Red Orchestra (espionage)

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with the Soviet Union, the focus of their work was on domestic policy. After that, it shifted more to the field of treason and espionage in favour of the Soviet Union. At the beginning of 1942, the Schulze-Boysen group was finally integrated into the widely ramified network of Soviet intelligence in Western Europe. The value of the intelligence passed on by the Schulze-Boysen group to the Soviet intelligence service cannot be underestimated according to general judgement. All persons who had to deal with this material in their official capacity agree that it was the most dangerous treason organisation uncovered during World War II.... In no... case, however, it is certain that those convicted were only sentenced for high treason and favouring the enemy. The Schulze-Boysen group was first and foremost a spy organisation for the Soviet Union. Since the outbreak of war with Russia, internal resistance took a back seat to espionage work, and it can be assumed that all members were used directly or indirectly for intelligence gathering.

4383:"Othello" that summarised Roeders testimony. Roeder had testified that the "Red Orchestra continued to be alive and active" and that "despite certain interests and attempts to portray it as a resistance organisation, it was in fact a spy network controlled by the Soviets". In his first report, Roeder testified that the Red Orchestra was still active and controlled by the Soviets. Written in early 1947, the 37-page report written for the Americans, identified all members of the Red Orchestra and their functions. He, Roeder, could not avert the death sentences, because Hitler's "People's Pest Ordinance" left him no choice at the time. The "civil justice system" had carried out the sentences and carried out a "reconstruction" of the execution site. Hanging was more humane than the fall-by-case. Hitler alone was responsible for rejecting the requests for clemency. He had demanded a summary condemnation of all the imprisoned members against which the 4850: 1903:, to the north of Paris. After the arrests in Belgium by the Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle, the Sokols became the group's sole radio operator. Because of the high volume of intelligence being sent, their transmissions were detected by the Funkabwehr. On the 9 June 1942, the Sokols were arrested at the house. After the Sokol's arrest, Trepper switched to using Wenzel's transmitter in Brussels. However, that connection only lasted slightly longer than one month, as Wenzel was arrested on 30 July 1942. Trepper then used a transmitter belonging to the French Communist Party, to forward his reports. Pierre and Lucienne Giraud were used to courier the reports between Grossvogel and the French Communist Party in Paris. In the autumn of 1942, Trepper authorised Grossvogel to establish a new station at a house in 33: 1671: 1171:, including information about the economic situation in Europe, references to Moscow radio frequencies, and calls for resistance. It was produced in several languages for foreign forced labourers in Germany. Only one copy from August 1942 has survived. After the attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941, Hilde Coppi had secretly listened to Moscow radio in order to receive signs of life from German prisoners of war and to forward them to their relatives via Heinrich Scheel. This news contradicted the Nazi propaganda that the Red Army would murder all German soldiers who surrendered. In order to educate them about propaganda lies and Nazi crimes, the group copied and sent letters to soldiers on the Eastern Front, addressed to a fictitious police officer. 2533:

Woyrschstrasse in Berlin and later in a meeting arranged by Erdberg in the Soviet Embassy to ensure he was not a decoy, he finally convinced Harnack, who was reluctant to agree. Several reasons have been advanced as to why Harnack decided to become a spy, including a need for money, being ideologically driven, and possibly blackmail by Russian intelligence. It was known that Harnack had planned an independent existence for his friends. According to a statement by Erdberg discovered after the war, he thought Harnack was not motived by money nor ideologically driven but that he was specifically building an anti-fascist organisation for Germany as opposed to an espionage network for Russian intelligence. He considered himself a German patriot.

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High and Treasonous Organisation in the Reich and Western Europe" describing it as a spy network spread across Europe that the Soviet Union had built up since the 1930s to conquer the continent. The report used the type of language and mentality characteristic of Roeder and other Nazi judges. As Roeder pointed out that the trial records of the prosecutions had been burned, he felt capable of distorting the historical truth. As the CIC had told Roeder that his reports would only be accepted if he wasn't convicted, the reports became the method by which he defended himself and this led to him distorting many historical facts and defaming the victims of the Nazi dictatorship.

3726:(RKG, Reich Imperial Court) in Berlin, the highest German military court, instead of the Volksgerichtshof. whose judgements he considered insufficiently harsh. Roeder was seconded to the Reich War Prosecutor's Office especially for the proceedings and commissioned Roeder to take on the indictment of the resistance group before the Reich Imperial Court. Roeder had not been a member of the Reich Military Court prior to that point, and his involvement was an expression of the trust that Göring placed in him. Roeder was universally disliked. Rudolf Behse, counsel for the defendants stated that cynicism and brutality were at the core of his character, stating that his 4201:

arranged where the two agents could recognise each other. Post offices, churches, museums and racecourses were considered good places to meet. Railway stations were always avoided. There was no need for a conversation during the meeting. If a principal agent needed to meet his recruits, then it was done as far away as possible from where the principal agent lived. Advanced signals were used by placing a mark in a telephone book in a kiosk. If it was missing, the meeting was cancelled. Telephones were never used to arrange a meeting, but could be used to give warning. Trepper phoned Spaak in Paris in 1943, with a conversation that opened with

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The principle mistake they made was not recognising the difficulties faced by Trepper in establishing and maintaining communications in the first place. They made no attempt to model the types of communication difficulties the group would have faced. They also made series of sloppy mistakes in operational procedures, e.g. sending multi-part message out of order, nor taking cognisance of the supposed location of individuals and repeatedly sending the same message on different days. The Sonderkommando were also unable to overcome the problem of passing false information to Soviet Intelligence. While Trepper's

2716: 811: 483: 2153: 3786:, was asked to represent the Harnacks but had refused. In the end, only four lawyers were found to represent the 79 defendants, in over 20 trials. At the centre of the "evidence" prepared by uncontrolled Gestapo interrogations was espionage and subversive activity, which was considered high treason and treason and was punishable by the death penalty. Roeder used the process not only to establish the crimes but also to comprehensively portray the private relationships of the accused in order to show them off as thoroughly depraved immoral people, humiliate them and break them. 1591:. Peper was a professional radio operator who was recruited into the network in 1940 and became the main liaison between Belgium and Amsterdam. After the reorganisation, he worked as the cutout between Jeffremov and Rajchmann. Depelsenaire was responsible for her own sub-group, that provided safe accommodation in the Brussels area. Anton Winterink worked for Jeffremov for most of 1940 in Brussels but made frequent trips to the Netherlands where he established another network. Later in 1940, Jeffremov ordered Winterink to take charge of the network, that became known as group 4773:

particular motivations and actions: these people didn't want to be part of what the Nazis wanted; they wanted to set a limit to their depraved and ruinous regime, to put an end to it. Had they succeeded, it might have rendered a large amount of further human as well as material sacrifices unnecessary. But they didn't succeed. And this was not just their own fault, but was also because so few in Germany were willing to join and help them with determination, before it became safe to do so, and that they received so little understanding or meaningful assistance from outside

1738:. By September 1939, Wenzel had trained Winterink as a radio operator, in Brussels. Winterink subsequently became the radio operator for the Jeffremov group in Belgium. In the lead up to the war, Wenzel continued to recruit Dutch communists from Goulooze, for the Jeffremov group. In October 1939, Gurevich visited Goulooze to request help to build his espionage network in Belgium. Gurevich asked that a temporary wireless telegraphy link be established for his use, while he established his own wireless telegraphy link. This was used until January 1940. 4596: 1513: 78: 1105: 1117: 4971: 3517:, the alias that Trepper was using in his dealings with Simex, so Giering sent for a torture expert. However, Corbin's wife told the Abwehr that Corbin had given Trepper the name of a dentist. After being tortured, Corbin informed Giering of the address of Trepper's dentist. Trepper was subsequently arrested on 24 November by Piepe and Giering, while he was sitting in a dentist's chair. It was the result of two years of searching. On the 24 November, Giering contacted Hitler to inform him of the capture of Trepper. 3978:

defendants who had been involved in the adhesive sticking operation. They were all sentenced to death for "favouring the enemy" and "war treason". From 1 to 3 February, six other defendants were tried: Adam and Greta Kuckhoff, Adolf and Maria Grimme, Wilhelm Guddorf and Eva-Maria Buch. Only the death sentence for Adolf Grimme requested by Roeder was reduced to three years imprisonment: Grimme was able to make it credible that he had only seen the Agis leaflet briefly once. His wife was released without condition.

491: 1498: 2355: 3672: 3664: 1683: 1758:. The Comintern decided the planning stage for the operation would be done in Amsterdam. From mid-1940, Knöchel with the assistance of Goulooze began to train the emigre group of communists in the Netherlands, to work in Germany as political activists, informers and instructors. Goulooze was able to obtain blank identity cards, along with official stamps to enable the KPD members who were in hiding, to interact with CPN members in Amsterdam and to travel safely to Germany. 1796: 2340: 4230:

usually occurred late at night. Foote, for example, would contact Moscow at 0100, and if conditions were satisfactory and the message short, he finished transmitting in two hours. If it was a long report and atmospheric conditions were bad, he would still be transmitting at 0600 in the morning. Messages were always encrypted by cipher. Occasionally intelligence was sent through the post. Occasionally some reports were sent in the

4312: 2326:, then a covert arm of the Swiss Intelligence disguised as a press-cuttings agency. In the summer of 1939, Hausamann has been introduced to Rudolf Roessler by Xaver Schnieper, a junior officer in the Bureau and invited Roessler to work for Swiss intelligence. It was unknown whether Hausamann was passing information to Roessler, who passed it to Sedláček who forwarded it to London Czechs in exile, or via an intermediary. 4238:. Couriers were heavily used by the group and while slower, couriering was the most secure. To meet a courier coming from Moscow, a rendezvous would be arranged in a foreign country where they would be met. The material being delivered would be camouflaged as a normal product that would be used daily, e.g. cigarette packet, fountain pen or match box. Married couples were considered ideal for working as couriers or 1009:

today, hundreds, often thousands, of people are shot or hanged arbitrarily, without due process, people who can be accused of nothing other than of being loyal to their country In the name of the Reich the most hideous tortures and atrocities are committed against civilians and prisoners. Never yet in history has a man been so hated as Adolf Hitler. The hatred of tortured humanity burdens the entire German people

291: 1091:, delivered incendiary bombs to the exhibition in the hope of destroying it. Although 11 people were injured, the whole episode was covered up by the government, and the action lead to the arrest of 250 Jews including Baum himself. Following the action, Harnack asked the Kuckoffs to revisit the exhibition to determine whether any damage had been done to it, but they found little damage was visible. 4642:) (1954) based his work on Roeder's writing "Die Rote Kapelle" and adopted his thesis of treason. He focused more on the resisters values and ideas. Ritter stated that not every resister who was unsatisfied or criticised the Nazis could be included in the German resistance movement. He was vehement in stating that socialist opposition against the Nazi state did not deserve the honorary title of 2673:

radio sets were of different design. The first set had been damaged by Korotkov and had been returned to the Soviet Union for repair, returned and kept by Greta Kuckhoff on 22 June 1941. That other set was battery-powered, with a range of 600 miles that was passed to Coppi on the instruction of Schulze-Boyson at Kurt and Elisabeth Schumacher's apartment. On 26 June 1941, Coppi sent a message:

1059: 239:. The Frankfurt public prosecutor's office, which prosecuted the case against Roeder, based its investigation on procedure case number "1 Js 16/49" which was the trial case number defined by the Lüneburg Public Prosecutor's Office. The whole process propagated the Gestapo ideas of the Red Orchestra and this was promulgated in the report of the public prosecutor's office which stated: 3056:. (PTX) Until that point, the Nazi counter-intelligence operation did not believe there was a Soviet network operating in Germany and/or the occupied territories. By September 1941, over 250 messages had been intercepted, but it took several months for them to reduce the suspected area of transmission to within the Belgium area using goniometric triangulation. On 30 November 1941, 4739:, offering a thorough analysis of the Trepper group. It tries to address the lack of sources in prior years that is accomplished by a rigorous examination of German and Soviet archives, in an attempt to provide an accurate historical revision. Bourgeois's conclusion on how little strategic information came from the apparatus of the Orchestra, i.e. from Brussels or Paris, was new. 3375:, who was arrested on 26 July 1942 by Piepe. Winterink was taken to Brussels, where he confessed after two weeks of interrogation by torture. Jeffremov (sources vary) also revealed the Simexco company name to the Abwehr and at the same time exposed the name and the existence of the Trepper espionage network in France. Eventually Jeffremov began to work for the Sonderkommando in a 601:. As the decade progressed they increasingly served as identity-preserving forms of self-assertion and cohesion as the Nazi state became all-encompassing. Formats of the meetings usually started with book discussions in the first 90 minutes, were followed by Marxist discussions and resistance activities, and were interspersed with parties, picnics, sailing on the 3088:. The radio transmitter was still warm. The woman was trying to burn enciphered messages, which were recovered. The radio operator was Anton Danilov. The Germans found a hidden room holding the material and equipment needed to produce forged documents, including blank passports and inks. Arnould's psychological composure collapsed when she was captured, stating; 2971:. He carried a radio set and a receipt for $ 6500 that had been signed by Rudolf von Scheliha in 1938. He planned to use it to blackmail von Scheliha, if he had proved recalcitrant in his endeavours. The Gestapo had advanced notice of Koenen's arrival from a radio intercept message that they had decrypted, and he was arrested on 29 October 1942 by a 2445:. Around 12,000 typed pages were sourced from the German High Command of planned operations on the Eastern Front. Roessler was often able to deliver accurate intelligence, often within 24 hours of the orders being issued. For instance, a German army commander found a copy of his own orders in the Red Army headquarters building in the Polish town of 2495:, other Abwehr officers working with Swiss intelligence, or Swiss intelligence on its own. There was no evidence to link the other three codenames to known individuals. The CIA believed that the German sources gave their reports to Swiss General Staff, who in turn supplied Roessler with information that the Swiss wanted to pass to the Soviets. 1250:. Scheliha secretly made a collection of documents on the atrocities of the Gestapo, and in particular, on murders of Jews in Poland, documents which also contained photographs of newly established extermination camps. He informed his friends first before later attempting to notify the Allies, including a trip to Switzerland with information on 2575:

knowledge received from Schulze-Boysen about the planned attack on the Soviet Union to Korotkov, but not about the open and branched structure of his group of friends. By 1941, Schulze-Boysen had succeeded in creating his own network. In March 1941, Schulze-Boysen informed Korotkov directly about his knowledge of the German attack plans.

776:. Their ages ranged from 16 to 86, and about 40% of the group were women. Group members had different political views, but searched for the open exchange of views, at least in the private sector. For instance, Schulze-Boysen and Harnack shared some ideas with the Communist Party of Germany, while others were devout Catholics such as 4674:

that the group was mercenary in its nature, which was entirely false. Perrault researched extensively in newspapers and interviewed witnesses but staged his own research. Perrault also interviewed contemporary Gestapo witnesses knowing they were responsible for torture. Witnesses like Harry Piepe were paid to tell their story.

382:, the "orchestra" was communist and therefore red. This misunderstanding laid the foundation on which the resistance group would later be treated as a Soviet espionage organisation, until this could be corrected in the early 1990s. The construct of a Red Orchestra organization, created by the Gestapo never existed as such 2429:. Flicke estimated some 5500 messages or about five a day for three years were transmitted. The Trepper Report states that between 1941 and 1943, traffic from the three subgroups between 1941 and 1943 consisted of over 2000 militarily important messages, that were sent to the GRU Central office. In September 1993, the 1723:) agent for the Netherlands. In the years leading up to the war, Goulooze had contacts with the KPD officials in Berlin and Comintern members in the Low Countries, France and Great Britain. In 1937, Goulooze established a wireless telegraphy connection between the Comintern in Amsterdam and the Soviet Union. 3286:. On 7 September 1942, the Harnacks had been arrested while on holiday. Schulze-Boysen's wife, Libertas, had received a puzzling phone call from his office several days before. She was also warned by the woman who delivered her mail that the Gestapo was monitoring it. Libertas's assistant radio author, 4958:

was released, consisting of private film material, excerpts of letters and diaries as well as interviews with relatives and authors. Weisenborn devotes a great deal of attention to the representation of the perspective of women in the resistance group and recalls that the story of resistance is still

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made a rare exception to the West German assessment of the 1950s when he declared the group to be a model of the church resistance because of its openness to people from different social classes, its efforts to protect Jews and the timely clarification of the War Plans of the Nazi's. In his speech to

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novel without a valid source base. In the book 'Codeword: Direktor', Höhne repeated Nazi accusations in great detail including Roeder's accusations, fabrications and slander. Not a single message was sent using the faulty radios. Höhne also repeated the spurious charge that was presented by the Nazis

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praised the resistance of those so honoured, but interpreted it only as confirmation of the unifying force of the communist Popular Front policy under the dominance of the KPD, which was the only organised anti-fascist resistance group that had specifically collected information for the Soviet Union.

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had successfully passed on a case-by-case examination. Huppenkothen also pointed to Gestapo's experience with communist espionage and added a list of Gestapo "experts." On 19 January 1948, Roeder released another report at 90 pages, with photographs of Red Orchestra members, under the name "Bolshevik

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When the day of execution was determined, the person convicted for a day or several days was placed in a special cell: a death cell. In the prisons of Plötzensee and Brandenburg, there were cells downstairs that had been turned into death cells. The very fact of being transferred to this cell let the

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The German funkspiel operation was largely a failure. In Belgium, Soviet intelligence was likely given an early warning when Germaine Schneider informed Trepper of the raid at 12 Rue de Namur in July 1942. In Paris, the Germans made a series of fundamental mistakes in procedures during the operation.

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Trepper directed seven networks in France and each had its own group leader with a focus on gathering a specific type of intelligence. Trepper constructed them in a manner so that they were independent, working in parallel with only the group leader having direct contact with Trepper. Regular meeting

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As the war progressed and the other communist organisations were destroyed, the DIS became increasingly important to Soviet intelligence as the only organisation in Western Europe that could maintain contact with Soviet agents on the ground. Such was the level of communication Goulooze conducted with

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as a courier and housekeeper, and Isidor Springer, who worked as a courier between Gurevich and Trepper and as a recruiter. Gurevich's main task was to transmit reports received from Harro Schulze-Boysen and Trepper. In June 1941, Trepper sent Anton Danilov to assist Makarov with radio transmissions.

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The perpetuation of the defamation from the 1940s through to the 1970s that started with the Gestapo was incorporated by the Lüneburg Public Prosecutor's Office and evaluated as a journalistic process that can be seen by the 1968 trial of Nazi judge turned far-right Holocaust denier Manfred Roeder by

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in Berlin, alongside many others. They printed and distributed prohibited leaflets, posters, and stickers, hoping to incite civil disobedience. They aided Jews and resistance to escape the regime, documented the atrocities of the Nazis, and transmitted military intelligence to the Allies. Contrary to

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cannot be refuted that the death sentences were lawful. Roeder was seen by Finck as a victim, not a perpetrator. On 1 November 1951, Finck closed the case. The Lower Saxony Ministry of Justice kept its final report under wraps for years, as it obviously coincided with Roeder's assessment of the "Red

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Wenzel returned in January 1945 and was also imprisoned, due his involvement in the funkspiel. Gurevich was the last to complete his funkspiel on 3 May 1945, when he was captured with Pannwitz. When Gurevich returned to the Soviet Union in June 1945, he was interrogated and sentenced to 20 years for

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The guillotine was kept in a special room, the execution block that was located in the middle of the prison complex. The brick room, measuring about eight by ten metres, had a cement floor. The room had a single door, that led to the morgue, containing many empty wooden coffins. The room was divided

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were immediately shot. On 15 April 1943, the remaining prisoners in Fresnes Prison were taken by rail, first stopping in Brussels to pick up the Belgian-based Red Orchestra people that were imprisoned in Breendonk and Saint-Gilles'. The train then proceeded to Berlin where it arrived on the 17 April

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Documents were burnt, one transmitter was dumped in a river, but the arrests had already started. On 8 September, Libertas was arrested. Adam Kuckhoff was arrested on 12 September 1942 while filming and Greta Kuckhoff the same day. The Coppis were arrested the same day along with the Schumachers and

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by Guy de Téramond After scouring most of Europe for the correct edition, a copy was found in Paris on 17 May 1942. The Funkabwehr discovered that, of the three hundred intercepts in their possession, only 97 were enciphered using a phrase from the Téramond book. The Funkabwehr never discovered that

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on 1 September 1939, was seen as the beginning of the feared world war, but also as an opportunity to eliminate Nazi rule and to invoke a thorough transformation of German society. Hitler's victories in France and Norway in 1940 encouraged them to expect the replacement of the Nazi regime, above all

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preoccupied the Schulze-Boysen group. Through Walter Küchenmeister, the Schulze-Boysen group began to discuss more concrete actions, and during these meetings would listen to foreign radio stations from London, Paris and Moscow. A plan was formed to take advantage of Schulze-Boysen's employment, and

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In the course of time, a group of political supporters of different characters and backgrounds gathered around these two men and their wives. They were united in their active opposition to National Socialism and in their support for communism (emphasis added by the author). Until the outbreak of war

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commented on the astonishing agreement between the east and the west, in the reception that the group received. Tuchel noted how the historical context, as defined by the Gestapo, was transported into the Cold War and as result, falsified the legacy of the group, e.g. the impressive AGIS pamphlets.

4419:"in 1949, the year the state was founded in both parts of post-war Germany (and also in the year in which Roeder was released), it was already clear that in the Federal Republic those Germans were preferred who could prove that they hated the communists more than they hated the National Socialists". 4412:

there was complicity between the Nazi lawyers such as Roeder and the US occupying power. As they relied only on statements by Nazi officials for their research into communist and Soviet espionage for their research, before and after 1945, the CIC in many cases shared an anti-communist and sometimes

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agent in Paris with close links to Leopold Trepper. The papers indicated that Robinson had been liaising with Soviet agents in Great Britain. Evelyn McBarnet, an agent of MI5 had worked on the papers to try and identify the names, but they were either aliases, post-boxes, or locations that had been

4225:. Trepper, for example, used the Soviet Chamber of Commerce in Belgium, later the Military Attaché office in Paris. Rudolf Von Scheliha's information was forwarded through the Soviet Embassy in Poland. Schulze-Boysen and Harnack used through the Soviet Embassy in Germany. When the Soviets withdrew, 4200:

Meetings were generally held on a Sunday or during holidays as the police were generally considered less alert. Agents who were to meet each other would involve one agent arriving at the rendezvous site and the other agent would walk by, without interacting with them. A second meeting would then be

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When a particular funkspiel operation was completed, the radio operator was usually executed by the Gestapo. Several members managed to escape custody however, including Wenzel on 17 November 1942, who escaped through an unlocked door and Trepper on the 13 September 1943, while visiting a pharmacy.

