern History
15681:Abbott, Richard H. (2004).
15524:Fleming, Walter L. (1919).
15454:Sharkey, Robert P. (1967).
15371:Myers, Margaret G. (1970).
15161:. New York: Vantage Press.
15036:Fallin, Wilson Jr. (2007).
14920:The Life of Matthew Simpson
14691:United States Census Bureau
13261:United States v. Cruikshank
13223:Journal of Southern History
13186:Journal of American History
12781:American History After 1865
12741:McKitrick, Eric L. (1988).
12533:Harris, J. William (2006).
12243:Trefousse, Hans L. (1991).
11983:Randall & Donald (2016)
11706:Trefousse, Hans L. (1975).
11390:Journal of Southern History
11353:Journal of Southern History
10557:Jackson, Ed; Pou, Charles.
10501:
10416:, which enabled its author
10414:the best-selling 1936 novel
10099:historians emerged, led by
9972:Dunning School, 1900s–1920s
9773:Mississippi's 1875 election
9672:
8869:
8865:Social and economic factors
7858:
7805:United States v. Cruikshank
7456:Black Codes (United States)
6932:that had been relocated to
6804:
6412:Special Field Orders No. 15
6369:
5939:on April 14, 1865, just as
4543:African-American businesses
3915:James Harvey and Joe Jordan
1728:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
773:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
10:
34703:
34637:Legal history of Tennessee
34617:Legal history of Louisiana
34096:Battle of Cloyd's Mountain
33529:Naturalization Act of 1870
33420:U.S. Department of Justice
33380:General Mining Act of 1872
32963:Andrew Johnson and slavery
32878:Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum
32830:1868 Democratic Convention
32792:Second impeachment inquiry
31523:Overland Campaign strategy
30675:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
30433:Nashville Student Movement
29444:Children of the plantation
29229:Children of the plantation
29160:Andrew Johnson and slavery
29150:Zachary Taylor and slavery
29096:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
29065:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
29030:American slave court cases
28994:Amerindian slave ownership
27933:
27695:
27357:
27228:Killing of Osama bin Laden
26316:First Continental Congress
26161:
25053:Red states and blue states
24958:City commission government
24953:Council–manager government
22537:General Mining Act of 1872
22506:New York custom house ring
22496:Meridian race riot of 1871
22440:Naturalization Act of 1870
20208:. New Haven, Connecticut:
19940:December 14, 2020, at the
19647:American Historical Review
19422:: CS1 maint: postscript (
19094:. Blackwell (2005) 518 pp.
18964:. Oxford University Press.
18958:White, Richard C. (2017).
18736:: CS1 maint: postscript (
18569:Lincoln in American Memory
18452:: CS1 maint: postscript (
18201:Jones, Jacqueline (2010).
17848:Downs, Gregory P. (2015).
17334:Gardner, Sarah E. (2006).
14982:Howard, Victor B. (1990).
14832:Grant, Donald Lee (1993).
14141:Papers of Ulysses S. Grant
13849:Montgomery, David (1967).
13739:Gillette, William (1982).
12994:Edwards, Laura F. (1997).
12805:Lincove, David A. (2000).
12714:Smith, John David (2013).
12566:Edwards, Laura F. (1997).
12473:Lincoln in American Memory
11502:December 12, 2022, at the
11437:American Heritage Magazine
11285:Ezell, John Samuel. 1963.
11135:Cambridge University Press
10852:Cambridge University Press
10658:. Baton Rouge, Louisiana:
10652:Rodrigue, John C. (2001).
10639:U.S. National Park Service
10123:'s ring in New York City.
9837:
9816:1876 presidential election
9803:
9766:1876 Republican nomination
9707:paramilitary organizations
9642:
9575:
9476:
9458:
8913:Methodist Episcopal Church
8449:numerous African Americans
8175:
8093:
7955:: Virginia, under General
7453:
7373:Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum
7321:Andrew Johnson and slavery
7318:
7312:
7261:
7213:
7184:
7153:
6953:Southern Treaty Commission
6924:Southern Treaty Commission
6834:Radical Republican leader
6626:During the Civil War, the
6028:1876 presidential election
5947:. Johnson vetoed numerous
5868:United States Constitution
5081:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
4756:Congressional Black Caucus
4723:African Diaspora Religions
4510:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
3590:1906 Atlanta race massacre
1913:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1750:Anti-Slavery International
1515:North Africa and West Asia
294:Meridian race riot of 1871
29:
34647:Legal history of Virginia
34602:Legal history of Arkansas
34292:
34263:
34207:
34139:
34068:
34041:
33965:
33886:
33853:
33731:
33713:
33672:
33602:
33584:
33561:
33460:
33440:Yellowstone National Park
33403:
33360:Public Credit Act of 1869
33352:
33314:
33217:
33152:
33137:
33049:
33029:Ledger-removal allegation
33006:
32955:
32896:
32838:
32787:First impeachment inquiry
32675:
32629:
32580:
32492:
32393:Mary Todd "Mamie" Lincoln
32348:
32316:Parliament Square, London
32111:Abraham Lincoln Institute
32008:
31926:
31876:
31789:
31756:Medical and mental health
31704:
31688:Gettysburg Address (1863,
31640:
31607:Department of Agriculture
31513:Emancipation Proclamation
31437:
31410:
31345:
31312:Index of related articles
31190:
31105:
30829:
30762:
30700:
30600:
30561:
30493:
30486:
30401:
30321:
30313:Doctrine of Father Divine
30259:
30201:
29850:
29705:
29697:Women's suffrage movement
29650:Reconstruction Amendments
29457:Voting Rights Act of 1965
29376:
29282:Emancipation Proclamation
29242:
29207:Sexual relations and rape
29185:
29135:James Madison and slavery
29017:
28865:
28787:
28780:
28759:
28745:
28484:
28406:
28372:
28316:
28280:
28268:
28007:
27981:
27943:
27939:
27928:
27701:
27690:
27363:
27352:
27218:
27121:
27049:
26950:
26861:
26812:Wall Street Crash of 1929
26743:
26624:
26609:Emancipation Proclamation
26540:
26463:
26411:
26378:Articles of Confederation
26331:
26216:Native American epidemics
26196:
26171:
26167:
26156:
26138:
26062:
25888:
25761:
25693:
25346:
25342:
25333:
25281:
25146:
25137:
25033:
25004:
24981:
24920:
24887:
24878:
24821:
24809:Comparison of governments
24784:
24747:
24724:
24640:
24620:
24551:
24489:
24411:
24334:
24192:
24183:
24179:
24170:
23892:
23883:
23828:
23788:Post-Cold War (1991–2008)
23629:drafting and ratification
23602:Articles of Confederation
23515:
23449:
23440:
23399:
23373:
23303:
23262:
23178:
23129:Been in the Storm So Long
23049:William Archibald Dunning
23009:The American Commonwealth
22977:
22970:
22899:
22863:
22790:
22717:
22679:Election Massacre of 1874
22641:
22580:
22529:
22468:
22417:
22387:Public Credit Act of 1869
22351:
22326:Fourth Reconstruction Act
22258:
22235:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
22185:
22098:
22018:
21992:
21979:New York City draft riots
21949:Emancipation Proclamation
21941:
21858:
21851:
21801:
20823:
20777:
20731:
20624:National Union Convention
20604:
20597:
20456:
20433:
20369:Reconstruction Amendments
20359:African-American senators
20264:
20257:
20020:The National Park Service
19852:Been in the Storm So Long
19701:. Harper & brothers.
19680:Du Bois, W. E. B. (1935)
19536:. Solomons & Chapman.
19468:"The South Since the War"
19353:Barnes, William H., ed.,
18760:54.11 (2021): 1939–1983.
18608:Rhodes, James F. (1920).
18518:Patrick, Rembert (1967).
18319:10.1017/S0022050719000755
18300:Logan, Trevon D. (2020).
18216:Fordham Urban Law Journal
18106:Guelzo, Allen C. (2018).
18085:Guelzo, Allen C. (2004).
18062:Guelzo, Allen C. (1999).
17890:Egerton, Douglas (2014).
17873:– via Google Books.
17669:Bradley, Mark L. (2009).
17605:10.1017/S0022050721000590
17062:10.1017/S0022050700040602
17014:Watson, Harry L. (2018).
16739:Constitutional Commentary
16297:Beale, Howard K. (1958).
15994:10.1017/S0043887119000157
15931:Rable, George C. (1984).
15626:Schuckers, J. W. (1874).
15201:10.1017/S0022050719000755
15182:Logan, Trevon D. (2020).
14918:Clark, Robert D. (1956).
14717:October 19, 2020, at the
14712:available from Census.gov
14539:Journal of Policy History
13872:– via Google Books.
13445:North Carolina Law Review
12677:Rawley, James A. (2003).
12369:Hall, Clifton R. (1916).
12172:– via Google Books.
11942:Ayers, Edward L. (2007).
11931:– via Google Books.
11865:Gienapp, William (2002).
11695:– via Google Books.
11324:Economic History Services
11143:10.1017/S0022050700075070
11133:(2). Cambridge, England:
10860:10.1017/S1537781414000516
10850:(1). Cambridge, England:
10617:February 2, 2014, at the
9943:Legacy and historiography
9887:announced that Hayes and
9834:Hayes ends Reconstruction
9578:New Departure (Democrats)
9339:organized, including the
9248:National financial issues
9221:Hollander, J. H. (1900).
8826:
8812:
8798:
8784:
8770:
8756:
8740:
8726:
8712:
8698:
8684:
8628:
8611:
8594:
8577:
8560:
8543:
8526:
8509:
8492:
8465:Race of delegates to 1867
8335:Grant's Attorney General
8141:to move their paper, the
7714:United States citizenship
7707:Constitutional amendments
7300:Historical legacy debated
7249:Bans color discrimination
7156:Emancipation Proclamation
7150:Emancipation Proclamation
6748:existing U.S. territories
6437:Army of Northern Virginia
6398:Emancipation Proclamation
6364:Reconstruction Amendments
6324:Francis Harrison Pierpont
6166:on the Union garrison at
6089:Emancipation Proclamation
6073:Emancipation Proclamation
6066:
5983:," who sought to restore
5928:" and vetoed the radical
5907:Emancipation Proclamation
5588:US states and territories
4889:American Life and History
4611:Lift Every Voice and Sing
4320:Treatment of the enslaved
4023:Chicago race riot of 1919
2014:Emancipation Proclamation
1681:Opposition and resistance
1439:Sex trafficking in Europe
1427:Blackbirding in Polynesia
990:Trans-Saharan slave trade
250:
190:
180:
172:
163:Reconstruction Amendments
134:
112:
102:
86:
55:
50:
45:
34607:Legal history of Florida
34597:Legal history of Alabama
34086:Battle of South Mountain
33642:Ulysses S. Grant Cottage
33544:Civil Rights Act of 1875
33452:Electoral Commission Act
33430:Civil Service Commission
33034:Buell Commission records
32910:Martha Johnson Patterson
32752:Civil Rights Act of 1866
32710:State of the Union, 1865
32387:Thomas "Tad" Lincoln III
32229:Abraham Lincoln: The Man
31811:Lincoln Boyhood Memorial
31528:Hampton Roads Conference
31362:United States portal
30797:African-American English
30226:Inventors and scientists
29918:George Washington Carver
29522:Chicago Freedom Movement
29267:Compensated emancipation
28298:Northern Mariana Islands
26871:Strike wave of 1945–1946
25828:Prescription drug prices
24948:Mayor–council government
24938:Coterminous municipality
24928:Consolidated city-county
24694:Agriculture commissioner
24344:House of Representatives
24252:National Security Agency
23902:Contiguous United States
22845:Safe burglary conspiracy
22732:Civil Rights Act of 1875
22511:Civil service commission
22111:Memphis massacre of 1866
22106:Civil Rights Act of 1866
21922:Confiscation Act of 1862
21917:Confiscation Act of 1861
20672:Liberal Republican Party
20354:Conservative Republicans
20067:New Georgia Encyclopedia
19953:Newspapers and magazines
19906:available via WikiSource
19882:Simkins, William Stewart
19809:Jon Bekken (July 2020).
19803:August 15, 2021, at the
19105:Parfait, Claire (2009).
18767:Stover, John F. (1955).
18557:Perman, Michael (2003).
18538:Perman, Michael (1985).
18253:. Westholme Publishing.
18205:. New York: Basic Books.
18179:Hunter, Tera W. (1997).
17660:Blum, Edward J. (2005).
17577:Behrend, Justin (2015).
17371:New Georgia Encyclopedia
16856:Baker, Bruce E. (2007).
16313:– via Archive.org.
15540:– via Archive.org.
15470:– via Archive.org.
15443:– via Archive.org.
15416:– via Archive.org.
15389:– via Archive.org.
15346:Ohanian, Lee E. (2018).
15157:Mayberry, B. D. (1992).
15054:– via Archive.org.
14959:– via Archive.org.
13924:Knight, Matthew (2017).
13086:– via Archive.org.
13061:Schouler, James (1913).
12922:, pp. 251, 284–286.
12763:– via Archive.org.
12405:Warner, Ezra J. (1964).
12394:– via Archive.org.
11960:– via Archive.org.
11496:New Georgia Encyclopedia
11275:– via Archive.org.
10589:Civil Rights Act of 1957
10563:Today in Georgia History
10533:
10435:New Georgia Encyclopedia
10157:Civil Rights Act of 1964
10141:representation on juries
9891:had been elected to the
9865:Electoral Commission Act
9427:Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer
9210:Reynolds, J. S. (1905).
8414:Countered election fraud
8408:Civil Rights Act of 1964
8392:Civil Rights Act of 1875
8386:Civil Rights Act of 1875
8306:and suspend the writ of
7984:Fourth Military District
7962:Second Military District
7921:Fourth Military District
7903:Second Military District
7486:Civil Rights Act of 1866
7392:, the commandant of the
7264:Hampton Roads Conference
7078:Hampton Roads Conference
7052:compensated emancipation
6715:By 1866, the faction of
6580:Civil Rights Act of 1875
6508:first Reconstruction Act
6485:July 30, 1866: At least
6470:Civil Rights Act of 1866
6446:April 14, 1865: Lincoln
6419:Hampton Roads Conference
6391:Confiscation Act of 1862
6377:Confiscation Act of 1861
6024:Civil Rights Act of 1875
5979:. They were opposed by "
5790:United States portal
5197:African-American English
4708:African-American Muslims
4269:Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
3983:Atlanta Massacre of 1906
2470:
2448:
2426:
2415:
2393:
2382:
2360:
2349:
2338:
2327:
2305:
2294:
2283:
2261:
2239:
2228:
2206:
2195:
2173:
2162:
1789:Compensated emancipation
1000:Indian Ocean slave trade
34522:1860s in South Carolina
34517:1860s in North Carolina
33512:Enforcement Act of 1870
32820:Swing Around the Circle
32461:(17th-century ancestor)
32381:William Wallace Lincoln
31863:Lincoln Pioneer Village
31678:Farewell Address (1861)
31587:Fanny McCullough letter
31518:West Virginia statehood
31508:Habeas Corpus suspended
31285:African-American firsts
30334:Back-to-Africa movement
30303:Black Hebrew Israelites
30083:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
29631:Partus sequitur ventrem
29102:Partus sequitur ventrem
29045:Three-fifths Compromise
27833:Middle Eastern American
27650:Technology and industry
26520:Seneca Falls Convention
26321:Continental Association
26221:Settlement of Jamestown
25913:Criticism of government
25258:Social welfare programs
24851:State-recognized tribes
23836:Outline of U.S. history
23548:Continental Association
23341:Reconstruction Treaties
23160:A Nation Under Our Feet
23108:From Slavery to Freedom
22938:Williams v. Mississippi
22922:United States v. Harris
22813:Great Sioux War of 1876
22752:Yazoo City Riot of 1875
22654:Battle of Liberty Place
22542:Crédit Mobilier scandal
22491:Alcorn State University
22430:Enforcement Act of 1870
22296:Articles of impeachment
22203:Indian Peace Commission
22121:Swing Around the Circle
22058:Freedmen's Bureau bills
21900:Seneca Falls Convention
20629:Radical Democracy Party
20580:Freedman's Savings Bank
20116:Mabry, Donald J. 2006.
20101:August 1, 2015, at the
20094:Jensen, Richard. 2006.
20091:(July/August): 153–157.
20051:Mr. Lincoln and Freedom
19791:Keith, LeeAnna (2020).
19744:Fitzgerald, Michael R.
19733:excerpt and text search
19727:Fitzgerald, Michael W.
19598:Smith, John David, ed.
19487:Lynch, John R. (1913).
19449:Memoirs of W. W. Holden
19390:(via Internet Archive).
19137:– via Cairn Info.
19097:Frantz, Edward O., ed.
18840:March 20, 2021, at the
18804:excerpt and text search
18170:Hubbs, G. Ward (2015).
18046:Gates Jr, Henry Louis.
17699:. New York: Doubleday.
16708:Feldman, Glenn (2004).
15592:, Vol. II, pp. 328–329.
15511:10.3167/hrrh2009.350106
14656:A Nation under Our Feet
14139:Simon, John Y. (1967).
13889:Slavery & Abolition
13883:Gleeson, David (2016).
13259:"Snubbed landmark: Why
12774:Billington, Ray Allen;
12720:. Penguin. p. 17.
12053:Feldman, Glenn (2004).
11708:The Radical Republicans
10424:, and an award-winning
10412:, first in the form of
10155:and the passage of the
9760:in the hotly contested
9741:out of office and seat
9445:Battle of Liberty Place
9019:Alcorn State University
8884:The Lord is My Shepherd
8080:consent of the governed
7993:Fifth Military District
7971:Third Military District
7953:First Military District
7930:Fifth Military District
7912:Third Military District
7894:First Military District
7879:Military Reconstruction
7843:Williams v. Mississippi
7808:(1875), related to the
7764:converting this section
7440:Benjamin Franklin Perry
7400:, and guerilla leaders
7282:John Archibald Campbell
6771:
6752:Three-fifths Compromise
6710:
6676:Lincoln's assassination
6669:
6664:Lincoln's assassination
6636:Confederate States Army
6557:February 28, 1871: The
6549:Enforcement Act of 1870
6501:Congressional elections
6431:April 9, 1865: General
6106:in Virginia and in the
5711:Reparations for slavery
4799:Back-to-Africa movement
4698:Black Hebrew Israelites
4576:African-American beauty
4096:Back to Africa movement
3643:Anti-miscegenation laws
2988:Middle Eastern American
2810:Technology and industry
1713:1926 Slavery Convention
1469:Germany in World War II
1086:North and South America
608:Contract of manumission
309:Battle of Liberty Place
34642:Legal history of Texas
34245:Hayes County, Nebraska
34060:(1868–1872, 1876–1877)
33803:Ohio Statehouse statue
33517:Second Enforcement Act
33480:Native American policy
33209:Commanding generalship
32904:Eliza McCardle Johnson
32621:(1853–1857, 1862–1865)
32608:Senator from Tennessee
32168:Lincoln Heritage Trail
32153:Lincoln Park (Chicago)
32052:Photographs of Lincoln
31992:O Captain! My Captain!
31253:Spingarn Medal winners
30742:States and territories
30513:Black NFL quarterbacks
30013:Martin Luther King Jr.
29545:Dred Scott v. Sandford
29484:Montgomery bus boycott
29177:Supreme Court Justices
29145:John Tyler and slavery
29120:Presidents and slavery
29109:Dred Scott v. Sandford
27953:Admission to the Union
27319:Afghanistan withdrawal
27314:January 6 insurrection
27233:Rise in mass shootings
27205:Virginia Tech shooting
26758:Paris Peace Conference
26532:Second Great Awakening
26271:American Enlightenment
25975:Environmental movement
25818:Health insurance costs
25713:Educational attainment
25238:Federal Reserve System
25196:Science and technology
24699:Insurance commissioner
24237:Intelligence Community
23932:minor outlying islands
23695:Civil rights movement
23316:Forty acres and a mule
23039:Walter Lynwood Fleming
22824:United States v. Reese
22481:Second Enforcement Act
20711:Prohibition Convention
20443:Southern United States
20107:Scholars' Guide to WWW
19994:June 10, 2010, at the
19676:on September 27, 2011.
19616:July 25, 2002, at the
19455:Hyman, Harold M., ed.
18809:March 7, 2017, at the
18442:; from Dunning School.
17750:10.14296/RiH/2014/2270
17528:For more sources, see
16960:History Open Textbooks
16927:Burton, Orville Vernon
16813:Foner & 1990 (255)
16426:Progressive Historians
16324:Tulloch, Hugh (1999).
15499:Historical Reflections
14111:Brands, H. W. (2013).
13674:Cooper, William J. Jr.
12631:Tennessee Encyclopedia
12320:Catton, Bruce (1963).
12127:Chronicles of Oklahoma
12020:DuBois, Ellen (1978).
11767:Hyman, Harold (1959).
11259:Hesseltine, William B.
10932:Zinn Education Project
10499:
10481:
10448:
10339:
10321:
10301:
10046:
10032:
10008:historical revisionism
9999:
9860:
9733:
9598:
9569:
9560:
9494:
9436:
9400:
9387:Walter Lynwood Fleming
9366:
9321:Nathan Bedford Forrest
9257:
9245:
9063:
9026:state institutions as
9008:disenfranchised Blacks
8990:
8981:
8967:
8949:
8931:, to the U.S. Senate.
8911:) and the well-funded
8888:
8444:
8356:Southern United States
8351:
8340:
8321:
8194:
8131:Johnson administration
8071:
8058:Nathan Bedford Forrest
8034:
8001:Winfield Scott Hancock
7933:
7689:
7647:
7632:
7609:
7600:
7535:
7522:
7513:extrajudicial killings
7473:
7464:An October 24th, 1874
7435:
7398:Andersonville, Georgia
7376:
7230:Freedmen's Bureau Bill
7228:On March 3, 1865, the
7225:
7165:
6999:
6876:
6814:
6784:in the South and used
6719:led by Representative
6623:
6598:
6585:November 6, 1876: The
6559:Second Enforcement Act
6540:February 3, 1870: The
6494:national speaking tour
6461:December 6, 1865: The
6309:
5181:Dialects and languages
4341:Second Great Migration
4066:Anti-lynching movement
4003:1917 Chester race riot
3993:Johnson–Jeffries riots
3860:Laura and L. D. Nelson
3100:Admission to the Union
1194:British Virgin Islands
746:Circassian slave trade
712:Safavid imperial harem
707:Ottoman Imperial Harem
34:. For other uses, see
34240:Club Presidente Hayes
34194:Chinese Exclusion Act
34101:Ohio State University
34091:Army of West Virginia
33978:Rutherford B. Hayes →
33415:Judiciary Act of 1869
33365:Copyright Act of 1870
33259:Judicial appointments
32747:Judicial Circuits Act
32695:Judicial appointments
32619:Governor of Tennessee
32467:(great-granddaughter)
32465:Mary Lincoln Beckwith
32423:Sarah Lincoln Grigsby
32399:Jessie Harlan Lincoln
32276:Hodgenville, Kentucky
32256:Emancipation Memorial
31714:Early life and career
31648:Lyceum address (1838)
31632:Judicial appointments
31577:National Banking Acts
31572:Homestead Act of 1862
30563:Athletic associations
30498:Negro league baseball
30269:African-American Jews
29988:Ketanji Brown Jackson
29953:Henry Highland Garnet
29812:Negro National Anthem
29562:George Floyd protests
29527:Post–civil rights era
29050:Slave and free states
29040:Fugitive Slave Clause
28954:List of abolitionists
28807:Slavery in New France
27945:Territorial evolution
27309:George Floyd Protests
27292:Unite the Right rally
27161:Oklahoma City bombing
27156:Republican Revolution
27103:Space Shuttle program
26925:Civil Rights Movement
26893:North Atlantic Treaty
26701:Sherman Antitrust Act
26686:Chinese Exclusion Act
26276:French and Indian War
26266:Prelude to Revolution
26251:First Great Awakening
26211:European colonization
25801:Immigrant health care
25316:Transportation safety
25311:Transportation policy
25301:Public transportation
24371:President pro tempore
24227:Executive departments
23996:National Park Service
23651:Territorial evolution
23290:Civil rights movement
23226:The Birth of a Nation
22835:Centennial Exposition
22689:Black Hills Gold Rush
22604:Slaughter-House Cases
22476:Ku Klux Klan hearings
21954:General Order No. 143
20573:James Mitchell Ashley
20055:The Lehrman Institute
19967:July 5, 2008, at the
19738:June 4, 2021, at the
19192:10.1353/cwe.2016.0073
19163:10.1353/cwe.2016.0003
19123:10.3917/etan.624.0440
19068:Foner, Eric (2014a).
18912:Wagner, Margaret E.;
17645:10.1353/cwh.2005.0055
16561:10.1353/cwh.1961.0063
15893:on September 16, 2008
15427:Unger, Irwin (1964).
15350:. London: Routledge.
14654:Hahn, Steven (2005).
14214:, pp. 435, 465;
14166:, pp. 6, 12, 54.
13942:10.1353/eir.2017.0029
13120:on September 24, 2006
12652:Belz, Herman (1998).
12543:10.1002/9780470773338
11230:10.1353/cwh.2008.0007
11002:10.1353/cwe.2017.0002
10771:10.1353/cwe.2017.0001
10495:
10476:
10444:The Birth of a Nation
10439:
10398:The Birth of a Nation
10331:
10316:
10297:
10222:Economic role of race
10213:Orville Vernon Burton
10153:civil rights movement
10117:civil rights movement
10049:William B. Hesseltine
10041:
10028:
9994:
9905:internal improvements
9851:
9731:
9649:The Panic of 1873 (a
9621:Dewitt Clinton Senter
9585:
9564:
9555:
9533:. The faction led by
9489:
9431:
9395:
9358:
9286:Ending Reconstruction
9255:
9240:
9053:
8985:
8976:
8962:
8944:
8877:
8442:
8404:public accommodations
8346:
8334:
8317:
8185:
8051:
8029:
7942:George Henry Williams
7886:
7728:civil rights movement
7687:
7638:
7622:
7604:
7595:
7540:Memphis Riots of 1866
7530:
7517:
7468:editorial cartoon by
7463:
7430:
7328:
7319:Further information:
7278:Alexander H. Stephens
7223:
7163:
7132:George Foster Shepley
6990:
6930:Five Civilized Tribes
6874:
6812:
6733:Memphis riots of 1866
6609:
6596:
6587:presidential election
6426:Freedmen's Bureau Act
6307:
6120:Port Royal Experiment
6093:Port Royal Experiment
5844:United States history
5593:US metropolitan areas
5420:List of neighborhoods
5034:Alabama Creole people
5024:African-American Jews
4956:Negro league baseball
4919:National Urban League
4871:Civic/economic groups
4703:African-American Jews
4593:African-American hair
4455:, after the Civil War
4284:Post–civil rights era
3958:Phoenix election riot
3943:Rock Springs massacre
3600:Historical background
3091:Territorial evolution
2384:Post-World War II Era
1433:Europe and North Asia
1393:Australia and Oceania
1093:Pre-Columbian America
665:Slave raid of Suðuroy
597:Slavery in al-Andalus
519:Black Sea slave trade
448:21st-century jihadism
256:Memphis riots of 1866
80:Memphis riots of 1866
18:Reconstruction Period
34547:1870s in Mississippi
34512:1860s in Mississippi
34235:Laudo Hayes Firm Day
34126:Electoral Commission
33938:Ulysses S. Grant III
33920:Ulysses S. Grant Jr.
33914:Frederick Dent Grant
33896:Hannah Simpson Grant
33746:Presidential library
33571:Bid for a third term
33370:Currency Act of 1870
33324:Treaty of Washington
32810:National Union Party
32762:Tenure of Office Act
32375:Edward Baker Lincoln
32301:Louisville, Kentucky
32037:Artifacts and relics
31901:National Union Party
31858:Lincoln Sitting Room
31658:"Lost Speech" (1856)
31653:Peoria speech (1854)
31489:War based income tax
30770:Afro-Seminole Creole
30296:Azusa Street Revival
30168:Booker T. Washington
29692:Underground Railroad
29557:Free people of color
29411:Atlantic slave trade
29076:Gag rule (1836–1840)
28937:Underground Railroad
28912:Domestic slave trade
28897:Mandatory illiteracy
28802:Slavery in New Spain
28753:District of Columbia
27859:Palestinian American
27286:Obergefell v. Hodges
27178:September 11 attacks
27014:Second-wave feminism
26935:Cuban Missile Crisis
26795:Bath School disaster
26713:Spanish–American War
26676:The Gospel of Wealth
26555:California Gold Rush
26515:Mexican–American War
26505:Nullification crisis
26473:Era of Good Feelings
26373:Confederation period
26281:Proclamation of 1763
26231:Atlantic slave trade
25970:Environmental issues
25635:Political ideologies
25534:Indigenous languages
24734:List of legislatures
24531:separation of powers
24232:Independent agencies
24158:World Heritage Sites
23793:September 11 attacks
23716:Spanish–American War
23656:Mexican–American War
23612:Confederation period
23543:Continental Congress
22871:Electoral Commission
22747:Clifton Riot of 1875
22501:Treaty of Washington
22193:Tenure of Office Act
22151:National Labor Union
21866:American Indian Wars
20716:Electoral Commission
20706:Greenback Convention
20469:Free people of color
20409:Federal bureaucracy
20349:Moderate Republicans
20141:The Harvard Classics
19577:Pike, James Shepherd
18247:Kahan, Paul (2018).
17909:Foner, Eric (1990).
17894:. Bloomsbury Press.
17825:. New York: Norton.
17782:(Fordham UP, 2020).
17217:on November 14, 2023
17168:, Vol. 1 pp. 20, 22.
16893:Foner, Eric (2017).
16770:The Wilson Quarterly
16493:. pp. 578, 640.
16084:. New York: Norton.
14734:(January 31, 2018).
14362:. January 31, 1872.
14325:, pp. 545–546;
14218:, pp. 686–687;
12946:on October 14, 2007.
12605:"'Black Tax' Credit"
12322:Terrible Swift Sword
12137:on February 14, 2012
11995:Foner, Eric (1993).
11533:The Atlantic Monthly
11330:on December 13, 2011
11287:The South Since 1865
10348:Atlanta Constitution
10344:Joel Chandler Harris
10115:. Influenced by the
9957:Booker T. Washington
9655:Booker T. Washington
9628:William Woods Holden
9455:Redemption 1873–1877
9449:William Pitt Kellogg
8458:free people of color
8070:, September 5, 1868.
7665:Fourteenth Amendment
7418:moderate Republicans
7073:gradual emancipation
6957:Fort Smith, Arkansas
6955:, was first held in
6765:Tenure of Office Act
6640:Thirteenth Amendment
6564:April 20, 1871: The
6525:Tenure of Office Act
6375:August 6, 1861: The
6336:legal reconstruction
6313:Legal reconstruction
6253:Economic devastation
6206:agriculture system.
6116:Battle of Port Royal
6032:Electoral Commission
5987:and reestablish the
5977:Northern transplants
5856:abolition of slavery
5750:Criminal stereotypes
5525:District of Columbia
5242:Afro-Seminole Creole
4684:Non-Christian groups
4279:Black power movement
4243:during the Civil War
4212:Atlantic slave trade
4008:East St. Louis riots
3978:Evansville race riot
3973:Robert Charles riots
3014:Palestinian American
2230:Era of Good Feelings
2175:Confederation period
2112:Timeline and periods
1888:Indentured servitude
1816:Underground Railroad
1616:United Arab Emirates
1005:Zanzibar slave trade
972:By country or region
785:Atlantic slave trade
687:Ma malakat aymanukum
571:Venetian slave trade
147:Formation of the KKK
34652:Military occupation
34305:James A. Garfield →
34283:Rutherford P. Hayes
34229:These Are My Jewels
34035:Rutherford B. Hayes
33950:Ulysses S. Grant IV
33926:Jesse Root Grant II
33855:Cultural depictions
33818:U.S. Postage stamps
33808:Philadelphia statue
33788:U.S. Capitol statue
33375:Funding Act of 1870
33232:Second inauguration
33190:Richmond–Petersburg
32928:Mary Johnson Stover
32767:Command of Army Act
32742:Reconstruction Acts
32455:(great-grandfather)
32411:Nancy Hanks Lincoln
32369:Robert Todd Lincoln
32331:U.S. Capitol statue
32281:Indianapolis relief
32158:Lincoln Park (D.C.)
32057:Cultural depictions
31961:Sic semper tyrannis
31942:Our American Cousin
31833:Lincoln's New Salem
31734:Boat lifting patent
31469:Second inauguration
31424:U.S. Representative
31165:Trinidad and Tobago
30780:Black American Sign
30607:By African descent
30601:Ethnic subdivisions
30588:Southwestern (SWAC)
30503:Baseball color line
30418:Black Panther Party
30322:Political movements
30239:in computer science
29898:Carol Moseley Braun
29687:Tulsa race massacre
29680:Treatment of slaves
29512:March on Washington
29507:Birmingham movement
29297:Radical Republicans
29244:Civil War and after
29172:Members of Congress
28989:List of plantations
28772:U.S. Virgin Islands
28308:U.S. Virgin Islands
27794:Lithuanian American
27750:Vietnamese American
27096:End of the Cold War
27086:Invasion of Grenada
27036:Iran hostage crisis
26785:Tulsa race massacre
26592:Election of Lincoln
26587:Dred Scott decision
26575:Kansas–Nebraska Act
26478:Missouri Compromise
26396:Northwest Ordinance
26386:Pennsylvania Mutiny
26381:and Perpetual Union
26341:American Revolution
26256:War of Jenkins' Ear
25813:Health care finance
25306:Rail transportation
25072:Imperial presidency
24794:State constitutions
24739:List of legislators
24689:Auditor/Comptroller
24662:Lieutenant governor
24388:Library of Congress
24279:Diplomatic Security
23922:Indian reservations
23585:American Revolution
23220:D. W. Griffith
23205:The Leopard's Spots
23095:The American Crisis
23029:Columbia University
22996:The Prostrate State
22990:James Shepherd Pike
22907:Posse Comitatus Act
22830:Trader post scandal
22618:Coinage Act of 1873
22392:Black Friday (1869)
22240:Peonage Act of 1867
22218:Reconstruction Acts
22198:Command of Army Act
21933:Militia Act of 1862
20344:Radical Republicans
20292:Rutherford B. Hayes
20183:The History Channel
20155:American Experience
20030:Kidada Williams on
19902:/ Internet Archive.