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book. The central tenet of the procedures was swiftness. Each prisoner was quickly assigned a lawyer, who asked each of them if they understood the seriousness of the charge against them. The charges would then be read out and the prisoner quickly sentenced. Once the court martial was over, lasting

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The Abwehr in Brussels and the Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle believed they had full control of the Red Orchestra in Belgium and the Netherlands well before the end of 1942. There is no clear indication when Giering, Piepe and the Sonderkommando moved to Paris, although various sources indicate it was

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in Brussels was being used as a cover for Soviet espionage operations by the Trepper network. It was used as a means to generate monies that could be used in day-to-day operations by the espionage group unbeknownst to the employees of the company and at the same time provide travel documentation ()

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The search for the identity of those sources has created a very large body of work of varying quality and offering various conclusions. Several theories can be dismissed immediately including by Foote and several other writers that the code names reflected the sources' access type rather than their

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In September 1941, on orders from Soviet intelligence, Trepper met with Robinson in Paris. While Trepper was an agent of Red Army intelligence, Robinson was a Comintern agent. Robinson and the Comintern had lost prestige with Stalin, who suspected it of deviating from Communist norms. Robinson was

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government, both in an attempt to reconnect with Soviet intelligence and locate another transmitter. Trepper came under the supervision of Susloparov who charged him with building an espionage network that targeted military intelligence. After passing his intelligence to Susloparov, Trepper started

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as it was geographically close to the centre of Europe, provided good commercial opportunities between Belgium and the rest of Europe and most important of all, the Belgian government was indifferent to foreign espionage operations that were conducted as long as they were against foreign powers and

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The Gestapo identifies it under the collective name "Red Orchestra" and wants it to be viewed above all as an espionage organization of the Soviet Union. This designation, which reduces the groups around Harnack and Schulze-Boysen to contacts with the Soviet intelligence service, continues to shape

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And no matter whether it suits us today or not, we shouldn't hide the fact that there was also such a thing as a 'Red Orchestra': communists who were also involved in this struggle and also fell as victims of Nazism. No matter what their ideological background was and what one might think of their

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had become informants for the CIC, placing them out of reach of a prosecution brought by Adolf Grimme and Greta Kuckoff. In 1942, senior Gestapo officer Huppenkothen was in charge of department IVa for counter-espionage. On 31 December 1947, the CIC wrote a report in which Roeder had the code name

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and revoked the two penal sentences and referred these cases to the 3rd Senate of the RKG to reopen the case. In the eleven death sentences, the method and schedule of the executions were determined. On December 22, from 7:00 p.m. to 7:20 pm, the following were hanged every four minutes:

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At the beginning of November 1942, the Gestapo investigation delivered 30 volumes of reports to the Reich War Prosecutor's Office for processing by Roeder. Roeder studied the files but found them inadequate, so decided to conduct further short interrogations. By the end of November 1942, a 90-page

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for use by the agents captured in France. In Brussels, a house on Rue de l'Aurore was used for Funkspiel operations. From August 1942 to October 1942, the RSHA ran four Funkspiel operations in Brussels, for agents captured in Belgium. The Sonderkommando in France ran the funkspiel from 25 December

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were brought to Paris and were treated well by Giering. Trepper informed Giering that his family and relatives in the USSR would be killed if it became known to Soviet intelligence that he was captured. Giering agreed that should Trepper collaborate, his arrest would remain a secret. Over the next

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radio sets that had been delivered in the Soviet Union embassy diplomatic pouch, in an attempt to make the Berlin group independent. They were handed to Greta Kuckhoff without precise instructions on how to use them, nor in how to maintain contact with the Soviet leadership in case of war. The two

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Radó formed several intelligence groups in France and Germany, before arriving in Switzerland in late 1936 with his family. In 1936 Radó formed Geopress, a news agency specialising in maps and geographic information as a cover for intelligence work, and after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War,

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arrived in Paris and became the section leader for Switzerland, France, and Great Britain, to conduct intelligence gathering operations against France, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, and Great Britain. In 1930, Robinson became director of BB-Aparat (intelligence department) of the French Communist

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began in September 1939. From 1940 onwards, they regularly exchanged their opinions on the war and other Nazi policies and sought action against it. Through such contacts, a loose network formed in Berlin in the early weeks of 1942, of seven interconnected groups centred on personal friendships as

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How we need the air to breath, light to see, so we need noble people to live... When we commemorate those who lost their lives in the struggle against National Socialism, we fulfill a duty of gratitude, but at the same time we do ourselves good, because by commemorating them we rise above our Bad

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who was arrested on 22 July 1942 in Brussels, while attempting to obtain forged identity documents for himself. Jeffremov was to be tortured but agreed to cooperate and gave up several important members of the espionage network in Belgium and the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, he exposed former

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Following the arrests, the other two transmitters had remained off the air for six months, except for routine transmission. Trepper assumed the investigation had died down and ordered the transmissions to restart. On 30 July 1942, the Funkabwehr identified a house at 12 Rue de Namur, Brussels and

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Since the beginning of the war in 1939, the Berlin group of friends intensified both exchange and cooperation among themselves. They had a desire to connect with organised and non-organised resistance groups from other regions and sections of the population and to explore common possibilities for

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was released that portrayed the official histories of the Red Orchestra as a group dependent on the anti-fascism of the KPD and therefore only capable of joint action. Here too, the intelligence activity was overemphasised, but it was seen positively here. Since the 1960s, all biographies of the

3722:. Göring trusted Roeder to prosecute the case correctly, as he was unlikely to sympathise with any humanitarian motives that would be offered by the defendants. It was only because Roeder was designated as prosecuting counsel that Hitler approved Göring's plan and agreed to hold the trial in the 2574:

and then Schulze-Boysen. At the meeting, Schulze-Boysen confirmed there would be no attack on the Soviet Union that year, that Germany did not have enough oil to conduct the war fully. Gurevich persuaded Schulze-Boysen to recruit other people as sources. From 26 September 1940, Harnack passed on

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to the Soviet Union. After meeting Trepper, Robinson arranged to receive his messages via Makarov. When Makarov was arrested in December 1941, it resulted in a complete loss of communications for the Trepper and Robinson networks. Trepper was unable to make contact with Soviet intelligence until

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and poetry readings until midnight as the mood took. However, as the realisation that the war preparations were becoming unstoppable and the future victors were not going to be the Sturmabteilung, Schulze-Boysen, whose decisions were in demand, called for the group to cease their discussions and

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in Switzerland was still active. Roeder's description of the group indicated how little the Nazi state knew about the Swiss group. As a result, the Allied services took on the Gestapo myth from their informants. However, by 13 May 1948, a CIA memo was in circulation that detailed how Roeder had

3781:

The trial was a legal travesty. Prisoners were never able to read their indictments and often they would only meet their lawyers minutes before the case started, in trials that often only lasted hours, with the verdict pronounced on the same day. There was no jury, no peers, no German civilians

3489:

that he knew about while leaving a message to Trepper to contact him. However Trepper never showed up. Giering then tried to establish a meeting with a contact, using information from the correspondence between Simexco and an employee of the Paris office of the Belgian Chamber of Commerce. That

3435:

As part of a combined operation with Giering in Paris, Piepe raided the offices of Simexco on 19 November 1942. When the Gestapo entered the Simexco office they found only one person, a clerk, but managed to discover all the names and addresses of Simexco employees and shareholders from company

1008:

But the conscience of all true patriots rebels against the whole current form of German exercise of power in Europe. All who have retained their sense of genuine values see with a shudder how the good name of Germany is falling into disrepute under the swastika symbol. In all occupied countries

4229:

units were used by the group, but these had problems, amongst them reliability and having to find a secure site to transmit. They also gave the Funkabwehr a target. As the radio transmitter throughput was limited, only the core essentials of any report could be transmitted. Radio transmissions

4110:

was the group's treasurer and paid the entire network. Foote carefully prepared a yearly budget and the following years monies were paid out in one or two lump sums, sent by a courier. Ten-thousand dollars was the common sum that was paid to agents on first entering a country. The Soviets were

3562:

technique where controlled information was transmitted over a captured agent's radio, where the agent's parent service had no knowledge that the agent had turned. It was undertaken for a number of reasons that included poisoning the source by conveying deceptive material, discovering important

1559:

On 13 December 1941, the apartment at Rue Des Atrebates was raided by the Abwehr. Gurevich was saved as Trepper warned him. All other members of the house were arrested. A complete photograhic laboratory, along with a quantity of counterfeit identify cards and plain-text and ciphered text were

4072:

Of the 68 rank and file members of the Red Orchestra who were transported from Belgium and France by train, only 9 survived the war. Many members of the group never made it to trial and it is not known what happened to them. They have effectively disappeared without trace. The death of French

3977:

On 16 January 1943, the 3rd Senate also sentenced Mildred Harnack and Erika von Brockdorff to death on the basis of new incriminating evidence from the Gestapo claiming that the women had knowledge of the radio messages. From 14 to 18 January 1943, the 2nd Senate heard the cases of nine other

3629:

operation was running, the Germans passed general statements that had no detailed military information. This was another failure as Trepper had made a career out of delivering high-quality intelligence. Soviet Intelligence became increasingly strident in their demands for precise and accurate

2524:

as well as parties organised by Martha Dodd, until about 1937. As like-minded people, the group believed that the population would revolt against the Nazis and when it did not, the group became convinced that new avenues were needed to defeat Hitler. From the summer of 1935, Harnack worked on

3758:

that summarised the activities of the group and it was passed to senior members of the Nazi state for review With the production of the report, the Gestapo considered the initial phase of the investigation successful. At the same time, Roeder completed an 800-page indictment and proceeded to

3187:

Go to see Adam Kuckhoff at 18 Wilhelmstrasse, telephone 83-62-61, the second stairwell on the left, top floor and tell them that you have been sent a friend of "Arvid" and "Harro" whom Arvid knows as Alexander Erdberg. Mention the book of Kuckhoff that he gave him before the war and the play

1637:

radio transmitter. Jeffremov was frequently admonished by Soviet intelligence for his lack of activity and slow production of quality intelligence. In May 1942, following Makarov's arrest, Wenzel agreed to begin transmitting for Jeffremov and operated out of a safehouse at 12 Rue de Namur in

1632:

who had run the network from July 1940 to December 1941. The most important aspect of Jeffremov's new commission was to ensure the continued transmission of the intelligence they were receiving from the Schulze-Boysen/Harnack group. This information was forwarded to Soviet intelligence via a

3533:

and several other Soviet agents. According to Piepe, when Trepper talked, it was not out of fear of torture or defeat, but out of duty. While he gave up the names and addresses of most of the members of his own network, he was sacrificing his associates to protect the various members of the

2532:

acting under his codename of "Alexander Erdberg", a Soviet intelligence officer who was part of the Soviet Trade Delegation in Berlin, won over Arvid Harnack as a spy for the Soviet Embassy. Harnack had been an informant but in a meeting with Korotkov in the Harnacks' top floor apartment at

4477:

This interpretation prevailed in the minds of the West German public of the 1950s and was also represented by leading West German historians at the time. Since then, the Red Orchestra in the Federal Republic of Germany has been largely portrayed as a purely secret service organisation.

4158:(the overthrow of a government) argument. and the implications for the moral judgment of resistance members who operated under the Nazis. Brysac makes the argument, amongst others regarding the double standard that exists between different resistance members. The conspirators from the 1879:

Towards the end of 1940 and during all of 1941, Trepper searched for a radio operator in France, as a backup communications link should Makarov be arrested. In the spring of 1941, the Polish couple, Harry and Mira Sokol were recruited and trained as radio operators by Leon Grossvogel.

4400:

delivered no concrete evidence. In the summer of 1948, the American military government handed over the investigation against Roeder to the German authorities. Because Roeder was in US custody in Nuremberg at the time, his case was transferred to the German prosecution in Nuremberg.

692:(MASCH) to form a discussion group that debated the political and economic perspectives at the time. Harnak's group meetings, in contrast to those of Schulze-Boysen's group, were considered rather austere. Members of the group included the German politician and Minister of Culture 596:

circle of friends. Initially, these meetings followed an informatics program of resistance that was in keeping with its environment and were important places of personal and political understanding but also vanishing points from an often unbearable reality, essentially serving as

3551:

When the Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle captured Soviet radio operators, instead of immediately executing them after interrogation as was normal practice for other agents, they were instead forced into running separate Funkspiel operations, under the direction of Giering. The term

1926:

places were used for contact points at predetermined times and these could only be set by Trepper. This type of communication meant that Trepper could contact the group leader but not vice versa and stringent security measures were built in at every step. These were as follows:

277:

from 1933, conducted research into the Rote Kapelle and produced a paper which took a more nuanced view of the Rote Kapelle and discovered the work that was done to defame them. Scheel's work led to a re-evaluation of the Rote Kapelle, but it was not until 2009 that the German

1888:, so subsequently he was in ideological conflict with Soviet intelligence. Therefore, it was unusual for two senior agents to meet, but an exception was made as it was felt by Soviet intelligence that Robinson's extensive contacts could help Trepper build his French networks. 1306:

to the Nazis. Gerstein set about finding methods to dilute the acid, but his main aim was to report the euthanasia programme to his friends. In August 1942, after attending a gassing using a diesel engine exhaust from a car, he informed the Swedish embassy in Berlin of what

4220:

The Red Orchestra used official Soviet agencies to forward their intelligence reports until Germany declared war on the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. Reports were generally mailed or couriered to a particular Soviet organisation and then forwarded to the Soviet Union in a

4554:

was organised in liaison with the KGB to formerly identify the scouts and honour them. By August 1967, public appreciation of the group began in earnest when proposals for the posthumous honouring of the German group as a Scout organisation were made, that specified the

3506:, the military commander of occupied France, and visited the Todt offices. Giering, together with organisation commander, created a simple ruse to trap Trepper. However, the ruse failed. Giering decided to start arresting employees of Simex and they were imprisoned in 1479:

Gurevich has already completed his first operation by meeting Schulze-Boysen in order to reestablish him as an intelligence source and to arrange courier service. Gurevich's original remit was to learn the operation of the raincoat company and establish a new store in

1448:. Trepper's plan was to wait until the company gained market share, and then when it was of sufficient size, infiltrate it with communist personal in positions such as shareholders, business managers and department heads. On 6 March 1939, Trepper, now using the alias 3111:, principal cryptographer of the Funkabwehr was able to discover the code being used for message encipherment was based on a chequerboard cipher with a book key. Arnould, recalled the agents, regularly read the same books and was able to identify the name of one as 4209:

it would indicate they were safe. This enabled Spaak to escape. For emergency meetings, or where agents lost touch with their network, they were told to visit a particular location, in a nearby foreign country, on certain days and times, with a password and safety

3845:

were carried out by firing squad in the military courts and by beheading by the guillotine in civil courts. It was seen as nefarious by the Nazis and at the same time, elicited a feeling of shame by the victims. On 12 December 1942, an order was explicitly sent by

1229:

in the Foreign Office, that was created to counter foreign press and radio news by creating propaganda about the German occupation policy in Poland. This necessitated a move back to Berlin, and Stöbe followed, attaining a position arranged by von Scheliha in the

3892:

The first eleven death sentences for "high and state treason" and two sentences for "passive aiding and abetting in high treason" of six and ten years in prison were issued on 19 December and were presented to Hitler on 21 December. He rejected all requests for

1572:. He arrived in Brussels in March 1939 to organise various groups into a network. Jeffremov's group was independent of Trepper's group, although there were some members who worked for both and it was likely that by 1941, Jeffremov knew about Gurevich's network. 995:

on her typewriter, five copies at a time. The paper describes how the care of Germany's future is decided by the people... and called for the opposition to the war, the Nazis, all Germans who now threaten the future of all. A copy survives to the present day.

4840:

to the resistance from 1971 to 1981 celebrating their courage. For him, the resistance was the organisation in which it was possible to overcome the division of the labour movement into social democrats and communists in the common struggle against fascism.

4827:(German:Die Illegalen), to the resistance group, which premiered on 21 March 1946. In it, he portrayed two organised resistance fighters as tragic individuals whose love for each other fails due to the forced isolation and secrecy of their resistance work. 179:

resistance groups. In the 1970s there was a growing interest in the various forms of resistance and opposition. However, no organisations' history was so subject to systematic misinformation, and as little recognised, as those resistance groups centered on

143:

would eventually lead to the organisation's destruction, the sophisticated use of the technology enabled the organisation to behave as a network, with the ability to achieve tactical surprise and deliver high-quality intelligence, including the warning of

4696:

and the collapse of the Soviet Union on 8 December 1991, that the evaluation of Soviet archive documentation on the Red Orchestra could begin, without the lens of ideology intruding. In 2002, for the first time, Hans Coppi and Soviet political historian

1003:, most German armies were in retreat, the number of war dead was in the millions. Inflation, scarcity of goods, plant closures, labour agitation and corruption in State authorities were occurring all the time. Then the text examined German war crimes: 3880:

Thirty minutes before the execution, the prisoner was handcuffed then stripped to the waist. Women prisoners had their head shaven. They were then led to the room where verdict was immediately read by the prosecutor, who then ordered the executioner:

1245:

exposed him to reports and images of Nazi atrocities, enabling him to verify the veracity of foreign reports of Nazi officials. By 1941, von Scheliha had become increasingly dissatisfied with the Nazi regime and began to resist by collaborating with

3641:

became director of the Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle in Belgium and France, replacing Giering. Panwitz reduced the size of the Sonderkommando and changed the type of messages sent; reducing the military aspect and instead focused on reports from the

15354: 2027:, Margarete Hoffman-Scholz fell in love with Maximovitch. At the time, von Stülpnagel was Commander of Greater Paris, later Commander of German occupied France. This gave Maximovitch access to intelligence that came from the German High Command. 1293:

and had been expelled from the Nazi Party. As a mine manager and industrialist, Gerstein was convinced that he could resist by exerting influence inside the Nazi administration. On 10 March 1941, when he heard about the German euthanasia program

3169:

German counter-intelligence spent months assembling the data but finally, Vauck succeeded in decrypting around 200 of the captured messages. On 15 July 1942, Vauck decrypted a message that was dated 10 October 1941. The message was addressed to

1864:. The two firms gave Trepper access to industrialists and businessmen, but he was always careful to remain in the background in any deal but ensured that suitable questions were asked and that he dealt only with people in responsible positions. 4549:

From 1949 onwards, the GDR banned the publication of everything related to Soviet intelligence. Those of the German resistance who had contact with Soviet intelligence and what information they had, remained secret. In December 1966, a plan by

760:

well as groups originally formed for discussion and education. This disparate network was composed of over 150 Berlin Nazi opponents, including artists, scientists, citizens, workers, and students from several different backgrounds. There were

2470:

identity, for example that Werther stood for Wehrmacht, Olga for Oberkommando der Luftwaffe, Anna for Auswärtiges Amt (Foreign Office) as the evidence does not support it. Alexander Radó made this claim in his memoirs, that were examined in a

1143:, not from Western capitalism. They believed that the Soviet Union would keep Germany as a sovereign state after its victory and that they wanted to work towards a corresponding opposition without domination by the Communist Party of Germany. 4669:, as his research base. However, Flicke had worked for another department between 1942 and 1943 and did not learn of the Red Orchestra until 1944. In 1949 and 1953, Höhne published two books, that are now considered sensational and a form of 3309:

and Libertas destroyed her meticulously collected archive. At home, she packed a suitcase of all Harro Schulze-Boysens papers and then tried to fabricate evidence of loyalty to the Nazi State by writing fake letters. She sent the suitcase to

15916: 4170:

Many members of the group were Jewish and working in the group gave them a direct route to strike back at the Nazis. Many of them had lost family members, giving them an additional impetus to act. Most were never motivated by money, except

1272:

Other small groups and individuals, who knew little or nothing about each other, each resisted the National Socialists in their own way until the Gestapo arrested them and treated them as a common espionage organisation from 1942 to 1943.

3427:

and facilitates for European wide telephone communication between group members. Piepe was concerned about the large number of telegrams the company had sent to Berlin, Prague and Paris and decided to investigate. Piepe visited the Chief

424:

the public image in Germany also after 1945, distorting their motives and goals, even after 1945. At the end of 1942, the Reich Court Martial passes the first death sentences; in total, more than fifty members of this group are murdered.

252:(GDR) the Red Orchestra were honoured as anti-fascist resistance fighters and indeed received posthumous orders in 1969. Accordingly, the most comprehensive collection of biographies that exist are from the GDR, by Karl Heinz Biernat and 3314:

in the vain hope that it could be hidden and he tried to contact Harro Schulze-Boysen in vain. As the panic reached the rest of the group, frantic searches ensued as each person tried to clear their homes of any anti-Nazi paraphernalia.

1054:

on 17 May 1942, Schulze-Boysen, Marie Terwiel and nineteen others, mostly people from the group around Rittmeister, travelled across five Berlin neighbourhoods to paste the stickers over the original exhibition posters with the message:

3279:'s office phone as his phone was in use. As Schulze-Boysen was not in, Heilmann left a message with the maid of the household. When Schulze-Boysen returned, he immediately phoned the number, but unfortunately, it was answered by Vauck. 2536:

In February 1937, Schulze-Boysen had compiled a short information document about a sabotage enterprise planned in Barcelona by the German Wehrmacht. It was action from "Special Staff W", an organisation established by Luftwaffe general

2167:(German: Rote Drei) was a Soviet espionage network that operated in Switzerland during and after World War II. It was perhaps the most important Soviet espionage network in the war, as they could work relatively undisturbed. The name 1213:

was recruited by Soviet intelligence while in Warsaw in 1934. Although a member of the Nazi party since 1938, he took an increasingly critical stance against the Nazi regime by 1938 at the latest. He became an informant to journalist

3431:

Officer for Brussels, who was responsible for the company. In the meeting, Piepe showed the two photographs, that had been discovered at the house at 101 Rue des Atrébates, to the officer who identified them as Trepper and Gurevich.

801:

and had seen how easily such connections were lost if a meeting did not materialise due to one party being arrested. In a relaxed group of friends and discussion with like-minded people, it was easy to find supporters for an action.

4994: 2190:, a colonel of the GRU, who has been sent to Switzerland in late 1938, to recruit a new espionage network of agents that would infiltrate Germany. Poliakova passed control to the new director of the Soviet intelligence service in 2449:

when his unit occupied it after wresting it from the Russians. This was reported to the German high command, yet they were unable to find the leak. It was never discovered who they were. The four sources whose codenames were

3267:

attempted to inform Schulze-Boysen of the situation. The previous day Schule-Boysen had asked Heilmann to check if the Abwehr had got wind of his contacts abroad. Heilmann, a German mathematician. worked at Referat 12 of the

1627:

In May 1942, as part of a reorganisation effort after the raid on the Rue des Atrebates safehouse, Trepper met Jeffremov in Brussels to instruct him to take over the running of the Belgian espionage network in the absence of

4468:

Ministry of Justice. Lüneburg prosecutor Hans-Jürgen Finck investigated Roeder, producing a 1732-page report in 1951, half of it recording in detail the supposed crimes of the Red Orchestra. Finck stated in the report that

3402:

Abraham Rajchmann was arrested by Piepe on 2 September 1942 when his usefulness as an informer to the Abwehr was at an end. Rajchmann also decided to cooperate with the Abwehr resulting in his betrayal of his mistress, the

2303:

The three principal agents above were chiefly an organisation for producing intelligence for the Soviet Union. But some of the information that was collected for the Rote Drei was sent to the west through a Czech Colonel,

754:

This network grew up after Adam and Greta Kuckhoff introduced Harro and Libertas Schulze-Boysen to Arvid and Mildred Harnack, and the couples began engaging socially. Their hitherto separate groups moved together once the

4162:

are considered genuine resistors, who attain the high moral ground of Hochverrat while Schulze-Boysen and the Harnack's members, for example are considered to be espionage agents and their group used to illustrate the

1534:

in May 1940, Trepper fled to Paris, leaving Gurevich responsible for the Belgium network. Gurevich, operating from a safehouse located at 101 Rue des Atrébates in Brussels, used Makarov as his wireless radio operator,

2079:, provided information on German military fortifications and troop movements. As a bonus, the Todt Organization supplied some of Trepper's agents with passes that allowed them to move freely in German-occupied areas. 2920:

in Berlin. However, they never managed to locate Stöbe and by June 1942 found themselves in Hamburg, a city they knew well. Fellendorf's mother, Katharina Fellendorf, hid the two. Later they moved and were hidden by

1595:. By December 1940, both Wenzel in Belgium and Winterink in the Netherlands had established a radio link with Moscow, that was being used to transmit intelligence provided by Jeffremov. In 1939, the married couple, 13634:

Tuchel, Johannes (1988). "Weltanschauliche Motivationen in der Harnack/Schulze-Boysen-Organisation: ("Rote Kapelle")" [Worldly motivations in the Harnack/Schulze-Boysen organization: ("Rote Kapelle")].

4167:, thereby classed firmly within Landesverrat. There was a clear moral distinction between those who wished to restore a real German government and those who wanted to exploit anti-fascists for the Soviet Union. 1713:(DIS), an intelligence organisation to collect information for consumption by Soviet intelligence. In 1937, Goulooze was sent for intelligence training to the Soviet Union. When he returned, he became the main 1615:

in Brussels. For a number of years Germaine Schneider was the most important of the two, working as a courier from 1939 to 1942 that involved extensive travel across the Low Countries. Before the war, she was

1420:. In 1936, Trepper became the technical director of Soviet Red Army Intelligence in Western Europe. He was responsible for recruiting agents and creating espionage networks. During early 1938, he was sent to 897:, and condemned the Nazi government and argued against the government's propaganda. A document that was used at the trial of Schulze-Boysen indicated that only 40 to 50 copies of the leaflet were distributed. 3060:

direction-finding teams moved into Brussels and almost immediately found three transmitter signals. Abwehr officer Henry Piepe was ordered to take charge of the investigation around October or November 1941.

3031:

The events that led up to the exposure of the Red Orchestra were facilitated by a number of blunders by Soviet intelligence, over several months. The radio transmission that exposed them, was intercepted at

4062:

The actual responsibility for the liquidation of the Berlin group rests with the management of the military intelligence agency in Moscow and the Central Committee of the illegal Communist Party of Germany.

4822:

The writer Günther Weisenborn was arrested as a member of the resistance group in 1942 and was sentenced to death, but was later reduced to ten years in prison. Weisenborn dedicated his play in three acts

79: 3357:

Piepe interrogated Rita Arnould, about the forger's room at Rue des Atrébates. Giering turned to Rita Arnould as the new lead in the investigation and she identified the Abwehr informer and Jewish forger

15361: 14766: 4256:

In the first post-war years, the performance and role model of the Schulze-Boysen/Harnack group were unreservedly recognised as an important part of the German resistance against the Nazis. In his book

4189:

documents, individuals who had access to genuine blank documents and stamps were cultivated and recruited, for example Abraham Rajchmann. Agents were never to be photographed nor give examples of their

751:. In 1934 Guddorf was arrested and sentenced to hard labour. In 1939 after his release from the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, Guddorf worked as a bookseller, and worked closely with Schulze-Boysen. 2703:. Coppi and the Harnack/Shulze-Boysen resistance groups never received sufficient training from Korotkov. Indeed, when Greta Kuckhoff was trained she concluded that her own technical preparations were 4648:

The group had apparently nothing to do with German Resistance, one should have no doubts about this....Any person who can persuade a German soldier to defect or betray important secrets...is a traitor

1754:

In 1940, it was decided by the Comintern that various KPD sections (Abschnittsleitungen) in Germany should be amalgamated into a single operational section, that was to be led by German KPD organiser

508: 54: 4719:

That after the war, the Stasi manipulated history to fit their own agenda, specifically to reinforce the prescribed German-Soviet friendship and to legitimise its own spying activity as anti-fascist.

3854:

specifying gallows to hang eight people simultaneously. The notice was sent a full three days before the trial. Hitler wanted to further punish the group and indicated the verdict was already fixed.

2889:

in order to prepare them for a meeting with Hans Scholls. In the spring of 1943, four members of the White Rose met Falk Harnack again in Munich, but received no clear commitment to his cooperation.

3691:

met to discuss the case. They decided the whole network should be charged with espionage and treason together as a group. In the second half of October, Müller proposed that the trial take place at

15923: 151:

To this day, the German public perception of the "Red Orchestra" is characterised by the vested interest in historical revisionism of the post-war years and propaganda efforts of both sides of the

1409:

for organising agents. Trepper used the latest technology, in the form of small wireless radios to communicate with Soviet intelligence. Although the monitoring of the radios transmissions by the

2901:

tried to re-establish contacts with internal German opponents of Hitler. To this end, German communists in exile who had been trained by the GRU as espionage agents were parachuted into Germany.