19444:(via Google Books).
19223:Essays by scholars.
19211:. Greenhaven Press.
19090:Ford, Lacy K., ed.
18752:. New York: Twelve.
18408:McPherson, James M.
18376:McFeely, William S.
18267:Kutler, Stanley I.
17857:Downs, Jim (2012).
17724:Calhoun, Charles W.
17283:The Leopard's Spots
16155:on January 21, 2021
16078:Painter, Nell Irvin
15889:(1). Archived from
15841:, pp. 545–547.
15817:, pp. 440–441.
15805:, pp. 374–376.
15781:, pp. 108–109.
15769:, pp. 107–108.
15757:, pp. 374–375.
15616:, pp. 420–422.
15590:Fleming (1906–1907)
15578:Fleming (1906–1907)
15483:, pp. 168–173.
15297:, pp. 415–416.
15261:, pp. 147–148.
15237:, pp. 141–148.
15120:, pp. 365–368.
14769:, pp. 354–355.
14440:, pp. 120–122.
14428:, pp. 547–548.
14313:, pp. 317–319.
14270:, pp. 543–545.
14258:, pp. 247–248.
14060:, pp. 243–244.
13790:, pp. 455–457.
13778:, pp. 160–161.
13600:, pp. 323–325.
13536:, pp. 316–333.
13484:, pp. 274–275.
13330:on January 7, 2015.
13311:Columbia Law Review
13285:on January 20, 2017
13153:, pp. 224–227.
12886:, pp. 128–129.
12704:, pp. 198–207.
12626:"Freedmen's Bureau"
12273:Blue and Gray Trail
12185:, pp. 735–736.
12040:10.7591/j.ctvv411tt
11973:, pp. 244–245.
11826:, pp. 273–276.
10890:– via JSTOR.
10569:on January 9, 2009.
10369:The Leopard's Spots
10305:Annette Gordon-Reed
10238:The "failure" issue
9982:Columbia University
9853:Rutherford B. Hayes
9758:Rutherford B. Hayes
9499:Liberal Republicans
9105:
9028:land grant colleges
8940:Southern Methodists
8936:Northern Methodists
8929:Hiram Rhodes Revels
8657:
8468:
8374:Amnesty Act of 1872
8252:Fifteenth Amendment
8076:Amnesty Act of 1872
7938:Reconstruction Acts
7865:Reconstruction Acts
7815:Posse Comitatus Act
7356:U.S. Colored Troops
7286:Robert M. T. Hunter
6945:Interior Department
6918:grandfather clauses
6778:Reconstruction Acts
6717:Radical Republicans
6578:March 1, 1875: The
6424:March 3, 1865: The
6389:July 17, 1862: The
6164:Confederate assault
6040:Rutherford B. Hayes
5968:Reconstruction Acts
5146:Sierra Leone Creole
5107:Specific ancestries
4992:Southwestern (SWAC)
4515:Black History Month
4346:New Great Migration
4300:Agriculture history
4071:Exodusters movement
4038:Tulsa race massacre
3932:Massacres and riots
2949:Lithuanian American
2900:Vietnamese American
2164:American Revolution
1979:Slave Route Project
1105:Americas indigenous
995:Red Sea slave trade
985:Contemporary Africa
848:Topics and practice
618:Crimean slave trade
613:Bukhara slave trade
566:Genoese slave trade
443:Contemporary Africa
423:Forced prostitution
151:Reconstruction Acts
129:Rutherford B. Hayes
32:Reconstruction Acts
34527:1860s in Tennessee
34507:1860s in Louisiana
34477:Reconstruction Era
34385:Reconstruction era
34298:← Ulysses S. Grant
34164:Star Route scandal
34121:Compromise of 1877
33867:(2002 documentary)
33813:San Francisco bust
33764:General Grant tree
33385:Timber Culture Act
33227:First inauguration
33062:Ulysses S. Grant →
32993:William A. Johnson
32973:Elizabeth J. Forby
32916:David T. Patterson
32732:Colorado Territory
32700:Reconstruction era
32441:Mary Lincoln Crume
32417:Sarah Bush Lincoln
32306:Newark, New Jersey
32243:Lincoln the Lawyer
31979:Lincoln catafalque
31918:1860 campaign song
31816:Lincoln State Park
31799:Lincoln Birthplace
31560:Dakota War of 1862
31452:First inauguration
31263:US representatives
31258:US cabinet members
31150:Dominican Republic
30737:Metropolitan areas
30578:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
30403:Civic and economic
30381:Self-determination
30202:Education, science
30123:Fred Shuttlesworth
30103:A. Philip Randolph
30008:Coretta Scott King
29933:Frederick Douglass
29760:Harlem Renaissance
29665:Separate but equal
29655:Reconstruction era
29643:Plessy v. Ferguson
29534:Cornerstone Speech
29448:Civil Rights Acts
29431:Black Lives Matter
29406:American Civil War
29292:Reconstruction era
27958:Historical regions
27914:Transgender people
27472:Capital punishment
27331:Support of Ukraine
27280:Black Lives Matter
27188:War in Afghanistan
27113:Invasion of Panama
27069:Iran–Contra affair
26930:Early–mid Cold War
26800:Harlem Renaissance
26659:Compromise of 1877
26634:Reconstruction era
26570:Fugitive Slave Act
26565:Compromise of 1850
26510:Westward expansion
26448:Louisiana Purchase
26291:Stamp Act Congress
26236:King William's War
25923:affirmative action
25896:Capital punishment
25855:Poverty and health
25850:Physician shortage
25823:Health care prices
25753:Standard of living
25436:standard of living
25243:Financial position
24870:Hawaiian home land
24858:Indian reservation
24831:Tribal sovereignty
24674:Secretary of state
24543:United States Code
24459:Territorial courts
24431:Associate Justices
24316:Inspector generals
23803:War in Afghanistan
23666:Reconstruction era
23533:Stamp Act Congress
23239:Gone with the Wind
23102:John Hope Franklin
22958:Disenfranchisement
22930:Plessy v. Ferguson
22914:Civil Rights Cases
22876:Compromise of 1877
22767:Wheeler Compromise
22684:Vicksburg massacre
22669:Timber Culture Act
22659:Coushatta massacre
22598:Timber Culture Act
22552:Star Route scandal
22435:Justice Department
22332:Georgia v. Stanton
22321:Opelousas massacre
21912:American Civil War
20721:Compromise of 1877
20423:Justice Department
20387:Federal judiciary
20266:Federal government
20251:Reconstruction era
20128:Seward, William H.
20089:The Social Studies
20001:The New York Times
19913:Simpson, Brooks D.
19862:(LSU Press, 2019).
19839:Frederick Douglass
19755:(March 28, 2015).
19432:Fleming, Walter L.
19373:ed by Ira Berlin,
18994:Williams, T. Harry
18914:Gallagher, Gary W.
18901:Trefousse, Hans L.
18718:Stampp, Kenneth M.
18692:Smith, Jean Edward
18680:Simpson, Brooks D.
18626:(via Google Books)
18620:(via Google Books)
18618:Volume: 6: 1865–72
18381:Grant: A Biography
18056:online book review
17365:Gone With the Wind
17289:American Quarterly
17120:10.1353/rah.0.0101
16931:The Age of Lincoln
16396:, pp. vii–ix.
16381:, pp. 85–106.
15745:, p. 537–541.
15602:Oberholtzer (1917)
15580:, Vol. II, p. 328.
14611:on August 16, 2014
14552:10.1353/jph.0.0001
14495:, pp. 67–68;
14466:Kaczorowski (1995)
14309:, pp. 64–65;
14292:Kaczorowski (1995)
13983:. pp. 75–80.
13587:on April 18, 2016.
13099:, v. 6: pp. 65–66.
12884:Oberholtzer (1917)
11777:10.2307/jj.8306230
11168:on April 12, 2019.
11114:Goldin, Claudia D.
10718:, pp. 11–12;
10410:Gone with the Wind
10340:
10335:Gone with the Wind
10324:In popular culture
10101:John Hope Franklin
10084:universal suffrage
10072:The Black scholar
10037:Richard Hofstadter
9986:William A. Dunning
9966:Tuskegee Institute
9921:postmaster general
9861:
9844:Compromise of 1877
9820:Compromise of 1877
9739:William P. Kellogg
9734:
9715:Coushatta Massacre
9599:
9367:
9351:Southern Democrats
9305:Zachariah Chandler
9258:
9103:
9064:
8889:
8655:
8464:
8445:
8368:George H. Williams
8352:
8341:
8268:Justice Department
8216:Postmaster General
8212:Naturalization Act
8195:
8072:
7946:Radical Republican
7934:
7835:Plessy v. Ferguson
7822:Civil Rights Cases
7766:, if appropriate.
7733:For details, see:
7690:
7648:
7633:
7566:in the Senate and
7550:Moderate responses
7474:
7426:Richard N. Current
7377:
7226:
7181:Lincoln's 10% plan
7166:
7102:Frederick Douglass
7096:as well as 453 to
7000:
6983:Preliminary events
6972:Oklahoma Territory
6877:
6850:Northern Democrats
6829:Southern Unionists
6815:
6782:military districts
6628:Radical Republican
6624:
6599:
6571:May 22, 1872: The
6547:May 31, 1870: The
6533:July 9, 1868: The
6475:May 1 to 3, 1866:
6458:becomes President.
6310:
6266:Confederate dollar
6148:American Civil War
6036:Compromise of 1877
5957:Radical Republican
5949:Radical Republican
5895:free labor economy
5891:United States Army
5872:newly freed slaves
5866:were added to the
5852:American Civil War
5850:that followed the
5840:Reconstruction era
5155:Sexual orientation
5029:Afro-Puerto Ricans
4982:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
4617:Self-determination
4581:Black is beautiful
4247:Reconstruction era
4076:Atlanta Compromise
3948:Thibodaux massacre
3938:Opelousas massacre
3712:Indiana White Caps
3683:Lynching postcards
3628:Compromise of 1877
3606:Reconstruction era
3069:Transgender people
2632:Capital punishment
2285:Reconstruction Era
1755:Blockade of Africa
1062:Somali slave trade
978:Sub-Saharan Africa
670:Turkish Abductions
628:Khivan slave trade
623:Khazar slave trade
576:Balkan slave trade
534:Prague slave trade
314:Vicksburg massacre
278:Barber–Mizell feud
272:Opelousas massacre
242:Reconstruction era
167:Compromise of 1877
107:Third Party System
76:Memphis, Tennessee
64:Richmond, Virginia
46:Reconstruction era
34557:1870s in Virginia
34537:1860s in Virginia
34492:1860s in Arkansas
34334:
34333:
34328:
34327:
34001:
34000:
33882:
33881:
33875:(2020 miniseries)
33840:Grant High School
33557:
33556:
33339:Korean Expedition
33097:
33096:
33075:Schuyler Colfax →
33070:← Hannibal Hamlin
33055:← Abraham Lincoln
33019:Alcoholism debate
32998:Florence J. Smith
32886:Tennessee Johnson
32642:Southern Unionist
32610:(1857–1862, 1875)
32540:
32539:
32363:Mary Todd Lincoln
32344:
32343:
32326:U.S. Capitol bust
32291:Lincoln, Nebraska
32250:Young Abe Lincoln
32188:White House ghost
32148:Lincoln, Nebraska
31955:John Wilkes Booth
31494:Seaports blockade
31479:Confiscation Acts
31370:
31369:
31198:African Americans
31070:Dallas–Fort Worth
30665:Black Southerners
30596:
30595:
30048:Thurgood Marshall
30018:Bernard Lafayette
29613:Million Man March
29370:African Americans
29336:
29335:
29332:
29331:
29302:Freedmen's Bureau
28444:
28443:
28402:
28401:
28398:
28397:
27963:American frontier
27924:
27923:
27854:Lebanese American
27839:Egyptian American
27774:Estonian American
27764:Albanian American
27758:European American
27735:Japanese American
27725:Filipino American
27686:
27685:
27348:
27347:
27344:
27343:
27297:COVID-19 pandemic
27200:Hurricane Katrina
27141:Los Angeles riots
27031:Watergate scandal
26876:Start of Cold War
26844:Manhattan Project
26431:Whiskey Rebellion
26261:King George's War
26226:Thirteen Colonies
26187:Pre-Columbian Era
26098:
26097:
26058:
26057:
26054:
26053:
26024:National security
25733:Income inequality
25613:Statue of Liberty
25416:income inequality
25329:
25328:
25321:Trucking industry
25133:
25132:
25129:
25128:
25060:Foreign relations
25048:Electoral College
25029:
25028:
24817:
24816:
24769:District attorney
24616:
24615:
24443:Courts of appeals
24166:
24165:
23879:
23878:
23820:COVID-19 pandemic
23773:Feminist Movement
23619:American frontier
23538:Thirteen Colonies
23386:
23385:
23369:
23368:
23295:American frontier
23149:Kenneth M. Stampp
22966:
22965:
22808:Ellenton massacre
22649:Brooks–Baxter War
22398:Ex parte McCardle
22164:Ex parte Milligan
22053:Freedmen's Bureau
21969:National Bank Act
21847:
21846:
20682:Victoria Woodhull
20593:
20592:
20464:African Americans
20435:State governments
20418:Freedmen's Bureau
20205:Open Yale Courses
19886:"Why the Ku Klux"
19834:Levine, Robert S.
19807:; online review:
19636:Du Bois, W. E. B.
19564:on August 3, 2015
19528:McPherson, Edward
19472:Evans, Clement A.
19442:Vol. 2: On States
19375:Barbara J. Fields
19041:978-0-19-506423-0
19026:Woodward, C. Vann
18985:978-1-58836-992-5
18950:978-0-8203-4206-1
18937:Wang, Xi (1997).
18929:978-1-4391-4884-6
18858:978-0-691-61282-9
18829:978-1-4696-1757-2
18789:978-0-19-802621-1
18649:978-0-8108-6336-1
18579:978-0-19-802304-3
18421:978-0-19-507606-6
18391:978-0-393-01372-6
18367:978-0-440-05923-3
18260:978-1-59416-273-2
18162:978-0-8071-3144-2
18098:978-1-4165-4795-2
18070:. W.B. Eerdmans.
18020:978-0-393-35852-0
17998:978-0-06-235451-8
17901:978-1-60819-566-4
17804:978-0-8232-2195-0
17771:978-1-59420-487-6
17739:978-0-7006-2484-3
17706:978-0-385-53241-9
17680:978-0-8131-2507-7
17633:Civil War History
17195:978-0-684-86773-1
17095:. pp. 54–56.
16629:Du Bois, W. E. B.
16548:Civil War History
16436:978-0-307-80960-5
16394:Montgomery (1967)
16337:978-0-7190-4938-5
15863:US Senate Journal
15853:, pp. 15–21.
14908:, pp. 30–31.
14845:978-0-8203-2329-9
13802:, pp. 41–42.
13729:, pp. 36–37.
13689:978-0-7425-6450-3
13505:978-0-19-513842-9
13176:978-1-61069-533-6
13005:978-0-252-02297-5
12938:(December 1865).
12577:978-0-252-02297-5
12269:"Abraham Lincoln"
12102:on March 17, 2012
11786:978-0-520-34566-9
11692:978-0-226-84530-2
11587:978-1-85109-774-6
11217:Civil War History
10669:978-0-8071-5263-8
10474:magazine article:
10418:Margaret Mitchell
10273:Southern Unionism
10177:Morrison R. Waite
10161:Voting Rights Act
10091:Neo-abolitionists
9990:T. Harry Williams
9959:, who grew up in
9955:The Black leader
9881:Samuel J. Randall
9531:Brooks–Baxter War
9523:James Lusk Alcorn
9467:Bourbon Democrats
9362:'s 1876 painting
9232:
9231:
8925:Charles H. Pearce
8881:'s 1863 painting
8862:
8861:
8645:
8644:
8396:African Americans
8276:Solicitor General
8256:African Americans
8208:African Americans
8161:Electoral College
7785:
7784:
7657:civil rights bill
7625:Freedmen's Bureau
7546:and castrations.
7466:Harper's Magazine
7406:Henry C. Magruder
7366:, and Johnson as
7270:William H. Seward
7216:Freedmen's Bureau
7210:Freedmen's Bureau
7136:Benjamin Flanders
7004:Confiscation Acts
6612:political cartoon
6452:John Wilkes Booth
6246:African Americans
6227:white supremacist
6219:reconciliationist
6192:plantation owners
5911:Freedmen's Bureau
5899:Confiscation Acts
5836:
5835:
5773:
5772:
5671:
5670:
5445:Dallas-Fort Worth
5262:
5261:
5172:
5171:
5116:Americo-Liberians
4999:
4998:
4937:
4936:
4862:
4861:
4731:
4730:
4675:Womanist theology
4625:
4624:
4567:Symbols and ideas
4353:
4352:
4232:Antebellum period
4227:Revolutionary War
4182:African Americans
4167:
4166:
4048:Rosewood massacre
3611:Voter suppression
3574:Nadir of American
3559:
3558:
3481:
3480:
3110:American frontier
3009:Lebanese American
2994:Egyptian American
2924:Estonian American
2914:Albanian American
2908:European American
2885:Japanese American
2875:Filipino American
2499:
2498:
2472:Post-Cold War Era
2129:Pre-Columbian Era
2091:
2076:
2075:
2026:Freedmen's Bureau
1843:Third Servile War
1838:International law
1405:Human trafficking
1167:Human trafficking
842:Thirteen colonies
660:Sack of Baltimore
428:Human trafficking
336:
335:
304:Brooks–Baxter War
239:Conflicts of the
206:
205:
202:
201:
139:Freedmen's Bureau
72:Freedmen's Bureau
68:African Americans
16:(Redirected from
34694:
34497:1860s in Florida
34487:1860s in Alabama
34462:
34454:
34453:
34452:
34445:
34437:
34436:
34435:
34428:
34420:
34419:
34418:
34411:
34403:
34402:
34401:
34391:
34375:
34374:
34373:
34363:
34362:
34351:
34350:
34349:
34342:
34317:
34316:
34131:Oakwood Cemetery
34081:Kanawha Division
34061:
34053:
34028:
34021:
34014:
34005:
34004:
33990:
33989:
33971:← Andrew Johnson
33956:Julia Dent Grant
33902:Jesse Root Grant
33864:Ulysses S. Grant
33845:U.S. Grant Hotel
33729:
33728:
33657:speeding arrests
33630:White Haven home
33549:Page Act of 1875
33522:Ku Klux Klan Act
33507:Enforcement Acts
33312:
33311:
33147:
33131:Ulysses S. Grant
33124:
33117:
33110:
33101:
33100:
33086:
33085:
32870:Southern Justice
32622:
32611:
32603:
32592:
32567:
32560:
32553:
32544:
32543:
32528:
32527:
32516:
32515:
32505:Andrew Johnson →
32498:← James Buchanan
32473:(great-grandson)
32435:Mordecai Lincoln
32286:Laramie, Wyoming
32206:Lincoln Memorial
32194:
32193:
32089:Five-dollar bill
31729:Spot Resolutions
31582:Thanksgiving Day
31538:Ten percent plan
31533:Tour of Richmond
31397:
31390:
31383:
31374:
31373:
31360:
31359:
31358:
31322:Lynching victims
30821:Louisiana Creole
30792:American English
30680:Louisiana Creole
30653:Choctaw freedmen
30491:
30490:
30028:Huddie Ledbetter
29968:Fannie Lou Hamer
29938:W. E. B. Du Bois
29928:Claudette Colvin
29923:Shirley Chisholm
29740:Family structure
29608:Military history
29490:Browder v. Gayle
29363:
29356:
29349:
29340:
29339:
29018:Law and politics
28942:Freedmen's towns
28922:Runaway slave ad
28785:
28784:
28747:Federal district
28471:
28464:
28457:
28448:
28447:
28434:
28424:
28423:
28388:
28387:
28317:Outlying islands
28274:Washington, D.C.
28269:Federal District
27968:Manifest destiny
27941:
27940:
27930:
27929:
27872:Native Americans
27844:Iranian American
27818:Mexican American
27804:Serbian American
27789:Italian American
27779:Finnish American
27769:English American
27720:Chinese American
27707:African American
27692:
27691:
27497:Direct democracy
27487:The Constitution
27446:Higher education
27369:American Century
27354:
27353:
26807:Great Depression
26780:Women's suffrage
26770:Roaring Twenties
26696:Haymarket affair
26654:Enforcement Acts
26443:Jeffersonian era
26391:Shays' Rebellion
26311:Intolerable Acts
26306:Boston Tea Party
26241:Queen Anne's War
26169:
26168:
26158:
26157:
26125:
26118:
26111:
26102:
26101:
26078:
26071:
25958:African American
25840:Health insurance
25728:Household income
25598:National symbols
25529:American English
25502:Federal holidays
25411:household income
25344:
25343:
25340:
25339:
25144:
25143:
25082:Anti-Americanism
25006:Special district
24933:Independent city
24902:County executive
24885:
24884:
24679:Attorney general
24638:
24637:
24627:Federal District
24210:Executive Office
24190:
24189:
24181:
24180:
24177:
24176:
23937:populated places
23917:federal enclaves
23912:federal district
23890:
23889:
23753:American Century
23736:Great Depression
23731:Roaring Twenties
23691:Women's suffrage
23570:Halifax Resolves
23563:Founding Fathers
23558:military history
23523:Pre-colonial era
23447:
23446:
23426:
23419:
23412:
23403:
23402:
23390:
23389:
23252:Race and Reunion
23199:Thomas Dixon Jr.
23089:William R. Brock
23079:C. Vann Woodward
23066:W. E. B. Du Bois
23056:Charles A. Beard
23016:Claude G. Bowers
22975:
22974:
22798:Hamburg massacre
22777:Pratt & Boyd
22742:Mississippi Plan
22699:Anti-Moiety Acts
22694:Sanborn incident
22486:Ku Klux Klan Act
22157:Ex parte Garland
21964:Ten percent plan
21856:
21855:
20602:
20601:
20553:Thaddeus Stevens
20538:Republican Party
20531:Samuel J. Tilden
20521:Bourbon Democrat
20516:Democratic Party
20287:Ulysses S. Grant
20262:
20261:
20244:
20237:
20230:
20221:
20220:
20214:Creative Commons
20188:A&E Networks
20040:"Reconstruction"
19930:
19903:
19877:
19830:
19828:
19826:
19796:
19787:
19778:
19776:
19774:
19731:(2007), 224 pp;
19724:
19712:
19677:
19675:
19669:. Archived from
19644:
19609:Atlantic Monthly
19605:Sumner, Charles
19573:
19571:
19569:
19537:
19523:
19520:Internet Archive
19506:
19504:
19502:
19483:
19480:Internet Archive
19439:
19427:
19421:
19413:
19411:
19409:
19381:Blaine, James G.
19252:
19222:
19212:
19203:
19174:
19138:
19136:
19134:
19111:Études anglaises
19087:
19054:
19045:
19021:
18989:
18970:White, Ronald C.
18965:
18954:
18933:
18908:
18896:
18885:
18883:
18862:
18833:
18802:
18793:
18772:
18753:
18741:
18735:
18727:
18713:
18701:
18687:
18675:
18653:
18613:
18604:
18583:
18562:
18553:
18534:
18525:
18514:
18495:
18486:
18457:
18451:
18443:
18434:
18425:
18403:
18371:
18352:
18331:
18321:
18296:
18279:Lemann, Nicholas
18264:
18243:
18241:
18239:
18206:
18197:
18188:
18186:
18175:
18166:
18144:
18135:
18133:
18131:
18102:
18081:
18069:
18050:(Penguin, 2020)
18043:
18024:
18002:
17980:
17967:
17943:
17924:
17905:
17886:
17874:
17853:
17844:
17817:
17812:Cruden, Robert.
17808:
17796:
17775:
17743:
17719:
17710:
17698:
17684:
17665:
17656:
17627:
17617:
17607:
17582:
17573:
17554:
17517:
17516:
17514:
17512:
17492:
17486:
17485:
17483:
17481:
17461:
17455:
17454:
17452:
17450:
17435:
17429:
17428:
17420:
17414:
17413:
17411:
17409:
17381:
17375:
17374:
17358:
17352:
17351:
17331:
17325:
17324:
17322:
17320:
17276:
17270:
17269:
17249:
17243:
17233:
17227:
17226:
17224:
17222:
17206:
17200:
17199:
17175:
17169:
17163:
17157:
17156:
17138:
17132:
17131:
17103:
17097:
17096:
17088:
17082:
17081:
17040:
17034:
17033:
17031:
17029:
17011:
17005:
17004:
17002:
17000:
16982:
16976:
16975:
16973:
16971:
16951:
16945:
16944:
16923:
16917:
16916:
16890:
16884:
16878:
16872:
16871:
16853:
16847:
16841:
16835:
16829:
16823:
16822:
16810:
16804:
16803:
16801:
16799:
16784:
16778:
16777:
16765:
16759:
16758:
16756:
16754:
16730:
16724:
16723:
16705:
16699:
16693:
16687:
16681:
16675:
16674:
16672:
16670:
16647:
16641:
16640:
16638:
16625:
16619:
16618:
16606:
16600:
16599:
16579:
16573:
16572:
16538:
16532:
16531:
16501:
16495:
16494:
16484:
16478:
16477:
16447:
16441:
16440:
16420:
16414:
16413:
16403:
16397:
16391:
16382:
16376:
16367:
16366:
16348:
16342:
16341:
16321:
16315:
16314:
16304:
16294:
16288:
16282:
16276:
16275:
16233:
16227:
16226:
16208:
16202:
16201:
16171:
16165:
16164:
16162:
16160:
16151:. Archived from
16143:"Reconstruction"
16139:
16133:
16132:
16102:
16096:
16095:
16074:
16068:
16067:, pp. 3–15.
16062:
16056:
16055:
16053:
16051:
16032:
16026:
16020:
16014:
16013:
15977:
15971:
15965:
15959:
15953:
15947:
15946:
15928:
15922:
15921:
15909:
15903:
15902:
15900:
15898:
15872:
15866:
15860:
15854:
15848:
15842:
15836:
15830:
15824:
15818:
15812:
15806:
15800:
15794:
15788:
15782:
15776:
15770:
15764:
15758:
15752:
15746:
15740:
15734:
15733:
15722:10.2307/40038083
15703:
15697:
15696:
15678:
15672:
15671:
15653:
15647:
15644:McPherson (1875)
15641:
15635:
15633:
15623:
15617:
15611:
15605:
15599:
15593:
15587:
15581:
15575:
15569:
15563:
15554:
15548:
15542:
15541:
15521:
15515:
15514:
15490:
15484:
15478:
15472:
15471:
15461:
15451:
15445:
15444:
15434:
15424:
15418:
15417:
15407:
15397:
15391:
15390:
15378:
15368:
15362:
15361:
15342:
15336:
15335:
15307:
15298:
15292:
15286:
15280:
15274:
15268:
15262:
15256:
15250:
15244:
15238:
15232:
15226:
15220:
15214:
15213:
15203:
15179:
15173:
15172:
15154:
15148:
15142:
15133:
15127:
15121:
15115:
15109:
15108:
15090:
15084:
15083:, pp. 6–15.
15078:
15072:
15062:
15056:
15055:
15043:
15033:
15024:
15018:
15012:
15011:
15009:
15007:
14998:. Archived from
14979:
14973:
14967:
14961:
14960:
14948:
14938:
14932:
14931:
14915:
14909:
14903:
14897:
14896:
14880:
14874:
14868:
14862:
14856:
14850:
14849:
14829:
14823:
14817:
14811:
14810:
14792:
14786:
14776:
14770:
14764:
14758:
14757:
14755:
14753:
14728:
14722:
14709:
14707:
14705:
14699:
14684:
14676:
14670:
14669:
14651:
14645:
14639:
14633:
14627:
14621:
14620:
14618:
14616:
14607:. Archived from
14597:Willis, John C.
14594:
14588:
14585:McPherson (1992)
14582:
14576:
14570:
14564:
14563:
14533:
14527:
14521:
14515:
14509:
14500:
14490:
14484:
14478:
14469:
14459:
14453:
14447:
14441:
14435:
14429:
14423:
14417:
14411:
14405:
14399:
14388:
14382:
14376:
14375:
14373:
14371:
14354:
14345:
14339:
14330:
14320:
14314:
14304:
14295:
14289:
14283:
14277:
14271:
14265:
14259:
14253:
14247:
14241:
14235:
14229:
14223:
14209:
14203:
14197:
14191:
14185:
14179:
14173:
14167:
14161:
14155:
14154:
14136:
14127:
14126:
14108:
14102:
14096:
14085:
14079:
14073:
14067:
14061:
14055:
14049:
14043:
14037:
14031:
14022:
14016:
14010:
14004:
13995:
13994:
13972:
13966:
13965:
13963:
13961:
13921:
13915:
13914:
13904:
13880:
13874:
13873:
13871:
13869:
13846:
13840:
13834:
13828:
13827:
13809:
13803:
13797:
13791:
13785:
13779:
13773:
13767:
13761:
13755:
13754:
13736:
13730:
13724:
13718:
13712:
13706:
13705:, Vol. 2 p. 635.
13700:
13694:
13693:
13670:
13664:
13663:
13625:
13616:
13610:
13601:
13595:
13589:
13588:
13586:
13579:
13568:
13562:
13561:
13543:
13537:
13531:
13525:
13519:
13510:
13509:
13491:
13485:
13479:
13473:
13467:
13461:
13460:
13440:
13434:
13433:
13415:
13409:
13408:
13399:
13393:
13387:
13381:
13374:
13368:
13367:
13365:
13363:
13342:
13336:
13331:
13326:. Archived from
13318:(7): 1733–1768.
13301:
13295:
13294:
13292:
13290:
13284:
13267:
13254:
13248:
13247:
13217:
13211:
13210:
13180:
13160:
13154:
13148:
13142:
13136:
13130:
13129:
13127:
13125:
13106:
13100:
13094:
13088:
13087:
13085:
13083:
13058:
13047:
13041:
13035:
13034:
13016:
13010:
13009:
12991:
12985:
12984:
12966:
12960:
12954:
12948:
12947:
12932:
12923:
12917:
12911:
12905:
12899:
12893:
12887:
12881:
12875:
12869:
12863:
12857:
12851:
12845:
12839:
12838:
12822:
12802:
12796:
12795:
12771:
12765:
12764:
12748:
12738:
12732:
12731:
12711:
12705:
12699:
12693:
12692:
12674:
12668:
12667:
12649:
12643:
12642:
12640:
12638:
12621:
12615:
12614:
12600:
12594:
12588:
12582:
12581:
12563:
12557:
12556:
12530:
12524:
12518:
12512:
12511:
12493:
12487:
12486:
12468:
12459:
12453:
12447:
12441:
12435:
12429:
12423:
12422:
12402:
12396:
12395:
12393:
12391:
12366:
12360:
12350:
12344:
12343:
12317:
12308:
12298:
12289:
12288:
12286:
12284:
12279:on July 19, 2010
12275:. Archived from
12265:
12259:
12258:
12240:
12234:
12224:
12218:
12217:
12199:
12186:
12180:
12174:
12173:
12153:
12147:
12146:
12144:
12142:
12118:
12112:
12111:
12109:
12107:
12098:. Archived from
12088:
12082:
12075:
12069:
12068:
12050:
12044:
12043:
12017:
12011:
12010:
11992:
11986:
11980:
11974:
11968:
11962:
11961:
11949:
11939:
11933:
11932:
11912:
11906:
11899:
11893:
11887:
11881:
11880:
11862:
11856:
11850:
11844:
11843:
11833:
11827:
11821:
11815:
11814:
11764:
11758:
11752:
11746:
11740:
11734:
11728:
11722:
11721:
11703:
11697:
11696:
11676:
11670:
11669:
11639:
11633:
11627:
11621:
11618:Trefousse (1989)
11615:
11604:
11598:
11592:
11591:
11571:
11562:
11559:McPherson (1992)
11556:
11550:
11549:
11547:
11545:
11524:
11518:
11512:
11506:
11492:
11486:
11480:
11474:
11468:
11457:
11456:
11454:
11452:
11426:
11415:
11414:
11384:
11378:
11377:
11347:
11341:
11339:
11337:
11335:
11326:. Archived from
11315:
11309:
11308:
11296:
11290:
11283:
11277:
11276:
11255:
11249:
11246:McPherson (1992)
11243:
11234:
11233:
11211:
11202:
11201:
11189:
11180:Blight, David W.
11176:
11170:
11169:
11167:
11161:. Archived from
11122:
11110:
11101:
11095:
11089:
11088:, p. 21-73.
11083:
11074:
11068:
11059:
11054:
11048:
11043:
11037:
11032:
11026:
11025:
11023:
11021:
10977:
10968:
10967:
10965:
10963:
10949:
10943:
10942:
10940:
10938:
10924:
10918:
10917:
10915:
10904:
10898:
10897:
10889:
10887:
10836:(January 2015).
10829:
10823:
10817:
10811:
10810:
10808:
10806:
10746:
10735:
10729:
10723:
10713:
10707:
10706:
10704:
10702:
10680:
10674:
10673:
10649:
10643:
10642:
10631:
10625:
10609:
10592:
10585:
10579:
10570:
10565:. Archived from
10553:
10547:
10544:
10391:adapted Dixon's
10364:Thomas Dixon Jr.