10808: 1146:

Around 13 June 1941, Harro Schulze-Boysen prepared a report that gave the final details of the Soviet invasion including details of Hungarian airfields containing German planes. On 17 June, the

1336:. From this Lehmann sent six pages of data to Stalin on 17 December 1935. Through Lehmann, Stalin also learned about the power struggles in the Nazi party, rearmament work and even the date of 4136:

Many writers who have examined the Red Orchestra have wrestled with the question of whether they could be considered traitors to their country or heroes. In the German legal sphere, it is the

708:

working in the Reich Ministry of Economics with the rank of Oberregierungsrat. Through this work, Harnack planned to train them to build a free and socially just Germany after the end of the

3485:. Before leaving, Piepe and Giering agreed that Rajchmann would be the best person to take to Paris and find Trepper. When they arrived in Paris, Giering sent Rajchmann out to visit all the 1730:

contacted Goulooze in Amsterdam and they discussed plans for the construction of a radio network in Belgium. At the end of 1938, Wenzel again visited Goulooze, to recruit Dutch national and

11349:

Ilse Stöbe: Wieder im Amt - Eine Widerstandskämpferin in der Wilhelmstraße Mit einem Vorwort von Johanna Bussemer und Wolfgang Gehrcke. Eine Veröffentlichung der Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung VSA

4943:

corrected the Cold War-shaped image for the first time and told the true story of the resistance group through interviews with survivors and contemporary witnesses. It was premiered at the

4039:

Of the remaining prisoners, 50 were sentenced to prison. Four men among the accused committed suicide in prison, five were murdered without trial. Some 65 death sentences were carried out.

870:

during the war. The information that Schulze-Boysen collected included details about German transports, deployment of units and companies involved in the German defense. Libertas's cousin,

4798:, his famous painting that is located in the Stadtmuseum in Münster in which he portrays Harro Schulze-Boysen, Walter Küchenmeister and Kurt Schumacher building a bridge away from Nazism. 2684:

In June 1941, the Soviet Embassy was withdrawn from Berlin, and from that point, Schulze-Boysen's information was couriered to Brussels where it was transmitted using Gurevich's network.

355:

had decrypted radio messages in August 1942, in which German names appeared, did the Gestapo start to arrest and imprison them, their friends and relatives. In 2002, the German filmmaker

4587:

is used today as an example of a manipulated historiography. The GDR's image of history solidified the false image of the Red Orchestra in the Federal Republic as a communist spy group.

4456:. In October 1948, the Nuremberg prosecutors turned the case over to the German courts and the Lüneburg public prosecutor was tasked with pursuing the prosecution. Nuremberg prosecutor, 3399:. In November 1942, Franz Schneider was interrogated by Giering but as he was not part of the network he was not arrested and managed to inform Trepper that Jeffremov had been arrested. 1367:

arrived in January 1936, to establish a base. However, the Belgian authorities refused him permission to remain, so he moved to the Netherlands in early 1937, where he made contact with

1641:

On 30 July 1942, the house at 12 Rue de Namur was raided by the Abwehr and Wenzel was arrested. Germaine Schneider managed to warn Trepper, who warned Jeffremov, who managed to escape.

370:

Because of their contact with the Soviets, the Brussels and Berlin groups were grouped together by the Counterintelligence and Gestapo, under the misleading name of the Rote Kapelle. A

2525:

economic espionage for the Soviet Union, and economic espionage for the United States by November 1939. Harnack was convinced that America would play a part in defeating Nazi Germany.

2441:

Roessler's value to the Soviet Union lay entirely in the great quantity of high-quality intelligence that he obtained and that played such a decisive part in the Soviet victory at the

16078: 4449:

for crimes against humanity. By January 1947, the Nuremberg prosecutors were convinced he should be tried for war crimes, but after examining the complaint, no charges were brought.

2476:

article. Three and a half years before his death, Roessler described the identity of the four sources to a confidant. They were a German major who was in charge of the Abwehr before

2395:

and hidden behind a board in his apartment at Route de Florissant 192a in Geneva. Hamel's wife, who acted as an assistant, prepared the encrypted messages. Radó paid the couple 1000

2218:

who would become the most important source of information. Roessler was able to provide prompt access to the secrets of the German High Command. This included the pending details of

4111:

considered by American intelligence to be generous in their payments to agents. Some parts of the network were self-sufficient, for example, the cover companies, Simex and Simexco.

1046:). The exhibition contained images of firing squads and bodies of young girls, some still children, who had been hung and were dangling from ropes. The group decided to act. It was 4425:

This resulted in the continued perscution of the resistance fighters by the post-war German judiciary. In a sense they were convicted twice for their opposition to the Nazi state.

3207:

The messages provided the locations of the apartments of the Kuckhoffs and the Schulze-Boysens. Another message that had been sent on 28 August 1941 instructed Gurevich to contact

2881:. Scholl and Schmorell were looking to contact anti-Nazi resistance groups in Berlin and unite them together as allies with a common aim. Harnack held discussions with his cousins 1896:

February 1942, when he learned from Robinson of a radio transmitter that was being run by the French Communist Party in Paris and was ordered to take charge of Robinson's network.

14759: 4611:

in all German occupation zones. In 1948, Klaus Lehmann documented his information about the German resistance group around Shulze-Boysen and Harnack for the Union in East Berlin.

1787:. On 9 January 1942, Knöchel travelled to Berlin. Goulooze arranged for everything that was published by the Comintern executive in Moscow, to be couriered to Knöchel in Berlin. 402:..a 'Red Orchestra' network in Western Europe, led by Leopold Trepper did not exist. The various groups in Belgium, Holland and France worked largely independently of one another. 2258: 1556:. Gruber specialised in couriering people, often across borders. Her main role with the group was as a courier between Rajchmann and Trepper and as an assistant to Rajchmann. 11354:

Ilse Stöbe: Back in Office – A Resistance Fighter in Wilhelmstraße With a Foreword by Johanna Bussemer and Wolfgang Gehrcke A Publication of the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation VSA

2679:"We have received and read your test message. The substitution of letters for numbers and vice versa is to be done using the permanent number 38745 and the codeword Schraube" 4326:

In June 1945, British and American intelligence agencies submitted the first report on the Red Orchestra, the Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle and the funkspiel operation run by

3326:, Gestapo headquarters at 8 Prinze-Albert Strasse and put into custody by the Gestapo. The arrests continued and when the cells became overcrowded, several men were sent to 2171:

was a German appellation, based on the number of transmitters or operators serving the network, and is perhaps misleading, as at times there were four, sometimes even five.

860:

In the same year, Schulze-Boysen had compiled a document about a sabotage enterprise planned in Barcelona by the Wehrmacht "Special Staff W", an organisation established by

15993: 92:

workers in Germany in August 1941. It primarily referred to a loose network of resistance groups, connected through personal contacts, uniting hundreds of opponents of the

10665: 4461: 2929:. Eifler's location was leaked by a communist informer to the Gestapo and she was arrested on 15 October 1942. Fellendorf managed to escape arrest for another two weeks. 15347: 15121: 14752: 14723: 4375:

bombed. Another officer of MI5, Michael Hanley also worked on the papers in the 1950s. He identified more than 5000 names belonging to the Red Orchestra organisation.

4175:

who was heavily in debt at the beginning. Family ties, romance and sex were often a factor in whether an individual could be recruited or used to provide intelligence.

3272:, the radio decryption department in Matthäikirchplatz in Berlin. On 31 August 1942, he discovered the names of his friends in a folder that had been provided to him. 2731: 13347: 14811: 4698: 479:

economy. They wanted to introduce planned economic elements in Germany and work closely with the Soviet Union without breaking German bridges to the rest of Europe.

4665:

were published. Perrault focused more on Western European resistance cells. Höhne used a collection of 500 radio messages belonging to veteran radio cipher officer

3710:

Himmler who was a proponent of the proposal reported it to Hitler. However, the Führer, aware of the military nature of many people in the group, ordered Göring to

2261:. Dübendorfer passed the reports to Radó who passed them to Foote for transmission. Roessler in turn received the information from sources whose aliases were named 15909: 11580: 2072:

Intelligence from German administrative departments and industrial firms as well as provided the financing for the Trepper organisation. It was the Simex company.

1552:. In September or October 1941, Trepper ordered Rajchmann to join Gurevich as the group's documentation expert. The last core member of the group was the courier, 4873: 15743: 15635: 15554: 15282: 15141: 4330:. Allied intelligence agencies questioned a large number of people and came to the conclusion that remnants of the Red Orchestra could still exist. The defector 3396: 1596: 953:

They were often left in phone booths or selected addresses from the phone book. Extensive precautions were taken, including wearing gloves, using many different

7763: 4869: 4323:

Western intelligence agencies were interested in the Red Orchestra after the war, as they hoped for information about the workings of Soviet foreign espionage.

2023:

Maximovitch was a former Russian mining engineer who had offered his allegiance to Trepper. He was particularly important to him as the niece of German general

15871: 15416: 4955: 4705:

brought to light many original documents from the Russian archives, which refuted the myth that the Harnack and Schulze-Boysen groups were a spy organisation.

4506:

to Harro Schulze-Boysen, Arvid Harnack, Adam Kuckhoff, Ilse Stöbe and Hansheinrich Kummerow. Günther Weisenborn, Karl Behrens and Albert Hoessler received the

3838: 3319:

the Graudenzs. By 26 September, Günther Weisenborn and his wife had been arrested. By March 1943, between 120 and 139 people had been arrested (sources vary).

3305:

tried to contact Kuckhoff without a result. Libertas and Spoerl both started to panic and frantically tried to warn others. They destroyed the darkroom at the

2422: 1080:

The Harnacks were dismayed at Schulze-Boysen's actions and decided not to participate in the exploit, believing it to be reckless and unnecessarily dangerous.

704:

and his wife Greta and the industrialist and entrepreneur Leo Skrzypczynski. From 1935, Harnack tried to camouflage his activities by becoming a member of the

3490:

ultimately proved unsuccessful, so Giering turned back to investigating Simexco. Giering visited the Seine District Commercial Court where he discovered that

3247: 14906: 4732: 4185:

The group used various methods to get identity documents that were accurate as possible. Common names from the country of origin were used on passports. For

3594:

1942 to August 1944. Gurevich continued his own funkspiel in various locations until May 1945. Six radio sets that had been captured out of eight were used.

2735: 495: 13435: 4097:

Considering the significant number of books and articles that have been written about the Red Orchestra, very little is known about its internal functions.

10533: 4806: 3817: 3145:, that Abwehr officer Henry Piepe immediately drove to Berlin from Brussels to report to German High Command. His actions resulted in the formation of the 10854:"Werner, Ruth (eigtl.: Ursula Maria Beurton) geb. Kuczynski * 15.05.1907, † 07.07.2000 Schriftstellerin, Agentin des sowjetischen Nachrichtendienstes GRU" 1189:

The Berlin group undoubtedly provided valuable intelligence to the Soviet Union. However, a Soviet memo dated 25 November 1941 and recently discovered by

15804: 15217: 15212: 15066: 14901: 4666: 4006: 3227: 2823: 2646: 2566:

was ordered to visit Berlin and attempt to revive Schulze-Boysen as a source. He arrived in Berlin on 29 October 1939 and arranged a meeting, first with

2230:

over the course of the war years. This resulted in Dübendorfer being continually short of money, as Soviet intelligence insisted the link be maintained.

530:

detained him for some time, severely battered him, and killed a fellow Jewish inmate. As a trained pilot, he received a position of trust in 1934 in the

4970: 378:

characters with his fingers was a pianist in the secret service language. A group of "pianists" formed a "band", and since the Morse code had come from

9601: 3763: 3287: 2922: 2403: 3714:. Göring brought Schulze-Boysen into the air ministry, so needed to choose the correct prosecutor. On 17 October 1942, Göring met with Judge Advocate 2944:, a few days before the arrest of Schulze-Boysen. They had been sent to establish a radio link to the GRU for the Schulze-Boysen Group initially from 2847: 1264:

severed Soviet lines of communication in Berlin, Soviet intelligence made attempts to reconnect with von Scheliha in May 1942, but the effort failed.

231:

individuals who had a conflict of interest and were intent on defaming the groups attached to Harnack and Schulze-Boysen with accusations of treason.

16073: 15823: 15650: 15237: 15126: 15056: 15051: 15021: 12391:[The Nazi culture in Poland Rudolf von Scheliha and Johann von Wühlisch. Two German diplomats against National Socialist culture in Poland]. 4982: 4678: 4580: 4366: 4082: 3775: 3771: 2933: 1907:

but the transmitter failed to work. The Gestapo arrived shortly after the group was established and discovered the transmitter buried in the garden.

1821: 1340:. In October 1942 Lehmann was discovered by the Gestapo and murdered without trial. Lehmann had no connection to the Schulze-Boysen or Harnack group. 15031: 6350: 310:

was an accepted Abwehr term for counter-espionage operations against secret wireless transmitting stations and in the case of the Brussels stations

15738: 15421: 15247: 15071: 15011: 13696: 11503:

Danyel, Jürgen (1994). "Der Kreisauer Kreis innerhalb der deutschen Widerstandsbewegung". In Coppi, Hans; Danyel, Jürgen; Tuchel, Johannes (eds.).

10792:]. Studien und Dokumente zu Alltag, Verfolgung und Widerstand im Nationalsozialismus, Bd. 3. (in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Lukas Verlag. 4889: 4464:(Kontrollratsgesetz Nr. 10), the German law that recognised crimes against humanity, that justice would prevail against Roeder in the court of the 3816:

1943 and the prisoners were distributed depending on sentence. The women including Suzanne Cointe were taken to Moabit Prison and the men taken to

1777: 15963: 12389:"The Nazi Kultur in Poland Rudolf von Scheliha und Johann von Wühlisch. Zwei deutsche Diplomaten gegen die nationalsozialistische Kultur in Polen" 1544:

In October 1941, Gurevich visited Germany, to reestablish communications with the Shulze-Boysen/Harnack group and then to deliver a cipher key to

1440:

on behalf of its owners. Trepper had a plan to use money that had been provided to him, to create a business that would be the export division of

16048: 15525: 15172: 15096: 15091: 15081: 4893: 4702: 4526: 4457: 3574:, even if it fulfilled the definition of treason. The Gestapo's purpose in running this particular funkspiel was to discover Soviet links to the 2827: 2433:

also undertook an analysis of traffic throughput and estimated that a reasonable number would be around 5000 for the period it was in operation.

1584: 1413:

would eventually lead to the organisations destruction, the sophisticated use of the technology-enabled the organisation to behave as a network.

15026: 14961: 13585: 4881: 37: 16033: 16003: 15620: 15323: 15106: 15076: 15016: 13504: 4787: 4137: 3945: 3502:

to determine whether they could provide a way to identify where Trepper was located. Giering obtained a signed certificate of cooperation from

2567: 2388: 1891:

Prior to September 1941, Robinson sent his intelligence via a cutout who took them to the Soviet Embassy in Paris, where they were conveyed by

1549: 4947:, followed by cinema screenings, including in Berlin and New York, where he was nominated for Best Foreign Film 2005 by the US Women Critics. 3192:. Suggest to Kuckhoff that he arrange a meeting for you, KENT, with "Arvid" and "Harro". If that is impossible, then clarify through Kuckhoff: 3107:

Arnould identified two passports belonging to the aliases of Trepper and Gurevich, his deputy in Belgium. From the scraps of paper recovered,

831:

Collecting and sharing information, including on foreign representatives, on German war preparations, crimes of the Wehrmacht and Nazi crimes.

16068: 13415: 12930: 10736: 1762: 1471:, a criminal forger, to the group and thenceforth Makarov became a radio operator. In July 1939, Trepper was joined in Brussels by GRU agent 124:

to refer to associated Soviet intelligence networks, working in Belgium, France, United Kingdom and the low countries, that were built up by

4081:

disappeared after being tortured and then tried by Roeder. The worst torture given by the Gestapo was from dogs. The Simex company manager,

3460:

On the 18 August 1942, Winterink was arrested by the Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle. Goulooze was arrested on 15 November 1943 and was sent to

792:

Only with this stable hinterland was it possible to survive all the minor mishaps and major catastrophes and give our resistance permanence.

16008: 4121:

As a group, Soviet agents were ardent communists, who were highly motivated, considering the constant risk of death. Comintern agents like

3762:

On the 15 December 1942, the trial began in secret, in the 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht. The presiding judge was Senate President

3759:

prosecute the group. Roeder determined that 76 people would stand trial of the original group. The indictments were broken down in groups.

1873: 13274: 1965:

As part of his remit, Grossvogel was responsible for finding safe houses, rendezvous points for other networks and letter drop locations.

15615: 15046: 14205:

Aldrich, Richard J (January 1991). "Soviet Intelligence, British Security and the End of the Red Orchestra: The Fate of Alexander Rado".

11780: 3235: 1147: 12959:

Scheel, Heinrich (1992). "Die Rote Kapelle – Widerstand, Verfolgung, Haft". In Coppi, Hans Jr; Danyel, Jürgen; Tuchel, Johannes (eds.).

11936: 2799:

Other members of the German group sought contact with the then largely destroyed underground network of the KPD. In 1939, the machinist

16151: 14228:

Sozialrevolutionärer Nationalismus zwischen konservativer Revolution und Sozialismus : Harro Schulze-Boysen und der "Gegner"-Kreis

3650:

were designed to deepen mistrust between the Soviet Union and the western allies. The funkspiel operations continued until 3 May 1945.

2043: 4133:

and their country. Rank and file members tended to be the most ideologically driven, that often clouded their thinking to some extent.

3362:. It was Rajchmann who forged identity documents in the secret room of 101 Rue des Atrébates. Rajchmann in turn betrayed Soviet agent 2691:

railway station. It was supplied by Kurt Schulze, who gave Coppi technical instructions on its use. This set was more powerful, being

14335:

Hamidi, Beatrix (1994). "Women against the dictatorship. Resistance and persecution in the Nazi Germany". In Wickert, Christl (ed.).

12613: 3782:

present in the court, only Gestapo spectators. Attempts were made by family members to find suitable lawyers. Falk Harnack's cousin,

3388: 3141:. Two messages waiting to be enciphered were discovered in the house that contained details of such startling content, the plans for 2214:'s network in 1938, and who would become the most important radio operator for Radó's network. In March 1942, Radó made contact with 1386: 136:

for organising agents. He used the latest technology, in the form of small wireless radios, to communicate with Soviet intelligence.

13768:. Fischer-Taschenbücher. Die Zeit des Nationalsozialismus, 13934 (in German) (1st ed.). Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. 3877:

into two parts, separated by a black curtain that could be opened and closed. In the front part of the room, sat the Judge's table.

1298:, he joined the SS. Assigned to the Hygiene-Institut der Waffen-SS (Institute for Hygiene of the Waffen-SS), he was ordered by the 113:

communists nor under a single leadership. It was a network of groups and individuals, often operating independently. To date, about

11953: 4849: 3464:. He managed to survive the experience by assuming an alias. In 1948, he was expelled from the Communist Party of the Netherlands. 348:(SS), referred to resistance radio operators as "pianists", their transmitters as "pianos", and their supervisors as "conductors". 191:

In a number of publications, the groups that these two people represented were seen as traitors and spies. An example of these was

4599:

Commemorative plaque for conscientious objectors and resistance fighters at the former Reichskriegsgericht. 4—5 Witzleben Street,

3510:. On 19 November 1942, Suzanne Cointe, a secretary at Simex and Alfred Corbin, the commercial director of the firm were arrested. 207:

journalist. Höhne based his book on the investigation by the Lüneburg Public Prosecutor's Office against the General Judge of the

11728:

Die Weiße Rose – eine deutsche Geschichte?: Die öffentliche Erinnerung an den Widerstand in beziehungsgeschichtlicher Perspektive

4608: 3744:

Never since have I experienced an impression of brutality as I did from this man. He was a creature surrounded by an aura of fear

2834:, later making contact with KPD officials when released from concentration camp. Guddorf, on the other hand, held talks with the 723:

were friends with the Kuckhoffs. In 1937 Adam Kuckhoff introduced Harnack to the journalist and former journalist railway worker

10675: 3950: 3885:. The curtain was then pulled back to reveal the guillotine. When the execution was completed, the executioner, would call out: 3069:

The Abwehr choose a location at 101 Rue des Atrébates, that provided the strongest signal from PTX and on 12 December 1941, at 2

14714: 10786:

Wer war Oda Schottmüller? : Zwei Versionen ihrer Biographie und deren Rezeption in der alten Bundesrepublik und in der DDR

7332: 4024:

who had helped copy and distribute the Agis leaflet, and had written handbills and put up posters against the Nazi propaganda "

2483:

The most reliable study by the CIA Historical Review Program concluded that of the four sources, the most important source was

14232:

Social Revolutionary Nationalism between Conservative Revolution and Socialism. Harro Schulze-Boysen and the "opponent" circle

13011: 11391: 10853: 4522:

Only publicly available Western sources were used in the articles. The Soviet intelligence files remained under lock and key.

3015: 2681:, and directing them to transmit at a predefined frequency and time. After that, the batteries were too weak to reach Moscow. 2182:

agent, who first arrived in Switzerland in 1937 to direct operations. The other important leader in the Switzerland group was

1560:

confiscated in the raid. During the following morning, Makarov was arrested returning to house with new messages to transmit.

14463: 14451:

Rote Kapellen, Kreisauer Kreise, schwarze Kapellen : neue Sichtweisen auf den Widerstand gegen die NS-Diktatur 1938–1945

14438: 14394: 14371: 14348: 14317: 14298: 14258: 14239: 14168: 14145: 14122: 14076: 14053: 13881: 13853: 13825: 13817:

Grenzen der Katharsis in den modernen Künsten: Transformationen des aristotelischen Modells seit Bernays, Nietzsche und Freud

13773: 13727: 13616: 13521: 13488: 13398: 13329: 13301: 13263: 13233: 13125: 13104: 13087: 12993: 12920: 12901: 12875: 12854: 12791: 12729: 12710: 12647: 12602: 12583: 12562: 12534: 12459: 12433: 12331: 12310: 12279: 12251: 12223: 12157: 12129: 12100: 12074: 12001: 11919: 11891: 11763: 11735: 11663: 11635: 11563: 11493: 11472: 11451: 11365: 11329: 11301: 11259: 11231: 11203: 11163: 11135: 11083: 11036: 10971: 10943: 10922: 10899: 10835: 10797: 10767: 4607:

The first attempts to secure sources on the history of the German resistance against Nazism were made by the branches of the

4482:

wrote in a letter to Harro's brother Hartmut Schulze-Boysen in 1987 that the German resistance consisted of the group around

3566:

To facilitate the operation, Hitler had given permission to pass on messages in coordination with the Reich Foreign Minister

13943: 4438: 3014:

to Berlin and began building a new resistance network of illegal cells in the factories of Berlin, that became known as the

1719: 16136: 3498:. He had been informed by Jeffremov that Grossvogel was one of Trepper's assistants. Giering and Piepe decided to approach 2521: 270: 32: 11818: 3811:

mere minutes, the prisoner was taken back to Fresnes Prison. Prisoners who had insulted Roeder, or for example, given the

3238:

to discuss the situation and it was decided the Gestapo would be solely responsible for exposing the group in Berlin. The

2695:. Coppi would later accidentally destroy the AC-powered transmitter by connecting it to a DC power socket, destroying the 1328:

and reported to the NKVD the complete work of the Gestapo. In 1935 Lehmann attended a rocket engine ground firing test in

415: 306:

III.F in August 1941 and conducted against a Soviet intelligence station that had been detected in Brussels in June 1941.

302:

was a cryptonym that was invented for a secret operation started by Abwehrstelle Belgium (Ast Belgium), a field office of

4357:(CIC) about a secret Berlin spy ring for the Soviet Union, about which the judge advocate Egon Koepsch and general judge 3841:

Act was enacted that permitted hanging in public as a particularly dishonourable form of execution. Up until that point,

3283: 2179: 531: 11347: 10790:

Who was Oda Schottmüller? : Two versions of her biography and its reception in the old Federal Republic and the GDR

3646:, the German economy, Russian emigration and other civilian areas. The messages that Pannwitz sent in coordination with 3100:

pass was so authentic, that he was released. In Berlin, the Gestapo was ordered to assist Harry Piepe and they selected

1416:

During the 1930s, Trepper had worked to create a large pool of informal intelligence sources, through contacts with the

16131: 4483: 3703:

who almost always sided with the prosecuting authority, to the point that being brought before him was tantamount to a

3411:, who was arrested on 12 October 1942. Gruber immediately decided to cooperate with the Abwehr, in an attempt to avoid 3202:

If Kuckhoff cannot be found, contact the wife of "Harro" Libertas Schulze-Boysen, at her address 19 Altenburger Alle...

2898: 1445: 1372: 282:

overturned the judgments of the National Socialist judiciary for "treason" and rehabilitated the members of the group.

129: 2743: 797:

As early as 1934, Scheel had passed written material from one contact person to the next within clandestine communist

13909: 13804: 13669: 13171: 12968: 12477:

Lawrow, A. (8 October 1969). "Oni sraschalis s faschismom" (in Russian). Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Pravda.

12369: 11512: 11182: 11062: 10878: 4944: 4686: 3736:

was something lacking in his temperament; he did not possess the normal man's sympathy for the suffering of others...

2788:

and many others. Harnack and Schulze-Boysen had a frequent discussion with the group until 1942. The prison chaplain

2773: 2634: 2288:). His sources could not match the production of Lucy's group in quality or quantity but were nevertheless important. 2097:

It was primarily concerned with recruitment and acting as a courier between different groups in different countries.

609:

Other friends were found by Schulze-Boysen among former students of a reform school on the island of Scharfenberg in

12748: 14926: 11249: 4692:

The effort by people like Weizsäcker led to an intensification of research, but it was only with the ending of the

4014: 3461: 3322:

Those who were arrested were taken to basement cells (German: Hausgefängnis) in the most dreaded address in all of

3007: 1225:, who would then pass it to the Soviet embassy in Warsaw. In September 1939, Scheliha was appointed director of an 1201:

being unable to form a cogent response. Ultimately, the groups' efforts had no effect on Soviet military strategy.

1047: 650: 171:

had been known to the public within Germany and the world at large. This included the groups that took part in the

13293:

Phantome des Kalten Krieges: die Organisation Gehlen und die Wiederbelebung des Gestapo-Feindbildes "Rote Kapelle"

2995: 2835: 16156: 16146: 13557: 12664:

Mulligan, Timothy P. (April 1987). "Spies, Ciphers and 'Zitadelle': Intelligence and the Battle of Kursk, 1943".

4446: 4234:

format and given to couriers to deliver. After 1941, all Soviet agents who were sent into action had training in

4032:

on 5 August. Able in Spandau to coordinate his testimony with Himpel and Graudenz, her collaborator, the pianist

3096:

turned up at the house and was arrested. Trepper also visited the house, but his documentation in the form of an

2529: 2233:

Radó established three networks in Switzerland. The three main sources of information, in decreasing importance:

1799:

The Rote Kapelle in France between 1940 and 1944. This diagrams details the seven networks run by Leopold Trepper

13053: 11883:"Wider die Tabuisierung des Ungehorsams": Fritz Bauers Widerstandsbegriff und die Aufarbeitung von NS-Verbrechen 11028:

WE SURVIVED – The Stories Of Fourteen of the Hidden and the Hunted Of Nazi Germany [Illustrated Edition]

10544: 3605:

that began in September. In October, two stations were established, one for Jeffremov that was known as station

2024: 1670: 3436:

records. Over the month of November, most of the people associated with the company were arrested and taken to

2245:

and who had the most important contacts of the three subgroups. Dübendorfer received intelligence reports from

2046:

groups. They also had a special arrangement with Bishop Emanuel-Anatole-Raphaël Chaptal de Chanteloup of Paris

562: 20: 16013: 15748: 12299:

The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945

4794:

in Berlin. Baumann was also a resistance fighter, who was in contact with Schulze-Boysen. In 1941, he created

4685:, then mayor of Berlin, to fully document the German resistance to Nazism, in all its diversity. In 1989, the 3092:. While Arnould became an informer, Poznańska committed suicide in prison after being tortured. The next day, 2226:

concluded that Roessler was a true mercenary who demanded payments for his reports that ran into thousands of

739:, Sieg was able to make use of work-related travel, enabling him to found a communist resistance group in the 4077:

is perhaps illustrative, as she was shot in her cell, in the last days of the war by Pannwitz. The recruiter

3842: 3821: 1050:

and his wife Hannelore who printed stickers using a child's toy rubber stamp kit. In a campaign initiated by

24: 14456:

Red Orchestras, Kreisauer Circles, Black Orchestras: New Views of German Resistance to the Nazi Dictatorship

13662:

The Forgotten Resistance : on real history and perception of the struggle against the Nazi dictatorship

5049:

According to Kesaris p.271 much of the information provided by Perrault 1969 is incorrect and contradictory.

4125:

tended to be motivated by an ideology driven by the workers struggle for the overthrow of the international

3734:. Even his colleagues found him harsh and inconsiderable. Prosecuting judge Eugen Schmitt stated that there 273:

and who was part of the anti-Nazi Tegeler group (named after the area they met in, in Berlin) that included

12013:"Ankläger von Widerstandskämpfern und Apologet des NS-Regimes nach 1945 – Kriegsgerichtsrat Manfred Roeder" 11118:

Originally appeared in Russian under title: V serdt︠s︡e "Tretʹego reĭkha." Translation by Klaus-Dieter Goll

5058:

A linking paragraph. Details of the discovery of the group are provided in Persecution by Nazi authorities.

4836: 4276:

publicly called for contributions to her planned collection of biographies of executed resistance fighters

3590: 3538:, whom he had an absolute belief in. Unlike Trepper, Gurevich refused to name any agents he had recruited. 3419:

and his probable location, as well as exposing several members of the Trepper espionage network in France.

1997:

His other task was the control of the wireless equipment and communication needs of the espionage network.

15101: 4334:

warned them that Soviet agents still existed that were sleepers before being activated. At the same time,

4056:, After his release, Trepper wrote an extensive report on his actions during the war. In it, he declared: 3688: 3647: 3391:

in western Europe. Trepper advised Schneider to sever all contact with Jeffremov and move to a hideout in

2804: 2578:

Schulze-Boysen employed the following people in his network: his wife, Libertas, who acted as his deputy;

439:

The Red Orchestra, as historically viewed in the world today, are mainly the resistance groups around the

14886: 13277:(in German). Carsten Knop Berthold Kohler Jürgen Kaube Gerald Braunberger. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 12985: 12507: 12452:

Les chants d'honneur : de la chorale populaire à l'Orchestre rouge : Suzanne Cointe (1905-1943)

5019: 4392: 4346: 3692: 3335: 3219:

IV 2A, who easily identified the people living there, and from 16 July 1942 were put under surveillance.

3146: 1911: 885:, Schulze-Boysen created a second leaflet with Walter Küchenmeister, that declared the annexation of the 618: 330: 263: 228: 114: 89: 14707:

Oral history interviews of "The Red Orchestra" collection at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

11681: 10424: 9632: 3558:, defined by the German name "Funk" meaning radio and "spiel" meaning play or performance, was a common 1174:

In autumn 1941 the eyewitness Erich Mirek reported to Walter Husemann about mass murders of Jews by the

857:

waiting room of Dr. Elfriede Paul, they began distributing the first leaflet on the Spanish Civil War.

538:

in 1936, the couple collected young intellectuals from diverse backgrounds, including the artist couple

14826: 13744: 12846: 12388: 4507: 4499: 4498:

The Soviet Union kept quiet about the Berlin group of friends for twenty years. On 6 October 1969, the

3918: 3571: 3216: 3182:. When the message was decrypted, it gave the location of two addresses in Berlin. The message stated: 2994:. In February 1942, the group was infiltrated by the Gestapo. By October 1942, the many members of the 2758: 2583: 1604: 1299: 1038:

particularly and her friends, the most distressing aspect of the exhibition was the installation about

1000: 728: 539: 14406:

Die Ordnung der Bedrängten : Autobiographisches und Zeitgeschichtliches seit den zwanziger Jahren

3859:

Die Ordnung der Bedrängten : Autobiographisches und Zeitgeschichtliches seit den zwanziger Jahren

15948: 14744: 4354: 4266: 3341:

At first, Harnack, Schulze-Boysen and Kuckhoff refused to say anything, so the interrogators applied

2517: 2175: 341: 15339: 14677:"The Rote Kapelle:Final Report of a joint Security Service/SIS/CIA investigation after World War II" 14180:

Sonya's report : the fascinating autobiography of one of Russia's most remarkable secret agents

13658:

Der vergessene Widerstand : zu Realgeschichte und Wahrnehmung des Kampfes gegen die NS-Diktatur

12362:

Tell everyone, everyone about me!' – The beautiful, short life of Libertas Schulze-Boysen, 1913–1942

11627:

Schwierigkeiten mit dem Gedenken: Auseinandersetzungen mit der nationalsozialistischen Vergangenheit

4682: 2952:'s apartment. They were caught before they could make preliminary contact with Soviet intelligence. 950:, a communist political writer, who would often include copy from KPD members and through contacts. 818:

From 1933 onwards, the Berlin groups connected to Schulze-Boysen and Harnack resisted the Nazis by:

16043: 15287: 14931: 14701: 12762: 12753: 4364:

For the British, the most important intelligence were papers captured by the Gestapo, known as the

4361:

could willingly give information about its dismantling. These were then put out for investigation.

2754: 2614:, whose work as a salesman to the Luftwaffe allowed him to visit most airfields. Horst Heillman, a 1234:

of the Foreign Office, that enabled her to pass documents from von Scheliha to a representative of

1164: 666: 476: 72: 12358:"Erzähl allen, allen von mir!" : das schöne kurze Leben der Libertas Schulze-Boysen 1913-1942 10726: 2803:

established contact with the resistance group associated with theatre actor and former KPD member

2466:

were responsible for 42.5 per cent of the intelligence sent from Switzerland to the Soviet Union.

329:

was arrested in November 1942, a small independent unit made up of Gestapo personnel known as the

15901: 14796: 14337:

Frauen gegen die Diktatur : Widerstand und Verfolgung im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland

13456: 12493:(in German). Berlin: Zentrale Forschungsstelle der Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes VVN 5615: 5001: 4791: 4503: 4371: 3962: 3404: 1608: 1406: 1376: 927: 798: 535: 133: 14841: 14676: 14007: 13987: 13967: 13182: 12894:

Die Rote Kapelle : die Widerstandsgruppe im Dritten Reich und die Geschichte Helmut Roloffs

12554:

Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler

11390:

Coppi, Hans Jr. (July 1996). Dietrich Bracher, Karl; Schwarz, Hans-Peter; Möller, Horst (eds.).

3994: 3589:

Two transmission stations were built on the outskirts of Paris that were operated by the German

1828:

company, located in Brussels. Trepper also created a similar company in Paris that was known as

1193:, details the organisational problems in evaluating the intelligence. Reports were forwarded to 1031:, with the express purpose of justifying the invasion of the Soviet Union to the German people. 947: 551: 15625: 15579: 4928:

was released, in which the Red Orchestra's espionage activities are one of several storylines.

4924: 4919: 4541: 4434: 4358: 4048:

Trepper returned to the Soviet Union in January 1945 and due to his being recruited by General

3715: 3575: 3567: 3535: 3383:, a courier, who worked for the group between Brussels and Paris. However, Schneider contacted 3323: 2765: 2662: 1987: 1634: 1588: 1417: 689: 212: 41: 14866: 11864: 4303:(The Silent Uprising) in 1953, based on material collected from Ricarda Huch, upon her death. 3503: 3057: 2792:

who accompanied the members of the resistance groups who were to be executed, was part of the

2750:, a resistance group that was officially formed with the merging of the intellectual peers of 2552: 2222:, the invasion of the Soviet Union and many more, over a period of two years. A 1949 study by 1658: 871: 566: 15411: 15182: 14991: 14806: 14140:] (in German) (Überarb. und erw. Neuausg ed.). Hamburg, Vienna, Munich: Europaverl. 13540: 7744: 5070:

is identified as Alfred Knöchel in Kesaris page 71, section IV. "Alfred" was Knöchel's alias.

4086: 3452:

meant that many family members of the accused were also arrested, interrogated and executed.

3423: 3093: 2707:. Only a few members of the Schulze-Boysen/Harnack Group knew about these radio experiments. 2164: 2125: 2057:, a moneyed area of Paris which enabled her to pick up gossip and recruit from her patients. 1825: 1456: 1452:, a wealthy Canadian businessman, moved, with his wife, to Brussels to make it his new base. 988: 15973: 14831: 11444:

The Red Orchestra in opposition to Hitler. Writings of the Memorial of the German Resistance

4296: 3311: 2365: 2238: 2152: 1428:. In the autumn of 1938, Trepper approached a Jewish businessman and former Comintern agent 547: 219:

and who contributed decisively to the formation of the legend that survived for much of the

15715: 15595: 15544: 15477: 15441: 15426: 14966: 14836: 14821: 14816: 14791: 14383:

Eisenbahngewerkschafter im NS-Staat : Verfolgung - Widerstand - Emigration (1933-1945)

12834: 12243:

Hitler's Espionage Machine: German Intelligence Agencies and Operations During World War II

11935: 11321:

The Quest for the Lost Nation: Writing History in Germany and Japan in the American Century

9638: 4122: 4049: 3967: 3908: 3495: 3363: 3346: 2945: 2599: 2579: 2219: 1868: 1829: 1617: 1569: 1337: 1261: 1247: 1190: 787:

The historian Heinrich Scheel, a schoolmate of Hans Coppi, judged these groups by stating:

720: 625:

Lautenschlager. Some of these contacts existed before 1933, for example through the German

543: 464: 444: 185: 145: 97: 15177: 14670:

The British intelligence report on the Rote Kapelle that was later used by the Americans:

12913:

Die Rote Kapelle: Die Widerstandsgruppe im Dritten Reich und die Geschichte Helmut Roloffs

12408:

Kolossow, L.; Petrow, N. (8 October 1969). "Bessmertije pawschich" (in Russian). Izvestia.

4089:

had both their legs shredded by dogs. Denied medical help, they would have died quickly.

3851: 3158: 3003: 2926: 2715: 2313: 810: 669:

joined this group, and through discussions, an active resistance to the Nazi regime grew.

613:. These often came from communist or social – democratic workers' families, e.g. Hans and 482: 8: 16038: 15308: 14728: 14724:

Munich Station report on the interview of Heinz Pannwitz. Now archived by the CIA Library

13207:

Neuordnung im Widerstand. Der Kreisauer Kreis innerhalb der deutschen Widerstandsbewegung

8682: 4384: 4379: 4226: 4172: 4025: 3903: 3847: 3820:. The Belgian group were initially taken to Gestapo headquarters and then transported to 3723: 3559: 3437: 3223: 3074: 2886: 2866: 2305: 1743: 1210: 1024: 889:

in October 1938 as a further step on the way to a new world war. This leaflet was called

736: 521: 506:

Before 1933, Schulze-Boysen published the non-partisan leftist and later banned magazine

334: 15252: 14871: 14706: 14287:

Kunst, Macht, Politik : die Nazifizierung der Kunst- und Musikhochschulen in Berlin

13899: 7701: 4630:(1949), wrote for the sake of historical justice, placed the resistance fighters of the 3121: 2949: 2658: 2595: 1812: 1536: 716: 582: 16141: 16083: 16053: 15767: 15733: 15728: 15640: 15559: 15451: 15267: 15116: 14971: 14649: 14632: 14615: 14598: 14581: 14564: 14547: 14530: 14513: 14496: 13793:

Für ein anderes Deutschland : der deutsche Widerstand gegen den NS-Staat 1933-1945

13766:

Für ein anderes Deutschland : der deutsche Widerstand gegen den NS-Staat 1933–1945

13644: 13498: 12689: 12681: 12034: 11976: 11851: 11124:

Breitman, Richard; Goda, Norman J. W.; Naftali, Timothy; Wolfe, Robert (4 April 2005).

5204: 4445:. Along with Greta Kuckhoff and Günther Weisenborn, Grimme also reported Roeder to the 4239: 4052:, who had fallen out of favour, he was immediately arrested and held for ten years in 3704: 3631: 3380: 2909: 2739: 2730:

Both Harro Schulze-Boysen and Arvid Harnack were good friends with lawyer and academic

2619: 2254: 2007: 1600: 1575:

Jeffremov's most important agent, was the Belgian Edouard Van der Zypen, who worked at

1359:

not Belgium itself. The first Soviet agents to arrive in Belgium were technicians. The

1219: 1135: 756: 15569: 15515: 13141: 12802: 11398:

in the field of conflict and intelligence activity, The Trepper Report June 1943]

5067: 4595: 3526: 3491: 3085: 2114: 1979: 1885: 1755: 1706: 1429: 1368: 15605: 15431: 15318: 15277: 15136: 14896: 14739: 14459: 14434: 14413: 14410:

The order of the oppressed: autobiographical and contemporary history since the 1920s

14390: 14367: 14344: 14323: 14313: 14294: 14273: 14254: 14235: 14183: 14164: 14141: 14118: 14101: 14072: 14049: 13927: 13905: 13877: 13849: 13821: 13800: 13779: 13769: 13723: 13665: 13622: 13612: 13527: 13517: 13484: 13394: 13325: 13297: 13259: 13229: 13210: 13167: 13083: 12989: 12964: 12916: 12897: 12871: 12850: 12839: 12822: 12787: 12735: 12725: 12706: 12693: 12643: 12598: 12579: 12558: 12552: 12530: 12465: 12455: 12429: 12375: 12365: 12337: 12327: 12306: 12275: 12247: 12219: 12200: 12153: 12125: 12106: 12096: 12070: 11997: 11980: 11915: 11887: 11855: 11759: 11731: 11659: 11655:

Dealing with the Devil: Anglo-Soviet Intelligence Cooperation in the Second World War

11631: 11579: 11559: 11508: 11489: 11468: 11447: 11411: 11371: 11361: 11325: 11297: 11278: 11255: 11227: 11199: 11178: 11159: 11153: 11131: 11109: 11079: 11058: 11032: 10993: 10967: 10939: 10918: 10895: 10874: 10871:"Der Götze wackelt" : zeitkritische Aufsätze, Reden und Briefe von 1930 bis 1960 10831: 10793: 10763: 8590: 8588: 5621: 4912: 4904: 4778:

These and other speeches provoked outrage and rejection in the audience at the time.

3579: 3499: 3482: 3359: 3302: 3275:

According to one version of events Heilmann immediately phoned Schulze-Boysen, using

3239: 3097: 2968: 2785: 2603: 2548: 2076: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1782: 1576: 1531: 1468: 1333: 1290: 1215: 1179: 1163:(German:Die Innere Front) on a regular basis. It contained texts by Walter Husemann, 849:

through this, the group was able to get detailed information on Germany's support of

845: 499: 408: 322: 15958: 14711: 12066:

A Noble Treason: The Story of Sophie Scholl and the White Rose Revolt Against Hitler

11801: 11702: 11483: 3802:

Perfume Company, in central Paris. The prisoners were tried under the aegis of the

3680: 2508:

From 1933 to December 1941, the Harnacks had contact with the US Embassy counsellor

2480:, Hans Bernd Gisevius, Carl Goerdeler and a General Boelitz, who was then deceased. 2346: 2195: 1389:

and had been working with Soviet intelligence since 1930. Trepper along with Soviet

15998: 15953: 15861: 15791: 15510: 15446: 15401: 14921: 14856: 14214: 13161: 12814: 12673: 12175: 12024: 11968: 11843: 11531: 11419: 11055:

Der deutsche Widerstand gegen Hitler. Wahrnehmung und Wertung in Europa und den USA

11006: 5030: 4338:

came to the conclusion that the Trepper organisation was working against the west.

4002: 3998: 3783: 3739: 3684: 3416: 3175: 2882: 2563: 2556: 2211: 2183: 2089: 2037: 1900: 1629: 1472: 1402: 1303: 1289:

who had twice been sent to concentration camps in 1938 due to close links with the

1159: 1043: 882: 875: 850: 642: 578: 468: 326: 19:

This article is about the World War II espionage organisation. For other uses, see

16023: 15796: 15772: 14387:

Railway Unionists in the Nazi State: Persecution-Resistance-Emigration (1933–1945)

14065:

Erfasst? : das Gestapo-Album zur Roten Kapelle : eine Foto-Dokumentation

13799:] (in German) (Originalausg ed.). Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. 8875: 8585: 8537: 1530:

At the start of the war, Trepper had to revise his plans significantly. After the

1354:

Belgium was a favourite place for Soviet espionage to establish operations before

333:

was formed in Paris in the same month and led by SS-Obersturmbannführer (Colonel)

15988: 15968: 15890: 15866: 15720: 15696: 15630: 15564: 15485: 15456: 15391: 15386: 15328: 15207: 15167: 15162: 15036: 14911: 14861: 14718: 14483: 14449: 14343:] (in German) (1. Aufl ed.). Berlin: Edition Hentrich. pp. 98–105. 13951: 13871: 13843: 13815: 13717: 13606: 13388: 13319: 13291: 13223: 13077: 12979: 12865: 12633: 12573: 12524: 12423: 12321: 12297: 12269: 12241: 12213: 12195:

Hyde, H. Montgomery (12 May 1967). "Stalin Loved Lucy, the Greatest Spy of All".

12182:(in German). Life: Die Historische Kommission und die Bayerische Staatsbibliothek 12147: 12119: 12064: 11909: 11881: 11753: 11723: 11653: 11625: 11553: 11462: 11319: 11291: 11251:

The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB

11221: 11193: 11125: 11073: 11053:

Boroznjak, Alexander (2002). "UdSSR und Russland". In Ueberschär, Gerd R. (ed.).

11026: 10961: 10933: 10889: 10825: 10757: 7494: 7492: 4897: 4865: 4654: 4235: 4142: 4107: 4053: 3990: 3803: 3700: 3643: 3384: 3372: 3231: 2956: 2819: 2789: 2626: 2607: 2538: 2509: 2477: 2442: 2410: 2246: 2215: 2207: 1808: 1735: 1503: 1382: 1324:

in 1929 and became one of their most valuable agents. In 1932 Lehmann joined the

1194: 1088: 1020: 861: 769: 744: 685: 634: 630: 555: 512: 472: 411: 253: 125: 58: 14497:"ptx ruft moskau – Die Geschichte des sowjetischen Spionageringes, Rote Kapelle" 12929: 12029: 12012: 11988:

Gladkov, Teodor Kirillovich (2002). "Письмо наркому (Letter to the Commissar)".

11952:

Geerling, Wayne; Magee, Gary; Mishra, Vinod; Smyth, Russell (1 September 2018).

10759:

Re-Imagining DEFA: East German Cinema in its National and Transnational Contexts

7750: 5627: 3889:. Guests were invited to attend the execution and it was considered an honour. 3837:

In Germany hanging had been outlawed since the 17th century. In March 1933, the

3778:

that made up the judicial panel that decided the legal case for each defendant.

3036:

am on 26 June 1941 and was the first of many that were to be intercepted by the

2417:

at Chemin de Longeraie 2. Red Army Captain Foote was paid 1300 francs per month.

490: 15645: 15467: 15436: 15192: 15086: 15041: 14976: 14891: 14310:

The Swiss corridor : espionage networks in Switzerland during World War II

12677: 12575:

Codename Suzette: An extraordinary story of resistance and rescue in Nazi Paris

11954:"Hitler's Judges: Ideological Commitment and the Death Penalty in Nazi Germany" 11787:(in German). Die Rote Kapelle: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. December 1942 11604: 4760: 4623: 4600: 4327: 4222: 3935: 3638: 3507: 3441: 3408: 3331: 3327: 3264: 3150: 2793: 2747: 2642: 2587: 2317: 2013: 1892: 1767: 1553: 1401:

setting up espionage networks in Europe and Japan. Whereas Richard Sorge was a

1257: 1168: 1035: 910:

From 1942 onwards, the group started to produce leaflets that were signed with

732: 586: 570: 527: 390: 371: 236: 16063: 15983: 15257: 14487: 14291:

art, power, politics. The Nazification of the art and music colleges in Berlin

14218: 13797:

For another Germany: The German resistance against the Nazi state in 1933-1945

13626: 12739: 12703:

The Bohemians : the lovers who led Germany's resistance against the Nazis

12483: 12469: 11523: 7489: 5800: 4662: 4653:

The situation remained decisive in the 1960s when new publications by writers

4575:

to give the GDR secret service a story with anti-fascist roots. The 1979 book

4129:, while professional agents like Trepper, Jeffremov and Makarov were loyal to 3930:

From 20:18 to 20:33 o'clock, every three minutes the following were beheaded:

3671: 3663: 3301:

Libertas, suspecting her husband had been arrested, contacted the Engelsings.

2983: 2839: 2354: 2292: 200: 16125: 16028: 15828: 15600: 15549: 15472: 15406: 15272: 15232: 15187: 15157: 15131: 15061: 15006: 14986: 14951: 14916: 14851: 14846: 14801: 14417: 14277: 14187: 13783: 13531: 13214: 13032: 12826: 12379: 12204: 11847: 11415: 11375: 11282: 11113: 10997: 10856:. Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur: Biographische Datenbanken 9423: 5917: 5425: 4936: 4885: 4619: 4413:

an anti-Semitic attitude with the Nazis. Brysac clearly stated the position:

4331: 4316: 4153: 4074: 4033: 4021: 4010: 3923: 3913: 3795: 3291: 3276: 3138: 3108: 3046:

Klk from Ptx... Klk from Ptx... Klk from Ptx... 2606. 03. 3032 wds No. 14 qbv

2999: 2878: 2843: 2688: 2638: 2611: 2542: 2067: 2054: 1837: 1727: 1624:. While she worked from Jeffremov, she couriered between Brussels and Paris. 1621: 1425: 1394: 1364: 1317: 1286: 1282: 1175: 1051: 1039: 992: 962: 865: 781: 777: 701: 670: 646: 638: 574: 558: 452: 448: 360: 356: 345: 259:(2002) and they represent their point of view, through the lens of ideology. 181: 105: 101: 96:. These included groups of friends who held discussions that were centred on 15313: 14200:

The following journal and books cover specific aspects of the Rote Kapelle:

14105: 12818: 12786:. German life and civilization (in German). Vol. 49. Bern: Peter Lang. 12761: 12341: 12110: 11752:

Firsov, Fridrikh Igorevich; Klehr, Harvey; Haynes, John Earl (27 May 2014).

10873:(in German) (Nachdruck d. Ausg. Berlin 1961 ed.). Waltrop: H. Spenner. 10376: 5210: 5092:

differ from the Moscow telegram discovered by Brysac in the Soviet archives.

4029: 3982: 3957: 3212: 2917: 2846:

also had contact with a Munich resistance group through Bavarian politician

2571: 1545: 1222: 1150:

presented the report to Stalin, who harshly dismissed it as disinformation.

662: 16058: 15978: 15833: 15520: 15371: 15292: 15242: 15222: 15001: 14981: 14956: 14946: 14941: 14776: 14327: 13543:. Culture: taz, die tageszeitung Verlagsgenossenschaft eG. Die Tageszeitung 13147:. Berlin: SPIEGEL-Verlag Rudolf Augstein GmbH. Der Spiegel. 16 January 1967 12784:

Against All Odds: Models of Subversive Spaces in National Socialist Germany

12212:

Jaeger, Stephan; Baraban, Elena Viktorovna; Muller, Adam (1 January 2012).