10267:
10097:neo-abolitionist
10074:W. E. B. Du Bois
10068:Black historians
10012:Charles A. Beard
9984:under Professor
9933:Readjuster Party
9800:Election of 1876
9723:Red River Parish
9687:Red River Valley
9666:Samuel J. Tilden
9550:W. E. B. Du Bois
9330:Ulysses S. Grant
9313:Wade Hampton III
9309:Francis P. Blair
9228:
9217:
9106:
9102:
8965:to execute them.
8917:Methodist Church
8658:
8654:
8469:
8463:
8300:Ku Klux Klan Act
8291:Enforcement Acts
8279:Benjamin Bristow
8225:Hugh Lennox Bond
8204:Ulysses S. Grant
8187:Ulysses S. Grant
8154:Francis P. Blair
8106:Ulysses S. Grant
8090:Election of 1868
7927:
7918:
7909:
7900:
7891:
7780:
7777:
7771:
7762:You can help by
7744:
7743:
7736:
7615:Johnson's vetoes
7591:Civil Rights Act
7568:Thaddeus Stevens
7502:crop-lien system
7422:James G. Randall
7347:Southern Justice
7187:Ten percent plan
7037:
7025:
6962:Indian Territory
6934:Indian Territory
6902:women's suffrage
6885:public education
6836:Thaddeus Stevens
6721:Thaddeus Stevens
6693:Civil Rights Act
6688:Thaddeus Stevens
6566:Ku Klux Klan Act
6441:Ulysses S. Grant
6405:ten percent plan
6343:ten percent plan
6318:legitimacy of a
6034:resulted in the
6020:Ku Klux Klan Act
6016:Ulysses S. Grant
5989:Democratic Party
5926:ten percent plan
5864:three amendments
5842:was a period in
5828:
5821:
5814:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5735:media depictions
5684:
5683:
5579:Population count
5275:
5274:
5209:Liberian English
5188:English dialects
5185:
5184:
5141:Samaná Americans
5066:Creoles of color
5012:
5011:
4950:
4949:
4894:Black conductors
4875:
4874:
4744:
4743:
4718:Louisiana Voodoo
4640:
4639:
4385:Family structure
4368:
4367:
4315:Military history
4310:Business history
4241:military history
4196:
4195:
4169:
4168:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4081:Niagara Movement
3885:Anthony Crawford
3875:Jesse Washington
3815:John Henry James
3805:Stephen Williams
3790:Ephraim Grizzard
3785:People's Grocery
3701:Vigilante groups
3616:Disfranchisement
3588:Violence in the
3586:
3561:
3560:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3521:
3511:
3510:
3472:
3471:
3115:Manifest destiny
3105:Historic regions
3087:
3086:
3027:Native Americans
2999:Iranian American
2973:Mexican American
2959:Serbian American
2944:Italian American
2929:Finnish American
2919:English American
2870:Chinese American
2857:African American
2657:Direct democracy
2647:The Constitution
2606:Higher education
2515:American Century
2417:Civil Rights Era
2395:Civil Rights Era
2351:Great Depression
2340:Roaring Twenties
2208:Jeffersonian Era
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2089:
2078:
2077:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2038:Emancipation Day
1866:
1833:Slave Trade Acts
524:Byzantine Empire
366:
339:
338:
325:Hamburg massacre
245:
243:
232:
225:
218:
209:
208:
198:
185:
178:
159:Enforcement Acts
125:Ulysses S. Grant
60:
43:
42:
21:
34702:
34701:
34697:
34696:
34695:
34693:
34692:
34691:
34467:
34466:
34465:
34455:
34450:
34448:
34444:from Wikisource
34438:
34433:
34431:
34421:
34416:
34414:
34404:
34399:
34397:
34394:
34390:sister projects
34387:at Knowledge's
34381:
34371:
34369:
34357:
34347:
34345:
34337:
34335:
34330:
34329:
34324:
34288:
34271:Lucy Webb Hayes
34259:
34222:President Hayes
34203:
34135:
34064:
34056:
34045:
34037:
34032:
34002:
33997:
33961:
33958:(granddaughter)
33878:
33849:
33793:Brooklyn relief
33782:The Peacemakers
33727:
33709:
33668:
33598:
33580:
33563:Post-presidency
33553:
33495:Great Sioux War
33456:
33447:Post Office Act
33406:
33399:
33395:Desert Land Act
33353:Economic policy
33348:
33310:
33213:
33153:Military career
33148:
33139:
33133:
33128:
33098:
33093:
33045:
33002:
32951:
32922:Charles Johnson
32892:
32834:
32737:Alaska Purchase
32671:
32625:
32614:
32606:
32595:
32584:
32576:
32571:
32541:
32536:
32488:
32429:Abraham Lincoln
32401:(granddaughter)
32395:(granddaughter)
32340:
32336:Wabash, Indiana
32261:Brooklyn relief
32216:reflecting pool
32192:
32143:Lincoln Highway
32123:Abraham Lincoln
32010:
32004:
31922:
31872:
31853:Lincoln Bedroom
31804:Knob Creek Farm
31791:
31785:
31771:Religious views
31751:Lincoln's beard
31706:
31700:
31636:
31592:Birchard Letter
31457:Perpetual Union
31433:
31406:
31404:Abraham Lincoln
31401:
31371:
31366:
31356:
31354:
31341:
31307:Historic places
31300:US state firsts
31186:
31101:
30825:
30758:
30730:2010 majorities
30725:2000 majorities
30696:
30643:Black Seminoles
30592:
30583:Southern (SIAC)
30566:
30565:and conferences
30564:
30557:
30553:Serena Williams
30548:Jackie Robinson
30482:
30406:
30404:
30397:
30317:
30284:Nation of Islam
30255:
30203:
30197:
30138:Sojourner Truth
30128:Clarence Thomas
30093:Gabriel Prosser
29993:Michael Jackson
29868:Crispus Attucks
29858:Ralph Abernathy
29846:
29802:Musical theater
29701:
29567:Great Migration
29539:COVID-19 impact
29497:Sit-in movement
29372:
29367:
29337:
29328:
29317:Freedmen's town
29238:
29217:Slave marriages
29190:and procreation
29189:
29187:
29181:
29167:Vice presidents
29081:Nullifier Party
29060:Fugitive slaves
29013:
29009:Slave narrative
28947:Black Canadians
28867:
28861:
28776:
28755:
28741:
28480:
28475:
28445:
28440:
28394:
28368:
28312:
28276:
28264:
28003:
27977:
27935:
27920:
27826:Jewish American
27799:Polish American
27740:Korean American
27730:Indian American
27697:
27682:
27537:Merchant Marine
27507:Law enforcement
27359:
27340:
27214:
27210:Great Recession
27117:
27091:Reagan Doctrine
27045:
27024:Stonewall riots
26946:
26920:Project Mercury
26881:Truman Doctrine
26857:
26765:First Red Scare
26739:
26708:Progressive Era
26620:
26580:Bleeding Kansas
26536:
26483:Monroe Doctrine
26459:
26407:
26366:Treaty of Paris
26327:
26301:Boston Massacre
26296:Sons of Liberty
26192:
26163:
26152:
26134:
26129:
26099:
26094:
26081:
26074:
26067:
26050:
26036:Opioid epidemic
25953:Native American
25933:intersex rights
25884:
25880:Life expectancy
25870:Medical deserts
25860:Race and health
25757:
25743:Personal income
25689:
25593:National anthem
25426:personal income
25391:Economic issues
25325:
25277:
25125:
25025:
25014:School district
25000:
24983:Minor divisions
24977:
24916:
24874:
24813:
24799:Statutory codes
24780:
24743:
24720:
24630:
24625:
24612:
24547:
24504:civil liberties
24485:
24476:Other tribunals
24455:District courts
24407:
24366:current members
24349:current members
24330:
24264:Law enforcement
24162:
23875:
23824:
23815:Great Recession
23686:Progressive Era
23676:Native genocide
23607:Perpetual Union
23595:Treaty of Paris
23553:United Colonies
23511:
23436:
23430:
23395:
23387:
23382:
23365:
23356:White supremacy
23299:
23258:
23246:David W. Blight
23174:
23084:Joel Williamson
23061:Howard K. Beale
22962:
22951:Giles v. Harris
22895:
22886:Desert Land Act
22859:
22786:
22713:
22637:
22623:Long Depression
22593:Colfax massacre
22576:
22557:Salary Grab Act
22525:
22464:
22445:Kirk–Holden war
22413:
22347:
22254:
22181:
22094:
22075:Shaw University
22014:
22000:Wade–Davis Bill
21988:
21937:
21843:
21797:
20819:
20773:
20727:
20607:
20589:
20526:Horatio Seymour
20452:
20436:
20429:
20277:Abraham Lincoln
20267:
20253:
20248:
20210:Yale University
20103:Wayback Machine
20047:Wayback Machine
20012:
20007:
20006:
19996:Wayback Machine
19976:Harper's Weekly
19969:Wayback Machine
19955:
19950:
19942:Wayback Machine
19927:
19824:
19822:
19805:Wayback Machine
19772:
19770:
19740:Wayback Machine
19709:
19673:
19659:10.2307/1836959
19642:
19629:
19627:Further reading
19624:
19623:
19618:Wayback Machine
19567:
19565:
19500:
19498:
19464:Lee, Stephen D.
19415:
19414:
19407:
19405:
19349:
19347:Primary sources
19344:
19260:
19255:
19241:10.2307/2954450
19132:
19130:
19084:
19063:
19058:
19042:
19010:10.2307/2197687
18986:
18951:
18930:
18859:
18842:Wayback Machine
18830:
18811:Wayback Machine
18790:
18729:
18728:
18710:
18672:
18650:
18640:Scarecrow Press
18624:Volume: 7: 1877
18601:
18580:
18550:
18511:
18475:10.2307/1895802
18445:
18444:
18422:
18392:
18368:
18335:Lynd, Staughton
18293:
18261:
18237:
18235:
18163:
18129:
18127:
18120:
18099:
18078:
18040:
18021:
17999:
17964:
17940:
17921:
17902:
17871:
17833:
17805:
17772:
17740:
17707:
17681:
17570:
17562:. D. C. Heath.
17542:
17526:
17521:
17520:
17510:
17508:
17493:
17489:
17479:
17477:
17462:
17458:
17448:
17446:
17436:
17432:
17421:
17417:
17407:
17405:
17382:
17378:
17359:
17355:
17348:
17332:
17328:
17318:
17316:
17301:10.2307/2710931
17277:
17273:
17250:
17246:
17234:
17230:
17220:
17218:
17207:
17203:
17196:
17176:
17172:
17164:
17160:
17153:
17139:
17135:
17104:
17100:
17089:
17085:
17044:Whaples, Robert
17041:
17037:
17027:
17025:
17012:
17008:
16998:
16996:
16983:
16979:
16969:
16967:
16952:
16948:
16941:
16924:
16920:
16905:
16891:
16887:
16879:
16875:
16868:
16854:
16850:
16842:
16838:
16830:
16826:
16816:
16811:
16807:
16797:
16795:
16785:
16781:
16766:
16762:
16752:
16750:
16731:
16727:
16720:
16706:
16702:
16698:, p. xxii.
16694:
16690:
16684:Williams (1946)
16682:
16678:
16668:
16666:
16656:Washington Post
16648:
16644:
16626:
16622:
16612:
16607:
16603:
16580:
16576:
16539:
16535:
16520:10.2307/1892388
16502:
16498:
16485:
16481:
16466:10.2307/1898466
16448:
16444:
16437:
16421:
16417:
16404:
16400:
16392:
16385:
16377:
16370:
16363:
16349:
16345:
16338:
16322:
16318:
16295:
16291:
16285:Williams (1946)
16283:
16279:
16256:10.2307/2714704
16234:
16230:
16223:
16209:
16205:
16190:10.2307/2192035
16172:
16168:
16158:
16156:
16141:
16140:
16136:
16121:10.2307/2206012
16103:
16099:
16092:
16075:
16071:
16065:Woodward (1966)
16063:
16059:
16049:
16047:
16034:
16033:
16029:
16021:
16017:
15978:
15974:
15966:
15962:
15954:
15950:
15943:
15929:
15925:
15915:
15910:
15906:
15896:
15894:
15873:
15869:
15861:
15857:
15849:
15845:
15837:
15833:
15825:
15821:
15813:
15809:
15801:
15797:
15789:
15785:
15777:
15773:
15765:
15761:
15753:
15749:
15741:
15737:
15704:
15700:
15693:
15679:
15675:
15668:
15654:
15650:
15642:
15638:
15624:
15620:
15612:
15608:
15600:
15596:
15588:
15584:
15576:
15572:
15566:Williams (1946)
15564:
15557:
15549:
15545:
15538:
15522:
15518:
15491:
15487:
15481:Franklin (1961)
15479:
15475:
15452:
15448:
15425:
15421:
15398:
15394:
15387:
15369:
15365:
15358:
15343:
15339:
15324:10.2307/1893078
15308:
15301:
15293:
15289:
15281:
15277:
15269:
15265:
15259:Franklin (1961)
15257:
15253:
15245:
15241:
15235:Franklin (1961)
15233:
15229:
15221:
15217:
15180:
15176:
15169:
15155:
15151:
15143:
15136:
15130:Franklin (1961)
15128:
15124:
15116:
15112:
15105:
15091:
15087:
15081:Anderson (1988)
15079:
15075:
15065:Anderson (1988)
15063:
15059:
15052:
15034:
15027:
15019:
15015:
15005:
15003:
15002:on July 9, 2020
14996:
14980:
14976:
14968:
14964:
14957:
14939:
14935:
14916:
14912:
14904:
14900:
14881:
14877:
14869:
14865:
14857:
14853:
14846:
14830:
14826:
14818:
14814:
14807:
14793:
14789:
14777:
14773:
14765:
14761:
14751:
14749:
14729:
14725:
14719:Wayback Machine
14703:
14701:
14697:
14682:
14678:
14677:
14673:
14666:
14652:
14648:
14644:, introduction.
14640:
14636:
14628:
14624:
14614:
14612:
14595:
14591:
14583:
14579:
14571:
14567:
14534:
14530:
14522:
14518:
14510:
14503:
14499:, pp. 746.
14491:
14487:
14479:
14472:
14464:, p. 102;
14460:
14456:
14448:
14444:
14436:
14432:
14424:
14420:
14412:
14408:
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14210:
14206:
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14170:
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14137:
14130:
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14109:
14105:
14097:
14088:
14080:
14076:
14068:
14064:
14056:
14052:
14044:
14040:
14032:
14025:
14017:
14013:
14005:
13998:
13991:
13973:
13969:
13959:
13957:
13922:
13918:
13881:
13877:
13867:
13865:
13863:
13847:
13843:
13835:
13831:
13824:
13810:
13806:
13798:
13794:
13786:
13782:
13774:
13770:
13762:
13758:
13751:
13737:
13733:
13725:
13721:
13713:
13709:
13701:
13697:
13690:
13671:
13667:
13626:
13619:
13613:Summers (2014a)
13611:
13604:
13596:
13592:
13584:
13577:
13569:
13565:
13558:
13544:
13540:
13532:
13528:
13524:, v. 6: p. 199.
13520:
13513:
13506:
13492:
13488:
13480:
13476:
13468:
13464:
13441:
13437:
13430:
13416:
13412:
13401:
13400:
13396:
13388:
13384:
13375:
13371:
13361:
13359:
13351:American Memory
13344:
13343:
13339:
13302:
13298:
13288:
13286:
13282:
13265:
13255:
13251:
13236:10.2307/2204965
13218:
13214:
13199:10.2307/1918254
13177:
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12842:
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12803:
12799:
12792:
12772:
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12761:
12739:
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12728:
12712:
12708:
12700:
12696:
12689:
12675:
12671:
12664:
12650:
12646:
12636:
12634:
12622:
12618:
12601:
12597:
12589:
12585:
12578:
12564:
12560:
12553:
12531:
12527:
12521:Stauffer (2008)
12519:
12515:
12494:
12490:
12483:
12469:
12462:
12456:Stauffer (2008)
12454:
12450:
12442:
12438:
12430:
12426:
12419:
12403:
12399:
12389:
12387:
12367:
12363:
12351:
12347:
12332:
12318:
12311:
12299:
12292:
12282:
12280:
12267:
12266:
12262:
12255:
12241:
12237:
12225:
12221:
12214:
12200:
12189:
12181:
12177:
12170:
12154:
12150:
12140:
12138:
12119:
12115:
12105:
12103:
12090:
12089:
12085:
12076:
12072:
12065:
12051:
12047:
12032:
12018:
12014:
12007:
11993:
11989:
11981:
11977:
11971:Anderson (1988)
11969:
11965:
11958:
11940:
11936:
11929:
11913:
11909:
11903:Franklin (1961)
11900:
11896:
11888:
11884:
11877:
11863:
11859:
11851:
11847:
11834:
11830:
11822:
11818:
11787:
11765:
11761:
11753:
11749:
11741:
11737:
11729:
11725:
11718:
11704:
11700:
11693:
11677:
11673:
11640:
11636:
11628:
11624:
11616:
11607:
11599:
11595:
11588:
11572:
11565:
11557:
11553:
11543:
11541:
11540:on May 16, 2008
11526:
11525:
11521:
11513:
11509:
11504:Wayback Machine
11493:
11489:
11481:
11477:
11469:
11460:
11450:
11448:
11432:(Winter 2009).
11427:
11418:
11403:10.2307/2207155
11385:
11381:
11366:10.2307/2205211
11348:
11344:
11333:
11331:
11316:
11312:
11297:
11293:
11284:
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11256:
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11198:
11177:
11173:
11165:
11120:
11111:
11104:
11096:
11092:
11084:
11077:
11069:
11062:
11055:
11051:
11044:
11040:
11033:
11029:
11019:
11017:
10978:
10971:
10961:
10959:
10951:
10950:
10946:
10936:
10934:
10926:
10925:
10921:
10913:
10905:
10901:
10885:
10883:
10830:
10826:
10818:
10814:
10804:
10802:
10747:
10738:
10730:
10726:
10714:
10710:
10700:
10698:
10681:
10677:
10670:
10662:. p. 168.
10650:
10646:
10633:
10632:
10628:
10619:Wayback Machine
10610:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10595:
10586:
10582:
10554:
10550:
10545:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10523:Freedmen's town
10504:
10453:
10354:'s vision of a
10342:The journalist
10326:
10265:
10240:
10224:
10205:Give Me Liberty
10201:
10189:David W. Blight
10181:William McFeely
10145:law enforcement
10093:
10070:
10016:Howard K. Beale
10004:
9974:
9945:
9897:vice presidency
9869:Thomas W. Ferry
9846:
9838:Main articles:
9836:
9826:) was reached.
9824:corrupt bargain
9818:, the national
9812:ballot stuffing
9808:
9802:
9768:for president.
9748:Similarly, the
9696:Colfax Massacre
9675:
9647:
9641:
9597:, March 6, 1875
9595:Harper's Weekly
9580:
9574:
9518:
9485:Salmon P. Chase
9481:
9475:
9463:
9457:
9441:Colfax Massacre
9412:white supremacy
9353:
9301:Benjamin Butler
9293:
9288:
9250:
9220:
9209:
9077:
9048:
8995:
8958:Matthew Simpson
8879:Eastman Johnson
8872:
8867:
8785:South Carolina
8771:North Carolina
8678:
8671:
8665:
8527:South Carolina
8510:North Carolina
8487:
8485:
8484:Statewide White
8466:
8437:
8428:
8416:
8388:
8376:
8364:Amos T. Akerman
8337:Amos T. Akerman
8329:
8296:Amos T. Akerman
8287:
8264:
8233:
8200:
8180:
8174:
8150:Horatio Seymour
8139:Michael Scanlon
8110:Schuyler Colfax
8098:
8092:
8067:Harper's Weekly
8039:
7997:Philip Sheridan
7932:
7925:
7923:
7916:
7914:
7907:
7905:
7898:
7896:
7889:
7881:
7861:
7851:Giles v. Harris
7810:Colfax Massacre
7781:
7775:
7772:
7761:
7745:
7741:
7723:disenfranchised
7709:
7682:
7640:Harper's Weekly
7617:
7552:
7458:
7452:
7428:, argued that:
7386:Jefferson Davis
7370:with Seward in
7330:Harper's Weekly
7323:
7317:
7311:
7302:
7266:
7260:
7251:
7218:
7212:
7203:
7189:
7183:
7158:
7152:
7115:
7090:Central America
7086:
7048:
7035:
7023:
7016:John C. Frémont
6992:Abraham Lincoln
6985:
6980:
6926:
6807:
6791:fugitive slaves
6774:
6760:impeach Johnson
6713:
6674:Upon President
6672:
6666:in April 1865.
6647:Wade–Davis Bill
6620:Abraham Lincoln
6604:
6448:is assassinated
6435:surrenders the
6372:
6347:Wade–Davis Bill
6315:
6255:
6237:emancipationist
6211:David W. Blight
6176:
6158:and formed the
6156:Abraham Lincoln
6144:
6069:
6009:his impeachment
5985:white supremacy
5930:Wade–Davis Bill
5903:Abraham Lincoln
5882:and engaged in
5832:
5784:
5782:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5725:
5681:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5612:
5574:
5550:Omaha, Nebraska
5515:Historic places
5509:
5401:
5272:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5223:
5182:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5150:
5102:
5044:Black Seminoles
5009:
5008:Sub-communities
5001:
5000:
4987:Southern (SIAC)
4947:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4888:
4872:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4775:
4741:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4713:Nation of Islam
4679:
4656:
4637:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4562:
4529:
4496:
4468:
4429:
4405:Musical theater
4365:
4355:
4354:
4336:Great Migration
4193:
4163:
4134:
4133:
4109:
4101:
4100:
4091:Great Migration
4061:
4053:
4052:
4043:Perry race riot
4013:Elaine massacre
3933:
3925:
3924:
3740:Andrew Richards
3735:
3727:
3726:
3663:
3655:
3654:
3650:Convict leasing
3601:
3593:
3592:
3575:
3555:
3483:
3482:
3084:
3076:
3075:
2981:Jewish American
2954:Polish American
2934:German American
2890:Korean American
2880:Indian American
2851:
2843:
2842:
2697:Merchant Marine
2667:Law enforcement
2535:Racial violence
2509:
2501:
2500:
2307:Progressive Era
2115:
2111:
2092:
2090:History of the
2072:
2043:
2042:
1947:Slave narrative
1898:Fugitive slaves
1878:
1870:
1869:
1860:
1828:Slave rebellion
1683:
1673:
1672:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1443:United Kingdom
1379:Yankee princess
973:
965:
964:
692:Avret Pazarları
638:Avret Pazarları
507:Medieval Europe
473:
463:
462:
401:Forced marriage
376:
337:
332:
331:
299:Colfax massacre
288:Kirk–Holden war
246:
241:
238:
236:
176:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
127:
123:
119:
117:Abraham Lincoln
96:Southern States
93:
82:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
34700:
34690:
34689:
34684:
34679:
34674:
34669:
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34659:
34654:
34649:
34644:
34639:
34634:
34629:
34624:
34619:
34614:
34609:
34604:
34599:
34594:
34589:
34584:
34579:
34574:
34569:
34564:
34559:
34554:
34552:1870s in Texas
34549:
34544:
34539:
34534:
34532:1860s in Texas
34529:
34524:
34519:
34514:
34509:
34504:
34499:
34494:
34489:
34484:
34479:
34464:
34463:
34446:
34429:
34427:from Wikiquote
34412:
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34331:
34326:
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34322:
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34128:
34123:
34118:
34113:
34108:
34103:
34098:
34093:
34088:
34083:
34078:
34072:
34070:
34066:
34065:
34063:
34062:
34054:
34042:
34039:
34038:
34031:
34030:
34023:
34016:
34008:
33999:
33998:
33996:
33995:
33982:
33981:
33974:
33966:
33963:
33962:
33960:
33959:
33953:
33947:
33941:
33935:
33929:
33923:
33917:
33911:
33905:
33899:
33892:
33890:
33884:
33883:
33880:
33879:
33877:
33876:
33868:
33859:
33857:
33851:
33850:
33848:
33847:
33842:
33837:
33836:
33835:
33830:
33820:
33815:
33810:
33805:
33800:
33798:Chicago statue
33795:
33790:
33785:
33778:
33773:
33772:
33771:
33761:
33753:
33748:
33743:
33741:Grant Memorial
33737:
33735:
33726:
33725:
33719:
33717:
33711:
33710:
33708:
33707:
33706:
33705:
33700:
33692:
33691:
33690:
33685:
33676:
33674:
33670:
33669:
33667:
33666:
33661:
33660:
33659:
33649:
33644:
33639:
33638:
33637:
33627:
33622:
33617:
33612:
33606:
33604:
33600:
33599:
33597:
33596:
33588:
33586:
33582:
33581:
33579:
33578:
33573:
33567:
33565:
33559:
33558:
33555:
33554:
33552:
33551:
33546:
33541:
33536:
33531:
33526:
33525:
33524:
33519:
33514:
33504:
33503:
33502:
33497:
33492:
33487:
33485:"Peace Policy"
33477:
33476:
33475:
33468:Reconstruction
33464:
33462:
33458:
33457:
33455:
33454:
33449:
33444:
33443:
33442:
33432:
33427:
33422:
33417:
33411:
33409:
33401:
33400:
33398:
33397:
33392:
33387:
33382:
33377:
33372:
33367:
33362:
33356:
33354:
33350:
33349:
33347:
33346:
33341:
33336:
33335:
33334:
33320:
33318:
33316:Foreign policy
33309:
33308:
33307:
33306:
33301:
33296:
33291:
33286:
33281:
33276:
33271:
33261:
33256:
33251:
33246:
33245:
33244:
33234:
33229:
33223:
33221:
33215:
33214:
33212:
33211:
33206:
33205:
33204:
33203:
33202:
33192:
33187:
33182:
33177:
33172:
33167:
33156:
33154:
33150:
33149:
33138:
33135:
33134:
33127:
33126:
33119:
33112:
33104:
33095:
33094:
33092:
33091:
33078:
33077:
33072:
33066:
33065:
33058:
33050:
33047:
33046:
33044:
33043:
33036:
33031:
33026:
33021:
33016:
33010:
33008:
33004:
33003:
33001:
33000:
32995:
32990:
32985:
32980:
32975:
32970:
32965:
32959:
32957:
32953:
32952:
32950:
32949:
32943:
32940:Robert Johnson
32937:
32931:
32925:
32919:
32913:
32907:
32900:
32898:
32894:
32893:
32891:
32890:
32882:
32874:
32866:
32858:
32853:
32848:
32842:
32840:
32836:
32835:
32833:
32832:
32827:
32822:
32817:
32812:
32806:
32801:
32800:
32799:
32794:
32789:
32784:
32774:
32769:
32764:
32759:
32754:
32749:
32744:
32739:
32734:
32729:
32728:
32727:
32722:
32717:
32707:
32702:
32697:
32692:
32690:Foreign policy
32687:
32681:
32679:
32673:
32672:
32670:
32669:
32667:Kirkwood House
32664:
32659:
32654:
32649:
32644:
32639:
32637:Homestead Acts
32633:
32631:
32630:Pre-presidency
32627:
32626:
32624:
32623:
32612:
32604:
32593:
32581:
32578:
32577:
32574:Andrew Johnson
32570:
32569:
32562:
32555:
32547:
32538:
32537:
32535:
32534:
32522:
32509:
32508:
32501:
32493:
32490:
32489:
32487:
32486:
32480:
32474:
32468:
32462:
32459:Samuel Lincoln
32456:
32450:
32444:
32438:
32432:
32426:
32420:
32414:
32408:
32405:Thomas Lincoln
32402:
32396:
32390:
32384:
32378:
32372:
32366:
32360:
32354:
32352:
32346:
32345:
32342:
32341:
32339:
32338:
32333:
32328:
32323:
32318:
32313:
32308:
32303:
32298:
32293:
32288:
32283:
32278:
32273:
32271:D.C. City Hall
32268:
32263:
32258:
32253:
32246:
32239:
32232:
32225:
32223:Mount Rushmore
32220:
32219:
32218:
32213:
32202:
32200:
32191:
32190:
32185:
32180:
32175:
32170:
32165:
32160:
32155:
32150:
32145:
32140:
32136:Here I Grew Up
32132:
32127:
32118:
32113:
32108:
32103:
32101:Postage stamps
32098:
32097:
32096:
32091:
32086:
32081:
32071:
32070:
32069:
32064:
32054:
32049:
32044:
32039:
32034:
32033:
32032:
32022:
32016:
32014:
32006:
32005:
32003:
32002:
31995:
31988:
31983:
31982:
31981:
31971:
31969:Petersen House
31966:
31965:
31964:
31952:
31951:
31950:
31938:
31936:Ford's Theater
31932:
31930:
31924:
31923:
31921:
31920:
31915:
31910:
31905:
31904:
31903:
31893:
31888:
31882:
31880:
31874:
31873:
31871:
31870:
31865:
31860:
31855:
31850:
31845:
31840:
31835:
31830:
31825:
31824:
31823:
31818:
31808:
31807:
31806:
31795:
31793:
31787:
31786:
31784:
31783:
31778:
31773:
31768:
31763:
31758:
31753:
31748:
31746:Baltimore Plot
31743:
31736:
31731:
31726:
31721:
31719:Black Hawk War
31716:
31710:
31708:
31702:
31701:
31699:
31698:
31693:
31685:
31680:
31675:
31670:
31665:
31660:
31655:
31650:
31644:
31642:
31638:
31637:
31635:
31634:
31629:
31624:
31619:
31614:
31609:
31604:
31599:
31594:
31589:
31584:
31579:
31574:
31569:
31568:
31567:
31557:
31552:
31550:Foreign policy
31547:
31546:
31545:
31543:Reconstruction
31540:
31535:
31530:
31525:
31520:
31515:
31510:
31505:
31496:
31491:
31486:
31481:
31471:
31466:
31465:
31464:
31459:
31449:
31443:
31441:
31435:
31434:
31432:
31431:
31421:
31411:
31408:
31407:
31400:
31399:
31392:
31385:
31377:
31368:
31367:
31365:
31364:
31352:
31346:
31343:
31342:
31340:
31339:
31334:
31329:
31324:
31319:
31314:
31309:
31304:
31303:
31302:
31297:
31292:
31282:
31281:
31280:
31275:
31273:Visual artists
31270:
31265:
31260:
31255:
31250:
31245:
31240:
31235:
31233:Mathematicians
31230:
31225:
31220:
31215:
31210:
31205:
31194:
31192:
31188:
31187:
31185:
31184:
31183:
31182:
31174:
31169:
31168:
31167:
31162:
31157:
31152:
31147:
31139:
31138:
31137:
31132:
31127:
31122:
31111:
31109:
31103:
31102:
31100:
31099:
31094:
31089:
31084:
31083:
31082:
31077:
31072:
31067:
31057:
31052:
31050:South Carolina
31047:
31042:
31041:
31040:
31032:
31027:
31022:
31020:North Carolina
31017:
31016:
31015:
31005:
31000:
30999:
30998:
30988:
30983:
30982:
30981:
30973:
30972:
30971:
30965:Massachusetts
30963:
30962:
30961:
30951:
30946:
30945:
30944:
30934:
30929:
30928:
30927:
30917:
30912:
30911:
30910:
30900:
30895:
30894:
30893:
30883:
30882:
30881:
30876:
30866:
30861:
30860:
30859:
30854:
30844:
30839:
30833:
30831:
30827:
30826:
30824:
30823:
30818:
30813:
30812:
30811:
30810:
30809:
30807:social context
30804:
30794:
30784:
30783:
30782:
30772:
30766:
30764:
30760:
30759:
30757:
30756:
30755:
30754:
30749:
30739:
30734:
30733:
30732:
30727:
30717:
30716:
30715:
30704:
30702:
30698:
30697:
30695:
30694:
30689:
30688:
30687:
30677:
30672:
30667:
30662:
30661:
30660:
30658:Creek Freedmen
30655:
30650:
30645:
30635:
30633:Alabama Creole
30630:
30629:
30628:
30623:
30618:
30613:
30604:
30602:
30598:
30597:
30594:
30593:
30591:
30590:
30585:
30580:
30575:
30573:Central (CIAA)
30569:
30567:
30562:
30559:
30558:
30556:
30555:
30550:
30545:
30540:
30535:
30530:
30525:
30520:
30515:
30510:
30505:
30500:
30494:
30488:
30484:
30483:
30481:
30480:
30475:
30470:
30465:
30460:
30455:
30450:
30445:
30440:
30435:
30430:
30425:
30420:
30415:
30409:
30407:
30402:
30399:
30398:
30396:
30395:
30390:
30389:
30388:
30378:
30373:
30368:
30366:Pan-Africanism
30363:
30358:
30353:
30348:
30347:
30346:
30336:
30331:
30325:
30323:
30319:
30318:
30316:
30315:
30310:
30308:Black theology
30305:
30300:
30299:
30298:
30288:
30287:
30286:
30281:
30271:
30265:
30263:
30257:
30256:
30254:
30253:
30252:
30251:
30249:in STEM fields
30246:
30241:
30233:
30228:
30223:
30218:
30213:
30207:
30205:
30204:and technology
30199:
30198:
30196:
30195:
30190:
30185:
30180:
30175:
30170:
30165:
30160:
30155:
30150:
30145:
30143:Harriet Tubman
30140:
30135:
30130:
30125:
30120:
30115:
30110:
30105:
30100:
30095:
30090:
30085:
30080:
30075:
30073:Michelle Obama
30070:
30065:
30060:
30055:
30050:
30045:
30040:
30035:
30030:
30025:
30020:
30015:
30010:
30005:
30003:Barbara Jordan
30000:
29998:Harriet Jacobs
29995:
29990:
29985:
29980:
29975:
29970:
29965:
29960:
29955:
29950:
29945:
29940:
29935:
29930:
29925:
29920:
29915:
29910:
29905:
29900:
29895:
29890:
29888:Amelia Boynton
29885:
29880:
29875:
29870:
29865:
29860:
29854:
29852:
29851:Notable people
29848:
29847:
29845:
29844:
29839:
29834:
29829:
29824:
29819:
29814:
29809:
29804:
29799:
29794:
29789:
29787:LGBT community
29784:
29779:
29774:
29769:
29768:
29767:
29757:
29752:
29747:
29742:
29737:
29732:
29727:
29722:
29717:
29711:
29709:
29703:
29702:
29700:
29699:
29694:
29689:
29684:
29683:
29682:
29672:
29667:
29662:
29657:
29652:
29647:
29639:
29634:
29627:
29620:
29615:
29610:
29605:
29600:
29595:
29586:
29581:
29580:
29579:
29574:
29564:
29559:
29554:
29549:
29541:
29536:
29531:
29530:
29529:
29524:
29519:
29514:
29509:
29504:
29502:Freedom Riders
29499:
29494:
29486:
29476:
29471:
29466:
29465:
29464:
29459:
29454:
29446:
29441:
29433:
29428:
29426:Black genocide
29423:
29418:
29413:
29408:
29403:
29398:
29393:
29388:
29382:
29380:
29374:
29373:
29366:
29365:
29358:
29351:
29343:
29334:
29333:
29330:
29329:
29327:
29326:
29325:
29324:
29314:
29309:
29304:
29299:
29294:
29289:
29284:
29279:
29277:Colored Troops
29274:
29269:
29264:
29259:
29254:
29248:
29246:
29240:
29239:
29237:
29236:
29231:
29226:
29219:
29214:
29212:Slave breeding
29209:
29204:
29202:Female slavery
29199:
29197:Sexual slavery
29193:
29191:
29188:sexual slavery
29183:
29182:
29180:
29179:
29174:
29169:
29164:
29163:
29162:
29157:
29152:
29147:
29142:
29137:
29132:
29127:
29117:
29112:
29105:
29098:
29093:
29088:
29083:
29078:
29073:
29067:
29062:
29057:
29052:
29047:
29042:
29037:
29032:
29027:
29021:
29019:
29015:
29014:
29012:
29011:
29006:
29001:
28996:
28991:
28986:
28981:
28976:
28971:
28966:
28961:
28956:
28951:
28950:
28949:
28944:
28934:
28929:
28924:
28919:
28914:
28909:
28907:Slave quarters
28904:
28899:
28894:
28893:
28892:
28882:
28877:
28871:
28869:
28868:social history
28863:
28862:
28860:
28859:
28854:
28849:
28844:
28839:
28834:
28829:
28824:
28819:
28814:
28809:
28804:
28799:
28793:
28791:
28782:
28778:
28777:
28775:
28774:
28769:
28763:
28761:
28757:
28756:
28751:
28749:
28743:
28742:
28740:
28739:
28734:
28729:
28724:
28719:
28714:
28709:
28704:
28699:
28694:
28689:
28687:South Carolina
28684:
28679:
28674:
28669:
28664:
28659:
28654:
28652:North Carolina
28649:
28644:
28639:
28634:
28629:
28624:
28619:
28614:
28609:
28604:
28599:
28594:
28589:
28584:
28579:
28574:
28569:
28564:
28559:
28554:
28549:
28544:
28539:
28534:
28529:
28524:
28519:
28514:
28509:
28504:
28499:
28494:
28488:
28486:
28482:
28481:
28474:
28473:
28466:
28459:
28451:
28442:
28441:
28439:
28438:
28428:
28418:
28416:Historiography
28413:
28407:
28404:
28403:
28400:
28399:
28396:
28395:
28393:
28392:
28382:
28376:
28374:
28370:
28369:
28367:
28366:
28361:
28356:
28354:Navassa Island
28351:
28346:
28341:
28339:Johnston Atoll
28336:
28331:
28329:Howland Island
28326:
28320:
28318:
28314:
28313:
28311:
28310:
28305:
28300:
28295:
28290:
28288:American Samoa
28284:
28282:
28278:
28277:
28272:
28270:
28266:
28265:
28263:
28262:
28257:
28252:
28247:
28242:
28237:
28232:
28227:
28222:
28217:
28212:
28210:South Carolina
28207:
28202:
28197:
28192:
28187:
28182:
28177:
28175:North Carolina
28172:
28167:
28162:
28157:
28152:
28147:
28142:
28137:
28132:
28127:
28122:
28117:
28112:
28107:
28102:
28097:
28092:
28087:
28082:
28077:
28072:
28067:
28062:
28057:
28052:
28047:
28042:
28037:
28032:
28027:
28022:
28017:
28011:
28009:
28005:
28004:
28002:
28001:
27999:The West Coast
27996:
27991:
27985:
27983:
27979:
27978:
27976:
27975:
27973:Indian removal
27970:
27965:
27960:
27955:
27949:
27947:
27937:
27936:
27926:
27925:
27922:
27921:
27919:
27918:
27917:
27916:
27911:
27906:
27894:
27887:
27886:
27885:
27880:
27868:
27867:
27866:
27864:Saudi American
27861:
27856:
27851:
27849:Iraqi American
27846:
27841:
27829:
27822:
27821:
27820:
27808:
27807:
27806:
27801:
27796:
27791:
27786:
27784:Irish American
27781:
27776:
27771:
27766:
27754:
27753:
27752:
27747:
27742:
27737:
27732:
27727:
27722:
27714:Asian American
27710:
27702:
27699:
27698:
27688:
27687:
27684:
27683:
27681:
27680:
27679:
27678:
27673:
27668:
27663:
27658:
27646:
27645:
27644:
27642:Sexual slavery
27632:
27625:
27618:
27617:
27616:
27611:
27606:
27601:
27596:
27591:
27579:
27578:
27577:
27572:
27567:
27562:
27557:
27552:
27540:
27533:
27526:
27525:
27524:
27519:
27514:
27512:Postal service
27509:
27504:
27502:Foreign policy
27499:
27494:
27489:
27484:
27479:
27474:
27469:
27457:
27450:
27449:
27448:
27436:
27435:
27434:
27422:
27421:
27420:
27408:
27407:
27406:
27401:
27396:
27391:
27379:
27372:
27364:
27361:
27360:
27350:
27349:
27346:
27345:
27342:
27341:
27339:
27338:
27333:
27328:
27321:
27316:
27311:
27306:
27305:
27304:
27294:
27289:
27282:
27277:
27276:
27275:
27270:
27265:
27260:
27255:
27250:
27245:
27240:
27230:
27224:
27222:
27216:
27215:
27213:
27212:
27207:
27202:
27197:
27196:
27195:
27190:
27180:
27175:
27168:
27163:
27158:
27153:
27148:
27143:
27138:
27133:
27127:
27125:
27119:
27118:
27116:
27115:
27110:
27105:
27100:
27099:
27098:
27093:
27088:
27078:
27076:Crack epidemic
27073:
27072:
27071:
27066:
27055:
27053:
27047:
27046:
27044:
27043:
27041:Moral Majority
27038:
27033:
27028:
27027:
27026:
27019:Gay liberation
27016:
27011:
27009:Counterculture
27006:
27001:
27000:
26999:
26997:Fall of Saigon
26994:
26989:
26979:
26978:
26977:
26975:Apollo program
26972:
26970:Project Gemini
26962:
26956:
26954:
26948:
26947:
26945:
26944:
26939:
26938:
26937:
26927:
26922:
26917:
26912:
26911:
26910:
26905:
26900:
26895:
26888:Early Cold War
26885:
26884:
26883:
26873:
26867:
26865:
26859:
26858:
26856:
26855:
26854:
26853:
26852:
26851:
26841:
26836:
26826:
26825:
26824:
26819:
26814:
26804:
26803:
26802:
26797:
26792:
26787:
26782:
26777:
26767:
26762:
26761:
26760:
26749:
26747:
26741:
26740:
26738:
26737:
26732:
26731:
26730:
26725:
26720:
26715:
26705:
26704:
26703:
26698:
26693:
26688:
26683:
26678:
26668:
26663:
26662:
26661:
26656:
26651:
26646:
26641:
26630:
26628:
26622:
26621:
26619:
26618:
26617:
26616:
26611:
26601:
26600:
26599:
26594:
26589:
26584:
26583:
26582:
26572:
26567:
26560:Prelude to War
26557:
26552:
26550:Antebellum Era
26546:
26544:
26538:
26537:
26535:
26534:
26529:
26524:
26523:
26522:
26517:
26512:
26507:
26502:
26497:
26495:Trail of Tears
26490:Jacksonian era
26487:
26486:
26485:
26480:
26469:
26467:
26461:
26460:
26458:
26457:
26456:
26455:
26450:
26440:
26439:
26438:
26433:
26426:Federalist Era
26423:
26421:Bill of Rights
26417:
26415:
26409:
26408:
26406:
26405:
26404:
26403:
26398:
26393:
26388:
26383:
26370:
26369:
26368:
26363:
26358:
26356:Lee Resolution
26353:
26348:
26337:
26335:
26329:
26328:
26326:
26325:
26324:
26323:
26318:
26313:
26308:
26303:
26298:
26293:
26288:
26283:
26278:
26273:
26263:
26258:
26253:
26248:
26243:
26238:
26233:
26228:
26223:
26218:
26213:
26208:
26202:
26200:
26194:
26193:
26191:
26190:
26183:
26175:
26173:
26165:
26164:
26154:
26153:
26151:
26150:
26145:
26139:
26136:
26135:
26128:
26127:
26120:
26113:
26105:
26096:
26095:
26093:
26092:
26087:
26080:
26079:
26072:
26064:
26063:
26060:
26059:
26056:
26055:
26052:
26051:
26049:
26048:
26043:
26038:
26033:
26032:
26031:
26021:
26020:
26019:
26009:
26004:
25999:
25994:
25992:Mass shootings
25989:
25984:
25983:
25982:
25980:Climate change
25977:
25967:
25962:
25961:
25960:
25955:
25950:
25945:
25940:
25935:
25930:
25925:
25918:Discrimination
25915:
25910:
25909:
25908:
25898:
25892:
25890:
25886:
25885:
25883:
25882:
25877:
25872:
25867:
25862:
25857:
25852:
25847:
25842:
25837:
25832:
25831:
25830:
25825:
25820:
25810:
25809:
25808:
25803:
25798:
25793:
25788:
25783:
25773:
25767:
25765:
25759:
25758:
25756:
25755:
25750:
25745:
25740:
25735:
25730:
25725:
25720:
25715:
25710:
25708:American Dream
25705:
25699:
25697:
25691:
25690:
25688:
25687:
25682:
25677:
25675:Transportation
25672:
25667:
25662:
25657:
25652:
25647:
25642:
25637:
25632:
25627:
25622:
25621:
25620:
25615:
25610:
25608:Mount Rushmore
25605:
25595:
25590:
25585:
25580:
25579:
25578:
25573:
25568:
25563:
25558:
25548:
25543:
25542:
25541:
25536:
25531:
25521:
25516:
25511:
25506:
25505:
25504:
25494:
25489:
25488:
25487:
25477:
25472:
25467:
25466:
25465:
25460:
25450:
25449:
25448:
25443:
25438:
25433:
25428:
25423:
25418:
25413:
25408:
25403:
25398:
25388:
25383:
25378:
25373:
25368:
25363:
25358:
25352:
25350:
25337:
25331:
25330:
25327:
25326:
25324:
25323:
25318:
25313:
25308:
25303:
25298:
25293:
25287:
25285:
25279:
25278:
25276:
25275:
25270:
25265:
25260:
25255:
25250:
25245:
25240:
25235:
25230:
25228:Federal budget
25225:
25220:
25215:
25214:
25213:
25208:
25203:
25198:
25193:
25188:
25183:
25178:
25173:
25168:
25166:Communications
25163:
25158:
25147:
25141:
25135:
25134:
25131:
25130:
25127:
25126:
25124:
25123:
25118:
25117:
25116:
25111:
25106:
25096:
25095:
25094:
25089:
25087:exceptionalism
25084:
25074:
25069:
25068:
25067:
25065:foreign policy
25057:
25056:
25055:
25050:
25040:
25034:
25031:
25030:
25027:
25026:
25024:
25023:
25022:
25021:
25010:
25008:
25002:
25001:
24999:
24998:
24993:
24987:
24985:
24979:
24978:
24976:
24975:
24970:
24965:
24960:
24955:
24950:
24945:
24940:
24935:
24930:
24924:
24922:
24918:
24917:
24915:
24914:
24909:
24904:
24899:
24893:
24891:
24882:
24876:
24875:
24873:
24872:
24867:
24866:
24865:
24855:
24854:
24853:
24848:
24843:
24833:
24827:
24825:
24819:
24818:
24815:
24814:
24812:
24811:
24806:
24801:
24796:
24790:
24788:
24782:
24781:
24779:
24778:
24777:
24776:
24766:
24765:
24764:
24762:Chief justices
24757:Supreme courts
24753:
24751:
24745:
24744:
24742:
24741:
24736:
24730:
24728:
24722:
24721:
24719:
24718:
24717:
24716:
24706:
24701:
24696:
24691:
24686:
24681:
24676:
24671:
24670:
24669:
24659:
24658:
24657:
24646:
24644:
24635:
24618:
24617:
24614:
24613:
24611:
24610:
24605:
24600:
24599:
24598:
24596:National Guard
24593:
24588:
24583:
24578:
24573:
24568:
24557:
24555:
24549:
24548:
24546:
24545:
24540:
24539:
24538:
24533:
24528:
24523:
24513:
24508:
24507:
24506:
24499:Bill of Rights
24495:
24493:
24487:
24486:
24484:
24483:
24478:
24473:
24472:
24471:
24469:list of judges
24466:
24464:list of courts
24452:
24451:
24450:
24448:list of judges
24440:
24439:
24438:
24433:
24428:
24417:
24415:
24409:
24408:
24406:
24405:
24400:
24395:
24390:
24385:
24383:Capitol Police
24380:
24379:
24378:
24373:
24368:
24358:
24357:
24356:
24351:
24340:
24338:
24332:
24331:
24329:
24328:
24323:
24318:
24313:
24312:
24311:
24306:
24304:Secret Service
24301:
24296:
24291:
24286:
24281:
24276:
24271:
24261:
24260:
24259:
24254:
24249:
24244:
24234:
24229:
24224:
24219:
24217:Vice President
24214:
24213:
24212:
24207:
24196:
24194:
24187:
24174:
24168:
24167:
24164:
24163:
24161:
24160:
24155:
24150:
24145:
24144:
24143:
24138:
24133:
24128:
24123:
24118:
24113:
24108:
24097:
24096:
24095:
24090:
24085:
24080:
24075:
24070:
24065:
24060:
24055:
24050:
24045:
24040:
24035:
24030:
24025:
24020:
24015:
24005:
24004:
24003:
24001:National Parks
23993:
23992:
23991:
23986:
23981:
23976:
23971:
23961:
23956:
23954:Extreme points
23951:
23946:
23945:
23944:
23939:
23934:
23929:
23924:
23919:
23914:
23909:
23904:
23893:
23887:
23881:
23880:
23877:
23876:
23874:
23873:
23868:
23863:
23858:
23853:
23848:
23843:
23838:
23832:
23830:
23826:
23825:
23823:
23822:
23817:
23812:
23811:
23810:
23805:
23795:
23790:
23785:
23780:
23775:
23770:
23765:
23760:
23755:
23750:
23749:
23748:
23738:
23733:
23728:
23723:
23718:
23713:
23712:
23711:
23706:
23701:
23693:
23688:
23683:
23678:
23673:
23668:
23663:
23658:
23653:
23648:
23643:
23641:Federalist Era
23638:
23637:
23636:
23634:Bill of Rights
23631:
23621:
23616:
23615:
23614:
23609:
23599:
23598:
23597:
23592:
23582:
23577:
23575:Lee Resolution
23572:
23567:
23566:
23565:
23560:
23555:
23550:
23545:
23540:
23535:
23525:
23519:
23517:
23513:
23512:
23510:
23509:
23504:
23499:
23494:
23489:
23484:
23479:
23474:
23469:
23464:
23459:
23453:
23451:
23444:
23438:
23437:
23435: articles
23429:
23428:
23421:
23414:
23406:
23400:
23397:
23396:
23384:
23383:
23381:
23380:
23374:
23371:
23370:
23367:
23366:
23364:
23363:
23358:
23353:
23348:
23343:
23338:
23333:
23328:
23323:
23318:
23313:
23307:
23305:
23301:
23300:
23298:
23297:
23292:
23287:
23282:
23277:
23272:
23266:
23264:
23260:
23259:
23257:
23256:
23248:
23243:
23235:
23230:
23222:
23217:
23209:
23201:
23196:
23188:
23182:
23180:
23176:
23175:
23173:
23172:
23164:
23156:
23151:
23146:
23138:
23133:
23125:
23120:
23112:
23104:
23099:
23091:
23086:
23081:
23076:
23068:
23063:
23058:
23053:
23052:
23051:
23044:Dunning School
23041:
23036:
23031:
23026:
23022:The Tragic Era
23018:
23013:
23005:
23000:
22992:
22987:
22981:
22979:
22978:Historiography
22972:
22968:
22967:
22964:
22963:
22961:
22960:
22955:
22947:
22942:
22934:
22926:
22918:
22910:
22903:
22901:
22897:
22896:
22894:
22893:
22888:
22883:
22878:
22873:
22867:
22865:
22861:
22860:
22858:
22857:
22852:
22850:1876 elections
22847:
22842:
22837:
22832:
22827:
22820:
22815:
22810:
22805:
22800:
22794:
22792:
22788:
22787:
22785:
22784:
22779:
22774:
22769:
22764:
22759:
22754:
22749:
22744:
22739:
22734:
22729:
22721:
22719:
22715:
22714:
22712:
22711:
22706:
22704:1874 elections
22701:
22696:
22691:
22686:
22681:
22676:
22671:
22666:
22661:
22656:
22651:
22645:
22643:
22639:
22638:
22636:
22635:
22630:
22625:
22620:
22615:
22607:
22600:
22595:
22590:
22584:
22582:
22578:
22577:
22575:
22574:
22569:
22567:1872 elections
22564:
22559:
22554:
22549:
22544:
22539:
22533:
22531:
22527:
22526:
22524:
22523:
22518:
22513:
22508:
22503:
22498:
22493:
22488:
22483:
22478:
22472:
22470:
22466:
22465:
22463:
22462:
22457:
22455:1870 elections
22452:
22447:
22442:
22437:
22432:
22427:
22425:15th Amendment
22421:
22419:
22415:
22414:
22412:
22411:
22406:
22401:
22394:
22389:
22384:
22379:
22374:
22366:
22361:
22355:
22353:
22349:
22348:
22346:
22345:
22340:
22338:1868 elections
22335:
22328:
22323:
22318:
22315:
22312:
22309:
22306:
22303:
22300:
22299:
22298:
22293:
22288:
22283:
22273:
22268:
22266:14th Amendment
22262:
22260:
22256:
22255:
22253:
22252:
22247:
22242:
22237:
22232:
22227:
22226:
22225:
22215:
22210:
22205:
22200:
22195:
22189:
22187:
22183:
22182:
22180:
22179:
22177:1866 elections
22173:
22172:
22167:
22160:
22153:
22148:
22141:
22138:
22133:
22128:
22123:
22118:
22113:
22108:
22102:
22100:
22096:
22095:
22093:
22092:
22087:
22082:
22077:
22072:
22067:
22062:
22061:
22060:
22050:
22045:
22040:
22039:
22038:
22028:
22026:13th Amendment
22022:
22020:
22016:
22015:
22013:
22012:
22007:
22005:1864 elections
22002:
21996:
21994:
21990:
21989:
21987:
21986:
21981:
21976:
21971:
21966:
21961:
21956:
21951:
21945:
21943:
21939:
21938:
21936:
21935:
21930:
21924:
21919:
21914:
21909:
21903:
21897:
21889:
21881:
21873:
21868:
21862:
21860:
21853:
21849:
21848:
21845:
21844:
21842:
21841:
21836:
21831:
21826:
21821:
21816:
21811:
21805:
21803:
21802:U.S. elections
21799:
21798:
21796:
21795:
21794:
21793:
21788:
21783:
21778:
21773:
21768:
21763:
21758:
21753:
21748:
21743:
21738:
21733:
21728:
21723:
21715:
21707:
21702:
21693:
21692:
21691:
21690:
21685:
21680:
21675:
21670:
21665:
21660:
21655:
21650:
21645:
21640:
21631:
21630:
21629:
21628:
21623:
21618:
21613:
21608:
21603:
21598:
21593:
21588:
21583:
21578:
21573:
21568:
21559:
21558:
21557:
21556:
21551:
21546:
21541:
21536:
21531:
21526:
21521:
21516:
21511:
21502:
21501:
21500:
21499:
21494:
21489:
21484:
21479:
21474:
21469:
21464:
21459:
21454:
21449:
21444:
21439:
21434:
21429:
21424:
21415:
21414:
21413:
21412:
21407:
21402:
21397:
21392:
21387:
21382:
21377:
21372:
21367:
21362:
21357:
21348:
21347:
21346:
21345:
21340:
21335:
21330:
21325:
21320:
21315:
21310:
21305:
21300:
21295:
21290:
21281:
21280:
21279:
21278:
21273:
21268:
21263:
21258:
21253:
21248:
21243:
21238:
21233:
21228:
21223:
21214:
21213:
21212:
21211:
21206:
21201:
21196:
21191:
21186:
21181:
21176:
21171:
21166:
21161:
21156:
21151:
21146:
21141:
21132:
21131:
21130:
21129:
21124:
21119:
21114:
21109:
21104:
21099:
21094:
21089:
21080:
21079:
21078:
21077:
21072:
21067:
21062:
21057:
21052:
21047:
21042:
21037:
21032:
21027:
21018:
21017:
21016:
21015:
21010:
21005:
21000:
20995:
20990:
20985:
20980:
20975:
20970:
20961:
20960:
20959:
20958:
20953:
20948:
20943:
20938:
20933:
20928:
20923:
20918:
20913:
20908:
20899:
20898:
20897:
20896:
20891:
20886:
20881:
20876:
20871:
20866:
20861:
20856:
20851:
20846:
20841:
20836:
20827:
20825:
20821:
20820:
20818:
20817:
20812:
20807:
20802:
20797:
20792:
20787:
20781:
20779:
20775:
20774:
20772:
20771:
20766:
20761:
20756:
20751:
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20741:
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20576:
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20565:
20560:
20558:Lyman Trumbull
20555:
20550:
20548:Charles Sumner
20545:
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20528:
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20513:
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20295:
20294:
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20284:
20282:Andrew Johnson
20279:
20270:
20268:
20265:
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20254:
20247:
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20232:
20224:
20218:
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20173:
20146:
20125:
20114:
20092:
20081:
20071:
20058:
20036:
20027:
20022:
20011:
20010:External links
20008:
20005:
20004:
19998:
19986:
19980:
19972:
19961:DeBow's Review
19956:
19954:
19951:
19949:
19948:
19931:
19926:978-0807819661
19925:
19909:
19878:
19863:
19858:Prior, David.
19856:
19844:
19831:
19788:
19779:
19762:New York Times
19749:
19742:
19725:
19708:978-1375489164
19707:
19692:
19689:Dunning School
19678:
19653:(4): 781–799.
19631:
19630:
19628:
19625:
19622:
19621:
19611:September 1863
19603:
19596:
19588:Reid, Whitelaw
19585:
19574:
19553:
19546:
19539:
19524:
19508:
19484:
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19286:
19278:
19270:
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19256:
19254:
19253:
19235:(4): 427–447.
19224:
19214:
19204:
19186:(4): 566–591.
19175:
19146:
19139:
19117:(4): 440–454.
19102:
19095:
19088:
19083:978-0062383235
19082:
19064:
19062:
19061:Historiography
19059:
19057:
19056:
19046:
19040:
19022:
19004:(4): 469–486.
18990:
18984:
18966:
18955:
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18886:
18874:(3): 147–165.
18863:
18857:
18844:
18828:
18813:
18794:
18788:
18773:
18764:
18754:
18746:Stauffer, John
18742:
18714:
18708:
18688:
18676:
18670:
18658:Simon, John Y.
18654:
18648:
18629:
18628:
18627:
18621:
18605:
18600:978-1787200272
18599:
18584:
18578:
18563:
18554:
18549:978-0807841419
18548:
18535:
18526:
18515:
18509:
18496:
18487:
18469:(2): 197–218.
18458:
18435:
18426:
18420:
18404:
18390:
18372:
18366:
18353:
18342:
18339:Reconstruction
18337:, ed. (1967).
18332:
18297:
18291:
18275:
18265:
18259:
18244:
18222:(1): 155–186.
18207:
18198:
18189:
18176:
18167:
18161:
18146:
18136:
18119:978-0190865696
18118:
18103:
18097:
18082:
18077:978-0802838728
18076:
18059:
18044:
18038:
18025:
18019:
18003:
17997:
17981:
17969:
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17944:
17938:
17925:
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17906:
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17887:
17875:
17869:
17854:
17845:
17832:978-0393974270
17831:
17818:
17809:
17803:
17786:
17776:
17770:
17752:
17738:
17720:
17711:
17705:
17685:
17679:
17666:
17657:
17639:(4): 388–402.
17628:
17598:(1): 250–283.
17583:
17574:
17568:
17555:
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17525:
17522:
17519:
17518:
17487:
17456:
17430:
17415:
17376:
17353:
17346:
17326:
17295:(3): 387–401.
17271:
17260:(4): 308–317.
17244:
17236:Summers (2014)
17228:
17201:
17194:
17170:
17158:
17151:
17133:
17114:(2): 236–242.
17098:
17083:
17056:(1): 139–154.
17035:
17006:
16977:
16946:
16939:
16918:
16903:
16885:
16873:
16866:
16848:
16844:McFeely (2002)
16836:
16824:
16805:
16779:
16760:
16725:
16718:
16700:
16688:
16686:, p. 469.
16676:
16642:
16620:
16601:
16590:(4): 439–457.
16574:
16533:
16496:
16479:
16460:(2): 191–210.
16442:
16435:
16415:
16398:
16383:
16368:
16361:
16343:
16336:
16316:
16289:
16287:, p. 473.
16277:
16228:
16221:
16203:
16184:(4): 497–521.
16166:
16134:
16115:(2): 167–186.
16097:
16090:
16069:
16057:
16027:
16025:, p. 604.
16015:
15982:World Politics
15972:
15970:, p. 174.
15960:
15958:, p. 606.
15948:
15941:
15923:
15904:
15867:
15855:
15843:
15831:
15829:, p. 443.
15819:
15807:
15795:
15783:
15771:
15759:
15747:
15735:
15716:(4): 315–336.
15698:
15691:
15673:
15666:
15648:
15636:
15618:
15614:McFeely (2002)
15606:
15604:, p. 485.
15594:
15582:
15570:
15555:
15543:
15536:
15516:
15485:
15473:
15446:
15419:
15392:
15385:
15363:
15356:
15337:
15318:(3): 404–421.
15299:
15287:
15285:, p. 376.
15275:
15273:, p. 375.
15263:
15251:
15239:
15227:
15225:, p. 387.
15215:
15174:
15167:
15149:
15134:
15132:, p. 139.
15122:
15110:
15103:
15085:
15073:
15057:
15050:
15025:
15023:, p. 205.
15013:
14994:
14974:
14972:, p. 161.
14962:
14955:
14933:
14910:
14906:Stowell (1998)
14898:
14875:
14873:, p. 202.
14863:
14851:
14844:
14824:
14822:, p. 157.
14812:
14805:
14787:
14779:Stowell (1998)
14771:
14759:
14723:
14671:
14664:
14646:
14634:
14622:
14589:
14577:
14575:, p. 400.
14565:
14528:
14526:, p. 479.
14524:Calhoun (2017)
14516:
14514:, p. 795.
14512:Chernow (2017)
14501:
14497:Chernow (2017)
14485:
14483:, p. 746.
14481:Chernow (2017)
14470:
14468:, p. 182.
14454:
14452:, p. 122.
14442:
14430:
14418:
14416:, p. 324.
14414:Calhoun (2017)
14406:
14404:, p. 547.
14389:
14377:
14346:
14344:, p. 248.
14331:
14329:, p. 521.
14315:
14311:Calhoun (2017)
14296:
14284:
14282:, p. 474.
14272:
14260:
14248:
14246:, p. 246.
14236:
14234:, p. 465.
14224:
14222:, p. 247.
14216:Chernow (2017)
14204:
14192:
14190:, p. 628.
14188:Chernow (2017)
14180:
14178:, p. 629.
14176:Chernow (2017)
14168:
14156:
14149:
14128:
14121:
14103:
14086:
14084:, p. 471.
14074:
14072:, p. 284.
14070:McFeely (2002)
14062:
14050:
14046:Calhoun (2017)
14038:
14036:, p. 461.
14023:
14011:
14009:, p. 245.
13996:
13989:
13967:
13916:
13895:(3): 622–637.
13875:
13861:
13841:
13829:
13822:
13804:
13800:Calhoun (2017)
13792:
13780:
13776:Summers (2014)
13768:
13756:
13749:
13731:
13719:
13717:, p. 324.
13707:
13695:
13688:
13665:
13644:10.1086/443844
13638:(2): 236–256.
13617:
13602:
13590:
13563:
13556:
13538:
13526:
13511:
13504:
13486:
13474:
13462:
13435:
13428:
13410:
13394:
13382:
13369:
13337:
13296:
13249:
13230:(2): 183–196.
13212:
13175:
13155:
13143:
13141:, v. 6: p. 68.
13131:
13101:
13089:
13048:
13036:
13029:
13011:
13004:
12986:
12979:
12961:
12949:
12924:
12912:
12900:
12898:, p. 527.
12888:
12876:
12864:
12862:, p. 245.
12852:
12850:, p. 125.
12848:McFeely (1974)
12840:
12817:
12797:
12790:
12766:
12759:
12733:
12726:
12706:
12702:McFeely (2002)
12694:
12687:
12669:
12662:
12644:
12616:
12595:
12583:
12576:
12558:
12551:
12525:
12523:, p. 280.
12513:
12488:
12481:
12460:
12458:, p. 279.
12448:
12436:
12424:
12417:
12397:
12361:
12345:
12330:
12309:
12290:
12260:
12253:
12235:
12219:
12212:
12187:
12175:
12168:
12148:
12113:
12083:
12070:
12063:
12045:
12030:
12012:
12005:
11987:
11985:, p. 581.
11975:
11963:
11956:
11934:
11927:
11907:
11894:
11892:, p. 126.
11882:
11875:
11857:
11855:, p. 223.
11845:
11828:
11816:
11785:
11759:
11747:
11735:
11723:
11716:
11698:
11691:
11671:
11652:(2): 122–133.
11634:
11622:
11605:
11593:
11586:
11563:
11551:
11519:
11507:
11487:
11483:Simpson (2009)
11475:
11458:
11416:
11397:(3): 319–344.
11379:
11360:(3): 305–329.
11342:
11310:
11291:
11278:
11250:
11235:
11203:
11196:
11171:
11102:
11090:
11075:
11060:
11049:
11038:
11027:
10969:
10944:
10919:
10899:
10893:Reconstruction
10824:
10822:, p. xxv.
10812:
10736:
10732:Parfait (2009)
10724:
10722:, p. 198.