10743:(in German). Die Rote Kapelle: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. July 1943 7504: 7232: 7230: 7143: 5000:

Freiheitskämpfer ("Freedom fighter"), bronze sculpture by Fritz Cremer, in

4877: 4693: 4631: 4615: 4584: 4551: 4465: 4350: 4342: 4273: 4262: 4159: 3986: 3767: 3751: 3520:

Both Trepper and Gurevich, who had been arrested on the 9 November 1942 in

3428: 3243: 3101: 3081: 3041: 2979: 2964: 2913: 2874: 2854: 2815: 2781: 2769: 2654: 2650: 2602:, who used their houses for radio operations; Kurt Schulze, radio matters; 2426: 2281: 2156: 2118: 2049:

Anna Maximovitch was the sister of Basile Maximovitch. Her profession as a

1983: 1861: 1845: 1833: 1816: 1714: 1540: 1463:, who was to provide expertise in forged documentation e.g. preparation of 1355: 1140: 1104: 1087:, a Jewish communist who had contact with the Schulze-Boysen group through 1084: 958: 748: 697: 693: 314:

was used to differentiate from other enterprises conducted by Ast Belgium.

267: 249: 216: 172: 164: 110: 93: 14490:

that contributed to idea of the Red Orchestra being considered communist:

14366:] (in German). Vol. 33. Bochum: Klartext-Verlag (SBR-Schriften). 13321:

The Red Rockets' Glare: Spaceflight and the Russian Imagination, 1857-1957

6905: 3282:

On 31 August 1942, Harro Schulze-Boysen was arrested in his office in the

3153:

where he was tortured and decided to cooperate with the Abwehr, betraying

2746:, where he was holding seminars. In 1940, Trotha and Einsiedel joined the 2738:, also a lawyer, since 1934. Schulze-Boysen knew the diplomat and author, 2124:

The group also had contacts with the French government and administrative

1116: 673:

who was part of the group, provided contacts with the communist groups in

463:

Harnack and Schulze-Boysen had similar political views, both rejected the

16018: 15610: 15574: 15396: 15262: 15202: 15111: 14936: 14876: 14479: 5480: 4831: 4709: 4658: 4479: 4126: 4078: 3869:

convict know even before the official notification that his hour had come

3812: 3530: 3154: 2905: 2862: 2831: 2777: 2700: 2696: 2513: 2472: 2430: 2396: 2227: 2191: 1804: 1795: 1432:, whom he had known in Palestine. Grossvogel ran a small business called 1329: 970: 946:. The writing of the AGIS leaflet series was a mix of Schulze-Boysen and 886: 854: 828:

Writing letters to prominent individuals including university professors.

614: 593: 467:

of 1919, and sought alternatives to the existing social order. Since the

204: 14733: 14008:"The case of the Rote Kapelle. These three volumes are the Final Report" 13648: 12047: 12038: 11994:

Lift to Intelligence : "Korolʹ nelegalov" Aleksandr Krotkov Krotkov

10007: 9960: 9531: 9435: 7227: 3422:

Following a routine investigation, Harry Piepe discovered that the firm

2998:

in Hamburg had been arrested. Several members of these groups including

2986:

had more than two hundred members in Berlin and Munich with branches in

2687:

In November 1941, another radio set was passed to Coppi at the Eichkamp

1978:

Intelligence from French military and political groups, from within the

1512: 1497: 1375:(CPN) and who acted as the main liaison officer between the CPN and the 1062:

Adhesive stickers that were posted on top of The Soviet Paradise posters

1034:

Both the Harnacks and Kuckhoffs spent half a day at the exhibition. For

740: 674: 15197: 14881: 14115:

Die Rote Kapelle : die Geschichte der legendären Widerstandsgruppe

13371: 12757:(in German), vol. 7, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 88–89 12526:

Shanghai on the Metro: Spies, Intrigue, and the French Between the Wars

11972: 11536: 8289: 7618: 4751: 4670: 4626:

judged the Red Orchestra. Rothfel, writing for an American audience in

4487: 4148: 3940: 3521: 3449: 3368: 3269: 3134: 3049: 3037: 2858: 2800: 2615: 2492: 2446: 2409:

The third station, which was hidden insider a typewriter, was built by

1915: 1773: 1731: 1612: 1518:

Gurevich group in Belgium between July 1940 to December 1941 in Belgium

1481: 1410: 1390: 1360: 1028: 966: 954: 705: 394: 375: 352: 274: 176: 140: 14774: 13680: 12685: 7720: 4810: 4391:

By 1948, although the evidence obtained from the CIC was dubious, the

4269:

paid tribute to the Germans executed as members of the Red Orchestra.

3808:

courts-martial accelerated procedure of the GOC Third Air Force Region

3766:. The other judges were professional judge Eugen Schmitt, Viceadmiral 3617:

began on 25 December 1942, in Paris and Gurevich's funkspiel known as

2960: 2606:, an informant; Günther Weisenborn, who produced Nazi commissions for 2339: 1218:. Intelligence from von Scheliha would be sent to Herrnstadt, via the 976:

On 15 February 1942, the group wrote the large 6-page pamphlet called

825:

Disseminating pamphlets and leaflets that contained dissident content.

257:

Die Schulze- Boysen- Harnack- Organisation im antifaschistischen Kampf

15933: 15369: 15227: 14996: 13608:

SS-Major Horst Kopkow : from the Gestapo to British intelligence

10891:

Catholics confronting Hitler : the Catholic Church and the Nazis

9372: 9370: 9368: 9366: 9364: 9178: 9176: 9093: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9049: 9047: 5102: 4764: 4396: 4231: 4186: 3719: 3634:

refused to answer any further questions sent by Soviet Intelligence.

3583: 3554: 3525:

few weeks, Trepper betrayed the names of agents to Giering including

3486: 3376: 3142: 2811: 2669: 2488: 2147: 2050: 2017: 1464: 1295: 1252: 1154: 922:, who fought against corruption for his people. Naming the newspaper 761: 724: 622: 440: 279: 208: 14599:"ptx ruft moskau – Die Verhaftungsaktion der Gestapo 6. Fortsetzung" 14069:

recorded? The Gestapo album the Red Orchestra. A photo documentation

13695: 12981:"Ihr Ende schaut an ...": evangelische Märtyrer des 20. Jahrhunderts 5633: 4452:

On 7 January 1949 Roeder was released and returned to his family in

3798:

each of the Red Orchestra prisoners in a small office at the former

2941: 1256:

that was shared with Swiss diplomats. His later reports exposed the

784:. Uniting all of them was the firm rejection of national socialism. 13986: 13966: 13252:

Die Rote Kapelle : "Landesverrat" als antifaschist. Widerstand

10646: 10622: 10514: 10028: 10026: 10024: 10022: 9519: 8881: 8594: 8543: 5413: 4748: 4518: 4409: 4311: 4295:

She named the men and women of the Red Orchestra at the forefront.

3696: 3445: 2991: 2870: 2692: 2414: 2322: 2075:

Communication between the Simex company and its main customer, the

1991: 1844:, a Frenchman was also a director of the firm. Both companies sold 1421: 1198: 773: 534:

and had access to war-important information. After his marriage to

220: 152: 15931: 14157:

Krieg im Äther : Widerstand und Spionage im Zweiten Weltkrieg

13930:(in German). Zeit-Verlag Gerd Bucerius GmbH & Co. KG. Die Zeit 13454: 12950:

Scheel, Heinrich (1985). "Die Rote Kapelle and the 20 July 1944".

12215:

Fighting Words and Images: Representing War Across the Disciplines

11688:(in German). Zeit-Verlag Gerd Bucerius GmbH & Co. KG. Die Zeit 10915:

Encyclopedia of German Resistance (The Time of National Socialism)

9361: 9241: 9173: 9076: 9044: 7414: 7402: 5806: 4976:

Memorial for members of the Red Orchestra in Germany in Brandeburg

3981:

On 13 May, thirteen further members of the group were executed at

2425:, worked on the message traffic created by the Swiss group during 1820:

to organise a new cover company by recruiting Belgian businessman

1682: 1424:

to establish commercial cover for a spy network in France and the

13414: 12268:

Juchler, Ingo; Ambauen, Ladina; Arnold, Maren (25 October 2017).

11867:(in German). SPIEGEL ONLINE GmbH & Co. KG. Der Spiegel Online 11524:"Guillaume Bourgeois, La véritable histoire de l'Orchestre rouge" 10204: 10202: 9495: 8931: 8929: 8887: 5468: 5431: 5079:

This is an error as the Kuckhoffs lived at Wilhelmhöerstrasse 18.

4853:

Greta Kuckhoff and Erich Mielke at the premiere of the DEFA film

4712:

that was published as a book, came to the following conclusions:

4571:

members of the Red Orchestra in the GDR have been adapted by the

4442: 4261:(Officers against Hitler) (1946) on the assassination attempt of 3048:. This was followed by thirty-two 5-figure message groups with a 3011: 2987: 2972: 2379:

The radio stations that were known to exist were established at:

2111: 1904: 1742:

Soviet intelligence, that he maintained four separate and active

1325: 1197:, who was unable to act on their contents, which resulted in the 985: 944:

Appeal to All Callings and Organisations to resist the government

919: 765: 681: 602: 589: 363:

was a member of one of the Red Orchestra groups, stated of them:

224: 14433:] (in German) (3rd ed.). Berlin: Verlag Volk und Welt. 13258:] (in German) (1. Aufl ed.). Hamburg: Ergebnisse-Verl. 12803:"Family Punishment in Nazi Germany: Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth" 12121:

Culture in Dark Times: Nazi Fascism, Inner Emigration, and Exile

11779: 10019: 9948: 9429: 5388: 5386: 4545:

Arvid Harnack, Harro Schulze-Boysen and John Sieg on a GDR stamp

834:

Contacting other opposition groups and foreign forced labourers.

215:

who was involved in the Harnack and Schulze-Boysen cases during

14633:"- · · – ptx ruft moskau · – - · – Die Jagd auf den Grand Chef" 13873:

Mask: MI5's Penetration of the Communist Party of Great Britain

13719:

Die Wahrheit: Autobiographie des "Grand Chef" der Roten Kapelle

7925: 7797: 5325: 5005: 4614:

After positive appreciations of the immediate post-war period,

4514: 4453: 4130: 3894: 3742:

visited Roeder on behalf of the Harnacks, he stated of Roeder,

3513:

Corbin was interrogated but failed to disclose the location of

3295: 3104:

to lead the investigation and the Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle.

2751: 2630: 2384: 2312:

for a year in 1935, and sent to Switzerland in 1937 by General

2309: 1824:. On 19 March 1941, Drailly became the main shareholder in the 1580: 1397:

were the two main Soviet agents in Europe and were employed as

999:

The text first analysed the current situation: contrary to the

915: 743:

borough in Berlin. He knew the former Foreign Affairs Minister

654: 379: 303: 290: 168: 121: 85: 14652:(in German). No. 30. Hamburg: Spiegel-Verlag. Der Spiegel 14635:(in German). No. 29. Hamburg: Spiegel-Verlag. Der Spiegel 14618:(in German). No. 28. Hamburg: Spiegel-Verlag. Der Spiegel 14616:"ptx ruft moskau – Das Ende der Gruppe Schulze-Boysen/Harnack" 14601:(in German). No. 27. Hamburg: Spiegel-Verlag. Der Spiegel 14584:(in German). No. 26. Hamburg: Spiegel-Verlag. Der Spiegel 14567:(in German). No. 25. Hamburg: Spiegel-Verlag. Der Spiegel 14550:(in German). No. 24. Hamburg: Spiegel-Verlag. Der Spiegel 14533:(in German). No. 23. Hamburg: Spiegel-Verlag. Der Spiegel 14531:"ptx ruft moskau – Fortsetzung Das Agenten-Netz in Frankreich" 14516:(in German). No. 22. Hamburg: Spiegel-Verlag. Der Spiegel 14499:(in German). No. 21. Hamburg: Spiegel-Verlag. Der Spiegel 13643:(2). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG): 267–292. 12978:

Schultze, Harald; Kurschat, Andreas; Bendick, Claudia (2006).

12701:

Ohler, Norman; Mohr, Tim; Yarbrough, Marshall (14 July 2020).

10199: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8941: 8926: 6355:. Federal Bureau of Investigation. September 1952. p. 35. 3630:

details. However, on 5 June 1943, the Commander-in-Chief West

3334:

police station. However the leaders remained. Officers of the

2555:, placed the document in the mailbox of the Soviet Embassy in 2406:

at Rue Henry Mussard 8. She earned 800 Swiss francs per month.

1803:

In Paris, Trepper's assistants were Grossvogel and Polish Jew

1688:

Organisation diagram of the Winterink Group in the Netherlands

1058: 874:

placed the letter in the mailbox of the Soviet Embassy on the

585:, and since Schulze-Boysen held twice-monthly meetings at his 14063:

Griebel, Regina; Coburger, Marlies; Scheel, Heinrich (1992).

13743: 12635:

Der Fall Rudolf Herrnstadt: Tauwetterpolitik vor dem 17. Juni

11939:. M. DuMont Schauberg. Mitteldeutsche Zeitung. 4 January 2009 10454: 10284: 10282: 10269: 10267: 10265: 9560: 9558: 9471: 7787: 7785: 5656: 5654: 5486: 5383: 4756: 4716:

The members viewed themselves as rebels who were enlightened.

4572: 4433:

On 15 September 1945, Adolf Grimme filed a complaint against

3601:

that started in August. Anton Winterink, ran a station known

3415:, i.e. torture. She admitted the existence of a Soviet agent 2937: 1183: 709: 610: 14006: 12724:(in German) (1st ed.). Köln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch. 11446:] (in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Edition Hentrich. 11223:

The Stasi: The East German Intelligence and Security Service

10811:(in German). Berthold Kohler. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 10502: 9668: 9319: 9032: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8785: 8749: 8639: 8600: 8456: 8454: 8439: 8415: 8267: 8265: 8115: 8113: 7630: 7510: 7498: 7149: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7119: 6994: 6911: 6500: 1914:. Trepper and Gurevich, were arrested on 9 November 1942 in 1603:

were recruited by Jeffremov. The couple were members of the

1320:

was a communist sympathiser who was recruited by the Soviet

982:

Anxiety about Germany's future is moving through the people!

139:

Although the monitoring of the radios' transmissions by the

14360:

Die "rote Kapelle" und der deutsche Widerstand gegen Hitler

14091:

The following books cover all aspects of the Rote Kapelle:

13942: 12095:. Sunschrift, 152. (in Dutch) (2 ed.). Nijmegen: SUN. 12050:. Редакция "Российской газеты. Российской газеты. Week 3622 11990:Лифт в разведку : "Korolʹ nelegalov" Aleksandr Krotkov 11505:

Die Rote Kapelle innerhalb der deutschen Widerstandsbewegun

10735: 10562: 10226: 9769: 9620: 9570: 9537: 9441: 9351: 9349: 9336: 9334: 9309: 9307: 9282: 9280: 8953: 8904: 8902: 8739: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8629: 8627: 8525: 8485: 8483: 8481: 8313: 8174: 8172: 7751:

Josef (Beppo) Römer & Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand

7368: 7366: 7351: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7099: 6895: 6893: 6743: 4563: 3799: 3392: 3084:, writing specialist Anton Danilov as well as cipher clerk 2853:

In November 1942, in a meeting organised by Munich artist,

1899:

The Sokols began transmitting in April 1942, in a house at

1807:, who was the group's recruiter. Trepper contacted General 1321: 1235: 1209:

The cavalry officer, diplomat and later resistance fighter

397:, emphasised that, in view of the Western European groups: 321:

was taken over from Ast Belgium by section IV. A.2. of the

14650:"- · · – ptx ruft moskau · – - · – Fortsetzung und Schluß" 14161:

War in the ether: Resistance and espionage in World War II

12640:

The case of Rudolf Herrnstadt: Thaw policy before the 17th

11438:

Coppi, Hans Jr.; Danyel, Jürgen; Tuchel, Johannes (1992).

10634: 10466: 10442: 10279: 10262: 10187: 10139: 9899: 9897: 9884: 9882: 9880: 9855: 9853: 9840: 9838: 9836: 9834: 9832: 9819: 9817: 9792: 9790: 9788: 9786: 9784: 9744: 9742: 9740: 9738: 9736: 9734: 9721: 9719: 9717: 9704: 9702: 9700: 9698: 9685: 9683: 9555: 9265: 8865: 8863: 8850: 8848: 8515: 8513: 8058: 8056: 7913: 7782: 7647: 7645: 7453: 7441: 7288: 7286: 7167: 7069: 7067: 6839: 6837: 6719: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6517: 6515: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6442: 6403: 6090: 6088: 5776: 5651: 5622:

Die Sorge um Deutschlands Zukunft geht durch das Volk 1942

5458: 5456: 5454: 5452: 4915:

based on a screenplay by Peter Adler and Hans Gottschalk.

4205:

indicating the police were there. If the opening line was

3974:

Roeder was present at the executions as chief prosecutor.

3699:

cases were directed. Its new president in August 1942 was

3395:. Giering instead focused on Germaine Schneider's husband 1023:

held a Nazi propaganda exhibition with the ironic name of

14675:

British Secret Intelligence Service (17 September 1949).

13483:(in German) (2nd Revised and Extended ed.). Munich. 13479:

Steinbach, Peter; Tuchel, Johannes; Adam, Ursula (1998).

13357:. 14 (in German). Katy Derbyshire translated the document 12867:

A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century

12841:

A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century

12093:

Rondom Daan Goulooze : uit het leven van kommunisten

10598: 10586: 10366: 10364: 10339: 10337: 10335: 10333: 9997: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9989: 9987: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9385: 9231: 9229: 9216: 9214: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9163: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9155: 9153: 9066: 9064: 9062: 8991: 8981: 8979: 8821: 8683:"SECTION II. NEWS ON ARCHIVES, HOLDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS" 8500: 8498: 8451: 8381: 8379: 8342: 8340: 8262: 8228: 8226: 8201: 8199: 8184: 8159: 8157: 8110: 8100: 8098: 8073: 8071: 7995: 7993: 7809: 7548: 7546: 7521: 7519: 7431: 7429: 7271: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7048: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6364: 6362: 6308: 6306: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6224: 6222: 6105: 6103: 5941: 5892: 5890: 5824: 5749: 5567: 5337: 5101:

Known as the Ausweis, these were special versions of the

5088:

Both Höhne and Perrault, which rely on Wilhelm F. Flicke

4335: 3116:

some of the remaining messages had been enciphered using

2541:

to study and analyse the tactical lessons learned by the

2503: 2223: 592:

for thirty-five to forty people in what was considered a

14582:"ptx ruft moskau – Zwischen Widerstand und Landesverrat" 14364:

The "Red Orchestra" and the German resistance to Hitler.

14100:(in German) (7th ed.). Berlin: Verlag Neues Leben. 14048:] (in German) (3. Aufl ed.). Coblenz: Fölbach. 13256:

The Red Orchestra: "treason" as anti-fascist. resistance

13126:"Spying in World War II Stalin's husband in the Gestapo" 12417:(in German) (2nd ed.). Berlin: Verlag Volk u. Welt. 11951: 11834:

Fox, Jo (April 2004). "Resistance and the Third Reich".

11440:

Die Rote Kapelle im Widerstand gegen Nationalsozialismus

11360:(in German). Rosa Luxemburg Foundation: Verlag Hamburg. 11123: 10490: 10407: 10405: 10403: 10129: 10127: 10125: 10088: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10055: 10053: 10013: 9966: 9926: 9924: 9644: 9543: 9447: 9346: 9331: 9304: 9292: 9277: 9140: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9132: 9099: 8899: 8833: 8809: 8797: 8773: 8761: 8726: 8651: 8624: 8612: 8573: 8561: 8478: 8466: 8427: 8250: 8169: 8125: 7901: 7877: 7606: 7477: 7363: 7303: 7301: 7236: 7215: 7096: 7035: 7033: 7006: 6946: 6890: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6695: 6432: 6430: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6267: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6180: 6178: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6043: 5982: 5980: 5907: 5905: 5853: 5851: 5812: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5698: 5696: 5683: 5681: 5533: 5531: 5403: 5401: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5313: 3250:

while Giering and Piepe continued the work in the west.

2402:

A station built in Geneva by Radó's lover, the waitress

2345:

Organisational diagram of the Rote Drei that was run by

2291:

The third espionage network was led by Swiss journalist

14565:"ptx ruft moskau – Die Gruppe Schulze-Boysen / Harnack" 13079:

Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra

12977: 11682:"Aus den Lebenserinnerungen einer Widerstandskämpferin" 11581:"Die Sorge um Deutschlands Zukunft geht durch das Volk" 11155:

Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra

10756:

Allan, Séan; Heiduschke, Sebastian (1 September 2016).

10574: 10294: 10250: 9909: 9894: 9877: 9865: 9850: 9829: 9814: 9802: 9781: 9731: 9714: 9695: 9680: 9656: 9582: 9483: 9411: 8860: 8845: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8708: 8663: 8549: 8510: 8144: 8142: 8140: 8083: 8053: 8041: 8029: 8017: 7968: 7966: 7964: 7949: 7853: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7681: 7642: 7624: 7465: 7283: 7242: 7064: 6982: 6958: 6866: 6834: 6683: 6671: 6654: 6625: 6608: 6596: 6584: 6572: 6527: 6512: 6466: 6085: 5929: 5875: 5666: 5579: 5449: 5291: 5289: 5241: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5123: 3345:

where each was tied between four beds, calf clamps and

2299:). Pünter's network was considered the least important. 2194:, sometime between 1939 and 1940. The new director was 1910:

In December 1942 Robinson was arrested in Paris by the

688:

assembled a group of friends and members of the Berlin

561:(who had been expelled from the USSR for reporting the 13372:"Transforming U.S. Espionage: A Contrarian's Approach" 13192:(in German). Berlin: German Resistance Memorial Center 12763:"Fast vergessen: Die "Rote Kapelle" | DW | 26.04.2013" 11464:

The Bedbug: Klop Ustinov: Britain's Most Ingenious Spy

11269:

Cornu, Daniel; Barth, Karl; Pfisterer, Rudolf (1969).

10731:. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. p. 9. 10478: 10388: 10361: 10330: 10306: 10175: 10163: 10151: 10110: 10098: 10065: 10038: 9984: 9972: 9936: 9639:

Geschichte: Der "älteste Spion Russlands" ist tot 2009

9382: 9253: 9226: 9211: 9188: 9150: 9117: 9059: 9020: 8976: 8495: 8403: 8391: 8376: 8364: 8352: 8337: 8325: 8301: 8277: 8238: 8223: 8211: 8196: 8154: 8095: 8068: 8005: 7990: 7978: 7937: 7889: 7732: 7708:(in German). Berlin: Berlin Stumbling Stone Initiators 7582: 7570: 7558: 7543: 7516: 7426: 7390: 7378: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7079: 7045: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6917: 6878: 6822: 6810: 6798: 6767: 6755: 6731: 6642: 6539: 6483: 6454: 6415: 6391: 6359: 6303: 6279: 6255: 6234: 6219: 6207: 6163: 6151: 6100: 6004: 5992: 5965: 5887: 4042: 3887:

Mr High Prosecutor, the sentence has been carried out!

3806:

decree. The court-martial process was defined by the

2625:

Harnack employed the following people in his network:

2423:

Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht

2202:, who held the secret Red Army rank of Major General. 1583:

that made aircraft and tanks. His other recruits were

978:

Die Sorge Um Deutschlands Zukunft geht durch das Volk!

14427:

Die letzten Stunden Erinnerungen e. Gefängnispfarrers

14341:

the unity in diversity. The women of the rote Kapelle

14251:

Harro Schulze-Boysen das Bild eines Freiheitskämpfers

14117:(in German) (1. Aufl ed.). Munich: Bertelsmann. 13950:(in German). Berlin. 24 November 2020. Archived from 13183:"Care about Germany's future goes through the people" 12305:. Washington DC: University Publications of America. 11011:

Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia

10852:

Barth, Bernd-Rainer; Hartewig, Karin (October 2009).