10708:
10675:
10668:
10644:
10626:
10622:Harpers Weekly
10603:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10594:
10593:
10580:
10548:
10538:
10537:
10535:
10532:
10530:
10527:
10526:
10525:
10520:
10515:
10510:
10503:
10500:
10457:Dunning School
10452:
10449:
10422:Pulitzer Prize
10389:D. W. Griffith
10352:Henry W. Grady
10325:
10322:
10277:
10276:
10269:
10257:
10254:
10251:
10248:Dunning School
10239:
10236:
10223:
10220:
10200:
10197:
10134:
10105:Kenneth Stampp
10095:In the 1960s,
10092:
10089:
10069:
10066:
10006:In the 1930s,
10003:
10000:
9978:Dunning School
9973:
9970:
9944:
9941:
9835:
9832:
9804:Main article:
9801:
9798:
9674:
9671:
9662:1874 elections
9643:Main article:
9640:
9637:
9617:William Mahone
9576:Main article:
9573:
9570:
9517:
9514:
9503:Horace Greeley
9477:Main article:
9474:
9471:
9459:Main article:
9456:
9453:
9391:Dunning School
9352:
9349:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9249:
9246:
9230:
9229:
9218:
9207:
9203:
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9179:
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9150:
9149:
9146:
9143:
9139:
9138:
9135:
9132:
9128:
9127:
9124:
9123:5 mills (0.5%)
9121:
9117:
9116:
9113:
9112:South Carolina
9110:
9076:
9073:
9047:
9044:
9033:John Roy Lynch
8994:
8993:Public schools
8991:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8860:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8838:
8837:
8834:
8831:
8828:
8824:
8823:
8820:
8817:
8814:
8810:
8809:
8806:
8803:
8800:
8796:
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8792:
8789:
8786:
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8781:
8778:
8775:
8772:
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8767:
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8761:
8758:
8754:
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8709:
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8703:
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8689:
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8674:
8667:
8662:
8643:
8642:
8639:
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8622:
8619:
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8613:
8609:
8608:
8605:
8602:
8599:
8596:
8592:
8591:
8588:
8585:
8582:
8579:
8575:
8574:
8571:
8568:
8565:
8562:
8558:
8557:
8554:
8551:
8548:
8545:
8541:
8540:
8537:
8534:
8531:
8528:
8524:
8523:
8520:
8517:
8514:
8511:
8507:
8506:
8503:
8500:
8497:
8494:
8490:
8489:
8482:
8479:
8476:
8473:
8436:
8433:
8427:
8424:
8415:
8412:
8400:Charles Sumner
8387:
8384:
8375:
8372:
8328:
8325:
8286:
8283:
8274:and the first
8263:
8260:
8232:
8229:
8199:
8196:
8176:Main article:
8173:
8170:
8143:Irish Republic
8094:Main article:
8091:
8088:
8062:August Belmont
8038:
8035:
8004:
8003:
7990:
7981:
7968:
7966:Daniel Sickles
7959:
7957:John Schofield
7924:
7915:
7906:
7897:
7888:
7880:
7877:
7860:
7857:
7856:
7855:
7847:
7839:
7831:
7826:
7818:
7812:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7783:
7782:
7748:
7746:
7739:
7708:
7705:
7681:
7678:
7644:speech balloon
7616:
7613:
7583:Lyman Trumbull
7564:Charles Sumner
7557:James Schouler
7551:
7548:
7526:Selma, Alabama
7454:Main article:
7451:
7448:
7402:Champ Ferguson
7381:Andrew Johnson
7313:Main article:
7310:
7307:
7301:
7298:
7295:
7262:Main article:
7259:
7256:
7250:
7247:
7214:Main article:
7211:
7208:
7202:
7199:
7185:Main article:
7182:
7179:
7154:Main article:
7151:
7148:
7144:John S. Phelps
7124:North Carolina
7114:
7111:
7085:
7082:
7047:
7044:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6925:
6922:
6914:literacy tests
6806:
6803:
6773:
6770:
6725:Charles Sumner
6712:
6709:
6680:Andrew Johnson
6671:
6668:
6616:Andrew Johnson
6603:
6600:
6591:
6590:
6583:
6576:
6569:
6562:
6555:
6552:
6545:
6538:
6531:
6528:
6521:
6514:
6511:
6504:
6497:
6490:
6483:
6480:
6473:
6466:
6459:
6456:Andrew Johnson
6444:
6429:
6422:
6415:
6408:
6401:
6394:
6387:
6384:Andrew Johnson
6380:
6371:
6368:
6314:
6311:
6290:infrastructure
6287:transportation
6254:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6232:
6222:
6204:tenant farming
6188:South Carolina
6175:
6172:
6143:
6140:
6081:Reconstruction
6068:
6065:
5945:Andrew Johnson
5880:literacy tests
5834:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5823:
5816:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5777:
5776:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5696:Black genocide
5692:
5689:
5688:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5603:US communities
5600:
5595:
5590:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5560:South Carolina
5557:
5555:North Carolina
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5377:South Carolina
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5357:North Carolina
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5214:Samaná English
5211:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5164:LGBT community
5160:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5121:Creek Freedmen
5118:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5091:Carmel Indians
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4972:Central (CIAA)
4966:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4839:Pan-Africanism
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4670:Black theology
4666:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4638:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4607:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4590:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4534:Economic class
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4473:Academic study
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4366:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4244:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4201:
4200:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4114:Black genocide
4110:
4108:Related topics
4107:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4033:Ocoee massacre
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3905:John Hartfield
3902:
3897:
3895:Jim McIlherron
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3835:Marie Thompson
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3800:Samuel J. Bush
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3770:Joe Vermillion
3767:
3765:George Meadows
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3667:Common actions
3664:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3578:
3576:race relations
3570:
3569:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3504:
3503:
3501:Historiography
3498:
3493:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3466:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3146:The West Coast
3143:
3138:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3120:Indian removal
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3094:
3093:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3049:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3019:Saudi American
3016:
3011:
3006:
3004:Iraqi American
3001:
2996:
2984:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2939:Irish American
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2864:Asian American
2860:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2802:Sexual slavery
2792:
2785:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2672:Postal service
2669:
2664:
2662:Foreign policy
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2617:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2525:
2518:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2241:Jacksonian Era
2236:
2235:
2232:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2197:Federalist Era
2192:
2191:
2189:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2116:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2096:
2095:
2085:
2084:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1920:List of slaves
1917:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1638:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1464:Dutch Republic
1461:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1007:
997:
992:
987:
981:
980:
974:
971:
970:
967:
966:
963:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
936:
935:
931:
930:
925:
923:Child soldiers
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
899:
898:
888:
883:
878:
873:
872:
871:
866:
861:
850:
849:
845:
844:
839:
834:
832:Spanish Empire
829:
824:
819:
814:
812:Middle Passage
809:
804:
799:
794:
788:
787:
781:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
749:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
674:
673:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
642:
641:
640:
633:Ottoman Empire
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
594:
588:
587:
581:
580:
579:
578:
568:
563:
558:
557:
556:
551:
546:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
510:
509:
503:
502:
497:
492:
487:
481:
480:
474:
469:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
455:
453:Sexual slavery
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
419:
418:
413:
411:Child marriage
408:
398:
393:
388:
386:Child soldiers
383:
377:
372:
371:
368:
367:
359:
358:
348:
347:
334:
333:
330:
329:
328:
327:
317:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
285:
280:
275:
269:
263:
258:
252:
251:
248:
247:
235:
234:
227:
220:
212:
204:
203:
200:
199:
189:
170:
169:
136:
132:
131:
121:Andrew Johnson
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
88:
84:
83:
66:; newly-freed
61:
53:
52:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
34699:
34688:
34685:
34683:
34680:
34678:
34675:
34673:
34670:
34668:
34665:
34663:
34660:
34658:
34655:
34653:
34650:
34648:
34645:
34643:
34640:
34638:
34635:
34633:
34630:
34628:
34625:
34623:
34620:
34618:
34615:
34613:
34610:
34608:
34605:
34603:
34600:
34598:
34595:
34593:
34590:
34588:
34585:
34583:
34580:
34578:
34575:
34573:
34570:
34568:
34565:
34563:
34560:
34558:
34555:
34553:
34550:
34548:
34545:
34543:
34540:
34538:
34535:
34533:
34530:
34528:
34525:
34523:
34520:
34518:
34515:
34513:
34510:
34508:
34505:
34503:
34500:
34498:
34495:
34493:
34490:
34488:
34485:
34483:
34480:
34478:
34475:
34474:
34472:
34461:from Wikidata
34460:
34459:
34447:
34443:
34442:
34430:
34426:
34425:
34413:
34409:
34408:
34396:
34395:
34392:
34386:
34378:
34377:United States
34368:
34366:
34361:
34356:
34354:
34344:
34343:
34340:
34321:
34320:
34311:
34310:
34307:
34306:
34302:
34300:
34299:
34295:
34294:
34291:
34284:
34281:
34278:
34275:
34272:
34269:
34268:
34266:
34262:
34256:
34253:
34251:
34248:
34246:
34243:
34241:
34238:
34236:
34233:
34231:
34230:
34226:
34224:
34223:
34218:
34216:
34213:
34212:
34210:
34206:
34200:
34197:
34195:
34192:
34190:
34187:
34185:
34182:
34180:
34177:
34175:
34172:
34170:
34167:
34165:
34162:
34160:
34157:
34155:
34152:
34150:
34147:
34146:
34144:
34142:
34138:
34132:
34129:
34127:
34124:
34122:
34119:
34117:
34114:
34112:
34109:
34107:
34106:Spiegel Grove
34104:
34102:
34099:
34097:
34094:
34092:
34089:
34087:
34084:
34082:
34079:
34077:
34074:
34073:
34071:
34067:
34059:
34055:
34051:
34048:
34044:
34043:
34040:
34036:
34029:
34024:
34022:
34017:
34015:
34010:
34009:
34006:
33994:
33993:
33984:
33983:
33980:
33979:
33975:
33973:
33972:
33968:
33967:
33964:
33957:
33954:
33951:
33948:
33945:
33944:Chapman Grant
33942:
33939:
33936:
33933:
33930:
33927:
33924:
33921:
33918:
33915:
33912:
33909:
33906:
33903:
33900:
33897:
33894:
33893:
33891:
33889:
33885:
33874:
33873:
33869:
33866:
33865:
33861:
33860:
33858:
33856:
33852:
33846:
33843:
33841:
33838:
33834:
33831:
33829:
33826:
33825:
33824:
33821:
33819:
33816:
33814:
33811:
33809:
33806:
33804:
33801:
33799:
33796:
33794:
33791:
33789:
33786:
33784:
33783:
33779:
33777:
33774:
33770:
33767:
33766:
33765:
33762:
33760:
33758:
33757:General Grant
33754:
33752:
33749:
33747:
33744:
33742:
33739:
33738:
33736:
33734:
33730:
33724:
33721:
33720:
33718:
33716:
33712:
33704:
33701:
33699:
33696:
33695:
33693:
33689:
33686:
33684:
33681:
33680:
33678:
33677:
33675:
33671:
33665:
33662:
33658:
33655:
33654:
33653:
33650:
33648:
33645:
33643:
33640:
33636:
33633:
33632:
33631:
33628:
33626:
33623:
33621:
33618:
33616:
33613:
33611:
33608:
33607:
33605:
33601:
33595:
33594:
33590:
33589:
33587:
33583:
33577:
33574:
33572:
33569:
33568:
33566:
33564:
33560:
33550:
33547:
33545:
33542:
33540:
33537:
33535:
33532:
33530:
33527:
33523:
33520:
33518:
33515:
33513:
33510:
33509:
33508:
33505:
33501:
33498:
33496:
33493:
33491:
33488:
33486:
33483:
33482:
33481:
33478:
33474:
33471:
33470:
33469:
33466:
33465:
33463:
33461:Social policy
33459:
33453:
33450:
33448:
33445:
33441:
33438:
33437:
33436:
33433:
33431:
33428:
33426:
33423:
33421:
33418:
33416:
33413:
33412:
33410:
33408:
33402:
33396:
33393:
33391:
33388:
33386:
33383:
33381:
33378:
33376:
33373:
33371:
33368:
33366:
33363:
33361:
33358:
33357:
33355:
33351:
33345:
33342:
33340:
33337:
33333:
33331:
33327:
33326:
33325:
33322:
33321:
33319:
33317:
33313:
33305:
33302:
33300:
33297:
33295:
33292:
33290:
33287:
33285:
33282:
33280:
33277:
33275:
33272:
33270:
33267:
33266:
33265:
33262:
33260:
33257:
33255:
33252:
33250:
33247:
33243:
33240:
33239:
33238:
33235:
33233:
33230:
33228:
33225:
33224:
33222:
33220:
33216:
33210:
33207:
33201:
33198:
33197:
33196:
33193:
33191:
33188:
33186:
33183:
33181:
33178:
33176:
33173:
33171:
33168:
33166:
33165:Fort Donelson
33163:
33162:
33161:
33158:
33157:
33155:
33151:
33145:
33142:
33136:
33132:
33125:
33120:
33118:
33113:
33111:
33106:
33105:
33102:
33090:
33089:
33080:
33079:
33076:
33073:
33071:
33068:
33067:
33064:
33063:
33059:
33057:
33056:
33052:
33051:
33048:
33042:
33041:
33037:
33035:
33032:
33030:
33027:
33025:
33022:
33020:
33017:
33015:
33012:
33011:
33009:
33005:
32999:
32996:
32994:
32991:
32989:
32986:
32984:
32983:Henry Johnson
32981:
32979:
32978:Dolly Johnson
32976:
32974:
32971:
32969:
32966:
32964:
32961:
32960:
32958:
32954:
32947:
32946:Frank Johnson
32944:
32941:
32938:
32935:
32934:Daniel Stover
32932:
32929:
32926:
32923:
32920:
32917:
32914:
32911:
32908:
32905:
32902:
32901:
32899:
32895:
32888:
32887:
32883:
32880:
32879:
32875:
32872:
32871:
32867:
32864:
32863:
32859:
32857:
32854:
32852:
32849:
32847:
32844:
32843:
32841:
32837:
32831:
32828:
32826:
32823:
32821:
32818:
32816:
32813:
32811:
32807:
32805:
32802:
32798:
32795:
32793:
32790:
32788:
32785:
32783:
32780:
32779:
32778:
32775:
32773:
32770:
32768:
32765:
32763:
32760:
32758:
32755:
32753:
32750:
32748:
32745:
32743:
32740:
32738:
32735:
32733:
32730:
32726:
32723:
32721:
32718:
32716:
32713:
32712:
32711:
32708:
32706:
32703:
32701:
32698:
32696:
32693:
32691:
32688:
32686:
32683:
32682:
32680:
32678:
32674:
32668:
32665:
32663:
32660:
32658:
32655:
32653:
32650:
32648:
32645:
32643:
32640:
32638:
32635:
32634:
32632:
32628:
32620:
32617:
32613:
32609:
32605:
32601:
32598:
32594:
32590:
32587:
32583:
32582:
32579:
32575:
32568:
32563:
32561:
32556:
32554:
32549:
32548:
32545:
32533:
32532:
32523:
32521:
32520:
32511:
32510:
32507:
32506:
32502:
32500:
32499:
32495:
32494:
32491:
32484:
32481:
32478:
32475:
32472:
32469:
32466:
32463:
32460:
32457:
32454:
32451:
32448:
32445:
32442:
32439:
32436:
32433:
32431:(grandfather)
32430:
32427:
32424:
32421:
32418:
32415:
32412:
32409:
32406:
32403:
32400:
32397:
32394:
32391:
32388:
32385:
32382:
32379:
32376:
32373:
32370:
32367:
32364:
32361:
32359:
32356:
32355:
32353:
32351:
32347:
32337:
32334:
32332:
32329:
32327:
32324:
32322:
32319:
32317:
32314:
32312:
32311:New York City
32309:
32307:
32304:
32302:
32299:
32297:
32294:
32292:
32289:
32287:
32284:
32282:
32279:
32277:
32274:
32272:
32269:
32267:
32264:
32262:
32259:
32257:
32254:
32252:
32251:
32247:
32245:
32244:
32240:
32238:
32237:
32233:
32231:
32230:
32226:
32224:
32221:
32217:
32214:
32212:
32209:
32208:
32207:
32204:
32203:
32201:
32199:
32195:
32189:
32186:
32184:
32181:
32179:
32176:
32174:
32171:
32169:
32166:
32164:
32163:Lincoln Prize
32161:
32159:
32156:
32154:
32151:
32149:
32146:
32144:
32141:
32138:
32137:
32133:
32131:
32128:
32126:
32124:
32119:
32117:
32114:
32112:
32109:
32107:
32104:
32102:
32099:
32095:
32092:
32090:
32087:
32085:
32084:Lincoln penny
32082:
32080:
32077:
32076:
32075:
32072:
32068:
32065:
32063:
32060:
32059:
32058:
32055:
32053:
32050:
32048:
32045:
32043:
32040:
32038:
32035:
32031:
32028:
32027:
32026:
32023:
32021:
32018:
32017:
32015:
32013:
32007:
32000:
31996:
31993:
31989:
31987:
31984:
31980:
31977:
31976:
31975:
31974:State funeral
31972:
31970:
31967:
31962:
31958:
31957:
31956:
31953:
31949:
31946:
31945:
31944:
31943:
31939:
31937:
31934:
31933:
31931:
31929:
31928:Assassination
31925:
31919:
31916:
31914:
31911:
31909:
31906:
31902:
31899:
31898:
31897:
31894:
31892:
31889:
31887:
31884:
31883:
31881:
31879:
31875:
31869:
31866:
31864:
31861:
31859:
31856:
31854:
31851:
31849:
31846:
31844:
31841:
31839:
31836:
31834:
31831:
31829:
31826:
31822:
31819:
31817:
31814:
31813:
31812:
31809:
31805:
31802:
31801:
31800:
31797:
31796:
31794:
31788:
31782:
31779:
31777:
31774:
31772:
31769:
31767:
31764:
31762:
31759:
31757:
31754:
31752:
31749:
31747:
31744:
31742:
31741:
31737:
31735:
31732:
31730:
31727:
31725:
31722:
31720:
31717:
31715:
31712:
31711:
31709:
31703:
31697:
31694:
31692:
31689:
31686:
31684:
31681:
31679:
31676:
31674:
31671:
31669:
31666:
31664:
31661:
31659:
31656:
31654:
31651:
31649:
31646:
31645:
31643:
31639:
31633:
31630:
31628:
31625:
31623:
31620:
31618:
31615:
31613:
31610:
31608:
31605:
31603:
31600:
31598:
31595:
31593:
31590:
31588:
31585:
31583:
31580:
31578:
31575:
31573:
31570:
31566:
31563:
31562:
31561:
31558:
31556:
31553:
31551:
31548:
31544:
31541:
31539:
31536:
31534:
31531:
31529:
31526:
31524:
31521:
31519:
31516:
31514:
31511:
31509:
31506:
31504:
31502:
31497:
31495:
31492:
31490:
31487:
31485:
31482:
31480:
31477:
31476:
31475:
31472:
31470:
31467:
31463:
31462:Lincoln Bible
31460:
31458:
31455:
31454:
31453:
31450:
31448:
31445:
31444:
31442:
31440:
31436:
31429:
31425:
31422:
31419:
31416:
31413:
31412:
31409:
31405:
31398:
31393:
31391:
31386:
31384:
31379:
31378:
31375:
31363:
31353:
31351:
31348:
31347:
31344:
31338:
31335:
31333:
31332:Neighborhoods
31330:
31328:
31325:
31323:
31320:
31318:
31315:
31313:
31310:
31308:
31305:
31301:
31298:
31296:
31295:Sports firsts
31293:
31291:
31288:
31287:
31286:
31283:
31279:
31276:
31274:
31271:
31269:
31266:
31264:
31261:
31259:
31256:
31254:
31251:
31249:
31246:
31244:
31241:
31239:
31236:
31234:
31231:
31229:
31226:
31224:
31221:
31219:
31216:
31214:
31211:
31209:
31206:
31204:
31201:
31200:
31199:
31196:
31195:
31193:
31189:
31181:
31178:
31177:
31175:
31173:
31170:
31166:
31163:
31161:
31158:
31156:
31153:
31151:
31148:
31146:
31143:
31142:
31140:
31136:
31133:
31131:
31128:
31126:
31123:
31121:
31118:
31117:
31116:
31113:
31112:
31110:
31108:
31104:
31098:
31097:West Virginia
31095:
31093:
31090:
31088:
31085:
31081:
31078:
31076:
31073:
31071:
31068:
31066:
31063:
31062:
31061:
31058:
31056:
31053:
31051:
31048:
31046:
31043:
31039:
31036:
31035:
31034:Pennsylvania
31033:
31031:
31028:
31026:
31023:
31021:
31018:
31014:
31013:New York City
31011:
31010:
31009:
31006:
31004:
31001:
30997:
30994:
30993:
30992:
30989:
30987:
30984:
30980:
30977:
30976:
30974:
30970:
30967:
30966:
30964:
30960:
30957:
30956:
30955:
30952:
30950:
30947:
30943:
30940:
30939:
30938:
30935:
30933:
30930:
30926:
30923:
30922:
30921:
30918:
30916:
30913:
30909:
30906:
30905:
30904:
30901:
30899:
30896:
30892:
30889:
30888:
30887:
30884:
30880:
30877:
30875:
30872:
30871:
30870:
30867:
30865:
30862:
30858:
30857:San Francisco
30855:
30853:
30850:
30849:
30848:
30845:
30843:
30840:
30838:
30835:
30834:
30832:
30830:By state/city
30828:
30822:
30819:
30817:
30814:
30808:
30805:
30803:
30800:
30799:
30798:
30795:
30793:
30790:
30789:
30788:
30785:
30781:
30778:
30777:
30776:
30775:American Sign
30773:
30771:
30768:
30767:
30765:
30761:
30753:
30750:
30748:
30745:
30744:
30743:
30740:
30738:
30735:
30731:
30728:
30726:
30723:
30722:
30721:
30718:
30714:
30711:
30710:
30709:
30708:Neighborhoods
30706:
30705:
30703:
30699:
30693:
30690:
30686:
30683:
30682:
30681:
30678:
30676:
30673:
30671:
30668:
30666:
30663:
30659:
30656:
30654:
30651:
30649:
30646:
30644:
30641:
30640:
30639:
30638:Black Indians
30636:
30634:
30631:
30627:
30624:
30622:
30619:
30617:
30614:
30612:
30609:
30608:
30606:
30605:
30603:
30599:
30589:
30586:
30584:
30581:
30579:
30576:
30574:
30571:
30570:
30568:
30560:
30554:
30551:
30549:
30546:
30544:
30541:
30539:
30536:
30534:
30531:
30529:
30526:
30524:
30521:
30519:
30516:
30514:
30511:
30509:
30506:
30504:
30501:
30499:
30496:
30495:
30492:
30489:
30485:
30479:
30476:
30474:
30471:
30469:
30466:
30464:
30461:
30459:
30456:
30454:
30451:
30449:
30446:
30444:
30441:
30439:
30436:
30434:
30431:
30429:
30426:
30424:
30421:
30419:
30416:
30414:
30411:
30410:
30408:
30400:
30394:
30391:
30387:
30384:
30383:
30382:
30379:
30377:
30374:
30372:
30369:
30367:
30364:
30362:
30359:
30357:
30354:
30352:
30349:
30345:
30342:
30341:
30340:
30337:
30335:
30332:
30330:
30327:
30326:
30324:
30320:
30314:
30311:
30309:
30306:
30304:
30301:
30297:
30294:
30293:
30292:
30289:
30285:
30282:
30280:
30277:
30276:
30275:
30272:
30270:
30267:
30266:
30264:
30262:
30258:
30250:
30247:
30245:
30242:
30240:
30237:
30236:
30234:
30232:
30229:
30227:
30224:
30222:
30219:
30217:
30216:Black schools
30214:
30212:
30211:Black studies
30209:
30208:
30206:
30200:
30194:
30193:Whitney Young
30191:
30189:
30186:
30184:
30183:Oprah Winfrey
30181:
30179:
30176:
30174:
30171:
30169:
30166:
30164:
30161:
30159:
30156:
30154:
30153:Denmark Vesey
30151:
30149:
30146:
30144:
30141:
30139:
30136:
30134:
30131:
30129:
30126:
30124:
30121:
30119:
30116:
30114:
30111:
30109:
30106:
30104:
30101:
30099:
30098:Joseph Rainey
30096:
30094:
30091:
30089:
30086:
30084:
30081:
30079:
30076:
30074:
30071:
30069:
30066:
30064:
30061:
30059:
30056:
30054:
30053:Toni Morrison
30051:
30049:
30046:
30044:
30041:
30039:
30038:Joseph Lowery
30036:
30034:
30031:
30029:
30026:
30024:
30021:
30019:
30016:
30014:
30011:
30009:
30006:
30004:
30001:
29999:
29996:
29994:
29991:
29989:
29986:
29984:
29983:Jesse Jackson
29981:
29979:
29976:
29974:
29973:Kamala Harris
29971:
29969:
29966:
29964:
29961:
29959:
29958:Marcus Garvey
29956:
29954:
29951:
29949:
29946:
29944:
29941:
29939:
29936:
29934:
29931:
29929:
29926:
29924:
29921:
29919:
29916:
29914:
29911:
29909:
29908:Blanche Bruce
29906:
29904:
29903:Edward Brooke
29901:
29899:
29896:
29894:
29893:James Bradley
29891:
29889:
29886:
29884:
29881:
29879:
29876:
29874:
29873:James Baldwin
29871:
29869:
29866:
29864:
29861:
29859:
29856:
29855:
29853:
29849:
29843:
29840:
29838:
29835:
29833:
29830:
29828:
29825:
29823:
29820:
29818:
29817:Neighborhoods
29815:
29813:
29810:
29808:
29805:
29803:
29800:
29798:
29795:
29793:
29790:
29788:
29785:
29783:
29780:
29778:
29775:
29773:
29770:
29766:
29763:
29762:
29761:
29758:
29756:
29753:
29751:
29748:
29746:
29743:
29741:
29738:
29736:
29733:
29731:
29728:
29726:
29723:
29721:
29718:
29716:
29713:
29712:
29710:
29708:
29704:
29698:
29695:
29693:
29690:
29688:
29685:
29681:
29678:
29677:
29676:
29673:
29671:
29670:Silent Parade
29668:
29666:
29663:
29661:
29658:
29656:
29653:
29651:
29648:
29645:
29644:
29640:
29638:
29635:
29633:
29632:
29628:
29626:
29625:
29621:
29619:
29616:
29614:
29611:
29609:
29606:
29604:
29601:
29599:
29598:Jim Crow laws
29596:
29594:
29590:
29587:
29585:
29582:
29578:
29575:
29573:
29570:
29569:
29568:
29565:
29563:
29560:
29558:
29555:
29553:
29550:
29547:
29546:
29542:
29540:
29537:
29535:
29532:
29528:
29525:
29523:
29520:
29518:
29515:
29513:
29510:
29508:
29505:
29503:
29500:
29498:
29495:
29492:
29491:
29487:
29485:
29482:
29481:
29480:
29477:
29475:
29472:
29470:
29467:
29463:
29460:
29458:
29455:
29453:
29450:
29449:
29447:
29445:
29442:
29439:
29438:
29434:
29432:
29429:
29427:
29424:
29422:
29421:Black cowboys
29419:
29417:
29414:
29412:
29409:
29407:
29404:
29402:
29399:
29397:
29394:
29392:
29389:
29387:
29384:
29383:
29381:
29379:
29375:
29371:
29364:
29359:
29357:
29352:
29350:
29345:
29344:
29341:
29323:
29320:
29319:
29318:
29315:
29313:
29310:
29308:
29305:
29303:
29300:
29298:
29295:
29293:
29290:
29288:
29285:
29283:
29280:
29278:
29275:
29273:
29270:
29268:
29265:
29263:
29260:
29258:
29255:
29253:
29250:
29249:
29247:
29245:
29241:
29235:
29234:Shadow family
29232:
29230:
29227:
29225:
29224:
29220:
29218:
29215:
29213:
29210:
29208:
29205:
29203:
29200:
29198:
29195:
29194:
29192:
29184:
29178:
29175:
29173:
29170:
29168:
29165:
29161:
29158:
29156:
29153:
29151:
29148:
29146:
29143:
29141:
29138:
29136:
29133:
29131:
29128:
29126:
29123:
29122:
29121:
29118:
29116:
29113:
29111:
29110:
29106:
29104:
29103:
29099:
29097:
29094:
29092:
29089:
29087:
29084:
29082:
29079:
29077:
29074:
29071:
29068:
29066:
29063:
29061:
29058:
29056:
29053:
29051:
29048:
29046:
29043:
29041:
29038:
29036:
29035:Freedom suits
29033:
29031:
29028:
29026:
29023:
29022:
29020:
29016:
29010:
29007:
29005:
29002:
29000:
28997:
28995:
28992:
28990:
28987:
28985:
28984:Planter class
28982:
28980:
28977:
28975:
28972:
28970:
28967:
28965:
28962:
28960:
28957:
28955:
28952:
28948:
28945:
28943:
28940:
28939:
28938:
28935:
28933:
28930:
28928:
28927:Slave catcher
28925:
28923:
28920:
28918:
28915:
28913:
28910:
28908:
28905:
28903:
28900:
28898:
28895:
28891:
28888:
28887:
28886:
28883:
28881:
28878:
28876:
28873:
28872:
28870:
28864:
28858:
28855:
28853:
28850:
28848:
28845:
28843:
28840:
28838:
28835:
28833:
28830:
28828:
28825:
28823:
28820:
28818:
28815:
28813:
28810:
28808:
28805:
28803:
28800:
28798:
28795:
28794:
28792:
28790:
28786:
28783:
28779:
28773:
28770:
28768:
28765:
28764:
28762:
28758:
28754:
28750:
28748:
28744:
28738:
28735:
28733:
28730:
28728:
28727:West Virginia
28725:
28723:
28720:
28718:
28715:
28713:
28710:
28708:
28705:
28703:
28700:
28698:
28695:
28693:
28690:
28688:
28685:
28683:
28680:
28678:
28675:
28673:
28670:
28668:
28665:
28663:
28660:
28658:
28655:
28653:
28650:
28648:
28645:
28643:
28640:
28638:
28635:
28633:
28632:New Hampshire
28630:
28628:
28625:
28623:
28620:
28618:
28615:
28613:
28610:
28608:
28605:
28603:
28600:
28598:
28595:
28593:
28592:Massachusetts
28590:
28588:
28585:
28583:
28580:
28578:
28575:
28573:
28570:
28568:
28565:
28563:
28560:
28558:
28555:
28553:
28550:
28548:
28545:
28543:
28540:
28538:
28535:
28533:
28530:
28528:
28525:
28523:
28520:
28518:
28515:
28513:
28510:
28508:
28505:
28503:
28500:
28498:
28495:
28493:
28490:
28489:
28487:
28483:
28479:
28472:
28467:
28465:
28460:
28458:
28453:
28452:
28449:
28437:
28433:
28429:
28427:
28419:
28417:
28414:
28412:
28411:List of years
28409:
28408:
28405:
28391:
28383:
28381:
28380:Urban history
28378:
28377:
28375:
28371:
28365:
28362:
28360:
28359:Palmyra Atoll
28357:
28355:
28352:
28350:
28347:
28345:
28342:
28340:
28337:
28335:
28334:Jarvis Island
28332:
28330:
28327:
28325:
28322:
28321:
28319:
28315:
28309:
28306:
28304:
28301:
28299:
28296:
28294:
28291:
28289:
28286:
28285:
28283:
28281:Insular areas
28279:
28275:
28271:
28267:
28261:
28258:
28256:
28253:
28251:
28250:West Virginia
28248:
28246:
28243:
28241:
28238:
28236:
28233:
28231:
28228:
28226:
28223:
28221:
28218:
28216:
28213:
28211:
28208:
28206:
28203:
28201:
28198:
28196:
28193:
28191:
28188:
28186:
28183:
28181:
28178:
28176:
28173:
28171:
28168:
28166:
28163:
28161:
28158:
28156:
28155:New Hampshire
28153:
28151:
28148:
28146:
28143:
28141:
28138:
28136:
28133:
28131:
28128:
28126:
28123:
28121:
28118:
28116:
28115:Massachusetts
28113:
28111:
28108:
28106:
28103:
28101:
28098:
28096:
28093:
28091:
28088:
28086:
28083:
28081:
28078:
28076:
28073:
28071:
28068:
28066:
28063:
28061:
28058:
28056:
28053:
28051:
28048:
28046:
28043:
28041:
28038:
28036:
28033:
28031:
28028:
28026:
28023:
28021:
28018:
28016:
28013:
28012:
28010:
28006:
28000:
27997:
27995:
27992:
27990:
27987:
27986:
27984:
27980:
27974:
27971:
27969:
27966:
27964:
27961:
27959:
27956:
27954:
27951:
27950:
27948:
27946:
27942:
27938:
27931:
27927:
27915:
27912:
27910:
27907:
27905:
27902:
27901:
27900:
27899:
27895:
27893:
27892:
27888:
27884:
27881:
27879:
27876:
27875:
27874:
27873:
27869:
27865:
27862:
27860:
27857:
27855:
27852:
27850:
27847:
27845:
27842:
27840:
27837:
27836:
27835:
27834:
27830:
27828:
27827:
27823:
27819:
27816:
27815:
27814:
27813:
27809:
27805:
27802:
27800:
27797:
27795:
27792:
27790:
27787:
27785:
27782:
27780:
27777:
27775:
27772:
27770:
27767:
27765:
27762:
27761:
27760:
27759:
27755:
27751:
27748:
27746:
27745:Thai American
27743:
27741:
27738:
27736:
27733:
27731:
27728:
27726:
27723:
27721:
27718:
27717:
27716:
27715:
27711:
27709:
27708:
27704:
27703:
27700:
27693:
27689:
27677:
27674:
27672:
27669:
27667:
27664:
27662:
27659:
27657:
27654:
27653:
27652:
27651:
27647:
27643:
27640:
27639:
27638:
27637:
27633:
27631:
27630:
27626:
27624:
27623:
27619:
27615:
27612:
27610:
27607:
27605:
27602:
27600:
27597:
27595:
27592:
27590:
27587:
27586:
27585:
27584:
27583:Party Systems
27580:
27576:
27573:
27571:
27568:
27566:
27563:
27561:
27558:
27556:
27553:
27551:
27548:
27547:
27546:
27545:
27541:
27539:
27538:
27534:
27532:
27531:
27527:
27523:
27522:Voting rights
27520:
27518:
27515:
27513:
27510:
27508:
27505:
27503:
27500:
27498:
27495:
27493:
27490:
27488:
27485:
27483:
27480:
27478:
27475:
27473:
27470:
27468:
27465:
27464:
27463:
27462:
27458:
27456:
27455:
27451:
27447:
27444:
27443:
27442:
27441:
27437:
27433:
27430:
27429:
27428:
27427:
27423:
27419:
27416:
27415:
27414:
27413:
27409:
27405:
27402:
27400:
27397:
27395:
27392:
27390:
27387:
27386:
27385:
27384:
27380:
27378:
27377:
27373:
27371:
27370:
27366:
27365:
27362:
27355:
27351:
27337:
27334:
27332:
27329:
27327:
27326:
27322:
27320:
27317:
27315:
27312:
27310:
27307:
27303:
27300:
27299:
27298:
27295:
27293:
27290:
27288:
27287:
27283:
27281:
27278:
27274:
27271:
27269:
27266:
27264:
27261:
27259:
27256:
27254:
27251:
27249:
27246:
27244:
27241:
27239:
27236:
27235:
27234:
27231:
27229:
27226:
27225:
27223:
27221:
27217:
27211:
27208:
27206:
27203:
27201:
27198:
27194:
27191:
27189:
27186:
27185:
27184:
27183:War on terror
27181:
27179:
27176:
27174:
27173:
27169:
27167:
27164:
27162:
27159:
27157:
27154:
27152:
27149:
27147:
27144:
27142:
27139:
27137:
27134:
27132:
27129:
27128:
27126:
27124:
27120:
27114:
27111:
27109:
27106:
27104:
27101:
27097:
27094:
27092:
27089:
27087:
27084:
27083:
27082:
27081:Late Cold War
27079:
27077:
27074:
27070:
27067:
27065:
27062:
27061:
27060:
27057:
27056:
27054:
27052:
27048:
27042:
27039:
27037:
27034:
27032:
27029:
27025:
27022:
27021:
27020:
27017:
27015:
27012:
27010:
27007:
27005:
27002:
26998:
26995:
26993:
26990:
26988:
26985:
26984:
26983:
26980:
26976:
26973:
26971:
26968:
26967:
26966:
26963:
26961:
26960:Great Society
26958:
26957:
26955:
26953:
26949:
26943:
26940:
26936:
26933:
26932:
26931:
26928:
26926:
26923:
26921:
26918:
26916:
26915:Post-war boom
26913:
26909:
26906:
26904:
26901:
26899:
26896:
26894:
26891:
26890:
26889:
26886:
26882:
26879:
26878:
26877:
26874:
26872:
26869:
26868:
26866:
26864:
26860:
26850:
26847:
26846:
26845:
26842:
26840:
26837:
26835:
26832:
26831:
26830:
26827:
26823:
26820:
26818:
26815:
26813:
26810:
26809:
26808:
26805:
26801:
26798:
26796:
26793:
26791:
26788:
26786:
26783:
26781:
26778:
26776:
26773:
26772:
26771:
26768:
26766:
26763:
26759:
26756:
26755:
26754:
26751:
26750:
26748:
26746:
26742:
26736:
26733:
26729:
26726:
26724:
26721:
26719:
26716:
26714:
26711:
26710:
26709:
26706:
26702:
26699:
26697:
26694:
26692:
26689:
26687:
26684:
26682:
26679:
26677:
26674:
26673:
26672:
26669:
26667:
26664:
26660:
26657:
26655:
26652:
26650:
26647:
26645:
26642:
26640:
26637:
26636:
26635:
26632:
26631:
26629:
26627:
26623:
26615:
26612:
26610:
26607:
26606:
26605:
26602:
26598:
26595:
26593:
26590:
26588:
26585:
26581:
26578:
26577:
26576:
26573:
26571:
26568:
26566:
26563:
26562:
26561:
26558:
26556:
26553:
26551:
26548:
26547:
26545:
26543:
26539:
26533:
26530:
26528:
26525:
26521:
26518:
26516:
26513:
26511:
26508:
26506:
26503:
26501:
26498:
26496:
26493:
26492:
26491:
26488:
26484:
26481:
26479:
26476:
26475:
26474:
26471:
26470:
26468:
26466:
26462:
26454:
26451:
26449:
26446:
26445:
26444:
26441:
26437:
26434:
26432:
26429:
26428:
26427:
26424:
26422:
26419:
26418:
26416:
26414:
26410:
26402:
26399:
26397:
26394:
26392:
26389:
26387:
26384:
26382:
26379:
26376:
26375:
26374:
26371:
26367:
26364:
26362:
26359:
26357:
26354:
26352:
26349:
26347:
26344:
26343:
26342:
26339:
26338:
26336:
26334:
26330:
26322:
26319:
26317:
26314:
26312:
26309:
26307:
26304:
26302:
26299:
26297:
26294:
26292:
26289:
26287:
26284:
26282:
26279:
26277:
26274:
26272:
26269:
26268:
26267:
26264:
26262:
26259:
26257:
26254:
26252:
26249:
26247:
26244:
26242:
26239:
26237:
26234:
26232:
26229:
26227:
26224:
26222:
26219:
26217:
26214:
26212:
26209:
26207:
26204:
26203:
26201:
26199:
26195:
26189:
26188:
26184:
26182:
26181:
26177:
26176:
26174:
26170:
26166:
26159:
26155:
26149:
26146:
26144:
26141:
26140:
26137:
26133:
26126:
26121:
26119:
26114:
26112:
26107:
26106:
26103:
26091:
26088:
26086:
26083:
26082:
26077:
26073:
26070:
26066:
26065:
26061:
26047:
26044:
26042:
26039:
26037:
26034:
26030:
26027:
26026:
26025:
26022:
26018:
26015:
26014:
26013:
26010:
26008:
26005:
26003:
26000:
25998:
25995:
25993:
25990:
25988:
25985:
25981:
25978:
25976:
25973:
25972:
25971:
25968:
25966:
25965:Energy policy
25963:
25959:
25956:
25954:
25951:
25949:
25946:
25944:
25941:
25939:
25936:
25934:
25931:
25929:
25926:
25924:
25921:
25920:
25919:
25916:
25914:
25911:
25907:
25906:incarceration
25904:
25903:
25902:
25899:
25897:
25894:
25893:
25891:
25887:
25881:
25878:
25876:
25873:
25871:
25868:
25866:
25863:
25861:
25858:
25856:
25853:
25851:
25848:
25846:
25843:
25841:
25838:
25836:
25833:
25829:
25826:
25824:
25821:
25819:
25816:
25815:
25814:
25811:
25807:
25804:
25802:
25799:
25797:
25794:
25792:
25791:Prenatal care
25789:
25787:
25786:Birth control
25784:
25782:
25779:
25778:
25777:
25774:
25772:
25769:
25768:
25766:
25764:
25760:
25754:
25751:
25749:
25746:
25744:
25741:
25739:
25736:
25734:
25731:
25729:
25726:
25724:
25723:Homeownership
25721:
25719:
25716:
25714:
25711:
25709:
25706:
25704:
25701:
25700:
25698:
25696:
25692:
25686:
25683:
25681:
25678:
25676:
25673:
25671:
25668:
25666:
25663:
25661:
25658:
25656:
25653:
25651:
25648:
25646:
25643:
25641:
25638:
25636:
25633:
25631:
25628:
25626:
25623:
25619:
25616:
25614:
25611:
25609:
25606:
25604:
25601:
25600:
25599:
25596:
25594:
25591:
25589:
25586:
25584:
25581:
25577:
25574:
25572:
25569:
25567:
25564:
25562:
25559:
25557:
25554:
25553:
25552:
25549:
25547:
25544:
25540:
25537:
25535:
25532:
25530:
25527:
25526:
25525:
25522:
25520:
25517:
25515:
25512:
25510:
25507:
25503:
25500:
25499:
25498:
25495:
25493:
25490:
25486:
25483:
25482:
25481:
25478:
25476:
25473:
25471:
25468:
25464:
25461:
25459:
25456:
25455:
25454:
25451:
25447:
25446:working class
25444:
25442:
25439:
25437:
25434:
25432:
25429:
25427:
25424:
25422:
25419:
25417:
25414:
25412:
25409:
25407:
25406:homeownership
25404:
25402:
25399:
25397:
25394:
25393:
25392:
25389:
25387:
25384:
25382:
25379:
25377:
25374:
25372:
25369:
25367:
25364:
25362:
25359:
25357:
25354:
25353:
25351:
25349:
25345:
25341:
25338:
25336:
25332:
25322:
25319:
25317:
25314:
25312:
25309:
25307:
25304:
25302:
25299:
25297:
25294:
25292:
25289:
25288:
25286:
25284:
25280:
25274:
25271:
25269:
25266:
25264:
25261:
25259:
25256:
25254:
25251:
25249:
25246:
25244:
25241:
25239:
25236:
25234:
25231:
25229:
25226:
25224:
25221:
25219:
25216:
25212:
25209:
25207:
25204:
25202:
25199:
25197:
25194:
25192:
25189:
25187:
25186:Manufacturing
25184:
25182:
25179:
25177:
25174:
25172:
25169:
25167:
25164:
25162:
25159:
25157:
25154:
25153:
25152:
25149:
25148:
25145:
25142:
25140:
25136:
25122:
25119:
25115:
25114:Third parties
25112:
25110:
25107:
25105:
25102:
25101:
25100:
25097:
25093:
25090:
25088:
25085:
25083:
25080:
25079:
25078:
25075:
25073:
25070:
25066:
25063:
25062:
25061:
25058:
25054:
25051:
25049:
25046:
25045:
25044:
25041:
25039:
25036:
25035:
25032:
25020:
25017:
25016:
25015:
25012:
25011:
25009:
25007:
25003:
24997:
24994:
24992:
24989:
24988:
24986:
24984:
24980:
24974:
24971:
24969:
24966:
24964:
24961:
24959:
24956:
24954:
24951:
24949:
24946:
24944:
24941:
24939:
24936:
24934:
24931:
24929:
24926:
24925:
24923:
24919:
24913:
24910:
24908:
24905:
24903:
24900:
24898:
24895:
24894:
24892:
24890:
24886:
24883:
24881:
24877:
24871:
24868:
24864:
24861:
24860:
24859:
24856:
24852:
24849:
24847:
24844:
24842:
24839:
24838:
24837:
24834:
24832:
24829:
24828:
24826:
24824:
24820:
24810:
24807:
24805:
24802:
24800:
24797:
24795:
24792:
24791:
24789:
24787:
24783:
24775:
24772:
24771:
24770:
24767:
24763:
24760:
24759:
24758:
24755:
24754:
24752:
24750:
24746:
24740:
24737:
24735:
24732:
24731:
24729:
24727:
24723:
24715:
24712:
24711:
24710:
24707:
24705:
24702:
24700:
24697:
24695:
24692:
24690:
24687:
24685:
24682:
24680:
24677:
24675:
24672:
24668:
24665:
24664:
24663:
24660:
24656:
24653:
24652:
24651:
24648:
24647:
24645:
24643:
24639:
24636:
24634:
24628:
24623:
24619:
24609:
24606:
24604:
24601:
24597:
24594:
24592:
24589:
24587:
24584:
24582:
24579:
24577:
24574:
24572:
24569:
24567:
24564:
24563:
24562:
24559:
24558:
24556:
24554:
24550:
24544:
24541:
24537:
24534:
24532:
24529:
24527:
24524:
24522:
24519:
24518:
24517:
24514:
24512:
24509:
24505:
24502:
24501:
24500:
24497:
24496:
24494:
24492:
24488:
24482:
24481:U.S. attorney
24479:
24477:
24474:
24470:
24467:
24465:
24462:
24461:
24460:
24456:
24453:
24449:
24446:
24445:
24444:
24441:
24437:
24434:
24432:
24429:
24427:
24426:Chief Justice
24424:
24423:
24422:
24421:Supreme Court
24419:
24418:
24416:
24414:
24410:
24404:
24401:
24399:
24396:
24394:
24391:
24389:
24386:
24384:
24381:
24377:
24374:
24372:
24369:
24367:
24364:
24363:
24362:
24359:
24355:
24352:
24350:
24347:
24346:
24345:
24342:
24341:
24339:
24337:
24333:
24327:
24326:Public policy
24324:
24322:
24321:Civil service
24319:
24317:
24314:
24310:
24307:
24305:
24302:
24300:
24297:
24295:
24292:
24290:
24287:
24285:
24282:
24280:
24277:
24275:
24272:
24270:
24267:
24266:
24265:
24262:
24258:
24255:
24253:
24250:
24248:
24245:
24243:
24240:
24239:
24238:
24235:
24233:
24230:
24228:
24225:
24223:
24220:
24218:
24215:
24211:
24208:
24206:
24203:
24202:
24201:
24198:
24197:
24195:
24191:
24188:
24186:
24182:
24178:
24175:
24173:
24169:
24159:
24156:
24154:
24151:
24149:
24146:
24142:
24139:
24137:
24134:
24132:
24129:
24127:
24124:
24122:
24119:
24117:
24114:
24112:
24109:
24107:
24104:
24103:
24102:
24098:
24094:
24091:
24089:
24086:
24084:
24081:
24079:
24076:
24074:
24071:
24069:
24066:
24064:
24061:
24059:
24056:
24054:
24051:
24049:
24046:
24044:
24041:
24039:
24036:
24034:
24031:
24029:
24026:
24024:
24021:
24019:
24016:
24014:
24011:
24010:
24009:
24006:
24002:
23999:
23998:
23997:
23994:
23990:
23989:Sierra Nevada
23987:
23985:
23982:
23980:
23977:
23975:
23972:
23970:
23967:
23966:
23965:
23962:
23960:
23957:
23955:
23952:
23950:
23947:
23943:
23940:
23938:
23935:
23933:
23930:
23928:
23927:insular zones
23925:
23923:
23920:
23918:
23915:
23913:
23910:
23908:
23905:
23903:
23900:
23899:
23898:
23895:
23894:
23891:
23888:
23886:
23882:
23872:
23869:
23867:
23864:
23862:
23859:
23857:
23854:
23852:
23849:
23847:
23844:
23842:
23839:
23837:
23834:
23833:
23831:
23827:
23821:
23818:
23816:
23813:
23809:
23806:
23804:
23801:
23800:
23799:
23798:War on Terror
23796:
23794:
23791:
23789:
23786:
23784:
23781:
23779:
23778:LGBT Movement
23776:
23774:
23771:
23769:
23766:
23764:
23761:
23759:
23756:
23754:
23751:
23747:
23744:
23743:
23742:
23739:
23737:
23734:
23732:
23729:
23727:
23724:
23722:
23719:
23717:
23714:
23710:
23707:
23705:
23702:
23700:
23697:
23696:
23694:
23692:
23689:
23687:
23684:
23682:
23679:
23677:
23674:
23672:
23669:
23667:
23664:
23662:
23659:
23657:
23654:
23652:
23649:
23647:
23644:
23642:
23639:
23635:
23632:
23630:
23627:
23626:
23625:
23622:
23620:
23617:
23613:
23610:
23608:
23605:
23604:
23603:
23600:
23596:
23593:
23591:
23588:
23587:
23586:
23583:
23581:
23578:
23576:
23573:
23571:
23568:
23564:
23561:
23559:
23556:
23554:
23551:
23549:
23546:
23544:
23541:
23539:
23536:
23534:
23531:
23530:
23529:
23526:
23524:
23521:
23520:
23518:
23514:
23508:
23505:
23503:
23500:
23498:
23495:
23493:
23490:
23488:
23485:
23483:
23480:
23478:
23475:
23473:
23470:
23468:
23465:
23463:
23460:
23458:
23455:
23454:
23452:
23448:
23445:
23443:
23439:
23434:
23433:United States
23427:
23422:
23420:
23415:
23413:
23408:
23407:
23404:
23398:
23391:
23379:
23376:
23375:
23372:
23362:
23359:
23357:
23354:
23352:
23349:
23347:
23344:
23342:
23339:
23337:
23334:
23332:
23329:
23327:
23324:
23322:
23321:Habeas corpus
23319:
23317:
23314:
23312:
23309:
23308:
23306:
23302:
23296:
23293:
23291:
23288:
23286:
23283:
23281:
23278:
23276:
23273:
23271:
23268:
23267:
23265:
23261:
23254:
23253:
23249:
23247:
23244:
23241:
23240:
23236:
23234:
23231:
23228:
23227:
23223:
23221:
23218:
23215:
23214:
23210:
23207:
23206:
23202:
23200:
23197:
23194:
23193:
23189:
23187:
23186:Winslow Homer
23184:
23183:
23181:
23177:
23170:
23169:
23165:
23162:
23161:
23157:
23155:
23152:
23150:
23147:
23144:
23143:
23139:
23137:
23134:
23131:
23130:
23126:
23124:
23121:
23118:
23117:
23116:After Slavery
23113:
23110:
23109:
23105:
23103:
23100:
23097:
23096:
23092:
23090:
23087:
23085:
23082:
23080:
23077:
23074:
23073:
23069:
23067:
23064:
23062:
23059:
23057:
23054:
23050:
23047:
23046:
23045:
23042:
23040:
23037:
23035:
23032:
23030:
23027:
23024:
23023:
23019:
23017:
23014:
23011:
23010:
23006:
23004:
23001:
22998:
22997:
22993:
22991:
22988:
22986:
22983:
22982:
22980:
22976:
22973:
22969:
22959:
22956:
22953:
22952:
22948:
22946:
22943:
22940:
22939:
22935:
22932:
22931:
22927:
22924:
22923:
22919:
22916:
22915:
22911:
22908:
22905:
22904:
22902:
22898:
22892:
22889:
22887:
22884:
22882:
22881:Nez Perce War
22879:
22877:
22874:
22872:
22869:
22868:
22866:
22862:
22856:
22853:
22851:
22848:
22846:
22843:
22841:
22838:
22836:
22833:
22831:
22828:
22826:
22825:
22821:
22819:
22816:
22814:
22811:
22809:
22806:
22804:
22801:
22799:
22796:
22795:
22793:
22789:
22783:
22780:
22778:
22775:
22773:
22772:Delano affair
22770:
22768:
22765:
22763:
22760:
22758:
22755:
22753:
22750:
22748:
22745:
22743:
22740:
22738:
22735:
22733:
22730:
22728:
22727:
22723:
22722:
22720:
22716:
22710:
22707:
22705:
22702:
22700:
22697:
22695:
22692:
22690:
22687:
22685:
22682:
22680:
22677:
22675:
22672:
22670:
22667:
22665:
22664:Red River War
22662:
22660:
22657:
22655:
22652:
22650:
22647:
22646:
22644:
22640:
22634:
22631:
22629:
22628:Comstock laws
22626:
22624:
22621:
22619:
22616:
22614:
22612:
22608:
22606:
22605:
22601:
22599:
22596:
22594:
22591:
22589:
22588:Panic of 1873
22586:
22585:
22583:
22579:
22573:
22570:
22568:
22565:
22563:
22560:
22558:
22555:
22553:
22550:
22548:
22545:
22543:
22540:
22538:
22535:
22534:
22532:
22528:
22522:
22519:
22517:
22514:
22512:
22509:
22507:
22504:
22502:
22499:
22497:
22494:
22492:
22489:
22487:
22484:
22482:
22479:
22477:
22474:
22473:
22471:
22467:
22461:
22458:
22456:
22453:
22451:
22448:
22446:
22443:
22441:
22438:
22436:
22433:
22431:
22428:
22426:
22423:
22422:
22420:
22416:
22410:
22407:
22405:
22402:
22400:
22399:
22395:
22393:
22390:
22388:
22385:
22383:
22380:
22378:
22375:
22373:
22371:
22367:
22365:
22362:
22360:
22357:
22356:
22354:
22350:
22344:
22341:
22339:
22336:
22334:
22333:
22329:
22327:
22324:
22322:
22319:
22316:
22313:
22310:
22307:
22304:
22301:
22297:
22294:
22292:
22289:
22287:
22284:
22282:
22279:
22278:
22277:
22274:
22272:
22269:
22267:
22264:
22263:
22261:
22257:
22251:
22248:
22246:
22243:
22241:
22238:
22236:
22233:
22231:
22228:
22224:
22221:
22220:
22219:
22216:
22214:
22211:
22209:
22206:
22204:
22201:
22199:
22196:
22194:
22191:
22190:
22188:
22184:
22178:
22175:
22174:
22171:
22168:
22166:
22165:
22161:
22159:
22158:
22154:
22152:
22149:
22147:
22146:
22142:
22139:
22137:
22134:
22132:
22129:
22127:
22124:
22122:
22119:
22117:
22114:
22112:
22109:
22107:
22104:
22103:
22101:
22097:
22091:
22088:
22086:
22083:
22081:
22080:New Departure
22078:
22076:
22073:
22071:
22068:
22066:
22063:
22059:
22056:
22055:
22054:
22051:
22049:
22046:
22044:
22041:
22037:
22034:
22033:
22032:
22029:
22027:
22024:
22023:
22021:
22017:
22011:
22008:
22006:
22003:
22001:
21998:
21997:
21995:
21991:
21985:
21982:
21980:
21977:
21975:
21972:
21970:
21967:
21965:
21962:
21960:
21957:
21955:
21952:
21950:
21947:
21946:
21944:
21940:
21934:
21931:
21928:
21925:
21923:
21920:
21918:
21915:
21913:
21910:
21907:
21904:
21901:
21898:
21895:
21894:
21890:
21887:
21886:
21882:
21879:
21878:
21874:
21872:
21869:
21867:
21864:
21863:
21861:
21857:
21854:
21850:
21840:
21837:
21835:
21832:
21830:
21827:
21825:
21822:
21820:
21817:
21815:
21812:
21810:
21807:
21806:
21804:
21800:
21792:
21789:
21787:
21784:
21782:
21779:
21777:
21774:
21772:
21769:
21767:
21764:
21762:
21759:
21757:
21754:
21752:
21749:
21747:
21744:
21742:
21739:
21737:
21734:
21732:
21729:
21727:
21724:
21722:
21721:
21716:
21714:
21713:
21708:
21706:
21703:
21701:
21698:
21697:
21695:
21694:
21689:
21686:
21684:
21681:
21679:
21676:
21674:
21671:
21669:
21666:
21664:
21661:
21659:
21656:
21654:
21651:
21649:
21646:
21644:
21641:
21639:
21636:
21635:
21633:
21632:
21627:
21624:
21622:
21619:
21617:
21614:
21612:
21609:
21607:
21604:
21602:
21599:
21597:
21594:
21592:
21589:
21587:
21584:
21582:
21579:
21577:
21574:
21572:
21569:
21567:
21564:
21563:
21561:
21560:
21555:
21552:
21550:
21547:
21545:
21542:
21540:
21537:
21535:
21532:
21530:
21527:
21525:
21522:
21520:
21517:
21515:
21512:
21510:
21507:
21506:
21504:
21503:
21498:
21495:
21493:
21490:
21488:
21485:
21483:
21480:
21478:
21475:
21473:
21470:
21468:
21465:
21463:
21460:
21458:
21455:
21453:
21450:
21448:
21445:
21443:
21440:
21438:
21435:
21433:
21430:
21428:
21425:
21423:
21420:
21419:
21417:
21416:
21411:
21408:
21406:
21403:
21401:
21398:
21396:
21393:
21391:
21388:
21386:
21383:
21381:
21378:
21376:
21373:
21371:
21368:
21366:
21363:
21361:
21358:
21356:
21353:
21352:
21350:
21349:
21344:
21341:
21339:
21336:
21334:
21331:
21329:
21326:
21324:
21321:
21319:
21316:
21314:
21311:
21309:
21306:
21304:
21301:
21299:
21296:
21294:
21291:
21289:
21286:
21285:
21283:
21282:
21277:
21274:
21272:
21269:
21267:
21264:
21262:
21259:
21257:
21254:
21252:
21249:
21247:
21244:
21242:
21239:
21237:
21234:
21232:
21229:
21227:
21224:
21222:
21219:
21218:
21216:
21215:
21210:
21207:
21205:
21202:
21200:
21197:
21195:
21192:
21190:
21187:
21185:
21182:
21180:
21177:
21175:
21172:
21170:
21167:
21165:
21162:
21160:
21157:
21155:
21152:
21150:
21147:
21145:
21142:
21140:
21137:
21136:
21134:
21133:
21128:
21125:
21123:
21120:
21118:
21115:
21113:
21110:
21108:
21105:
21103:
21100:
21098:
21095:
21093:
21090:
21088:
21085:
21084:
21082:
21081:
21076:
21073:
21071:
21068:
21066:
21063:
21061:
21058:
21056:
21053:
21051:
21048:
21046:
21043:
21041:
21038:
21036:
21033:
21031:
21028:
21026:
21023:
21022:
21020:
21019:
21014:
21011:
21009:
21006:
21004:
21001:
20999:
20996:
20994:
20991:
20989:
20986:
20984:
20981:
20979:
20976:
20974:
20971:
20969:
20966:
20965:
20963:
20962:
20957:
20954:
20952:
20949:
20947:
20944:
20942:
20939:
20937:
20934:
20932:
20929:
20927:
20924:
20922:
20919:
20917:
20914:
20912:
20909:
20907:
20904:
20903:
20901:
20900:
20895:
20892:
20890:
20887:
20885:
20882:
20880:
20877:
20875:
20872:
20870:
20867:
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20862:
20860:
20857:
20855:
20852:
20850:
20847:
20845:
20842:
20840:
20837:
20835:
20832:
20831:
20829:
20828:
20826:
20824:Gubernatorial
20822:
20816:
20813:
20811:
20808:
20806:
20803:
20801:
20798:
20796:
20793:
20791:
20788:
20786:
20783:
20782:
20780:
20776:
20770:
20767:
20765:
20762:
20760:
20757:
20755:
20752:
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20730:
20722:
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20709:
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20702:
20699:
20697:
20694:
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20683:
20680:
20678:
20675:
20673:
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20663:
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20609:
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20600:
20596:
20586:
20583:
20581:
20578:
20574:
20571:
20569:
20566:
20564:
20563:Benjamin Wade
20561:
20559:
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20551:
20549:
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20540:
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20514:
20512:
20509:
20507:
20504:
20502:
20499:
20497:
20494:
20492:
20489:
20487:
20486:Carpetbaggers
20484:
20480:
20477:
20475:
20472:
20470:
20467:
20466:
20465:
20462:
20461:
20459:
20455:
20449:
20446:
20444:
20441:
20440:
20438:
20432:
20424:
20421:
20419:
20416:
20414:
20413:Edwin Stanton
20411:
20410:
20408:
20407:
20402:
20399:
20397:
20394:
20392:
20389:
20388:
20386:
20385:
20380:
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20280:
20278:
20275:
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20269:
20263:
20260:
20256:
20252:
20245:
20240:
20238:
20233:
20231:
20226:
20225:
20222:
20215:
20211:
20207:
20206:
20201:
20198:
20195:
20192:
20189:
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20179:
20176:
20171:
20168:
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20126:
20123:
20119:
20115:
20112:
20108:
20104:
20100:
20097:
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20090:
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20076:
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20059:
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20023:
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20014:
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20002:
19999:
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19993:
19990:
19987:
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19958:
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19932:
19928:
19922:
19918:
19914:
19910:
19907:
19901:
19897:
19893:
19892:
19887:
19884:(June 1916).
19883:
19879:
19875:
19874:
19869:
19864:
19861:
19857:
19854:
19853:
19848:
19847:Litwack, Leon
19845:
19842:
19840:
19835:
19832:
19820:
19816:
19812:
19806:
19802:
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19794:
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19690:
19686:
19684:
19679:
19672:
19668:
19664:
19660:
19656:
19652:
19648:
19641:
19638:(July 1910).
19637:
19633:
19632:
19619:
19615:
19612:
19610:
19604:
19601:
19597:
19594:
19593:
19589:
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19578:
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19559:
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19551:
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19509:
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19477:
19473:
19469:
19465:
19461:
19458:
19454:
19451:
19450:
19446:
19443:
19437:
19434:(1906–1907).
19433:
19429:
19425:
19419:
19403:
19399:
19398:
19392:
19389:
19385:
19382:
19379:
19376:
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19368:
19364:
19361:
19358:
19357:
19352:
19351:
19341:
19340:(1869) online
19339:
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19311:
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18920:
18915:
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18902:
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18877:
18873:
18869:
18864:
18860:
18854:
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18836:
18831:
18825:
18821:
18820:
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18791:
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18774:
18770:
18765:
18763:
18759:
18755:
18751:
18747:
18743:
18739:
18733:
18725:
18724:
18719:
18715:
18711:
18709:0-684-84927-5
18705:
18700:
18699:
18693:
18689:
18685:
18681:
18677:
18673:
18671:0-684-80551-0
18667:
18663:
18659:
18655:
18651:
18645:
18641:
18637:
18636:
18630:
18625:
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18551:
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18527:
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18516:
18512:
18510:9780996932103
18506:
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18459:
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18401:
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18359:
18354:
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18340:
18336:
18333:
18329:
18325:
18320:
18315:
18311:
18307:
18303:
18298:
18294:
18292:9780374530693
18288:
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18079:
18073:
18068:
18067:
18060:
18057:
18053:
18049:
18045:
18041:
18039:0-226-26079-8
18035:
18031:
18026:
18022:
18016:
18012:
18008:
18004:
18000:
17994:
17990:
17986:
17982:
17978:
17974:
17970:
17965:
17963:0-06-015851-4
17959:
17955:
17954:
17949:
17945:
17941:
17939:0-8071-2234-3
17935:
17932:. LSU Press.
17931:
17926:
17922:
17920:9780060964313
17916:
17912:
17907:
17903:
17897:
17893:
17888:
17884:
17880:
17879:Doyle, Don H.
17876:
17872:
17870:9780199758722
17866:
17862:
17861:
17855:
17851:
17846:
17842:
17838:
17834:
17828:
17824:
17819:
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17810:
17806:
17800:
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17794:
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17773:
17767:
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17762:
17757:
17753:
17751:
17747:
17741:
17735:
17731:
17730:
17725:
17721:
17717:
17712:
17708:
17702:
17697:
17696:
17690:
17689:Brands, H. W.
17686:
17682:
17676:
17672:
17667:
17663:
17658:
17654:
17650:
17646:
17642:
17638:
17634:
17629:
17625:
17621:
17616:
17611:
17606:
17601:
17597:
17593:
17589:
17584:
17580:
17575:
17571:
17569:0-669-04758-9
17565:
17561:
17556:
17552:
17551:
17545:
17544:
17536:
17535:
17531:
17506:
17502:
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17491:
17475:
17471:
17467:
17460:
17445:
17441:
17434:
17426:
17419:
17403:
17399:
17395:
17391:
17387:
17380:
17372:
17368:
17366:
17357:
17349:
17347:9780807857670
17343:
17339:
17338:
17330:
17314:
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17306:
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17298:
17294:
17290:
17286:
17284:
17275:
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17241:
17237:
17232:
17216:
17212:
17205:
17197:
17191:
17187:
17186:
17179:
17174:
17167:
17166:Zuczek (2006)
17162:
17154:
17152:9780823232024
17148:
17144:
17137:
17129:
17125:
17121:
17117:
17113:
17109:
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17094:
17087:
17079:
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17063:
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17018:
17010:
16994:
16990:
16989:
16981:
16965:
16961:
16957:
16950:
16942:
16940:9780809095131
16936:
16932:
16928:
16922:
16914:
16910:
16906:
16904:9780393603408
16900:
16896:
16889:
16882:
16877:
16869:
16867:9780813926605
16863:
16859:
16852:
16845:
16840:
16833:
16828:
16820:
16814:
16809:
16794:
16790:
16783:
16775:
16771:
16764:
16748:
16744:
16740:
16736:
16729:
16721:
16719:9780820326153
16715:
16711:
16704:
16697:
16692:
16685:
16680:
16665:
16661:
16657:
16653:
16646:
16637:
16636:
16630:
16624:
16616:
16610:
16605:
16597:
16593:
16589:
16585:
16578:
16570:
16566:
16562:
16558:
16554:
16550:
16549:
16544:
16537:
16529:
16525:
16521:
16517:
16513:
16509:
16508:
16500:
16492:
16491:
16483:
16475:
16471:
16467:
16463:
16459:
16455:
16454:
16446:
16438:
16432:
16428:
16427:
16419:
16411:
16410:
16402:
16395:
16390:
16388:
16380:
16375:
16373:
16364:
16362:9780810311442
16358:
16354:
16347:
16339:
16333:
16329:
16328:
16320:
16312:
16308:
16303:
16302:
16293:
16286:
16281:
16273:
16269:
16265:
16261:
16257:
16253:
16249:
16245:
16244:
16239:
16232:
16224:
16222:9780878053742
16218:
16214:
16207:
16199:
16195:
16191:
16187:
16183:
16179:
16178:
16170:
16154:
16150:
16149:
16144:
16138:
16130:
16126:
16122:
16118:
16114:
16110:
16109:
16101:
16093:
16091:9780393009514
16087:
16083:
16079:
16073:
16066:
16061:
16045:
16041:
16037:
16031:
16024:
16019:
16011:
16007:
16003:
15999:
15995:
15991:
15987:
15983:
15976:
15969:
15968:Lemann (2007)
15964:
15957:
15952:
15944:
15942:9780820307107
15938:
15934:
15927:
15919:
15913:
15908:
15892:
15888:
15884:
15883:
15878:
15871:
15864:
15859:
15852:
15851:Lemann (2007)
15847:
15840:
15835:
15828:
15823:
15816:
15811:
15804:
15799:
15792:
15791:Perman (1985)
15787:
15780:
15775:
15768:
15763:
15756:
15751:
15744:
15739:
15731:
15727:
15723:
15719:
15715:
15711:
15710:
15702:
15694:
15692:9780820325279
15688:
15684:
15677:
15669:
15667:9780415969505
15663:
15659:
15652:
15645:
15640:
15631:
15630:
15622:
15615:
15610:
15603:
15598:
15591:
15586:
15579:
15574:
15567:
15562:
15560:
15552:
15551:Perman (1985)
15547:
15539:
15537:9780554271941
15533:
15529:
15528:
15520:
15512:
15508:
15505:(1): 97–113.
15504:
15500:
15496:
15489:
15482:
15477:
15469:
15465:
15460:
15459:
15450:
15442:
15438:
15433:
15432:
15423:
15415:
15411:
15406:
15405:
15396:
15388:
15386:9780231024426
15382:
15377:
15376:
15367:
15359:
15357:9780815349662
15353:
15349:
15341:
15333:
15329:
15325:
15321:
15317:
15313:
15306:
15304:
15296:
15291:
15284:
15279:
15272:
15267:
15260:
15255:
15248:
15247:Stover (1955)
15243:
15236:
15231:
15224:
15219:
15211:
15207:
15202:
15197:
15193:
15189:
15185:
15178:
15170:
15168:9780533095100
15164:
15160:
15153:
15146:
15141:
15139:
15131:
15126:
15119:
15114:
15106:
15104:9780813155326
15100:
15096:
15089:
15082:
15077:
15070:
15066:
15061:
15053:
15051:9780817380304
15047:
15042:
15041:
15032:
15030:
15022:
15021:Morrow (1954)
15017:
15001:
14997:
14995:9780813117027
14991:
14987:
14986:
14978:
14971:
14966:
14958:
14956:9780687391400
14952:
14947:
14946:
14937:
14929:
14925:
14921:
14914:
14907:
14902:
14894:
14890:
14886:
14879:
14872:
14871:Morrow (1954)
14867:
14861:, p. 93.
14860:
14855:
14847:
14841:
14837:
14836:
14828:
14821:
14816:
14808:
14806:9780807108833
14802:
14798:
14791:
14784:
14780:
14775:
14768:
14763:
14747:
14743:
14742:
14737:
14733:
14727:
14720:
14716:
14713:
14696:
14692:
14688:
14681:
14675:
14667:
14665:9780674017658
14661:
14657:
14650:
14643:
14638:
14631:
14626:
14610:
14606:
14605:
14600:
14593:
14587:, p. 19.