10400: 10349: 10238: 10122: 10077: 10050: 9921: 9459: 9129: 7843: 7841: 7669: 7531: 7339:(in German). No. 29. Spiegel-Verlag. 9 July 1972 7298: 7030: 6849: 6560: 6427: 6374: 6318: 6190: 6175: 6139: 6127: 6115: 6073: 6040: 6016: 5977: 5953: 5902: 5848: 5836: 5788: 5766: 5764: 5737: 5725: 5708: 5693: 5678: 5639: 5603: 5555: 5528: 5398: 5364: 5354: 5352: 5301: 2436: 2016:

emigrant groups as well as from groups in the German

1647:

The two Jeffremov groups from 1939 to 1942 and Group

1186:. The group announced these crimes in their letters. 14548:"ptx ruft moskau – Gegenschlag der deutschen Abwehr" 12896:(in German). Munic: Ullstein Taschenbuchvlg Verlag. 12395:(in German). Arbeitskreis Zukunft braucht Erinnerung 12267: 11821:(in German). Berlin: LPG junge Welt e. G. Junge Welt 11195:

Encyclopedia of Intelligence and Counterintelligence

10917:]. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verl. 10318: 9008: 8914: 8705: 8137: 7961: 7821: 7726: 7594: 7203: 7191: 7018: 6707: 6291: 6061: 5543: 5492: 5419: 5286: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5253: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5181: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 4952:

The good enemies. My Father, the Red Orchestra and I

4807:

Westphalian State Museum of Art and Cultural History

3789: 3379:

operation. Through Jeffremov, contact was made with

3180:

L3 3 DE RTX 1010-1725 WDS GBD FROM DIREKTOR PERSONAL

2668:

During May 1941, Korotkov had taken delivery of two

2520:. The Harnacks would often attend receptions at the 2280:

The second network was run by the French journalist

1676:

Organisational diagram of the second Jeffremov Group

1444:. The new business was given an unidiomatic name of 197:

Password: Director; The history of the Red Orchestra

193:

Kennwort: Direktor; die Geschichte der Roten Kapelle

14234:] (in German). Coblenz, Frankfurt: D. Fölbach. 13478: 13142:"ZWEITER WELTKRIEG / SPIONAGEZehn kleine Negerlein" 12326:(Revised ed.). New York: Scribner's and Sons. 12323:

The codebreakers : the story of secret writing

12211: 11937:"Geschichte: Der "älteste Spion Russlands" ist tot" 11602: 11268: 11220:Childs, David; Popplewell, Richard (27 July 2016). 10702: 10690: 10628: 10610: 10520: 10214: 9759: 9757: 9525: 9507: 9105: 7865: 7657: 7254: 7179: 7155: 6970: 6929: 6786: 5591: 5516: 5331: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 4689:established a permanent exhibition on the subject. 4681:and designer, Hans Peter Hoch were commissioned by 4640:

Carl Goerdeler und die Deutsche Widerstandsbewegung

4341:The British also interrogated Nazi informers, e.g. 4147:(aiding the enemy to defeat the government) versus 3040:. The message received at the intercept station in 1664:

Organisational diagram of the first Jeffremov Group

455:, to which historians assign more than 100 people. 13845:Historical Dictionary of World War II Intelligence 12838: 12700: 10824:Asendorf, Manfred; Bockel, Rolf (30 August 2016). 9376: 9247: 9182: 9087: 9053: 8295: 7838: 7420: 7408: 7313: 6028: 5863: 5761: 5504: 5474: 5437: 5349: 3021: 2360:Organisational diagram of the core members of the 2206:the business began to flourish. In 1940, Radó met 294:Diagram of the various groups of the Red Orchestra 109:legend, the Red Orchestra was neither directed by 14155:Schafranek, Hans; Tuchel, Johannes, eds. (2004). 14098:Vom Rosenkranz zur Roten Kapelle e. Lebensbericht 13814:Vöhler, Martin; Linck, Dirck (22 December 2009). 11751: 11730:(in German). V&R Unipress. pp. 158–159. 11590:. Memorial of the German Resistance. 6 March 1942 11437: 11057:. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. 10382: 9501: 8893: 8693:(26). Bochum: Ruhr University Bochum: 11–13. 2013 8687:The International Newsletter of Communist Studies 5265: 5216: 5135: 4708:In 2009, a study by American political scientist 4636:Carl Goerdeler and the German Resistance Movement 3675:The interior of the Plötzensee Memorial in Berlin 3667:The exterior of the Plötzensee Memorial in Berlin 3197:A set of instructions were included followed by: 1848:goods to the Germans but their best customer was 1027:(German original title "Das Sowjet-Paradies") in 1014: 16123: 15504:Anatoly Gurevich group (July 1940-December 1941) 14514:"ptx ruft moskau – Das Agenten-Netz in Belgiene" 13897: 13681:"Stalinism: Essays in Historical Interpretation" 13390:History After Hitler: A Transatlantic Enterprise 13275:"Die Rote Kapelle : Rote Agenten unter uns" 13109:Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur 11410:(3). Munich: Institute of Contemporary History. 11219: 10032: 9954: 9754: 9606:Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur 7931: 5158: 4959:told primarily as one of men in the resistance. 4251: 2967:and made his way to Berlin, to meet his contact 2174:The head of the Soviet intelligence service was 2110:Intelligence from groups associated with French 1986:intelligence, from the Central Committee of the 1962:Intelligence on the German economy and industry 1761:In January 1941, the first Comintern instructor 494:Memorial stone for Arvid and Mildred Harnack at 14448:Roth, Karl Heinz; Ebbinghaus, Angelika (2004). 13348:"Open Letters to the Eastern Front Issue no. 8" 13111:(in German). Karl Dietz Verlag Berlin. May 2008 13054:"The Rote Drei: Getting Behind the 'Lucy' Myth" 10755: 10652: 5634:Terwiel & Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand 4490:, that the Red Orchestra did not belong to it. 4378:On 23 December 1947, Manfred Roeder along with 2807:, while they were both taking evening classes. 1455:In March 1939, Trepper was joined by GRU agent 1363:agent, communist agitator and radio specialist 1267: 864:to analyse the tactical lessons learned by the 434: 14182:. Chatto & Windus (Random Century Group). 13703:(in German). German Resistance Memorial Center 13592:(in German). Memorial to the German Resistance 13434: 13180: 12631: 12407: 12271:Mildred Harnack und die Rote Kapelle in Berlin 11800:Erofeev, Yuri Nikolaevich (24 November 2006). 11783:[Field sentence of 19 December 1942]. 11651: 11108:] (in German). Berlin: Verlag der Nation. 10827:Demokratische Wege: Ein biographisches Lexikon 10823: 10232: 10208: 5923: 5782: 5660: 5392: 5013: 4834:dedicated his magnum opus, three-volume novel 4370:that were created by Henry Robinson, a German 3861:, the prison chaplain Harald Poelchau stated: 2653:; and railway worker John Sieg. Tool designer 837:Invoking disobedience of Nazi representatives. 223:period. In his book Höhne reports from former 15917: 15801:Emanuel-Anatole-Raphaël Chaptal de Chanteloup 15355: 14760: 14253:(3. Aufl ed.). Koblenz: Fölbach Verlag. 11865:""Rote Kapelle" Horrorbriefe an die Ostfront" 11528:Cahiers d'histoire, Revue d'histoire critique 10851: 10806: 10193: 7173: 4931:In 2003, Stefan Roloff's second documentary, 4628:The German Opposition to Hitler, An Appraisal 4017:, Erhard Thomfor and Richard Weissensteiner. 840:Writing drafts for a possible post-war order. 14293:] (in German). Berlin: Elefanten Press. 13345: 13272: 12510:(in German). LPG junge Welt e. G. Junge Welt 10868: 10508: 10425:"The Bendler Block from 1945 to the Present" 5818: 5432:Sieg & Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand 5247: 4437:with the military government of the British 2710: 2094:Intelligence from US and Belgian diplomats. 1700: 1568:This network was run by Soviet Army Captain 900: 573:and her husband Walter in 1938, the doctors 266:, who at the time was vice president of the 15538:Jeffremov group (September 1939 - May 1942) 14389:]. Berlin: Metropol. pp. 291–306. 14042:Gegner von heute – Kampfgenossen von morgen 13813: 13751:. Berlin: German Resistance Memorial Center 13376:Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 13051: 12961:Die Rote Kapelle im Widerstand gegen Hitler 12746: 12415:Die innere Front Roman über d. Rote Kapelle 12386: 12149:History of the German Resistance, 1933-1945 12023:(1). Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH: 36–55. 11555:Klop: Britain's Most Ingenious Secret Agent 10963:An Introduction to the Works of Peter Weiss 10909:Benz, Wolfgang; Pehle, Walther (May 2001). 10568: 9477: 7137: 5935: 4531:Die innere Front Roman über d. Rote Kapelle 3073:pm, the house was raided by the Abwehr and 2633:officer; Wolfgang Havemann, a scientist in 15924: 15910: 15362: 15348: 14767: 14753: 13790: 13586:"Studien zur Geschichte der Roten Kapelle" 13503:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13225:Widerstand im Dritten Reich: ein Überblick 13052:Tittenhofer, Mark A. (22 September 1993). 12891: 12484:"Widerstandsgruppe Schulze-Boysen/Harnack" 12355: 11623: 11345: 11175:La Véritable Histoire de l'Orchestre rouge 11100:Blank, Aleksandr S; Mader, Julius (1979). 11099: 10724: 10448: 10300: 9453: 7919: 7221: 5947: 5881: 5830: 5573: 5343: 4939:, a resistance fighter and companion book 4805:(1941) Tempera on Nesse, 79×99 cm in 4737:La véritable histoire de l'Orchestre rouge 4272:In 1946, the German historian and author, 4265:plot, resistance fighter and later writer 4246: 3481:. When the unit moved, it relocated to 11 2618:officer and Elfriede Paul, who acted as a 2374: 2316:. By 1938, Sedláček was a friend of Major 1876:(OMS) of the Comintern in Western Europe. 1490:The Trepper and Gurevich groups in Belgium 344:(RSHA), the counter-espionage part of the 16:World War II anti-Nazi resistance movement 15380:Trepper group (December 1938 - July 1940) 14729:Oral history interview with Helmut Roloff 14381:Mielke, Siegfried; Heinz, Stefan (2017). 13763: 13664:] (in German). Göttingen: Wallstein. 13481:Lexikon des Widerstandes : 1933–1945 13123: 12863: 12833: 12239: 12028: 11804:(in Russian). Moscow. Nezavisimaya Gazeta 11755:Secret Cables of the Comintern, 1933-1943 11700: 11535: 11172: 11071: 11052: 10908: 10604: 10484: 10460: 8827: 8271: 8190: 8119: 7815: 5986: 5911: 5319: 5129: 4428: 4092: 3597:Johann Wenzel ran a radio station called 2516:, the daughter of the then US Ambassador 2421:Wilhelm F. Flicke, a cryptanalyst at the 1204: 486:Harro Schulze-Boysen; East Germany (1964) 167:, only parts of the German resistance to 15589:Jeffremov group (May 1942 - August 1942) 13898:Wright, Peter; Greengrass, Paul (1989). 13869: 13249: 13159: 12781: 12663: 12449: 12412: 12145: 12045: 11996:] (in Russian). Moskva: OLMA-Press. 11879: 11521: 11404:Quarterly Books for Contemporary History 11191: 10809:"Die Weiße Rose war besser vermittelbar" 10783: 10674:] (Film) (in German). Archived from 10496: 10288: 10256: 10244: 10145: 9915: 9674: 9650: 9549: 9417: 9355: 9340: 9325: 9313: 9298: 9286: 9038: 8908: 8882:KV 2/2074 Part 1 – SF 422/General/3 1946 8839: 8815: 8803: 8791: 8779: 8767: 8755: 8743: 8645: 8633: 8618: 8606: 8595:KV 2/2074 Part 2 – SF 422/General/3 1946 8579: 8567: 8544:KV 2/2074 Part 1 – SF 422/General/3 1946 8489: 8472: 8445: 8433: 8421: 8256: 8178: 8131: 8089: 8062: 8047: 7907: 7883: 7699: 7651: 7636: 7612: 7483: 7372: 7307: 7039: 7012: 7000: 6952: 6899: 6725: 6701: 6506: 6213: 6157: 6109: 6094: 6010: 5971: 5672: 5585: 5462: 4848: 4594: 4540: 4310: 3718:aboard his special train in the town of 3679:On the 25 September 1942, Reich Marshal 3670: 3662: 3149:. Giering ordered Wenzel to be moved to 2899:Main Directorate of State Security (GRU) 2714: 2151: 1884:also suspected of being an agent of the 1794: 1148:People's Commissariat for State Security 1057: 809: 661:at Berlin W 50, Augsburger Straße 60 in 489: 481: 414:summed up in a research article for the 289: 130:Main Directorate of State Security (GRU) 31: 14665: 14272:(in German). Düsseldorf: Komet-Verlag. 13715: 13511: 13386: 13317: 13181:Schulze-Boysen, Harro (February 1942). 12481: 12421: 12295: 12117: 12090: 11987: 11799: 11709:. Berlin: Deutsches Historisches Museum 11701:Eckelmann, Susanne (19 December 2018). 10959: 10887: 10580: 10343: 10324: 9942: 9903: 9888: 9871: 9859: 9844: 9823: 9808: 9796: 9775: 9748: 9725: 9708: 9689: 9662: 9626: 9588: 9576: 9489: 9405: 9026: 9002: 8970: 8869: 8854: 8669: 8555: 8531: 8519: 8504: 8460: 8283: 8035: 8023: 7955: 7859: 7687: 7471: 7357: 7292: 7248: 7090: 7073: 7058: 6988: 6964: 6923: 6884: 6872: 6843: 6828: 6816: 6780: 6761: 6749: 6737: 6713: 6689: 6677: 6665: 6648: 6636: 6619: 6602: 6590: 6578: 6554: 6533: 6521: 6494: 6477: 6460: 6448: 6436: 6421: 6409: 6397: 6385: 6368: 6337: 6312: 6297: 6285: 6273: 6261: 6249: 6228: 6201: 6184: 6169: 6145: 6121: 6079: 6055: 6022: 5998: 5959: 5896: 5307: 5295: 5211:Fast vergessen: Die "Rote Kapelle" 2013 4988:The Red Orchestra memorial in Jerusalem 4609:Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime 4345:who was head of the special commission 4306: 3563:intelligence and identifying networks. 3215:. The two addresses were passed to the 2975:official waiting at Stöbe's apartment. 1832:and was run by former Belgian diplomat 1749: 984:). The master copy was arranged by the 822:Providing assistance to the persecuted. 657:class at the secondary private school, 526:'opponent'. In April 1933, the 16124: 14682:. Kew: The National Archives. KV 3/349 13925: 13678: 13655: 13633: 13583: 13555: 13538: 13289: 13273:Sälter, Gerhard von (8 January 2016). 13140: 13103: 13075: 13063:. Center for the Study of Intelligence 13033:"Weihnachten müsst Ihr richtig feiern" 13030: 13009: 12958: 12949: 12910: 12864:Richelson, Jeffery T. (17 July 1997). 12672:(2). Sage Publications, Inc: 235–260. 12571: 12550: 12522: 12505: 12476: 12173: 12062: 12010: 11862: 11816: 11802:"The general who went down in history" 11679: 11502: 11481: 11317: 11296:. University of South Carolina Press. 11248:Andrew, Christopher (29 August 2000). 11247: 11151: 11004: 10987: 10708: 10696: 10640: 10616: 10543:(in German). July 1991. Archived from 10472: 10411: 10394: 10370: 10355: 10312: 10273: 10220: 10181: 10169: 10157: 10133: 10116: 10104: 10092: 10071: 10059: 10044: 10001: 9978: 9564: 9513: 9465: 9271: 9259: 9235: 9220: 9205: 9167: 9144: 9123: 9111: 9070: 8409: 8397: 8385: 8370: 8358: 8346: 8331: 8319: 8307: 8244: 8232: 8217: 8205: 8163: 8104: 8077: 8011: 7999: 7984: 7943: 7895: 7803: 7791: 7738: 7675: 7600: 7588: 7576: 7564: 7552: 7525: 7459: 7447: 7435: 7396: 7384: 7265: 7209: 7197: 7161: 6860: 6804: 6133: 6034: 5869: 5857: 5842: 5807:The remaining copy of Die Innere Front 5794: 5770: 5755: 5743: 5731: 5719: 5702: 5687: 5645: 5609: 5561: 5537: 5510: 5498: 5443: 5407: 5377: 5358: 5280: 5259: 5235: 5152: 5052: 4590: 4403: 3609:and one for Hermann Isbutzki known as 3473:October 1942. Perrault reports it was 3349:were applied, then they were whipped. 2925:In early July, they took shelter with 2842:who had contacts with Sieg, Uhrig and 2504:Berliners with foreign representatives 2210:, an English Soviet agent, who joined 2042:Intelligence from French clerical and 1836:along with French commercial director 1563: 1042:measures against Russian "partisans" ( 15905: 15343: 14748: 14702:The German Resistance Memorial Center 14473: 14431:The last memoirs of a prison chaplain 14138:In the footsteps of the Red Orchestra 14071:] (in German). Halle: Audioscop. 14046:Opponent today – comrades of tomorrow 13988:"KV 2/2074 Part 2 – SF 422/General/3" 13968:"KV 2/2074 Part 1 – SF 422/General/3" 13639:. Theologie und Politik (in German). 13318:Siddiqi, Asif A. (26 February 2010). 13076:Brysac, Shareen Blair (23 May 2002). 13031:Tuchel, Johannes (13 December 2007). 13016:Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 12719: 12705:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 12642:] (in German). Ch. Links Verlag. 12611: 12592: 12523:Miller, Michael B. (8 January 2021). 12387:Kienlechner, Susanne (23 June 2007). 12063:Hanser, Richard (19 September 2017). 12046:Gurevich, Anatoly (5 November 2004). 11907: 11721: 11611:. University of Massachusetts Amherst 11588:Die Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand 11389: 11289: 11158:. New York: Oxford University Press. 11024: 10807:Ameri-Siemens, Anne (28 April 2020). 10725:Accoce, Pierre; Quet, Pierre (1972). 10592: 9930: 9430:Feldurteil von 19. Dezember 1942 1942 8947: 8935: 7847: 7625:Schultze, Kurschat & Bendick 2006 7537: 7277: 6566: 6067: 5597: 5549: 5522: 5175: 4742: 4557:award for scouts of the Red Orchestra 3883:Executioner, proceed with your duties 3052:end of message terminator containing 2332:Organisations of the Rote Drei groups 1920: 1506:group from December 1938 to July 1940 1097:The Schulze-Boysen and Harnack groups 805: 120:The term was also used by the German 71: 14412:] (in German). Berlin: K. Vogt. 13841: 13604: 13393:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 13369: 13221: 13209:(in German). Munich: R. Oldenbourg. 13204: 13124:Klussmann, Uwe (29 September 2009). 12892:Roloff, Stefan; Vigl, Mario (2002). 12800: 12364:] (in German). Münich: Droemer. 12319: 12194: 11722:Ernst, Christian (3 December 2018). 10990:Dietrich Bonhoeffer, eine Biographie 10935:A Concise History of the Third Reich 10931: 9014: 8985: 8920: 8720: 8657: 8148: 7972: 7871: 7832: 7663: 7319: 7024: 6976: 6940: 5198: 5105:, that enabled European wide travel. 3794:On the 8 March 1943, Manfred Roeder 3338:conducted the initial interrogation 3064: 2897:In July and August 1942, the Soviet 2768:, Albrecht Haushofer, industrialist 1467:. However, Grossvogel had recruited 1349: 1129: 684:Arvid Harnack and his American wife 13926:Zimmer, Dieter E. (28 April 1972). 13516:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 13422:. German Resistance Memorial Center 13346:Sieg, John; Kuckhoff, Adam (1942). 12937:. German Resistance Memorial Center 11833: 11624:Dittberner, Jürgen (8 March 2013). 11551: 11460: 11346:Coppi, Hans; Kebir, Sabine (2015). 10869:Barth, Karl; Kupisch, Karl (1993). 9763: 7185: 6792: 4165:dangerous propinquity of resistance 4036:, was released on 26 January 1943. 3387:, the technical director of Soviet 3016:Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization 2675:A thousand greetings to all friends 2592:German Institute of Foreign Affairs 2320:who was Director of the unofficial 2308:. In 1935, Sedláček was trained in 1525: 991:and the pamphlet was written up by 475:as a positive counter-model to the 13: 14207:Intelligence and National Security 14163:] (in German). Vienna: Picus. 14028: 13722:(in German). Ahriman-Verlag GmbH. 12612:Meyer, Hans-Joachim; Fink, Erwin. 12454:(in French). Paris: Cherche midi. 12146:Hoffmann, Peter (8 October 1996). 11781:"Feldurteil von 19. Dezember 1942" 11530:(in French) (135). Nouveau Monde. 11324:. University of California Press. 11277:]. Wuppertal: Aussaat Verlag. 11192:Carlisle, Rodney (26 March 2015). 11025:Boehm, Eric H. (6 November 2015). 11005:Binder, David (27 February 2009). 10911:Lexikon des deutschen Widerstandes 7727:Juchler, Ambauen & Arnold 2017 5420:Juchler, Ambauen & Arnold 2017 4907:released the multi-part TV series 4484:Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg 3993:, Helmut Himpel, Walter Husemann, 3294:had gone missing while working in 3263:The Abwehr's hand was forced when 2916:. They were instructed to contact 2437:Roessler's sources in World War II 1446:Foreign Excellent Raincoat Company 1373:Communist Party of the Netherlands 926:, was originally a name chosen by 393:, whose father was also a member, 40:, at Schulze-Boysen-Straße 12, in 14: 16168: 16152:World War II resistance movements 14695: 14648:Perrault, Gilles (22 July 1968). 14631:Perrault, Gilles (17 July 1968). 14285:Fischer-Defoy, Christine (1988). 13948:Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand 13749:Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand 13701:Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand 13590:Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand 13420:Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand 13387:Stelzel, Philipp (31 July 2018). 13382:(1). Georgetown University Press. 13355:Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand 13190:Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand 13010:Schulz, Kirsten (20 April 2005). 12935:Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand 12425:Encyclopedia of German Literature 12422:Konzett, Matthias (11 May 2015). 11863:Friedmann, Jan (20 August 2010). 11817:Finker, Kurt (22 December 2007). 11075:A Critical History of German Film 10894:. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 10629:Jaeger, Baraban & Muller 2012 10521:Cornu, Barth & Pfisterer 1969 10429:Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand 9526:Steinbach, Tuchel & Adam 1998 7511:The case of the Rote Kapelle 1949 7499:The case of the Rote Kapelle 1949 7150:The case of the Rote Kapelle 1949 6912:The case of the Rote Kapelle 1949 6352:Soviet Intelligence Communication 5926:, pp. 264, 274, footnote 20. 5487:Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand 4945:Memorial to the German Resistance 4935:, a portrait of his late father, 4725:Memorial to the German Resistance 4723:Johannes Tuchel, Director of the 4687:Memorial to the German Resistance 4043:Belgium, France and Low Countries 4028:" exhibition, was guillotined at 3790:Belgium, France and Low Countries 3164: 2940:, reaching Berlin via Warsaw and 2936:and Robert Barth parachuted into 2892: 2774:Fritz-Dietlof von der Schulenburg 2635:German Naval Intelligence Service 2487:. The study stated he was likely 2413:. The transmitter was located in 1772:travelled to Berlin, followed by 965:also produced, running duplicate 932:The becoming of the Nazi movement 930:. The pamphlets had titles like, 621:, Hermann Natterodt and Hans and 416:Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand 14529:Perrault, Gilles (3 June 1968). 14512:Perrault, Gilles (27 May 1968). 14495:Perrault, Gilles (20 May 1968). 14195: 14134:Auf den Spuren der Roten Kapelle 13842:West, Nigel (12 November 2007). 13820:(in German). Walter de Gruyter. 13691:(1). Cambridge University Press. 13679:Tucker, Robert C. (March 1978). 13571:(4). Central Intelligence Agency 12118:Hermand, Jost (September 2014). 10672:Video contribution at mdr artour 10658: 10526: 10417: 9594: 9538:Die Toten der Roten Kapelle 2009 9442:Ablehnung der Gnadengesuche 1943 9377:Ohler, Mohr & Yarbrough 2020 9248:Ohler, Mohr & Yarbrough 2020 9183:Ohler, Mohr & Yarbrough 2020 9088:Ohler, Mohr & Yarbrough 2020 9054:Ohler, Mohr & Yarbrough 2020 8675: 8296:Ohler, Mohr & Yarbrough 2020 7756: 7693: 7421:Ohler, Mohr & Yarbrough 2020 7409:Ohler, Mohr & Yarbrough 2020 7325: 5475:Ohler, Mohr & Yarbrough 2020 5095: 5082: 5073: 5061: 4993: 4981: 4969: 3541: 3462:Sachsenhausen concentration camp 3455: 2353: 2338: 2053:enabled her to open a clinic in 1874:International Liaison Department 1705:In 1935, Dutch Comintern member 1681: 1669: 1657: 1511: 1496: 1475:posing as the wealthy Uruguayan 1115: 1103: 905: 262:In the 1980s, the GDR historian 14086: 13539:Tietke, Fabien (28 July 2017). 13440:Museum Lichtenberg im Stadthaus 13296:(in German). Ch. Links Verlag. 12747:Walther G. Oschilewski (1966), 12666:Journal of Contemporary History 12632:Müller-Enbergs, Helmut (1991). 12572:Nelson, Anne (4 January 2018). 12506:Lueken, Sabine (27 July 2017). 12218:. University of Toronto Press. 12152:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. 11908:Gooch, John (5 November 2013). 11836:Journal of Contemporary History 11703:"Rudolf von Scheliha 1897–1942" 11680:Donate, Claus (23 March 1973). 11177:. Le Grand Jeu. Nouveau Monde. 11127:U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis 10717: 10383:Coppi, Danyel & Tuchel 1992 9502:Coppi, Danyel & Tuchel 1992 8894:Firsov, Klehr & Haynes 2014 6343: 5043: 4646:. In his evaluation he stated, 4536: 4493: 4447:International Military Tribunal 3989:, Erika Gräfin von Brockdorff, 3448:. The Nazi German tradition of 3222:A meeting was arranged between 3127: 3113:Le miracle du Professeur Wolmar 3022:Persecution by Nazi authorities 2744:Deutsche Hochschule für Politik 2665:, were couriers to Hans Coppi. 1620:'s contact to Soviet agents in 1241:Von Scheliha's position in the 389:In his research, the historian 14113:Nelson, Anne (December 2010). 14040:Schulze-Boysen, Harro (1983). 13324:. Cambridge University Press. 13128:. SPIEGELnet GmbH. Der Spiegel 12296:Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). 12274:. Universitätsverlag Potsdam. 11630:(in German). Springer-Verlag. 11152:Brysac, Shareen Blair (2000). 11130:. Cambridge University Press. 7770:(in German). Karl Dietz Verlag 5332:Barton & Defa Film Library 4876:. The Harnacks were played by 4855:KLK an PTX – The Red Orchestra 4786:From 1936 to 1941, the artist 4280:(For the Martyrs of Freedom). 4106:The British born Soviet agent 3080:Inside the house were courier 2904:On 16 May 1942, Soviet agents 2551:. A cousin to Schulze-Boysen, 2136: 1695: 1548:that was instead delivered to 1015:The Soviet Paradise exhibition 581:in Christmas 1941, the dancer 317:In July 1942, the case of the 158: 21:Red Orchestra (disambiguation) 1: 14580:Höhne, Heinz (24 June 1968). 14563:Höhne, Heinz (17 June 1968). 14546:Höhne, Heinz (10 June 1968). 13944:"Die Toten der Roten Kapelle" 13904:. New York: Dell Publishing. 12508:"Segeln, flirten, Widerstand" 11911:Airpower: Theory and Practice 11173:Bourgeois, Guillaume (2015). 10992:(in German). Munich: Kaiser. 10737:"Ablehnung der Gnadengesuche" 5112: 4862:KLK an PTX – Die Rote Kapelle 4817: 4579:by Soviet military historian 4315:The 1949 CIC file concerning 4278:Für die Märtyrer der Freiheit 4252:German contemporary witnesses 3822:Mauthausen concentration camp 3756:Bolshevist Hoch Landesverrats 2996:Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group 2836:Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group 2764:Its members included lawyer, 2498: 2237:The first network was run by 1867:Around 1930, Comintern agent 1840:. Trepper who used the alias 1579:, a manufacturing company in 1391:military intelligence officer 969:machines in the apartment of 735:. As a railway worker at the 471:of 1929, they saw the Soviet 25:Rote Kapelle (disambiguation) 14614:Höhne, Heinz (8 July 1968). 14597:Höhne, Heinz (1 July 1968). 14458:]. Hamburg: VSA-Verlag. 14033: 13791:Ueberschär, Gerd R. (2006). 13166:. New York: Schocken Books. 12963:. Berlin: Edition Hentrich. 12782:Petrescu, Corina L. (2010). 12529:. Univ of California Press. 12450:Langeois, Christian (2017). 12240:Jörgensen, Christer (2004). 12048:"Правда о "Красной капелле"" 11886:(in German). Campus Verlag. 11106:Red Orchestra against Hitler 10938:. Univ of California Press. 10033:Wright & Greengrass 1989 9955:Wright & Greengrass 1989 7932:Childs & Popplewell 2016 5117: 4962: 4900:played the Schulze-Boysens. 4860:In 1970, DEFA made the film 4837:The Aesthetics of Resistance 4759:state government during the 3832: 3827: 3687:and Gestapo Chief Inspector 3658: 3653: 3546: 3352: 3258: 3026: 2705:"extraordinarily inadequate" 2141: 2025:Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel 1934:Espionage networks in France 1930: 1709:established the clandestine 1268:Individuals and small groups 853:. Beginning in 1937, in the 435:Schulze-Boysen/Harnack group 248:From the perspective of the 84:) was the name given by the 7: 16137:German resistance to Nazism 16014:Maurice Èmile Aenis-Hanslin 15749:Maurice Èmile Aenis-Hanslin 14967:Erika Gräfin von Brockdorff 14014:. 17 October 1947. KV 3/349 13082:. Oxford University Press. 12986:Evangelische Verlagsanstalt 12915:. Berlin: Ullstein Verlag. 12870:. Oxford University Press. 12030:10.5771/0023-4834-2005-1-36 11552:Day, Peter (24 June 2014). 11072:Brockmann, Stephen (2010). 10667:Videobeitrag bei mdr artour 10653:Allan & Heiduschke 2016 10385:, p. 17,139, Note 114. 7768:Bundesstiftung Aufarbeitung 5090:Spionagegruppe Rote Kapelle 5024: 5020:People of the Red Orchestra 5014:People of the Red Orchestra 4781: 4393:Central Intelligence Agency 4347:Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle 4283:Huch explained the task as 3467: 3371:member and espionage agent 3336:Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle 3147:Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle 2586:, who were close contacts; 1912:Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle 764:, political conservatives, 721:Erika Gräfin von Brockdorff 331:Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle 10: 16173: 14785:Harro Schulze-Boysen group 14712:Plötzensee Memorial Centre 13870:West, Nigel (7 May 2007). 13764:Überschär, Gerd R (2006). 13455:Sieg, John (August 1942). 12952:Zeitschrift für Geschichte 12847:Oxford University Press US 12801:Pine, Lisa (1 June 2013). 12678:10.1177/002200948702200203 12557:. New York: Random House. 12393:Zukunft braucht Erinnerung 12356:Kettelhake, Silke (2008). 11880:Fröhlich, Claudia (2006). 11652:O'Sullivan, Donal (2010). 11461:Day, Peter (9 July 2015). 11318:Conrad, Sebastian (2010). 11271:Karl Barth und die Politik 10784:Andresen, Geertje (2012). 10541:Westfälisches Landesmuseum 10534:"Das Kuntswerk des Monats" 10233:Kolossow & Petrow 1969 9608:. Karl Dietz Verlag Berlin 5393:Asendorf & Bockel 2016 5017: 4533:that was about the group. 4508:Order of the Patriotic War 4500:Supreme Soviet of the USSR 4462:Control Council Act No. 10 3572:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht 3343:intensified interrogations 3253: 3217:Reich Security Main Office 3178:) and had the lead format: 2759:Peter Yorck von Wartenburg 2145: 1776:, then Albert Kamradt and 1605:Communist Party of Belgium 1405:, Trepper ran a series of 1371:, who was director of the 1344: 1073:War, Hunger, Lies, Gestapo 729:Communist Party of Germany 629:. John Rittmeister's wife 563:Soviet famine of 1932–1933 532:Reich Ministry of Aviation 429: 250:German Democratic Republic 132:. Trepper ran a series of 18: 16132:Red Orchestra (espionage) 15949:Maria Josefovna Poliakova 15941: 15880: 15851: 15813: 15781: 15757: 15705: 15686: 15588: 15537: 15503: 15379: 15302:Rudolf von Scheliha group 15301: 15150: 15102:Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster 14784: 14425:Poelchau, Harald (1987). 14404:Poelchau, Harald (1963). 14308:Garliński, Józef (1981). 14226:Bahar, Alexander (1992). 14219:10.1080/02684529108432096 14132:Perrault, Gilles (1994). 13716:Trepper, Léopold (1995). 13656:Tuchel, Johannes (2005). 13637:Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 13160:Perrault, Gilles (1969). 12174:Hürter, Johannes (2005). 12011:Grosse, Heinrich (2005). 11758:. Yale University Press. 11522:Delaloye, Magali (2015). 11488:. Yale University Press. 11482:Dallin, David J. (1955). 11477:– via Google Books. 11293:Understanding Peter Weiss 11102:Rote Kapelle gegen Hitler 10988:Bethge, Eberhard (1967). 7806:, p. 875, Note:283a. 7700:Kreutzmüller, Charlotte. 7174:Barth & Hartewig 2009 4950:In 2017, the documentary 4868:based on a screenplay by 4577:Rote Kapelle gegen Hitler 4502:posthumously awarded the 4355:Counterintelligence Corps 4267:Fabian von Schlabrendorff 3613:. Trepper's was known as 3413:intensified interrogation 2861:resistance group members 2805:Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster 2711:Contact with other groups 2570:, the radio operator for 2176:Maria Josefovna Poliakova 1933: 1790: 1746:sets and one in reserve. 1718: 1711:Dutch Information Service 1701:Dutch Information Service 901:Call for popular uprising 727:, a former editor of the 458: 342:Reichssicherheitshauptamt 16044:Carl Friedrich Goerdeler 14096:Kuckhoff, Greta (1968). 13928:"Es wird nicht gutgehen" 13290:Sälter, Gerhard (2016). 12754:Neue Deutsche Biographie 11848:10.1177/0022009404042125 11819:"Teil der inneren Front" 10509:Barth & Kupisch 1993 7333:"Werther hat nie gelebt" 5819:Sieg & Kuckhoff 1942 5036: 4408:At the beginning of the 4207:Bonjour, monsieur, Spaak 3730:was matched only by his 2955:On the 23 October 1942, 2755:Helmuth James von Moltke 2732:Carl Dietrich von Trotha 2722:on a GDR stamp from 1964 1110:The Schulze Boysen Group 700:, the German journalist 627:Society of intellectuals 502:, Onkel-Tom-Straße 30–33 14812:Mietje Bontjes van Beek 14797:Libertas Schulze-Boysen 13565:Studies in Intelligence 13512:Tarrant, V. E. (1996). 13436:"John Sieg (1903–1942)" 13370:Sims, Jennifer (2005). 13250:Rosiejka, Gert (1985). 12911:Roloff, Stefan (2002). 12482:Lehmann, Klaus (1948). 12413:Korolkov, Juri (1976). 11785:Gedenkstätte Plötzensee 11558:. Biteback Publishing. 11467:. Biteback Publishing. 11275:Karl Barth and Politics 10932:Benz, Wolfgang (2006). 10888:Bartley, Peter (2016). 10741:Gedenkstätte Plötzensee 10569:Vöhler & Linck 2009 7706:Stolpersteine in Berlin 5002:Wilhelm Wagenfeld House 4864:under the direction of 4844: 4830:The writer and artist, 4731:In 2017, French author 4699:Boris Lwowitsch Chawkin 4504:Order of the Red Banner 4247:Reception after the war 3963:Libertas Schulze-Boysen 3090:I'm glad it is all over 2838:in Hamburg. The lawyer 2645:; German industrialist 2375:Radio messages examined 1609:Communist International 1377:Communist International 1122:The Arvid Harnack Group 928:Libertas Schulze-Boysen 680:From 1932 onwards, the 536:Libertas Schulze-Boysen 285: 73:[ˈʁoːtəkaˈpɛlə] 16157:Berlin in World War II 16147:World War II espionage 15626:Elizabeth Depelsenaire 15580:Elizabeth Depelsenaire 14358:Mommsen, Hans (2012). 13605:Tyas, Stephen (2017). 13556:Thomas, Louis (1968). 13541:"Späte Rehabilitation" 13466:(in German). John Sieg 13222:Roon, Ger van (1998). 13205:Roon, Ger van (1967). 12720:Ohler, Norman (2021). 12593:Meier, Andrew (2010). 12176:"Scheliha, Rudolf von" 11290:Cohen, Robert (1993). 10960:Berwald, Olaf (2003). 10301:Blank & Mader 1979 9454:Roloff & Vigl 2002 7920:Blank & Mader 1979 7222:Accoce & Quet 1972 5882:Coppi & Kebir 2015 5344:Roloff & Vigl 2002 4892:played the Kuckhoffs, 4857: 4683:Richard von Weizsäcker 4604: 4546: 4429:Federal German Justice 4320: 4259:Offiziere gegen Hitler 4093:Operational procedures 3843:German death sentences 3750:report was written by 3676: 3668: 3576:French Communist Party 3568:Joachim von Ribbentrop 3536:French Communist Party 3324:German-occupied Europe 3157:, Wilhelm Fellendorf, 3118:La femme de trente ans 2948:'s apartment and then 2766:Adam von Trott zu Solz 2723: 2663:Federal Foreign Office 2160: 2159:in the middle back row 1988:French Communist Party 1800: 1635:French Communist Party 1589:Elizabeth Depelsenaire 1418:French Communist Party 1243:information department 1227:information department 1205:The von Scheliha Group 1063: 815: 690:Marxist Workers School 659:Heil'schen Abendschule 516: 503: 487: 295: 246: 163:For a long time after 62: 45: 15932:People of the Soviet 15370:People of the Soviet 15283:Hansheinrich Kummerow 15183:Lotte Bergtel-Schleif 15142:Hansheinrich Kummerow 14992:Lotte Bergtel-Schleif 14807:Cato Bontjes van Beek 14775:People of the German 14268:Boysen, Elsa (1947). 