14586:
14581:
14574:
14569:
14561:
14557:
14553:
14549:
14545:
14541:
14540:
14532:
14525:
14520:
14513:
14508:
14506:
14498:
14494:
14489:
14482:
14477:
14475:
14467:
14463:
14458:
14451:
14446:
14439:
14434:
14427:
14422:
14415:
14410:
14403:
14398:
14396:
14394:
14387:, p. 66.
14386:
14381:
14365:
14361:
14360:
14353:
14351:
14343:
14338:
14336:
14328:
14324:
14319:
14312:
14308:
14303:
14301:
14293:
14288:
14281:
14280:Brands (2012)
14276:
14269:
14264:
14257:
14252:
14245:
14240:
14233:
14232:Brands (2012)
14228:
14221:
14217:
14213:
14212:Brands (2012)
14208:
14201:
14196:
14189:
14184:
14177:
14172:
14165:
14160:
14152:
14150:9780809319640
14146:
14142:
14135:
14133:
14124:
14122:9780307475152
14118:
14114:
14107:
14101:, p. 61.
14100:
14095:
14093:
14091:
14083:
14078:
14071:
14066:
14059:
14058:Foner (2014a)
14054:
14048:, p. 55.
14047:
14042:
14035:
14030:
14028:
14020:
14015:
14008:
14003:
14001:
13992:
13990:9781351480635
13986:
13982:
13978:
13971:
13955:
13951:
13947:
13943:
13939:
13935:
13931:
13927:
13920:
13912:
13908:
13903:
13898:
13894:
13890:
13886:
13879:
13864:
13862:9780252008696
13858:
13854:
13853:
13845:
13838:
13833:
13825:
13823:9780823219346
13819:
13815:
13808:
13801:
13796:
13789:
13784:
13777:
13772:
13765:
13764:Zuczek (2006)
13760:
13752:
13750:9780807110065
13746:
13742:
13735:
13728:
13727:Perman (1985)
13723:
13716:
13711:
13704:
13703:Zuczek (2006)
13699:
13691:
13685:
13681:
13680:
13675:
13669:
13661:
13657:
13653:
13649:
13645:
13641:
13637:
13633:
13632:
13624:
13622:
13614:
13609:
13607:
13599:
13594:
13583:
13576:
13575:
13567:
13559:
13557:9780807133248
13553:
13549:
13542:
13535:
13530:
13523:
13522:Rhodes (1920)
13518:
13516:
13507:
13501:
13497:
13490:
13483:
13478:
13471:
13466:
13458:
13454:
13450:
13446:
13439:
13431:
13429:9780199720170
13425:
13421:
13414:
13406:
13405:
13398:
13391:
13386:
13379:
13373:
13357:
13353:
13352:
13347:
13341:
13334:
13329:
13325:
13321:
13317:
13313:
13312:
13307:
13300:
13281:
13277:
13273:
13272:
13264:
13262:
13253:
13245:
13241:
13237:
13233:
13229:
13225:
13224:
13216:
13208:
13204:
13200:
13196:
13192:
13188:
13187:
13178:
13172:
13168:
13167:
13159:
13152:
13151:Foner (2014b)
13147:
13140:
13139:Rhodes (1920)
13135:
13119:
13115:
13111:
13105:
13098:
13097:Rhodes (1920)
13093:
13078:
13074:
13070:
13066:
13065:
13057:
13055:
13053:
13046:, p. 70.
13045:
13040:
13032:
13030:9780823234943
13026:
13022:
13015:
13007:
13001:
12997:
12990:
12982:
12980:9780385722704
12976:
12972:
12965:
12958:
12957:Hunter (1997)
12953:
12945:
12941:
12937:
12931:
12929:
12921:
12920:Barney (1987)
12916:
12910:, p. 67.
12909:
12908:Hunter (1997)
12904:
12897:
12892:
12885:
12880:
12873:
12868:
12861:
12860:Barney (1987)
12856:
12849:
12844:
12836:
12832:
12828:
12820:
12818:9780313291999
12814:
12810:
12809:
12801:
12793:
12791:9780822600275
12787:
12783:
12782:
12777:
12776:Ridge, Martin
12770:
12762:
12760:9780195057072
12756:
12752:
12747:
12746:
12737:
12729:
12727:9781101617465
12723:
12719:
12718:
12710:
12703:
12698:
12690:
12688:9780803289949
12684:
12680:
12673:
12665:
12663:9780823217694
12659:
12655:
12648:
12633:
12632:
12627:
12620:
12612:
12611:
12606:
12599:
12593:, p. 34.
12592:
12591:Hunter (1997)
12587:
12579:
12573:
12569:
12562:
12554:
12552:9780631209638
12548:
12544:
12540:
12536:
12529:
12522:
12517:
12509:
12505:
12501:
12500:
12492:
12484:
12482:9780195065701
12478:
12474:
12467:
12465:
12457:
12452:
12446:, p. 47.
12445:
12440:
12433:
12432:Guelzo (2004)
12428:
12420:
12418:9780807108222
12414:
12410:
12409:
12401:
12386:
12382:
12378:
12374:
12373:
12365:
12358:
12354:
12353:Guelzo (1999)
12349:
12341:
12337:
12333:
12331:9780307833068
12327:
12323:
12316:
12314:
12306:
12302:
12301:Guelzo (1999)
12297:
12295:
12278:
12274:
12270:
12264:
12256:
12254:9780313258626
12250:
12246:
12239:
12232:
12228:
12227:Guelzo (1999)
12223:
12215:
12213:9780807155486
12209:
12205:
12198:
12196:
12194:
12192:
12184:
12179:
12171:
12169:9780823221950
12165:
12161:
12160:
12152:
12136:
12132:
12128:
12124:
12117:
12101:
12097:
12093:
12087:
12080:
12074:
12066:
12064:9780820326153
12060:
12056:
12049:
12041:
12037:
12033:
12031:9780801410437
12027:
12023:
12016:
12008:
12006:9780195074062
12002:
11998:
11991:
11984:
11979:
11972:
11967:
11959:
11957:9780199724550
11953:
11948:
11947:
11938:
11930:
11928:9780394418995
11924:
11920:
11919:
11911:
11905:, p. 42.
11904:
11898:
11891:
11890:Patton (1934)
11886:
11878:
11876:9780195150995
11872:
11868:
11861:
11854:
11849:
11841:
11840:
11832:
11825:
11820:
11812:
11808:
11804:
11800:
11796:
11792:
11788:
11782:
11778:
11774:
11770:
11763:
11756:
11751:
11744:
11739:
11732:
11727:
11719:
11717:9780807101698
11713:
11709:
11702:
11694:
11688:
11684:
11683:
11675:
11667:
11663:
11659:
11655:
11651:
11647:
11646:
11638:
11631:
11626:
11619:
11614:
11612:
11610:
11602:
11597:
11589:
11583:
11579:
11578:
11570:
11568:
11560:
11555:
11539:
11535:
11534:
11529:
11523:
11516:
11511:
11505:
11501:
11498:
11497:
11491:
11484:
11479:
11472:
11471:Harris (1997)
11467:
11465:
11463:
11446:
11442:
11438:
11435:
11431:
11425:
11423:
11421:
11412:
11408:
11404:
11400:
11396:
11392:
11391:
11383:
11375:
11371:
11367:
11363:
11359:
11355:
11354:
11346:
11329:
11325:
11321:
11314:
11306:
11302:
11295:
11288:
11282:
11274:
11270:
11266:
11265:
11260:
11254:
11248:, p. 38.
11247:
11242:
11240:
11231:
11227:
11223:
11219:
11218:
11210:
11208:
11199:
11197:9780674022096
11193:
11188:
11187:
11181:
11175:
11164:
11160:
11156:
11152:
11148:
11144:
11140:
11136:
11132:
11128:
11127:
11119:
11115:
11109:
11107:
11100:, p. 41.
11099:
11094:
11087:
11086:Hunter (1997)
11082:
11080:
11073:, p. 72.
11072:
11067:
11065:
11058:
11053:
11047:
11042:
11036:
11031:
11015:
11011:
11007:
11003:
10999:
10995:
10991:
10987:
10983:
10976:
10974:
10958:
10954:
10948:
10933:
10929:
10923:
10912:
10911:
10903:
10896:
10894:
10881:
10877:
10873:
10869:
10865:
10861:
10857:
10853:
10849:
10845:
10844:
10839:
10835:
10828:
10821:
10816:
10800:
10796:
10792:
10788:
10784:
10780:
10776:
10772:
10768:
10764:
10760:
10756:
10752:
10745:
10743:
10741:
10733:
10728:
10721:
10717:
10716:Guelzo (2018)
10712:
10696:
10692:
10691:
10686:
10679:
10671:
10665:
10661:
10657:
10656:
10648:
10640:
10636:
10630:
10624:Nov. 16, 1867
10623:
10620:
10616:
10613:
10608:
10604:
10590:
10584:
10577:
10576:Rufus Bullock
10574:
10568:
10564:
10560:
10552:
10543:
10539:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10505:
10498:
10494:
10492:
10491:
10486:
10480:
10475:
10473:
10468:
10465:
10460:
10458:
10447:
10445:
10438:
10436:
10432:
10427:
10423:
10419:
10415:
10411:
10406:
10404:
10400:
10399:
10394:
10390:
10386:
10382:
10381:
10376:
10374:
10370:
10365:
10360:
10357:
10353:
10349:
10345:
10337:
10336:
10330:
10320:
10315:
10312:
10311:
10306:
10300:
10296:
10294:
10289:
10287:
10286:sharecropping
10283:
10274:
10270:
10263:
10258:
10255:
10252:
10249:
10245:
10244:
10243:
10235:
10233:
10229:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10210:
10206:
10196:
10194:
10190:
10185:
10182:
10178:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10162:
10158:
10154:
10150:
10146:
10142:
10136:
10132:
10129:
10128:republicanist
10124:
10122:
10118:
10114:
10110:
10106:
10102:
10098:
10088:
10085:
10081:
10080:
10075:
10065:
10061:
10059:
10054:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10038:
10031:
10027:
10025:
10019:
10017:
10013:
10009:
9998:
9993:
9991:
9987:
9983:
9979:
9969:
9967:
9962:
9961:West Virginia
9958:
9953:
9949:
9940:
9936:
9934:
9928:
9926:
9922:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9906:
9900:
9898:
9894:
9890:
9886:
9885:Senator Ferry
9882:
9878:
9874:
9870:
9866:
9858:
9854:
9850:
9845:
9841:
9831:
9827:
9825:
9821:
9817:
9813:
9807:
9797:
9793:
9791:
9787:
9781:
9778:
9777:Adelbert Ames
9774:
9769:
9767:
9763:
9759:
9753:
9751:
9746:
9744:
9740:
9730:
9726:
9724:
9720:
9716:
9712:
9708:
9703:
9699:
9697:
9692:
9688:
9684:
9679:
9670:
9667:
9663:
9658:
9656:
9652:
9646:
9645:Panic of 1873
9639:Panic of 1873
9636:
9632:
9629:
9624:
9622:
9618:
9614:
9608:
9605:
9604:New Departure
9596:
9592:
9588:
9584:
9579:
9568:
9563:
9559:
9554:
9551:
9546:
9542:
9538:
9536:
9535:Elisha Baxter
9532:
9528:
9527:Adelbert Ames
9524:
9513:
9511:
9506:
9504:
9500:
9493:
9488:
9486:
9480:
9470:
9468:
9462:
9452:
9450:
9446:
9442:
9435:
9430:
9428:
9424:
9421:
9415:
9413:
9408:
9406:
9399:
9394:
9392:
9388:
9383:
9380:
9375:
9373:
9365:
9361:
9360:Winslow Homer
9357:
9348:
9346:
9342:
9338:
9335:
9331:
9326:
9322:
9318:
9314:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9298:
9283:
9280:
9276:
9275:Homestead Act
9272:
9268:
9264:
9254:
9244:
9239:
9237:
9236:John R. Lynch
9226:
9225:
9219:
9215:
9214:
9208:
9205:
9204:
9201:
9198:
9195:
9194:
9191:
9188:
9185:
9184:
9180:
9177:
9174:
9173:
9169:
9166:
9163:
9162:
9158:
9155:
9152:
9151:
9147:
9144:
9141:
9140:
9136:
9133:
9130:
9129:
9125:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9114:
9111:
9108:
9107:
9101:
9097:
9093:
9091:
9086:
9082:
9072:
9068:
9061:
9057:
9052:
9043:
9041:
9036:
9034:
9029:
9023:
9020:
9015:
9013:
9009:
9003:
8999:
8989:
8984:
8980:
8975:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8959:
8955:
8954:Social Gospel
8948:
8943:
8941:
8937:
8932:
8930:
8926:
8920:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8898:
8893:
8886:
8885:
8880:
8876:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8839:
8835:
8832:
8829:
8825:
8821:
8818:
8815:
8811:
8807:
8804:
8801:
8797:
8793:
8790:
8787:
8783:
8779:
8776:
8773:
8769:
8765:
8762:
8759:
8755:
8752:
8749:
8746:
8743:
8739:
8735:
8732:
8729:
8725:
8721:
8718:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8704:
8701:
8697:
8693:
8690:
8687:
8683:
8680:
8675:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8660:
8659:
8653:
8650:
8640:
8637:
8634:
8631:
8627:
8623:
8620:
8617:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8603:
8600:
8597:
8593:
8589:
8586:
8583:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8569:
8566:
8563:
8559:
8555:
8552:
8549:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8535:
8532:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8518:
8515:
8512:
8508:
8504:
8501:
8498:
8495:
8491:
8483:
8480:
8477:
8474:
8471:
8470:
8462:
8459:
8453:
8450:
8441:
8432:
8423:
8421:
8420:New York City
8411:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8383:
8381:
8371:
8369:
8365:
8361:
8360:habeas corpus
8357:
8349:
8345:
8338:
8333:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8310:
8309:habeas corpus
8305:
8301:
8297:
8292:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8259:
8257:
8253:
8248:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8228:
8226:
8221:
8220:John Creswell
8217:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8179:
8169:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8155:
8151:
8146:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8122:
8119:
8115:
8114:Edwin Stanton
8111:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8087:
8085:
8081:
8077:
8069:
8068:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8050:
8046:
8044:
8033:
8028:
8025:
8019:
8016:
8012:
8011:border states
8007:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7954:
7951:
7950:
7949:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7931:
7922:
7913:
7904:
7895:
7885:
7876:
7874:
7870:
7869:habeas corpus
7866:
7853:
7852:
7848:
7845:
7844:
7840:
7837:
7836:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7824:
7823:
7819:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7807:
7806:
7802:
7800:
7799:Jim Crow laws
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7786:
7779:
7770:is available.
7769:
7765:
7759:
7758:
7754:
7749:This section
7747:
7738:
7737:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7724:
7718:
7715:
7704:
7700:
7698:
7697:
7686:
7677:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7661:
7658:
7652:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7630:
7626:
7621:
7612:
7608:
7603:
7599:
7594:
7592:
7588:
7584:
7579:
7575:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7560:
7558:
7547:
7545:
7541:
7534:
7529:
7527:
7521:
7516:
7514:
7510:
7505:
7503:
7499:
7498:sharecropping
7494:
7489:
7487:
7481:
7479:
7471:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7447:
7443:
7441:
7434:
7429:
7427:
7423:
7419:
7413:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7382:
7375:
7374:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7350:, Johnson as
7349:
7348:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7322:
7316:
7306:
7297:
7294:prospectively
7293:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7274:Hampton Roads
7271:
7265:
7255:
7246:
7242:
7240:
7234:
7231:
7222:
7217:
7207:
7198:
7195:
7194:pocket vetoed
7188:
7178:
7174:
7172:
7162:
7157:
7147:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7120:Edward Stanly
7110:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7081:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7043:
7039:
7033:
7029:
7021:
7017:
7012:
7010:
7005:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6975:
6973:
6969:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6949:Indian tribes
6946:
6941:
6939:
6936:(now part of
6935:
6931:
6921:
6919:
6915:
6909:
6907:
6903:
6897:
6893:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6862:
6857:
6855:
6851:
6846:
6840:
6837:
6832:
6830:
6826:
6821:
6811:
6802:
6800:
6799:carpetbaggers
6796:
6792:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6740:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6697:
6694:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6667:
6665:
6660:
6658:
6657:pocket vetoed
6653:
6652:Ironclad Oath
6648:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6608:
6595:
6588:
6584:
6581:
6577:
6574:
6570:
6567:
6563:
6560:
6556:
6553:
6550:
6546:
6543:
6539:
6536:
6532:
6529:
6526:
6522:
6519:
6518:Edwin Stanton
6515:
6512:
6509:
6505:
6502:
6498:
6495:
6491:
6488:
6484:
6481:
6478:
6474:
6471:
6467:
6464:
6460:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6433:Robert E. Lee
6430:
6427:
6423:
6420:
6416:
6413:
6409:
6406:
6402:
6399:
6395:
6392:
6388:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6374:
6373:
6367:
6365:
6359:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6332:West Virginia
6329:
6325:
6321:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6295:
6291:
6288:
6284:
6279:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6262:human capital
6258:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6220:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6196:sharecropping
6193:
6189:
6185:
6180:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6139:
6137:
6131:
6129:
6128:landownership
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6077:
6074:
6064:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6048:
6046:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5933:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5905:to issue the
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5887:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5829:
5824:
5822:
5817:
5815:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5778:
5766:
5765:Minstrel show
5763:
5761:
5760:Magical Negro
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5736:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5685:
5677:
5676:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5577:
5571:
5570:West Virginia
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5506:
5505:San Francisco
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5485:New York City
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5276:
5268:
5267:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5186:
5178:
5177:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5136:Nova Scotians
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5039:Black Indians
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5005:
5004:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4977:HBCU (HBCUAC)
4975:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4943:
4942:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4878:Organizations
4877:
4876:
4868:
4867:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4747:Organizations
4746:
4745:
4737:
4736:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4630:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4415:Neighborhoods
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4358:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4160:
4155:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:George Taylor
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3855:Walker family
3853:
3851:
3850:William Burns
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3795:Alfred Blount
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:Michael Green
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3633:Jim Crow laws
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:List of years
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3475:
3467:
3465:
3464:Urban history
3462:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3080:
3079:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:Thai American
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2743:Party Systems
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2682:Voting rights
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2540:
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1738:Abolitionists
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1348:
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1341:
1340:comfort women
1338:
1337:
1336:
1333:
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1328:
1324:
1323:Chukri System
1321:
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1211:Latin America
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1162:interregional
1160:
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1147:prison labour
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1117:United States
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929:
928:White slavery
926:
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918:Slave raiding
916:
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911:
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901:
897:
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886:Corvée labour
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710:
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702:Abbasid harem
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645:Barbary Coast
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389:
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384:
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379:
378:
375:
370:
369:
365:
361:
360:
357:
353:
352:Forced labour
350:
349:
345:
341:
340:
326:
323:
322:
321:
318:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
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295:
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281:
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254:
253:
249:
244:
233:
228:
226:
221:
219:
214:
213:
210:
197:
193:
188:
187:Civil War era
184:
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175:
171:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
97:
92:
91:United States
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
59:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
34456:
34439:
34422:
34410:from Commons
34405:
34384:
34312:
34303:
34296:
34227:
34221:
34208:Public image
33985:
33976:
33969:
33932:Nellie Grant
33870:
33862:
33780:
33756:
33723:Bibliography
33664:Grant's Tomb
33652:Horsemanship
33620:Boyhood home
33591:
33534:Comstock Act
33467:
33329:
33081:
33060:
33053:
33038:
32936:(son-in-law)
32918:(son-in-law)
32884:
32876:
32868:
32860:
32839:Public image
32699:
32647:War Democrat
32529:
32517:
32503:
32496:
32453:Joseph Hanks
32419:(stepmother)
32321:Philadelphia
32249:
32242:
32235:
32228:
32134:
32122:
32042:Bibliography
31986:Lincoln Tomb
31940:
31843:Lincoln Home
31738:
31724:Matson Trial
31597:Bixby letter
31500:
31248:Sportspeople
31218:Billionaires
31135:Sierra Leone
31038:Philadelphia
30874:Jacksonville
30701:Demographics
30533:Jack Johnson
30523:Muhammad Ali
30356:Conservatism
30291:Black church
30188:Andrew Young
30173:Ida B. Wells
30163:David Walker
30158:C. T. Vivian
30113:Paul Robeson
30108:Hiram Revels
30088:Colin Powell
30068:Barack Obama
30023:James Lawson
29978:Jimi Hendrix
29948:James Farmer
29943:Medgar Evers
29913:Ralph Bunche
29863:Maya Angelou
29837:Middle class
29715:Afrofuturism
29654:
29641:
29629:
29622:
29543:
29488:
29435:
29401:Afrocentrism
29391:Abolitionism
29291:
29221:
29107:
29100:
28969:Field slaves
28932:Abolitionism
28866:Cultural and
28857:Bibliography
28692:South Dakota
28682:Rhode Island
28677:Pennsylvania
28657:North Dakota
28349:Midway Atoll
28344:Kingman Reef
28324:Baker Island
28303:Puerto Rico
28215:South Dakota
28205:Rhode Island
28200:Pennsylvania
28180:North Dakota
27896:
27889:
27870:
27831:
27824:
27810:
27756:
27712:
27705:
27648:
27634:
27627:
27620:
27581:
27555:Marine Corps
27542:
27535:
27528:
27492:Debt ceiling
27477:Civil Rights
27459:
27452:
27438:
27424:
27410:
27381:
27376:Antisemitism
27374:
27367:
27323:
27284:
27220:2008–present
27172:Bush v. Gore
27170:
27108:War on drugs
26982:Mid Cold War
26834:Pearl Harbor
26829:World War II
26649:Ku Klux Klan
26633:
26246:Dummer's War
26185:
26178:
26172:Pre-Colonial
26007:Human rights
25987:Gun politics
25938:Islamophobia
25928:antisemitism
25796:Hospice care
25738:Middle class
25718:Homelessness
25695:Social class
25655:Social class
25519:Human rights
25509:Homelessness
25421:middle class
25386:Demographics
25361:Architecture
25268:Unemployment
25248:Labor unions
24996:Town meeting
24973:City council
24968:City manager
24709:State police
24571:Marine Corps
24561:Armed Forces
24536:civil rights
24516:Constitution
24088:Southwestern
24083:Southeastern
24073:Northwestern
24068:Northeastern
24033:Mid-Atlantic
24023:Great Plains
23741:World War II
23665:
23624:Constitution
23528:Colonial era
23507:2008–present
23361:Whitecapping
23331:Paramilitary
23304:Other topics
23285:Jim Crow era
23250:
23237:
23224:
23211:
23203:
23190:
23166:
23158:
23140:
23127:
23123:Leon Litwack
23114:
23106:
23093:
23070:
23034:John Burgess
23020:
23007:
22994:
22949:
22936:
22928:
22920:
22912:
22822:
22762:Whiskey Ring
22724:
22674:White League
22610:
22602:
22450:Shoffner Act
22396:
22369:
22330:
22213:Pulaski riot
22162:
22155:
22143:
21891:
21883:
21875:
21719:
21711:
20606:Presidential
20568:John Bingham
20506:White League
20491:Ku Klux Klan
20258:Participants
20250:
20203:
20181:
20164:Jim Crow era
20153:
20140:
20135:
20121:
20106:
20088:
20078:
20065:
20050:
20031:
20000:
19975:
19960:
19945:
19916:
19896:the original
19889:
19873:The Atlantic
19871:
19859:
19850:
19836:
19823:. Retrieved
19815:H-Socialisms
19814:
19792:
19783:
19771:. Retrieved
19760:
19745:
19728:
19720:
19697:
19681:
19671:the original
19650:
19646:
19608:
19599:
19591:
19580:
19566:. Retrieved
19562:the original
19549:
19542:
19532:
19513:
19499:. Retrieved
19489:
19475:
19456:
19448:
19435:
19406:. Retrieved
19396:
19383:
19370:
19366:
19355:
19337:
19329:
19321:
19313:
19305:
19297:
19289:
19281:
19273:
19265:
19232:
19228:
19218:
19208:
19183:
19179:
19154:
19150:
19142:
19131:. Retrieved
19114:
19110:
19098:
19091:
19073:
19050:
19030:
19001:
18997:
18974:
18960:
18939:
18918:
18904:
18891:
18871:
18867:
18848:
18818:
18798:
18778:
18768:
18757:
18749:
18722:
18697:
18683:
18661:
18634:
18609:
18589:
18568:
18558:
18539:
18530:
18520:
18500:
18491:
18466:
18462:
18439:
18430:
18411:
18380:
18357:
18347:
18338:
18309:
18305:
18282:
18268:
18249:
18236:. Retrieved
18219:
18215:
18202:
18193:
18182:
18171:
18151:
18140:
18128:. Retrieved
18108:
18087:
18065:
18047:
18029:
18010:
17988:
17976:
17952:
17929:
17910:
17891:
17882:
17859:
17849:
17822:
17813:
17792:
17779:
17760:
17756:Chernow, Ron
17728:
17715:
17694:
17670:
17661:
17636:
17632:
17615:10419/224053
17595:
17591:
17578:
17559:
17549:
17527:
17524:Bibliography
17509:. Retrieved
17501:Facing South
17500:
17490:
17478:. Retrieved
17469:
17459:
17447:. Retrieved
17443:
17433:
17424:
17418:
17406:. Retrieved
17389:
17379:
17370:
17364:
17356:
17336:
17329:
17317:. Retrieved
17292:
17288:
17282:
17274:
17257:
17253:
17247:
17231:
17219:. Retrieved
17215:the original
17204:
17184:
17178:Foner (1988)
17173:
17161:
17142:
17136:
17111:
17107:
17101:
17092:
17086:
17053:
17047:
17038:
17026:. Retrieved
17016:
17009:
16997:. Retrieved
16987:
16980:
16968:. Retrieved
16959:
16949:
16930:
16921:
16894:
16888:
16881:Brown (2008)
16876:
16857:
16851:
16839:
16827:
16808:
16796:. Retrieved
16793:The Atlantic
16792:
16782:
16773:
16769:
16763:
16751:. Retrieved
16742:
16738:
16728:
16709:
16703:
16696:Foner (1988)
16691:
16679:
16667:. Retrieved
16655:
16645:
16634:
16623:
16609:Foner (1982)
16604:
16587:
16583:
16577:
16552:
16546:
16542:
16536:
16514:(1): 67–90.
16511:
16505:
16499:
16489:
16482:
16457:
16451:
16445:
16425:
16418:
16408:
16401:
16352:
16346:
16326:
16319:
16300:
16292:
16280:
16250:(1): 16–34.
16247:
16241:
16231:
16212:
16206:
16181:
16175:
16169:
16157:. Retrieved
16153:the original
16146:
16137:
16112:
16106:
16100:
16081:
16072:
16060:
16048:. Retrieved
16039:
16030:
16023:Foner (1988)
16018:
15985:
15981:
15975:
15963:
15956:Foner (1988)
15951:
15932:
15926:
15907:
15895:. Retrieved
15891:the original
15886:
15880:
15870:
15862:
15858:
15846:
15839:Foner (1988)
15834:
15822:
15815:Foner (1988)
15810:
15803:Foner (1988)
15798:
15786:
15779:Lynch (1913)
15774:
15767:Lynch (1913)
15762:
15755:Foner (1988)
15750:
15743:Foner (1988)
15738:
15713:
15707:
15701:
15682:
15676:
15657:
15651:
15639:
15628:
15621:
15609:
15597:
15585:
15573:
15553:, p. 6.
15546:
15526:
15519:
15502:
15498:
15488:
15476:
15457:
15449:
15430:
15422:
15403:
15395:
15374:
15366:
15347:
15340:
15315:
15311:
15295:Foner (1988)
15290:
15283:Foner (1988)
15278:
15271:Foner (1988)
15266:
15254:
15242:
15230:
15223:Foner (1988)
15218:
15191:
15187:
15177:
15158:
15152:
15145:Lynch (1913)
15125:
15118:Foner (1988)
15113:
15094:
15088:
15076:
15060:
15039:
15016:
15004:. Retrieved
15000:the original
14984:
14977:
14970:Sweet (1914)
14965:
14944:
14936:
14919:
14913:
14901:
14884:
14878:
14866:
14859:Foner (1988)
14854:
14834:
14827:
14820:Sweet (1914)
14815:
14796:
14790:
14774:
14767:Foner (1988)
14762:
14750:. Retrieved
14739:
14726:
14702:. Retrieved
14686:
14674:
14655:
14649:
14642:Foner (1993)
14637:
14630:Foner (1988)
14625:
14613:. Retrieved
14609:the original
14602:
14592:
14580:
14573:Blair (2005)
14568:
14546:(1): 64–75.
14543:
14537:
14531:
14519:
14493:Kahan (2018)
14488:
14457:
14450:Kahan (2018)
14445:
14438:Foner (2019)
14433:
14426:Smith (2001)
14421:
14409:
14402:Smith (2001)
14385:Kahan (2018)
14380:
14368:. Retrieved
14358:
14342:Simon (2002)
14327:White (2016)
14323:Smith (2001)
14318:
14307:Kahan (2018)
14287:
14275:
14268:Smith (2001)
14263:
14256:Simon (2002)
14251:
14244:Simon (2002)
14239:
14227:
14220:Simon (2002)
14207:
14200:Simon (2002)
14195:
14183:
14171:
14159:
14140:
14112:
14106:
14099:Kahan (2018)
14082:White (2016)
14077:
14065:
14053:
14041:
14034:Smith (2001)
14014:
14007:Simon (2002)
13979:. New York:
13976:
13970:
13958:. Retrieved
13933:
13930:Éire-Ireland
13929:
13919:
13892:
13888:
13878:
13866:. Retrieved
13851:
13844:
13837:Smith (2001)
13832:
13813:
13807:
13795:
13788:Smith (2001)
13783:
13771:
13759:
13740:
13734:
13722:
13715:Foner (1988)
13710:
13698:
13678:
13668:
13635:
13629:
13598:Foner (1988)
13593:
13582:the original
13573:
13566:
13547:
13541:
13534:Foner (1988)
13529:
13495:
13489:
13482:Foner (1988)
13477:
13470:Foner (1988)
13465:
13448:
13444:
13438:
13419:
13413:
13403:
13397:
13390:Foner (1988)
13385:
13380:§ 2254.
13372:
13360:. Retrieved
13349:
13340:
13328:the original
13315:
13309:
13299:
13289:November 15,
13287:. Retrieved
13280:the original
13275:
13269:
13260:
13252:
13227:
13221:
13215:
13193:(1): 65–90.
13190:
13184:
13165:
13158:
13146:
13134:
13122:. Retrieved
13118:the original
13113:
13104:
13092:
13080:. Retrieved
13063:
13044:Jones (2010)
13039:
13020:
13014:
12995:
12989:
12970:
12964:
12952:
12944:the original
12936:Schurz, Carl
12915:
12903:
12891:
12879:
12867:
12855:
12843:
12826:
12807:
12800:
12780:
12769:
12744:
12736:
12716:
12709:
12697:
12678:
12672:
12653:
12647:
12635:. Retrieved
12629:
12619:
12608:
12598:
12586:
12567:
12561:
12534:
12528:
12516:
12498:
12491:
12472:
12451:
12444:Downs (2012)
12439:
12434:, p. 1.
12427:
12407:
12400:
12388:. Retrieved
12371:
12364:
12348:
12321:
12281:. Retrieved
12277:the original
12272:
12263:
12244:
12238:
12222:
12203:
12178:
12158:
12151:
12139:. Retrieved
12135:the original
12130:
12126:
12116:
12104:. Retrieved
12100:the original
12086:
12073:
12054:
12048:
12021:
12015:
11996:
11990:
11978:
11966:
11945:
11937:
11917:
11910:
11897:
11885:
11866:
11860:
11848:
11838:
11831:
11824:Foner (1988)
11819:
11768:
11762:
11750:
11738:
11733:, ch. 28–29.
11726:
11707:
11701:
11681:
11674:
11649:
11643:
11637:
11632:, ch. 26–27.
11625:
11596:
11576:
11561:, p. 6.
11554:
11542:. Retrieved
11538:the original
11531:
11522:
11510:
11495:
11490:
11478:
11449:. Retrieved
11440:
11436:
11394:
11388:
11382:
11357:
11351:
11345:
11332:. Retrieved
11328:the original
11323:
11313:
11304:
11300:
11294:
11289:. pp. 27–28.
11286:
11281:
11263:
11253:
11224:(1): 35–62.
11221:
11215:
11185:
11174:
11163:the original
11130:
11124:
11098:Downs (2012)
11093:
11071:Jones (2010)
11052:
11041:
11030:
11018:. Retrieved
10989:
10985:
10960:. Retrieved
10956:
10947:
10935:. Retrieved
10931:
10922:
10909:
10902:
10892:
10891:
10884:. Retrieved
10847:
10841:
10827:
10820:Foner (1988)
10815:
10803:. Retrieved
10758:
10754:
10727:
10720:Foner (2019)
10711:
10701:February 24,
10699:. Retrieved
10688:
10678:
10654:
10647:
10638:
10629:
10621:
10607:
10583:
10572:
10567:the original
10562:
10551:
10542:
10496:
10490:Facing South
10488:
10484:
10482:
10477:
10471:
10469:
10461:
10454:
10451:In education
10443:
10440:
10434:
10409:
10407:
10396:
10393:The Clansman
10392:
10385:Ku Klux Klan
10378:
10377:(1902), and
10367:
10361:
10347:
10341:
10333:
10317:
10310:The Atlantic
10308:
10302:
10298:
10290:
10278:
10261:
10241:
10232:Robert Higgs
10225:
10217:
10208:
10204:
10202:
10186:
10173:specifically
10172:
10165:
10137:
10125:
10109:Leon Litwack
10094:
10077:
10071:
10062:
10057:
10047:
10042:
10033:
10029:
10023:
10020:
10005:
9995:
9975:
9954:
9950:
9946:
9937:
9929:
9917:David M. Key
9909:
9901:
9862:
9828:
9809:
9794:
9782:
9770:
9754:
9747:
9743:John McEnery
9735:
9711:White League
9709:such as the
9704:
9700:
9683:Grant Parish
9680:
9676:
9659:
9648:
9633:
9625:
9609:
9600:
9586:
9565:
9561:
9556:
9547:
9543:
9539:
9519:
9507:
9495:
9490:
9482:
9464:
9437:
9432:
9425:
9416:
9409:
9401:
9396:
9384:
9379:paramilitary
9376:
9368:
9363:
9341:White League
9334:paramilitary
9325:Ku Klux Klan
9317:James L. Orr
9296:
9294:
9267:John Sherman
9259:
9241:
9233:
9223:
9212:
9178:10.3–8 mills
9115:Mississippi
9098:
9094:
9081:property tax
9078:
9069:
9065:
9040:Trevon Logan
9037:
9024:
9016:
9010:and imposed
9004:
9000:
8996:
8986:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8968:
8963:
8950:
8945:
8933:
8921:
8894:
8890:
8882:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8757:Mississippi
8646:
8595:Mississippi
8488:(% in 1870)
8454:
8446:
8429:
8417:
8389:
8377:
8359:
8353:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8307:
8288:
8272:Amos Akerman
8265:
8249:
8234:
8201:
8166:Ku Klux Klan
8158:
8147:
8142:
8127:Fenian raids
8123:
8103:
8099:
8073:
8065:
8043:conservative
8040:
8030:
8020:
8008:
8005:
7979:George Meade
7935:
7862:
7849:
7841:
7833:
7820:
7803:
7776:October 2020
7773:
7768:Editing help
7750:
7732:
7719:
7710:
7701:
7694:
7691:
7669:John Bingham
7662:
7653:
7649:
7639:
7610:
7605:
7601:
7596:
7580:
7576:
7561:
7553:
7536:
7531:
7523:
7518:
7506:
7490:
7482:
7475:
7444:
7436:
7431:
7414:
7378:
7371:
7368:Emperor Nero
7345:
7342:Lady Justice
7329:
7303:
7290:Maximilian I
7267:
7252:
7243:
7235:
7227:
7204:
7190:
7175:
7167:
7140:Michael Hahn
7116:
7106:civil rights
7087:
7084:Colonization
7049:
7040:
7028:David Hunter
7013:
7009:Edward Bates
7001:
6965:
6942:
6927:
6910:
6898:
6894:
6882:
6878:
6866:
6858:
6845:three-fifths
6841:
6833:
6825:Harold Hyman
6816:
6775:
6764:
6757:
6741:
6729:mob violence
6723:and Senator
6714:
6706:
6698:
6673:
6661:
6644:
6625:
6582:becomes law.
6575:becomes law.
6568:becomes law.
6561:becomes law.
6551:becomes law.
6544:is ratified.
6537:is ratified.
6465:is ratified.
6428:becomes law.
6379:becomes law.
6360:
6354:
6350:
6340:
6335:
6316:
6299:
6274:
6259:
6256:
6235:
6225:
6218:
6208:
6181:
6177:
6145:
6132:
6097:
6083:, historian
6080:
6078:
6070:
6049:
6013:
5997:White League
5993:Ku Klux Klan
5965:
5937:assassinated
5935:Lincoln was
5934:
5915:
5888:
5839:
5837:
5663:Sierra Leone
5495:Philadelphia
5465:Jacksonville
5061:Brass Ankles
4814:Conservatism
4789:Afrocentrism
4761:Joint Center
4652:Black church
4643:Institutions
4558:Billionaires
4548:Middle class
4501:Celebrations
4464:Fraternities
4246:
3880:Newberry Six
3865:King Johnson
3840:Watkinsville
3717:Ku Klux Klan
3707:Black Legion
3695:Whitecapping
3690:Sundown town
3605:
3051:
3044:
3025:
2986:
2979:
2965:
2906:
2862:
2855:
2808:
2794:
2789:Social class
2787:
2780:
2741:
2715:Marine Corps
2702:
2695:
2688:
2652:Debt ceiling
2637:Civil rights
2619:
2612:
2598:
2584:
2570:
2541:
2529:Civil unrest
2527:
2522:Antisemitism
2520:
2513:
2495:2008–present
2483:2008–present
2481:
2459:
2437:
2404:
2371:
2362:World War II
2316:
2284:
2272:
2250:
2217:
2184:
2151:
2141:Colonial Era
2139:
2127:
2121:
2081:
1974:Slave patrol
1806:Freedom suit
1782:Sierra Leone
1772:Colonization
1688:Abolitionism
1668:Baháʼí Faith
1641:Christianity
1591:Saudi Arabia
1447:Penal Labour
1412:Blackbirding
1318:Debt bondage
1306:penal system
1132:Contemporary
1122:Field slaves
1110:U.S. Natives
1069:South Africa
940:Galley slave
913:Slave market
903:House slaves
876:Blackbirding
854:Conscription
778:21st century
741:Umm al-walad
585:Muslim world
554:Emancipation
458:Wage slavery
438:Penal labour
416:Wife selling
406:Bride buying
391:Conscription
381:Child Labour
374:Contemporary
266:Pulaski riot
240:
173:
113:President(s)
40:
34184:Villa Hayes
34052:(1877–1881)
33908:Julia Grant
33647:Galena home
33625:Schoolhouse
33473:Amnesty Act
33200:Court House
33180:Chattanooga
33146:(1869–1877)
33024:Mrs. Harold
32988:Sam Johnson
32968:Henry Brown
32862:Andy's Trip
32591:(1865–1869)
32358:Family tree
32296:Los Angeles
32030:Lincoln/Net
31430:(1847–1849)
31420:(1861–1865)
31268:US senators
31238:Republicans
31223:Journalists
31080:San Antonio
31045:Puerto Rico
30986:Mississippi
30879:Tallahassee
30852:Los Angeles
30543:Jesse Owens
30528:Arthur Ashe
30386:Nationalism
30376:Raised fist
30339:Black power
30244:in medicine
30178:Roy Wilkins
30133:Emmett Till
30118:Al Sharpton
29883:Julian Bond
29878:James Bevel
29842:Upper class
29832:Stereotypes
29725:Black mecca
29637:Plantations
29416:Black Codes
29086:Fire-Eaters
28979:Task system
28974:Gang system
28964:Plantations
28767:Puerto Rico
28760:Territories
28607:Mississippi
28522:Connecticut
28364:Wake Island
28130:Mississippi
28045:Connecticut
27989:New England
27656:Agriculture
27575:Coast Guard
27570:Space Force
27418:Immigration
27146:WTC bombing
27064:Reaganomics
26992:Vietnam War
26908:McCarthyism
26790:Second Klan
26775:Prohibition
26753:World War I
26728:Square Deal
26718:Imperialism
26453:War of 1812
26180:Prehistoric
26012:Immigration
25943:LGBT rights
25845:Food safety
25680:Video games
25273:Wall Street
25253:Public debt
25156:Agriculture
25092:nationalism
24804:Uniform act
24726:Legislative
24633:Territorial
24591:Coast Guard
24586:Space Force
24336:Legislative
24131:Red (South)
24121:Mississippi
24043:New England
23979:Appalachian
23949:Earthquakes
23846:Discoveries
23841:Demographic
23783:Vietnam War
23726:World War I
23721:Imperialism
23671:Indian Wars
23646:War of 1812
23154:Steven Hahn
23003:James Bryce
22562:Amnesty Act
22043:Black Codes
20732:U.S. Senate
20479:Politicians
20401:Waite Court
20396:Chase Court
20391:Taney Court
20273:Presidents
19891:The Alcalde
19753:Foner, Eric
19363:Berlin, Ira
19133:January 18,
18835:text search
18312:(1): 1–37.
18054:; see also
18007:Foner, Eric
17985:Foner, Eric
17973:Foner, Eric
17948:Foner, Eric
17319:February 7,
16883:, p. .
16669:February 2,
16611:, p. .
16545:(review)".
16159:January 24,
16148:History.com
15646:, p. .
15194:(1): 1–37.
15147:, p. .
15006:February 1,
14781:, pp.
14752:February 3,
14732:Foner, Eric
14704:October 20,
14462:Wang (1997)
14370:January 13,
13615:, p. .
13451:(5): 1581.
13362:October 21,
13333:PDF version
13124:October 11,
12303:, pp.
12229:, pp.
12141:February 8,
12106:February 7,
11620:, p. .
11485:, p. .
11473:, p. .
11430:Foner, Eric
11307:(1): 35–47.
11137:: 299–326.
11020:January 18,
10962:January 24,
10937:January 24,
10886:January 18,
10834:Foner, Eric
10805:January 18,
10420:to win the
9859:(1877–1881)
9591:Thomas Nast
9307:, and Sen.
9170:12.5 mills
8947:officiate."
8679:Congressmen
8666:Legislators
8380:Amnesty Act
8348:Thomas Nast
8304:martial law
8241:Mississippi
8193:(1869–1877)
8054:Thomas Nast
8024:martial law
7509:Carl Schurz
7478:Black Codes
7470:Thomas Nast
7410:Black Codes
7394:prison camp
7334:Thomas Nast
7332:cartoonist
6998:(1861–1865)
6854:referendums
6684:Copperheads
6632:Slave Power
6573:Amnesty Act
6283:1860 Census
6200:plantations
6184:land reform
6168:Fort Sumter
6122:which were
6104:Fort Monroe
6057:due process
5953:Black Codes
5731:Stereotypes
5658:Nova Scotia
5540:Mississippi
5500:San Antonio
5480:Los Angeles
5415:Black mecca
5342:Mississippi
5249:Negro Dutch
5071:Dominickers
5015:Multiethnic
4924:TransAfrica
4834:Nationalism
4804:Black power
4588:Black pride
4553:Upper class
4252:Politicians
3910:1920 Duluth
3890:Ell Persons
3830:David Wyatt
3825:George Ward
3760:Amos Miller
3755:Eliza Woods
3638:Segregation
3415:Territories
3136:New England
2816:Agriculture
2735:Coast Guard
2730:Space Force
2578:Immigration
2428:Vietnam War
2329:World War I
2123:Prehistoric
1989:court cases
1861: [
1811:Slave Power
1799:Manumission
1646:Catholicism
1521:Afghanistan
1262:Puerto Rico
1174:The Bahamas
1152:Slave codes
955:Shanghaiing
945:Impressment
837:Slave Coast
717:Qajar harem
677:Concubinage
650:slave trade
316:(1874–1875)
34471:Categories
34424:Quotations
34277:Webb Hayes
34141:Presidency
33952:(grandson)
33946:(grandson)
33940:(grandson)
33934:(daughter)
33751:Grant Park
33698:convention
33683:convention
33615:Birthplace
33610:Early life
33576:World tour
33539:Poland Act
33405:Government
33219:Presidency
33195:Appomattox
32930:(daughter)
32912:(daughter)
32808:Politics:
32677:Presidency
32447:John Hanks
32266:Cincinnati
32009:Legacy and
31792:and places
31447:Transition
31439:Presidency
31213:Astronauts
31003:New Jersey
30847:California
30351:Capitalism
30148:Nat Turner
30078:Rosa Parks
30063:Diane Nash
30033:John Lewis
29822:Newspapers
29792:Literature
29777:Juneteenth
29730:Businesses
29584:Exodusters
29552:Free Negro
29287:Juneteenth
29272:Contraband
28722:Washington
28642:New Mexico
28637:New Jersey
28512:California
28245:Washington
28165:New Mexico
28160:New Jersey
28035:California
27530:Journalism
27482:Corruption
27461:Government
27412:Demography
27399:Newspapers
27248:Sandy Hook
27151:Waco siege
27059:Reagan era
26965:Space Race
26898:Korean War
26839:home front
26671:Gilded Age
26639:Amendments
26046:Xenophobia
25835:Disability
25776:Healthcare
25685:Visual art
25630:Philosophy
25576:television
25566:newspapers
25556:journalism
25546:Literature
25458:attainment
25109:Republican
25104:Democratic
25077:Ideologies
25038:Corruption
24603:NOAA Corps
24526:preemption
24521:federalism
24136:Rio Grande
24038:Midwestern
24018:West Coast
24013:East Coast
23856:Inventions
23768:Space Race
23763:Korean War
23746:home front
23681:Gilded Age
23280:Gilded Age
23136:Eric Foner
22840:Cattellism
22737:Red Shirts
21852:Key events
20778:U.S. House
20511:Red Shirts
19721:The Nation
19691:viewpoint.
19568:January 4,
19157:: 85–102.
17987:(2014b) .
17390:The Nation
17238:, p.
17028:August 21,
16999:August 21,
16970:August 21,
16913:1019904631
16832:Foner 1990
15882:Humanities
15827:Foner 1988
15067:, p.
13960:October 9,
13868:October 9,
13472:, ch. 6–7.
12355:, p.
11853:Foner 1988
11795:jj.8306230
11666:9973918681
10529:References
10464:Eric Foner
10462:Historian
10303:Historian
10293:Eric Foner
10291:Historian
10193:Lost Cause
10168:Eric Foner
10121:Boss Tweed
10113:Eric Foner
9925:Exodusters
9893:presidency
9750:Red Shirts
9651:depression
9385:Historian
9372:tyrannical
9345:Red Shirts
9337:insurgents
9263:greenbacks
9159:8.5 mills
9090:poll taxes
9085:land value
9060:roundhouse
9054:Atlanta's
8956:movement.
8799:Tennessee
8741:Louisiana
8612:Louisiana
8486:population
8202:President
8135:David Bell
8121:Radicals.
8118:John Eaton
8084:republican
7988:Edward Ord
7629:caricature
7493:gang labor
7390:Henry Wirz
7171:Sharpsburg
6890:illiteracy
6209:Historian
6142:Background
6136:Lodge Bill
6085:Eric Foner
6045:Lodge Bill
6001:Red Shirts
5999:, and the
5876:poll taxes
5297:California
5271:Population
4844:Patriotism
4829:Liberalism
4809:Capitalism
4780:Ideologies
4661:Theologies
4520:Juneteenth
4492:Literature
4420:Newspapers
4328:Migrations
4259:Juneteenth
4018:Red Summer
3920:Joe Pullen
3870:John Evans
3845:Ed Johnson
3775:Jim Taylor
3722:Red Shirts
2690:Journalism
2642:Corruption
2621:Government
2572:Demography
2559:Newspapers
2450:Reagan Era
2296:Gilded Age
2134:until 1607
2004:J.Q. Adams
1994:Washington
1964:Slave name
1908:convention
1883:Common law
1256:Encomienda
1052:Seychelles
1037:Mauritania
960:Slave ship
827:Panyarring
822:New France
471:Historical
192:Gilded Age
174:Chronology
135:Key events
33828:$ 50 bill
33733:Memorials
33673:Elections
33490:Modoc War
33175:Vicksburg
32012:memorials
31878:Elections
31776:Sexuality
31707:and views
31474:Civil War
31327:Monuments
31203:Activists
31055:Tennessee
30975:Michigan
30959:Baltimore
30949:Louisiana
30942:Lexington
30925:Davenport
30864:Cleveland
30763:Languages
30692:Melungeon
30670:Blaxicans
30538:Joe Louis
30393:Socialism
30329:Anarchism
30058:Bob Moses
30043:Malcolm X
29963:Fred Gray
29827:Soul food
29765:New Negro
29750:Folktales
29660:Redlining
29186:Marriage,
28885:Treatment
28732:Wisconsin
28697:Tennessee
28602:Minnesota
28577:Louisiana
28255:Wisconsin
28220:Tennessee
28125:Minnesota
28100:Louisiana
27994:The South
27565:Air Force
27440:Education
27302:recession
27258:Las Vegas
27166:Columbine
27123:1991–2008
27051:1980–1991
26952:1964–1980
26863:1945–1964
26817:Dust Bowl
26745:1917–1945
26626:1865–1917
26604:Civil War
26597:Secession
26542:1849–1865
26465:1815–1849
26436:Quasi-War
26413:1789–1815
26333:1776–1789
26286:Sugar Act
26029:Terrorism
25806:Rationing
25703:Affluence
25650:Sexuality
25618:Uncle Sam
25524:Languages
25453:Education
25396:affluence
25356:Americana
25283:Transport
25181:Insurance
25171:Companies
25151:By sector
25043:Elections
24684:Treasurer
24642:Executive
24581:Air Force
24553:Uniformed
24376:President
24193:Executive
23964:Mountains
23897:Territory
23885:Geography
23709:1954–1968
23704:1896–1954
23699:1865–1896
23661:Civil War
23502:1991–2008
23497:1980–1991
23492:1964–1980
23487:1945–1964
23482:1917–1945
23477:1865–1917
23472:1849–1865
23467:1815–1849
23462:1789–1815
23457:1776–1789
23450:By period
22900:Aftermath
22611:Virginius
22547:Modoc War
20598:Elections
20543:Stalwarts
20501:Redeemers
20300:Congress
19418:cite book
19408:March 30,
19258:Yearbooks
19200:164313047
19171:155789816
19055:(2 vols.)
18732:cite book
18448:cite book
18378:(2002) .
18328:219136609
18238:March 26,
18228:2163-5978
18130:March 19,
17841:247969097
17653:144025738
17624:211165817
17398:0027-8378
17281:"Dixon's
17128:146573684
17078:145691938
16753:March 15,
16664:0190-8286
16569:144355361
16555:: 91–92.
16311:458675179
16272:150066533
16010:211320983
16002:0043-8871
15897:April 14,
15441:859833035
15414:492589832
15210:0022-0507
14560:153347617
13981:Routledge
13950:159525524
13911:0144-039X
13660:143849662
12874:, ch. 31.
12637:April 29,
12385:259055353
11811:265454373
11757:, ch. 30.
11745:, ch. 29.
11544:March 11,
11517:, ch. 26.
11010:159753820
10876:162391933
10854:: 13–27.
10795:164628161
10779:2159-9807
10599:Citations
10356:New South
10166:In 1990,
10076:, in his
10053:socialist
9912:Redeemers
9877:Wisconsin
9737:Governor
9719:Coushatta
9558:alliance.
9461:Redeemers
9420:lynchings
9398:frequent.
9271:Jay Cooke
9056:rail yard
8827:Virginia
8699:Arkansas
8493:Virginia
8009:The five
7975:John Pope
7789:Redeemers
7433:mistakes.
6908:in 1920.
6861:U.S. Army
6795:scalawags
6744:secession
6294:riverboat
6124:education
6005:terrorism
5981:Redeemers
5884:terrorism
5755:Hollywood
5745:Blackface
5680:Prejudice
5598:US cities
5475:Lexington
5450:Davenport
5430:Baltimore
5406:US cities
5382:Tennessee
5332:Louisiana
5278:US states
5086:Melungeon
5056:Blaxicans
4854:Socialism
4819:Garveyism
4794:Anarchism
4598:Good hair
4425:Soul food
4395:Folktales
4060:Reactions
3968:Pana riot
3734:Lynchings
3678:Lynchings
3662:Practices
3623:Redeemers
3141:The South
2725:Air Force
2600:Education
2476:1991–2008
2461:1991–2008
2454:1981–1991
2439:1980–1991
2432:1964–1975
2421:1954–1968
2406:1964–1980
2399:1954–1968
2388:1945–1964
2373:1945–1964
2366:1941–1945
2355:1929–1941
2344:1918–1929
2333:1917–1918
2318:1917–1945
2311:1896–1917
2300:1877–1896
2289:1865–1877
2274:1865–1917
2267:1849–1865
2252:1849–1865
2245:1825–1849
2234:1817–1825
2219:1815–1849
2212:1801–1817
2201:1788–1801
2186:1789–1815
2179:1783–1788
2168:1765–1783
2153:1776–1789
2146:1607–1765
1999:Jefferson
1651:Mormonism
1586:Palestine
1400:Australia
1330:Indonesia
1221:Lei Áurea
1204:Code Noir
1184:Caribbean
1157:Treatment
896:Treatment
869:Devshirme
731:Odalisque
549:In Russia
490:Babylonia
478:Antiquity
283:Lowry War
103:Including
51:1865–1877
34319:Category
34149:Red Room
33992:Category
33904:(father)
33898:(mother)
33823:Currency
33703:election
33688:election
33242:Grantism
33237:Scandals
33185:Overland
33088:Category
32519:Category
32449:(cousin)
32425:(sister)
32413:(mother)
32407:(father)
32074:Currency
32047:Birthday
31641:Speeches
31350:Category
31141:America
31107:Diaspora
31092:Virginia
31025:Oklahoma
31008:New York
30991:Nebraska
30954:Maryland
30937:Kentucky
30903:Illinois
30842:Arkansas
30747:Illinois
30685:of color
30371:Populism
30344:Movement
30261:Religion
29603:Lynching
29386:Timeline
28852:Glossary
28717:Virginia
28667:Oklahoma
28647:New York
28622:Nebraska
28612:Missouri
28597:Michigan
28587:Maryland
28572:Kentucky
28552:Illinois
28527:Delaware
28517:Colorado
28507:Arkansas
28426:Category
28240:Virginia
28190:Oklahoma
28170:New York
28145:Nebraska
28135:Missouri
28120:Michigan
28110:Maryland
28095:Kentucky
28075:Illinois
28050:Delaware
28040:Colorado
28030:Arkansas
27909:Lesbians
27883:Comanche
27878:Cherokee
27671:Medicine
27629:Genocide
27622:Religion
27544:Military
27517:Taxation
27467:Abortion
27383:Cultural
27263:Parkland
27193:Iraq War
27131:Gulf War
26903:Ivy Mike
26822:New Deal
26198:Colonial
26143:Timeline
26085:Category
25781:Abortion
25645:Religion
25603:Columbia
25561:internet
25497:Holidays
25492:Folklore
25463:literacy
25401:eviction
25291:Aviation
25263:Taxation
25218:Currency
25211:by state
25121:Scandals
24991:Township
24749:Judicial
24650:Governor
24413:Judicial
24299:Marshals
24172:Politics
24126:Missouri
24116:Columbia
24111:Colorado
24106:Arkansas
24099:Longest
24078:Southern
24063:Northern
23907:counties
23861:Military
23851:Economic
23829:By topic
23808:Iraq War
23758:Cold War
23516:By event
23378:Category
23346:Suffrage
22281:Timeline
20496:Scalawag
20474:Freedman
20216:license.
20099:Archived
20043:Archived
19992:Archived
19965:Archived
19938:Archived
19915:(1991).
19825:June 27,
19819:Archived
19801:Archived
19767:Archived
19736:Archived
19614:Archived
19530:(1875).
19495:Archived
19466:(1899).
19402:Archived
19127:Archived
19028:(1966).
18972:(2016).
18903:(1989).
18881:40194198
18838:Archived
18807:Archived
18748:(2008).
18720:(1965).
18694:(2001).
18682:(2009).
18410:(1992).
18281:(2007).
18232:Archived
18124:Archived
18009:(2019).
17975:(2005).
17950:(1988).
17881:(2024).
17758:(2017).
17726:(2017).
17691:(2012).
17511:March 8,
17505:Archived
17480:March 8,
17474:Archived
17449:March 8,
17408:March 8,
17402:Archived
17313:Archived
17266:40580412
17022:Archived
16993:Archived
16964:Archived
16929:(2007).
16798:March 3,
16747:Archived
16631:(1935).
16596:20089450
16080:(1976).
16044:Archived
16040:HarpWeek
15988:: 1–46.
15793:, ch. 3.
15730:40038083
14746:Archived
14715:Archived
14695:Archived
14693:. 1872.
14632:, ch. 7.
14615:April 9,
14364:Archived
13954:Archived
13392:, ch. 6.
13356:Archived
13324:41708163
12778:(1981).
12390:July 24,
12283:July 21,
12081:Sec. 72.
11658:42627061
11500:Archived
11451:July 26,
11445:Archived
11334:March 7,
11261:(1936).
11182:(2001).
11159:18760067
11014:Archived
10880:Archived
10868:43903055
10799:Archived
10787:26070478
10695:Archived
10690:ABC News
10615:Archived
10502:See also
10437:argues:
10366: –
10295:argues:
10282:Jim Crow
10159:and the
9873:Michigan
9790:Ellenton
9673:Violence
9613:Virginia
9510:Stalwart
9189:11 mills
9167:12 mills
9156:12 mills
9148:4 mills
9137:5 mills
9012:Jim Crow
8870:Religion
8727:Georgia
8713:Florida
8685:Alabama
8672:Senators
8578:Alabama
8561:Florida
8544:Georgia
8237:Virginia
7859:Statutes
7696:Iron Age
7587:Illinois
7581:Senator
7544:lynching
7340:-headed
7239:election
7128:New Bern
7098:Chiriqui
7068:Missouri
7064:Kentucky
7060:Maryland
7056:Delaware
7020:Missouri
6967:de facto
6964:and the
6938:Oklahoma
6820:Suffrage
6805:Suffrage
6735:and the
6370:Timeline
6351:majority
6328:Wheeling
6272:system.
6242:suffrage
6022:and the
5922:moderate
5795:Category
5618:Diaspora
5545:Missouri
5470:Kentucky
5397:Virginia
5367:Oklahoma
5352:New York
5347:Nebraska
5337:Maryland
5312:Illinois
5292:Arkansas
5131:Merikins
5076:Freedmen
5049:Mascogos
4849:Populism
4740:Politics
4635:Religion
4605:Stepping
4371:Lifeways
4207:Timeline
4174:a series
4172:Part of
3820:Sam Hose
3566:a series
3564:Part of
3513:Category
3064:Lesbians
3038:Comanche
3033:Cherokee
2831:Medicine
2782:Religion
2704:Military
2677:Taxation
2627:Abortion
2543:Cultural
2031:Iron bit
2021:40 acres
1984:breeding
1794:Freedman
1629:Religion
1489:Portugal
1374:Thailand
1364:Maldives
1359:Malaysia
1352:Kwalliso
1296:Booi Aha
1248:Restavek
1228:Colombia
1199:Trinidad
1189:Barbados
1079:Zanzibar
1027:Ethiopia
908:Saqaliba
802:Database
753:Saqaliba
514:Ancillae
344:a series
342:Part of
87:Location
34353:History
34339:Portals
33407:reforms
33330:Alabama
33254:Cabinet
33249:Pardons
33007:Related
32531:Outline
32479:(horse)
32477:Old Bob
32437:(uncle)
32198:Statues
31781:Slavery
31627:Cabinet
31612:Pardons
31278:Writers
31243:Singers
31228:Jurists
31176:Europe
31130:Liberia
31075:Houston
30979:Detroit
30915:Indiana
30908:Chicago
30891:Atlanta
30886:Georgia
30869:Florida
30837:Alabama
30787:English
30361:Leftism
30231:Museums
29782:Kwanzaa
29707:Culture
29675:Slavery
29378:History
29223:Plaçage
28789:History
28737:Wyoming
28712:Vermont
28617:Montana
28557:Indiana
28537:Georgia
28532:Florida
28502:Arizona
28492:Alabama
28260:Wyoming
28235:Vermont
28140:Montana
28080:Indiana
28060:Georgia
28055:Florida
28025:Arizona
28015:Alabama
27982:Regions
27904:Gay men
27676:Railway
27636:Slavery
27432:Banking
27426:Economy
27268:El Paso
27253:Orlando
26987:Détente
26148:Outline
26069:Outline
26017:illegal
26002:Smoking
25865:Obesity
25748:Poverty
25670:Theater
25660:Society
25514:Housing
25475:Fashion
25431:poverty
25376:Cuisine
25348:Culture
25335:Society
25296:Driving
25223:Exports
25201:Tourism
25161:Banking
25139:Economy
25099:Parties
24943:Charter
24907:Sheriff
24354:Speaker
24222:Cabinet
24185:Federal
24093:Western
24058:Eastern
24053:Central
24048:Pacific
24008:Regions
23959:Islands
23442:History
22971:Aspects
22370:Alabama
22036:Address
21859:Prelude
20815:1876–77
20810:1874–75
20805:1872–73
20800:1870–71
20795:1868–69
20790:1866–67
20785:1864–65
20769:1876–77
20764:1874–75
20759:1872–73
20754:1870–71
20749:1868–69
20744:1866–67
20739:1864–65
19798:excerpt
19773:July 9,
19667:1836959
19501:May 14,
19474:(ed.).
19249:2954450
19018:2197687
18483:1895802
18400:6889578
17367:(Film)"
17309:2710931
17070:2123771
16528:1892388
16474:1898466
16264:2714704
16198:2192035
16129:2206012
16050:May 14,
15468:1458620
15332:1893078
13652:1084950
13244:2204965
13207:1918254
13082:July 3,
13077:1540160
12835:5852442
12823:citing
12508:4672039
12340:2158762
12305:333–335
12231:290–291
11411:2207155
11374:2205211
11151:2119410
10765:: 3–6.
10373:Romance
9889:Wheeler
9855:, 19th
9786:Hamburg
9685:in the
9303:, Sen.
9206:Sources
9199:7 mills
9145:7 mills
9134:9 mills
8481:% White
8189:, 18th
8015:seceded
7673:Indians
7360:Othello
7032:Georgia
6994:, 16th
6326:out of
6322:led by
6152:slavery
6146:In the
5918:Radical
5653:Liberia
5535:Georgia
5530:Florida
5460:Houston
5455:Detroit
5440:Chicago
5425:Atlanta
5317:Indiana
5307:Georgia
5302:Florida
5287:Alabama
5219:Tutnese
5098:Redbone
4824:Leftism
4525:Kwanzaa
4482:Studies
4434:Schools
4363:Culture
4292:Aspects
4237:Slavery
4199:Periods
4191:History
3780:Joe Coe
3491:Outline
3128:Regions
3059:Gay men
2836:Railway
2796:Slavery
2592:Banking
2586:Economy
2009:Lincoln
1877:Related
1777:Liberia
1663:Judaism
1601:Tunisia
1576:Morocco
1566:Lebanon
1531:Bahrain
1526:Algeria
1494:Romania
1459:Denmark
1452:Slavery
1386:Vietnam
1057:Somalia
1047:Nigeria
1022:Comoros
950:Pirates
859:Ghilman
792:Bristol
682:history
655:pirates
544:History
433:Peonage
356:slavery
34273:(wife)
34264:Family
33910:(wife)
33888:Family
33715:Legacy
33332:Claims
33170:Shiloh
32956:Slaves
32906:(wife)
32897:Family
32889:(1942)
32881:(1867)
32873:(1867)
32865:(1866)
32772:Vetoes
32602:(1865)
32443:(aunt)
32365:(wife)
32350:Family
32211:statue
32139:mosaic
32125:(1960,
32025:Papers
31761:Poetry
31691:event)
31503:Affair
31290:Mayors
31208:Actors
31180:France
31172:Israel
31160:Mexico
31145:Canada
31120:Gambia
31115:Africa
31065:Austin
31030:Oregon
30969:Boston
30932:Kansas
30898:Hawaii
30816:Gullah
30626:Yoruba
30616:Gullah
30487:Sports
30405:groups
30235:Women
29772:Hoodoo
29646:(1896)
29572:Second
29548:(1857)
29493:(1956)
29440:(1954)
29072:(1808)
28890:Health
28781:Topics
28672:Oregon
28627:Nevada
28567:Kansas
28542:Hawaii
28497:Alaska
28485:States
28436:Portal
28390:Cities
28373:Cities
28195:Oregon
28150:Nevada
28090:Kansas
28065:Hawaii
28020:Alaska
28008:States
27934:Places
27696:Groups
27666:Lumber
27604:Fourth
27594:Second
27404:Sports
27389:Cinema
27358:Topics
27273:Uvalde
27243:Aurora
27238:Tucson
26162:Events
26090:Portal
25997:Hunger
25948:racism
25889:Issues
25763:Health
25665:Sports
25625:People
25470:Family
25441:wealth
25366:Cinema
25191:Mining
25176:Energy
24921:Cities
24889:County
24823:Tribal
24361:Senate
24205:powers
24101:rivers
23974:ranges
23942:states
23866:Postal
23263:Legacy
23255:(2001)
23242:(1939)
23229:(1915)
23216:(1905)
23208:(1902)
23195:(1876)
23179:Memory
23171:(2019)
23163:(2003)
23145:(1988)
23132:(1979)
23119:(1965)
23111:(1947)
23098:(1963)
23075:(1935)
23025:(1929)
23012:(1888)
22999:(1874)
22954:(1903)
22941:(1898)
22933:(1896)
22925:(1883)
22917:(1883)
22909:(1878)
22613:Affair
22372:Claims
21929:(1862)
21908:(1850)
21902:(1848)
21896:(1839)
21888:(1838)
21880:(1792)
20457:Others
20130:1866.
19923:
19705:
19665:
19583:(1874)
19388:Vol. 2
19365:, ed.
19333:(1878)
19325:(1877)
19317:(1876)
19309:(1879)
19301:(1873)
19293:(1871)
19285:(1869)
19277:(1873)
19247:
19198:
19169:
19145:(2010)
19080:
19038:
19016:
18982:
18947:
18926:
18878:
18855:
18826:
18786:
18762:online
18706:
18668:
18646:
18597:
18576:
18546:
18507:
18481:
18418:
18398:
18388:
18364:
18326:
18289:
18273:online
18257:
18226:
18159:
18116:
18095:
18074:
18052:online
18036:
18017:
17995:
17960:
17936:
17917:
17898:
17867:
17839:
17829:
17801:
17768:
17736:
17703:
17677:
17651:
17622:
17566:
17396:
17344:
17307:
17264:
17221:May 5,
17192:
17149:
17126:
17076:
17068:
16937:
16911:
16901:
16864:
16745:: 27.
16716:
16662:
16594:
16567:
16526:
16472:
16433:
16359:
16334:
16309:
16270:
16262:
16219:
16196:
16127:
16088:
16008:
16000:
15939:
15728:
15689:
15664:
15534:
15466:
15439:
15412:
15383:
15354:
15330:
15208:
15165:
15101:
15048:
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