14249:Boysen, Elsa (1992). 14178:Werner, Ruth (1991). 14012:The National Archives 13992:The National Archives 13972:The National Archives 13039:. No. 51. Berlin 12931:"Josef (Beppo) Römer" 12819:10.1093/gerhis/ghs131 12618:Stolpersteine Hamburg 12551:Nelson, Anne (2009). 12091:Harmsen, Ger (1980). 5130:Benz & Pehle 2001 4852: 4790:was a student at the 4598: 4544: 4314: 4301:Der lautlose Aufstand 3674: 3666: 3621:began in March 1943. 3494:was a shareholder of 3389:Red Army Intelligence 3054:AR 50385 KLK from PTX 2912:were parachuted into 2718: 2661:, a secretary at the 2155: 2126:departments of France 1798: 1607:and had been running 1539:as his cipher clerk, 1387:Red Army Intelligence 1332:that was attended by 1061: 989:Cato Bontjes van Beek 813: 633:was a good friend of 493: 485: 293: 241: 35: 15994:Selma Gessner–Bührer 15596:Konstantin Jeffremov 15545:Konstantin Jeffremov 15427:Konstantin Jeffremov 14842:Walter Küchenmeister 14822:Elisabeth Schumacher 14817:Jan Bontjes van Beek 14792:Harro Schulze-Boysen 14666:Intelligence reports 14482:articles of 1968 by 14270:Harro Schulze-Boysen 13611:. Stroud: Fonthill. 12320:Kahn, David (1996). 11961:The Economic Journal 10014:Breitman et al. 2005 9967:Breitman et al. 2005 9100:Geerling et al. 2018 9039:West & Mask 2007 8322:, pp. 263, 266. 8298:, pp. 245, 247. 7237:Breitman et al. 2005 6095:West & Mask 2007 4956:Christian Weisenborn 4395:were convinced that 4307:Western Intelligence 4195:Contact and meetings 4050:Yan Karlovich Berzin 3995:Walter Küchenmeister 3968:Elisabeth Schumacher 3909:Harro Schulze-Boysen 3364:Konstantin Jeffremov 3290:, also noticed that 3284:Ministry of Aviation 2946:Erika von Brockdorff 2826:while imprisoned in 2600:Erika von Brockdorff 2590:, who worked in the 2220:Operation Barbarossa 1994:and from UK groups. 1858:military engineering 1750:Knöchel Emigre group 1570:Konstantin Jeffremov 1434:Le Roi du Caoutchouc 1385:was an agent of the 1338:Operation Barbarossa 1262:Operation Barbarossa 1248:Henning von Tresckow 1191:Shareen Blair Brysac 1067:Permanent Exhibition 948:Walter Küchenmeister 940:Freedom and violence 914:in reference to the 731:(KPD) newspaper the 653:who met in the 1939 599:islands of democracy 552:Walter Küchenmeister 544:Elisabeth Schumacher 465:Treaty of Versailles 445:Harro Schulze-Boysen 325:. When Soviet agent 186:Harro Schulze-Boysen 146:Operation Barbarossa 98:Harro Schulze-Boysen 90:anti-Nazi resistance 16097:Henriette Bourgeois 16079:Christian Schneider 16039:Hans Bernd Gisevius 15309:Rudolf von Scheliha 15151:Arvid Harnack group 14907:Hans Lautenschlager 14867:Gisela von Pöllnitz 13994:. Kew. 3 April 1946 13974:. Kew. 3 April 1946 13848:. Scarecrow Press. 12180:Deutsche Biographie 10830:. Springer-Verlag. 10655:, pp. 302–303. 10643:, pp. 337–338. 10595:, pp. 143–160. 10475:, pp. 306–329. 10463:, pp. 144–146. 10276:, pp. 249–252. 9778:, pp. 244–245. 9677:, pp. 162–195. 9629:, pp. 128–129. 9579:, pp. 122–123. 9567:, pp. 128–130. 9328:, pp. 327–330. 9274:, pp. 358–359. 9041:, pp. 228–229. 8973:, pp. 111–116. 8794:, pp. 242–248. 8758:, pp. 228–229. 8660:, pp. 272–273. 8648:, pp. 330–331. 8609:, pp. 156–157. 8534:, pp. 153–154. 8448:, pp. 145–146. 8424:, pp. 120–121. 7794:, pp. 162–163. 7639:, pp. 236–237. 7462:, pp. 191–208. 7450:, pp. 185–187. 7280:, pp. 431–548. 7003:, pp. 194–195. 6752:, pp. 272–273. 6509:, pp. 100–102. 6451:, pp. 350–351. 6412:, pp. 323–324. 5924:Müller-Enbergs 1991 5758:, pp. 203–204. 5661:Schulze-Boysen 1942 4874:Claus Küchenmeister 4803:Rote Kapelle Berlin 4796:Rote Kapelle Berlin 4733:Guillaume Bourgeois 4677:In 1983, historian 4618:historians such as 4591:Historical research 4404:Cold War complicity 4385:Reichskriegsgericht 4380:Walter Huppenkothen 4227:wireless telegraphy 4173:Rudolf von Scheliha 4085:and radio operator 4073:resistance fighter 3904:Rudolf von Scheliha 3848:Otto Georg Thierack 3774:, and Generalmajor 3724:Reichskriegsgericht 3712:burn out the cancer 3560:counterintelligence 3504:Otto von Stülpnagel 3438:Saint-Gilles Prison 3224:Walter Schellenberg 3075:Geheime Feldpolizei 2887:Dietrich Bonhoeffer 2867:Alexander Schmorell 2736:Horst von Einsiedel 2553:Gisela von Pöllnitz 2528:In September 1940, 2383:A station built by 2259:Christian Schneider 2117:and French general 1744:wireless telegraphy 1564:The Jeffremov Group 1532:conquest of Belgium 1291:Confessional Church 1211:Rudolf von Scheliha 1167:, Martin Weise and 1025:The Soviet Paradise 957:and destroying the 936:Call for opposition 872:Gisela von Pöllnitz 844:From mid-1936, the 737:Deutsche Reichsbahn 567:Gisela von Pöllnitz 496:Friedhof Zehlendorf 409:political scientist 335:Friedrich Panzinger 271:Academy of Sciences 211:and Nazi apologist 117:are known by name. 16109:Jean Jaques Spiess 16088:Alexander Abramson 16084:Jean-Pierre Vigier 16054:Jules Humbert-Droz 15974:Rachel Dübendorfer 15768:Basile Maximovitch 15734:Germaine Schneider 15729:Ernest David Weiss 15679:Josephine Verhimst 15664:John William Kruyt 15661:Edward VanderZypen 15641:Germaine Schneider 15560:Germaine Schneider 15452:Basile Maximovitch 15268:Wilhelm Fellendorf 15117:Wilhelm Fellendorf 14972:Cay von Brockdorff 14832:Günther Weisenborn 14717:2019-08-31 at the 14474:Der Spiegel Series 13584:Tuchel, Johannes. 13457:"Die Innere Front" 12835:Richelson, Jeffrey 12722:Harro und Libertas 12614:"Herbert Bittcher" 12578:. Atlantic Books. 12124:. Berghahn Books. 12069:. Ignatius Press. 11973:10.1111/ecoj.12497 11967:(614): 2414–2449. 11537:10.4000/chrhc.5992 11392:"Die Rote Kapelle" 10762:. Berghahn Books. 10194:Ameri-Siemens 2020 7360:, p. 185-193. 5783:The Internal Front 4858: 4743:Karl Barth tribute 4605: 4583:and Stasi officer 4547: 4460:hoped that due to 4353:told the American 4349:. In August 1945, 4321: 4297:Günther Weisenborn 3857:In his 1963 book, 3818:Lehrstrasse prison 3728:limitless ambition 3677: 3669: 3632:Gerd von Rundstedt 3381:Germaine Schneider 3312:Günther Weisenborn 2910:Wilhelm Fellendorf 2796:resistance group. 2740:Albrecht Haushofer 2724: 2530:Alexander Korotkov 2366:Rachel Dübendorfer 2239:Rachel Dübendorfer 2161: 2012:Intelligence from 2008:Basile Maximovitch 1921:The seven networks 1801: 1651:in the Netherlands 1601:Germaine Schneider 1577:Henschel & Son 1153:In December 1941, 1136:Invasion of Poland 1064: 895:The Raiding Patrol 816: 814:Adam Kuckhoff, DDR 806:Acts of resistance 710:National Socialism 548:Günther Weisenborn 504: 488: 451:and the economist 296: 235:the German lawyer 46: 36:2010 sculpture by 16119: 16118: 15899: 15898: 15816:Simex and Simexco 15805:Johnann Podsiadlo 15606:Abraham Rajchmann 15432:Abraham Rajchmann 15337: 15336: 15319:Rudolf Herrnstadt 15278:Ingeborg Kummerow 15218:Leo Skrzypczynski 15213:Wolfgang Havemann 15178:Bernhard Bästlein 15137:Ingeborg Kummerow 15067:Philipp Schaeffer 14902:Hermann Natterodt 14897:Herbert Engelsing 14735:L'orchestre rouge 14465:978-3-89965-087-7 14440:978-3-353-00096-5 14396:978-3-86331-353-1 14373:978-3-8375-0616-7 14350:978-3-89468-122-7 14319:978-0-460-04351-9 14300:978-3-88520-271-4 14260:978-3-923532-17-9 14241:978-3-923532-18-6 14170:978-3-85452-470-0 14147:978-3-203-51232-7 14124:978-3-570-10021-9 14078:978-3-88384-044-4 14055:978-3-923532-00-1 13883:978-1-134-26576-3 13855:978-0-8108-6421-4 13827:978-3-11-021676-9 13775:978-3-596-13934-7 13729:978-3-89484-554-4 13618:978-1-78155-598-9 13523:978-0-471-13439-8 13514:The Red Orchestra 13490:978-3-406-43861-5 13400:978-0-8122-5065-7 13331:978-0-521-89760-0 13303:978-3-86153-921-6 13265:978-3-925622-16-8 13235:978-3-406-43691-8 13163:The Red Orchestra 13089:978-0-19-992388-5 13012:"Roland Freisler" 12995:978-3-374-02370-7 12922:978-3-548-36669-2 12903:978-3-550-07543-8 12877:978-0-19-988058-4 12856:978-0-19-511390-7 12793:978-3-03911-845-8 12769:(in German). 2013 12731:978-3-462-00150-1 12712:978-1-328-56623-2 12649:978-3-86153-003-9 12604:978-0-297-85656-6 12585:978-1-925575-24-8 12564:978-1-4000-6000-9 12536:978-0-520-30236-5 12461:978-2-7491-5069-7 12435:978-1-135-94122-2 12333:978-0-684-83130-5 12312:978-0-89093-203-2 12281:978-3-86956-407-4 12253:978-1-86227-244-6 12225:978-1-4426-4123-5 12159:978-0-7735-6640-8 12131:978-1-78238-385-7 12102:978-90-6168-152-6 12076:978-1-68149-015-1 12003:978-5-224-03415-4 11921:978-1-135-20846-2 11893:978-3-593-37874-9 11765:978-0-300-19822-5 11737:978-3-8470-0909-2 11665:978-1-4331-0581-4 11637:978-3-322-87326-2 11609:Defa Film Library 11565:978-1-84954-764-2 11495:978-0-598-41349-9 11474:978-1-84954-946-2 11453:978-3-89468-110-4 11396:The Red Orchestra 11367:978-3-89965-569-8 11331:978-0-520-25944-7 11303:978-0-87249-898-3 11261:978-0-465-01003-5 11233:978-1-349-15054-0 11205:978-1-317-47177-6 11165:978-0-19-513269-4 11137:978-0-521-61794-9 11085:978-1-57113-468-4 11038:978-1-78625-576-1 11031:. Lucknow Books. 10973:978-1-57113-232-1 10945:978-0-520-25383-4 10924:978-3-596-15083-0 10901:978-1-62164-058-5 10837:978-3-476-00185-6 10799:978-3-86732-125-9 10769:978-1-78533-106-0 10728:A man called Lucy 10550:on 2 January 2014 10291:, pp. 78–79. 10148:, pp. 19–20. 9480:, pp. 88–89. 9005:, pp. 37–38. 8988:, pp. 91–92. 8463:, pp. 68–69. 7729:, pp. 56–57. 7501:, pp. 15–16. 6728:, pp. 45–46. 6276:, pp. 26–27. 5248:Die Rote Kap 2016 5201:, pp. 53–59. 4913:Franz Peter Wirth 4667:Wilhelm F. Flicke 4603:. Erected in 1989 4203:Bonjour, monsieur 4007:Philipp Schaeffer 3852:Plötzensee Prison 3839:Lex van der Lubbe 3580:French Resistance 3500:Organisation Todt 3483:Rue des Saussaies 3360:Abraham Rajchmann 3330:and the women to 3307:Kulurefilm center 3303:Herbert Engelsing 3248:Johannes Strübing 3240:Sicherheitsdienst 3228:Egbert Bentivegni 3161:and the Hübners. 3159:Bernhard Bästlein 3098:Organisation Todt 3065:Rue des Atrébates 3004:Bernhard Bästlein 2978:The group around 2969:Rudolf Herrnstadt 2932:On 5 August 1942 2927:Bernhard Bästlein 2824:Philipp Schaeffer 2786:Carlo Mierendorff 2720:Bernhard Bästlein 2677:. Moscow replied 2647:Leo Skrzypczynski 2604:Herbert Engelsing 2549:Spanish Civil War 2314:František Moravec 2132: 2131: 2107:Anatoly Gurevich 2077:Todt Organization 1850:Organisation Todt 1726:In October 1937, 1469:Abraham Rajchmann 1442:The Raincoat King 1438:The Raincoat King 1407:clandestine cells 1403:penetration agent 1350:The Trepper Group 1334:Wernher von Braun 1216:Rudolf Herrnstadt 1130:Acts of espionage 1070:The Nazi Paradise 846:Spanish Civil War 606:start resisting. 525: 500:Berlin-Zehlendorf 323:Sicherheitsdienst 134:clandestine cells 128:on behalf of the 88:Section III.F to 16164: 16103:Germaine Drailly 15999:Rudolf Hamburger 15954:Ursula Kuczynski 15926: 15919: 15912: 15903: 15902: 15862:Isidore Springer 15792:Anna Maximovitch 15655:Hermann Isbutzki 15511:Anatoly Gurevich 15447:Anna Maximovitch 15402:Anatoly Gurevich 15364: 15357: 15350: 15341: 15340: 15253:Rose Schlösinger 14922:Friedrich Rehmer 14872:Oda Schottmüller 14857:John Rittmeister 14779:resistance group 14769: 14762: 14755: 14746: 14745: 14691: 14689: 14687: 14681: 14661: 14659: 14657: 14644: 14642: 14640: 14627: 14625: 14623: 14610: 14608: 14606: 14593: 14591: 14589: 14576: 14574: 14572: 14559: 14557: 14555: 14542: 14540: 14538: 14525: 14523: 14521: 14508: 14506: 14504: 14469: 14444: 14421: 14400: 14377: 14354: 14331: 14312:. London: Dent. 14304: 14281: 14264: 14245: 14222: 14191: 14174: 14151: 14128: 14109: 14082: 14059: 14023: 14021: 14019: 14003: 14001: 13999: 13983: 13981: 13979: 13963: 13961: 13959: 13939: 13937: 13935: 13922: 13920: 13918: 13894: 13892: 13890: 13866: 13864: 13862: 13838: 13836: 13834: 13810: 13787: 13760: 13758: 13756: 13740: 13738: 13736: 13712: 13710: 13708: 13692: 13675: 13652: 13630: 13601: 13599: 13597: 13580: 13578: 13576: 13562: 13558:"Alexander Rado" 13552: 13550: 13548: 13535: 13508: 13502: 13494: 13475: 13473: 13471: 13461: 13451: 13449: 13447: 13431: 13429: 13427: 13411: 13409: 13407: 13383: 13366: 13364: 13362: 13352: 13342: 13340: 13338: 13314: 13312: 13310: 13286: 13284: 13282: 13269: 13246: 13244: 13242: 13218: 13201: 13199: 13197: 13187: 13177: 13156: 13154: 13152: 13146: 13137: 13135: 13133: 13120: 13118: 13116: 13105:"Wenzel, Johann" 13100: 13098: 13096: 13072: 13070: 13068: 13058: 13048: 13046: 13044: 13027: 13025: 13023: 13006: 13004: 13002: 12974: 12955: 12946: 12944: 12942: 12926: 12907: 12888: 12886: 12884: 12860: 12844: 12830: 12797: 12778: 12776: 12774: 12758: 12743: 12716: 12697: 12660: 12658: 12656: 12628: 12626: 12624: 12608: 12589: 12568: 12547: 12545: 12543: 12519: 12517: 12515: 12502: 12500: 12498: 12488: 12478: 12473: 12446: 12444: 12442: 12418: 12409: 12404: 12402: 12400: 12383: 12352: 12350: 12348: 12316: 12304: 12292: 12290: 12288: 12264: 12262: 12260: 12236: 12234: 12232: 12208: 12191: 12189: 12187: 12170: 12168: 12166: 12142: 12140: 12138: 12114: 12087: 12085: 12083: 12059: 12057: 12055: 12042: 12032: 12017:Kritische Justiz 12007: 11984: 11958: 11948: 11946: 11944: 11932: 11930: 11928: 11904: 11902: 11900: 11876: 11874: 11872: 11859: 11830: 11828: 11826: 11813: 11811: 11809: 11796: 11794: 11792: 11776: 11774: 11772: 11748: 11746: 11744: 11718: 11716: 11714: 11697: 11695: 11693: 11676: 11674: 11672: 11648: 11646: 11644: 11620: 11618: 11616: 11599: 11597: 11595: 11585: 11576: 11574: 11572: 11548: 11546: 11544: 11539: 11518: 11499: 11485:Soviet Espionage 11478: 11457: 11434: 11432: 11430: 11424: 11418:. Archived from 11401: 11386: 11384: 11382: 11359: 11342: 11340: 11338: 11314: 11312: 11310: 11286: 11265: 11244: 11242: 11240: 11216: 11214: 11212: 11188: 11169: 11148: 11146: 11144: 11120: 11096: 11094: 11092: 11078:. Camden House. 11068: 11049: 11047: 11045: 11021: 11019: 11017: 11001: 10984: 10982: 10980: 10966:. Camden House. 10956: 10954: 10952: 10928: 10905: 10884: 10865: 10863: 10861: 10848: 10846: 10844: 10820: 10818: 10816: 10803: 10780: 10778: 10776: 10752: 10750: 10748: 10732: 10712: 10706: 10700: 10694: 10688: 10687: 10685: 10683: 10662: 10656: 10650: 10644: 10638: 10632: 10626: 10620: 10614: 10608: 10602: 10596: 10590: 10584: 10578: 10572: 10566: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10555: 10549: 10538: 10530: 10524: 10518: 10512: 10506: 10500: 10494: 10488: 10482: 10476: 10470: 10464: 10458: 10452: 10446: 10440: 10439: 10437: 10435: 10421: 10415: 10409: 10398: 10392: 10386: 10380: 10374: 10368: 10359: 10353: 10347: 10341: 10328: 10322: 10316: 10310: 10304: 10298: 10292: 10286: 10277: 10271: 10260: 10254: 10248: 10242: 10236: 10230: 10224: 10218: 10212: 10206: 10197: 10191: 10185: 10179: 10173: 10167: 10161: 10155: 10149: 10143: 10137: 10131: 10120: 10114: 10108: 10102: 10096: 10090: 10075: 10069: 10063: 10057: 10048: 10042: 10036: 10030: 10017: 10011: 10005: 9999: 9982: 9976: 9970: 9964: 9958: 9952: 9946: 9940: 9934: 9928: 9919: 9913: 9907: 9901: 9892: 9886: 9875: 9869: 9863: 9857: 9848: 9842: 9827: 9821: 9812: 9806: 9800: 9794: 9779: 9773: 9767: 9761: 9752: 9746: 9729: 9723: 9712: 9706: 9693: 9687: 9678: 9672: 9666: 9660: 9654: 9648: 9642: 9636: 9630: 9624: 9618: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9602:"Wenzel, Johann" 9598: 9592: 9586: 9580: 9574: 9568: 9562: 9553: 9547: 9541: 9535: 9529: 9523: 9517: 9511: 9505: 9499: 9493: 9487: 9481: 9478:Oschilewski 1966 9475: 9469: 9463: 9457: 9451: 9445: 9439: 9433: 9427: 9421: 9415: 9409: 9403: 9380: 9374: 9359: 9353: 9344: 9338: 9329: 9323: 9317: 9311: 9302: 9296: 9290: 9284: 9275: 9269: 9263: 9257: 9251: 9245: 9239: 9233: 9224: 9218: 9209: 9203: 9186: 9180: 9171: 9165: 9148: 9142: 9127: 9121: 9115: 9109: 9103: 9097: 9091: 9085: 9074: 9068: 9057: 9051: 9042: 9036: 9030: 9024: 9018: 9012: 9006: 9000: 8989: 8983: 8974: 8968: 8951: 8945: 8939: 8933: 8924: 8918: 8912: 8906: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8858: 8852: 8843: 8837: 8831: 8825: 8819: 8813: 8807: 8801: 8795: 8789: 8783: 8777: 8771: 8765: 8759: 8753: 8747: 8741: 8724: 8718: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8698: 8679: 8673: 8667: 8661: 8655: 8649: 8643: 8637: 8631: 8622: 8616: 8610: 8604: 8598: 8592: 8583: 8577: 8571: 8565: 8559: 8553: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8529: 8523: 8517: 8508: 8502: 8493: 8487: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8449: 8443: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8419: 8413: 8407: 8401: 8395: 8389: 8383: 8374: 8368: 8362: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8335: 8329: 8323: 8317: 8311: 8305: 8299: 8293: 8287: 8281: 8275: 8269: 8260: 8254: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8221: 8215: 8209: 8203: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8176: 8167: 8161: 8152: 8146: 8135: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8108: 8102: 8093: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8066: 8060: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7988: 7982: 7976: 7970: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7917: 7911: 7905: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7863: 7857: 7851: 7848:Meyer & Fink 7845: 7836: 7830: 7819: 7813: 7807: 7801: 7795: 7789: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7775: 7764:"Hösl, Viktoria" 7760: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7724: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7713: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7667: 7661: 7655: 7649: 7640: 7634: 7628: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7562: 7556: 7550: 7541: 7535: 7529: 7523: 7514: 7508: 7502: 7496: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7469: 7463: 7457: 7451: 7445: 7439: 7433: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7376: 7370: 7361: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7296: 7290: 7281: 7275: 7269: 7263: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7234: 7225: 7219: 7213: 7207: 7201: 7195: 7189: 7183: 7177: 7171: 7165: 7159: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7138:Tittenhofer 1993 7135: 7094: 7088: 7077: 7071: 7062: 7056: 7043: 7037: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7004: 6998: 6992: 6986: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6927: 6921: 6915: 6909: 6903: 6897: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6847: 6841: 6832: 6826: 6820: 6814: 6808: 6802: 6796: 6790: 6784: 6778: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6711: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6623: 6617: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6481: 6475: 6464: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6372: 6366: 6357: 6356: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6316: 6310: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6232: 6226: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6188: 6182: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6149: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6107: 6098: 6092: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6008: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5936:Kienlechner 2007 5933: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5900: 5894: 5885: 5879: 5873: 5867: 5861: 5855: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5706: 5700: 5691: 5685: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5396: 5390: 5381: 5375: 5362: 5356: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5284: 5278: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5179: 5173: 5156: 5150: 5133: 5127: 5106: 5099: 5093: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5031:Schwarze Kapelle 4997: 4985: 4973: 4933:The Rote Kapelle 4909:Die rote Kapelle 4735:, published the 4236:microphotography 4157: 4146: 4020:Himpel's fiancé 4003:John Rittmeister 3999:Friedrich Rehmer 3954: 3813:Communist salute 3784:Klaus Bonhoeffer 3764:Alexander Kraell 3740:Axel von Harnack 3693:Volksgerichtshof 3685:Heinrich Himmler 3637:In August 1943, 3515:Monsieur Gilbert 3417:Anatoly Gurevich 3288:Alexander Spoerl 3176:Anatoly Gurevich 3137:radio operator, 3122:Honoré de Balzac 3072: 3044:had the format: 3035: 2959:parachuted into 2950:Oda Schottmüller 2923:Herbert Bittcher 2659:Rose Schlösinger 2596:Oda Schottmüller 2564:Anatoly Gurevich 2557:Bois de Boulogne 2522:American embassy 2404:Marguerite Bolli 2357: 2342: 2212:Ursula Kuczynski 2184:Ursula Kuczynski 2090:Isidore Springer 2038:Anna Maximovitch 1959:Leon Grossvogel 1931: 1901:Maisons-Laffitte 1893:diplomatic pouch 1860:organisation of 1813:Military attaché 1786: 1771: 1722: 1685: 1673: 1661: 1630:Anatoly Gurevich 1537:Sophia Poznańska 1526:Wartime activity 1515: 1500: 1473:Anatoly Gurevich 1119: 1107: 1076:How much longer? 1044:Soviet partisans 883:Munich Agreement 876:Bois de Boulogne 851:Francisco Franco 780:and her husband 717:Oda Schottmüller 696:, the locksmith 643:Friedrich Rehmer 583:Oda Schottmüller 579:John Rittmeister 520: 511: 469:Great Depression 327:Anatoly Gurevich 83: 82: 81: 75: 70: 57: 16172: 16171: 16167: 16166: 16165: 16163: 16162: 16161: 16122: 16121: 16120: 16115: 16106:Nazarin Drailly 16074:Franz Obermanns 15989:Rudolf Roessler 15969:Alexander Foote 15942:Rote Drei group 15937: 15936:espionage group 15930: 15900: 15895: 15891:Leon Grossvogel 15876: 15867:Leon Grossvogel 15847: 15824:Nazarin Drailly 15809: 15777: 15753: 15744:Franz Schneider 15721:Medardo Griotto 15701: 15697:Leon Grossvogel 15682: 15673:Joseph Blumsack 15651:Otto Schumacher 15636:Franz Schneider 15631:Anton Winterink 15584: 15570:Daniël Goulooze 15565:Anton Winterink 15555:Franz Schneider 15533: 15516:Zofia Poznańska 15499: 15486:Fernand Pauriol 15461:Joseph Blumsack 15457:Medardo Griotto 15412:Mikhail Makarov 15392:Leon Grossvogel 15387:Leopold Trepper 15375: 15374:espionage group 15368: 15338: 15333: 15329:Heinrich Koenen 15297: 15238:Wolfgang Thiess 15208:Herbert Gollnow 15168:Wilhelm Guddorf 15163:Mildred Harnack 15146: 15127:Albert Hoessler 15057:Marcel Melliand 15052:Krystana Janewa 15037:Walter Husemann 15022:Walter Hoffmann 14912:Liane Berkowitz 14887:Heinrich Scheel 14862:Eva Rittmeister 14827:Kurt Schumacher 14780: 14773: 14719:Wayback Machine 14698: 14685: 14683: 14679: 14674: 14668: 14655: 14653: 14647: 14638: 14636: 14630: 14621: 14619: 14613: 14604: 14602: 14596: 14587: 14585: 14579: 14570: 14568: 14562: 14553: 14551: 14545: 14536: 14534: 14528: 14519: 14517: 14511: 14502: 14500: 14494: 14484:Gilles Perrault 14476: 14466: 14447: 14441: 14424: 14403: 14397: 14380: 14374: 14357: 14351: 14334: 14320: 14307: 14301: 14284: 14267: 14261: 14248: 14242: 14225: 14204: 14198: 14177: 14171: 14154: 14148: 14131: 14125: 14112: 14095: 14089: 14079: 14062: 14056: 14039: 14036: 14031: 14029:Further reading 14026: 14017: 14015: 13997: 13995: 13977: 13975: 13957: 13955: 13954:on 30 June 2009 13933: 13931: 13916: 13914: 13912: 13888: 13886: 13884: 13860: 13858: 13856: 13832: 13830: 13828: 13807: 13776: 13754: 13752: 13734: 13732: 13730: 13706: 13704: 13697:"Maria Terwiel" 13672: 13619: 13595: 13593: 13574: 13572: 13560: 13546: 13544: 13524: 13496: 13495: 13491: 13469: 13467: 13459: 13445: 13443: 13425: 13423: 13405: 13403: 13401: 13360: 13358: 13350: 13336: 13334: 13332: 13308: 13306: 13304: 13280: 13278: 13266: 13240: 13238: 13236: 13195: 13193: 13185: 13174: 13150: 13148: 13144: 13131: 13129: 13114: 13112: 13094: 13092: 13090: 13066: 13064: 13056: 13042: 13040: 13021: 13019: 13000: 12998: 12996: 12971: 12940: 12938: 12923: 12904: 12882: 12880: 12878: 12857: 12794: 12772: 12770: 12749:"Grimme, Adolf" 12732: 12713: 12654: 12652: 12650: 12622: 12620: 12605: 12597:. Hachette UK. 12586: 12565: 12541: 12539: 12537: 12513: 12511: 12496: 12494: 12486: 12462: 12440: 12438: 12436: 12398: 12396: 12372: 12346: 12344: 12334: 12313: 12302: 12286: 12284: 12282: 12258: 12256: 12254: 12230: 12228: 12226: 12185: 12183: 12164: 12162: 12160: 12136: 12134: 12132: 12103: 12081: 12079: 12077: 12053: 12051: 12004: 11956: 11942: 11940: 11926: 11924: 11922: 11898: 11896: 11894: 11870: 11868: 11824: 11822: 11807: 11805: 11790: 11788: 11770: 11768: 11766: 11742: 11740: 11738: 11712: 11710: 11691: 11689: 11670: 11668: 11666: 11642: 11640: 11638: 11614: 11612: 11605:"Stefan Roloff" 11593: 11591: 11583: 11570: 11568: 11566: 11542: 11540: 11515: 11507:. Berlin: GDW. 11496: 11475: 11454: 11428: 11426: 11422: 11399: 11380: 11378: 11368: 11357: 11336: 11334: 11332: 11308: 11306: 11304: 11262: 11254:. Basic Books. 11238: 11236: 11234: 11210: 11208: 11206: 11185: 11166: 11142: 11140: 11138: 11090: 11088: 11086: 11065: 11043: 11041: 11039: 11015: 11013: 10978: 10976: 10974: 10950: 10948: 10946: 10925: 10902: 10881: 10859: 10857: 10842: 10840: 10838: 10814: 10812: 10800: 10774: 10772: 10770: 10746: 10744: 10720: 10715: 10707: 10703: 10695: 10691: 10681: 10679: 10678:on 30 July 2017 10664: 10663: 10659: 10651: 10647: 10639: 10635: 10627: 10623: 10615: 10611: 10603: 10599: 10591: 10587: 10579: 10575: 10567: 10563: 10553: 10551: 10547: 10536: 10532: 10531: 10527: 10519: 10515: 10507: 10503: 10495: 10491: 10483: 10479: 10471: 10467: 10459: 10455: 10449:Dittberner 2013 10447: 10443: 10433: 10431: 10423: 10422: 10418: 10410: 10401: 10393: 10389: 10381: 10377: 10369: 10362: 10354: 10350: 10342: 10331: 10323: 10319: 10311: 10307: 10299: 10295: 10287: 10280: 10272: 10263: 10255: 10251: 10243: 10239: 10231: 10227: 10219: 10215: 10209:O'Sullivan 2010 10207: 10200: 10192: 10188: 10180: 10176: 10168: 10164: 10156: 10152: 10144: 10140: 10132: 10123: 10115: 10111: 10103: 10099: 10091: 10078: 10070: 10066: 10058: 10051: 10043: 10039: 10031: 10020: 10012: 10008: 10000: 9985: 9977: 9973: 9965: 9961: 9953: 9949: 9941: 9937: 9929: 9922: 9914: 9910: 9902: 9895: 9887: 9878: 9870: 9866: 9858: 9851: 9843: 9830: 9822: 9815: 9807: 9803: 9795: 9782: 9774: 9770: 9762: 9755: 9747: 9732: 9724: 9715: 9707: 9696: 9688: 9681: 9673: 9669: 9661: 9657: 9649: 9645: 9637: 9633: 9625: 9621: 9611: 9609: 9600: 9599: 9595: 9587: 9583: 9575: 9571: 9563: 9556: 9548: 9544: 9536: 9532: 9524: 9520: 9512: 9508: 9500: 9496: 9488: 9484: 9476: 9472: 9464: 9460: 9452: 9448: 9440: 9436: 9428: 9424: 9416: 9412: 9404: 9383: 9375: 9362: 9354: 9347: 9339: 9332: 9324: 9320: 9312: 9305: 9297: 9293: 9285: 9278: 9270: 9266: 9258: 9254: 9246: 9242: 9234: 9227: 9219: 9212: 9204: 9189: 9181: 9174: 9166: 9151: 9143: 9130: 9122: 9118: 9110: 9106: 9098: 9094: 9086: 9077: 9069: 9060: 9052: 9045: 9037: 9033: 9025: 9021: 9013: 9009: 9001: 8992: 8984: 8977: 8969: 8954: 8950:, Reference 41. 8946: 8942: 8938:, Reference 40. 8934: 8927: 8919: 8915: 8907: 8900: 8892: 8888: 8880: 8876: 8868: 8861: 8853: 8846: 8838: 8834: 8826: 8822: 8814: 8810: 8802: 8798: 8790: 8786: 8778: 8774: 8766: 8762: 8754: 8750: 8742: 8727: 8719: 8706: 8696: 8694: 8681: 8680: 8676: 8668: 8664: 8656: 8652: 8644: 8640: 8632: 8625: 8617: 8613: 8605: 8601: 8593: 8586: 8578: 8574: 8566: 8562: 8554: 8550: 8542: 8538: 8530: 8526: 8518: 8511: 8503: 8496: 8488: 8479: 8471: 8467: 8459: 8452: 8444: 8440: 8432: 8428: 8420: 8416: 8408: 8404: 8396: 8392: 8384: 8377: 8369: 8365: 8357: 8353: 8345: 8338: 8330: 8326: 8318: 8314: 8306: 8302: 8294: 8290: 8282: 8278: 8270: 8263: 8255: 8251: 8243: 8239: 8231: 8224: 8216: 8212: 8204: 8197: 8189: 8185: 8177: 8170: 8162: 8155: 8147: 8138: 8130: 8126: 8118: 8111: 8103: 8096: 8088: 8084: 8076: 8069: 8061: 8054: 8046: 8042: 8034: 8030: 8022: 8018: 8010: 8006: 7998: 7991: 7983: 7979: 7971: 7962: 7954: 7950: 7942: 7938: 7930: 7926: 7918: 7914: 7906: 7902: 7894: 7890: 7882: 7878: 7870: 7866: 7858: 7854: 7846: 7839: 7831: 7822: 7814: 7810: 7802: 7798: 7790: 7783: 7773: 7771: 7762: 7761: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7737: 7733: 7725: 7721: 7711: 7709: 7698: 7694: 7686: 7682: 7674: 7670: 7662: 7658: 7650: 7643: 7635: 7631: 7623: 7619: 7611: 7607: 7599: 7595: 7587: 7583: 7575: 7571: 7563: 7559: 7551: 7544: 7536: 7532: 7524: 7517: 7509: 7505: 7497: 7490: 7482: 7478: 7470: 7466: 7458: 7454: 7446: 7442: 7434: 7427: 7419: 7415: 7407: 7403: 7395: 7391: 7383: 7379: 7371: 7364: 7356: 7352: 7342: 7340: 7331: 7330: 7326: 7318: 7314: 7306: 7299: 7291: 7284: 7276: 7272: 7264: 7255: 7247: 7243: 7235: 7228: 7220: 7216: 7208: 7204: 7196: 7192: 7184: 7180: 7172: 7168: 7160: 7156: 7148: 7144: 7136: 7097: 7089: 7080: 7072: 7065: 7057: 7046: 7038: 7031: 7023: 7019: 7011: 7007: 6999: 6995: 6987: 6983: 6975: 6971: 6963: 6959: 6951: 6947: 6939: 6930: 6922: 6918: 6910: 6906: 6898: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6871: 6867: 6859: 6850: 6842: 6835: 6827: 6823: 6815: 6811: 6803: 6799: 6791: 6787: 6779: 6768: 6760: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6736: 6732: 6724: 6720: 6712: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6688: 6684: 6676: 6672: 6664: 6655: 6647: 6643: 6635: 6626: 6618: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6589: 6585: 6577: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6553: 6540: 6532: 6528: 6520: 6513: 6505: 6501: 6493: 6484: 6476: 6467: 6459: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6435: 6428: 6420: 6416: 6408: 6404: 6396: 6392: 6384: 6375: 6367: 6360: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6336: 6319: 6311: 6304: 6296: 6292: 6284: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6248: 6235: 6227: 6220: 6212: 6208: 6200: 6191: 6183: 6176: 6168: 6164: 6156: 6152: 6144: 6140: 6132: 6128: 6120: 6116: 6108: 6101: 6093: 6086: 6078: 6074: 6066: 6062: 6054: 6041: 6033: 6029: 6021: 6017: 6009: 6005: 5997: 5993: 5985: 5978: 5970: 5966: 5958: 5954: 5948:Ueberschär 2006 5946: 5942: 5934: 5930: 5922: 5918: 5910: 5903: 5895: 5888: 5880: 5876: 5868: 5864: 5856: 5849: 5841: 5837: 5831:Ueberschär 2006 5829: 5825: 5817: 5813: 5805: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5781: 5777: 5769: 5762: 5754: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5718: 5709: 5701: 5694: 5686: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5659: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5620: 5616: 5608: 5604: 5596: 5592: 5584: 5580: 5574:Kettelhake 2008 5572: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5548: 5544: 5536: 5529: 5521: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5473: 5469: 5461: 5450: 5442: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5406: 5399: 5391: 5384: 5376: 5365: 5357: 5350: 5342: 5338: 5330: 5326: 5318: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5294: 5287: 5279: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5234: 5217: 5209: 5205: 5197: 5182: 5174: 5159: 5151: 5136: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5109: 5100: 5096: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5068:Wilhelm Knöchel 5066: 5062: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5027: 5022: 5016: 5009: 4998: 4989: 4986: 4977: 4974: 4965: 4898:Jutta Wachowiak 4866:Horst E. Brandt 4847: 4820: 4792:Academy of Arts 4784: 4745: 4679:Peter Steinbach 4655:Gilles Perrault 4593: 4581:Alexander Blank 4539: 4496: 4439:Occupation Zone 4431: 4406: 4367:Robinson papers 4309: 4254: 4249: 4151: 4140: 4108:Alexander Foote 4095: 4087:Mikhail Makarov 4083:Nazarin Drailly 4045: 4026:Soviet Paradise 3991:Wilhelm Guddorf 3972: 3948: 3928: 3919:Kurt Schumacher 3835: 3830: 3804:Nacht und Nebel 3796:court-martialed 3792: 3776:Hermann Stutzer 3772:Walter Musshoff 3701:Roland Freisler 3689:Heinrich Müller 3683:, Reichsführer 3661: 3656: 3648:Heinrich Müller 3644:Catholic church 3549: 3544: 3527:Léon Grossvogel 3492:Léon Grossvogel 3487:dead letterboxs 3470: 3458: 3440:in Brussels or 3397:Franz Schneider 3385:Leopold Trepper 3373:Anton Winterink 3355: 3261: 3256: 3232:Wilhelm Canaris 3167: 3130: 3094:Mikhail Makarov 3086:Zofia Poznańska 3070: 3067: 3033: 3029: 3024: 2957:Heinrich Koenen 2934:Albert Hoessler 2895: 2822:and sinologist 2820:Wilhelm Guddorf 2790:Harald Poelchau 2776:, philosopher, 2734:. Harnack knew 2713: 2627:Herbert Gollnow 2622:for Engelsing. 2608:Joseph Goebbels 2584:Kurt Schumacher 2562:In April 1939, 2539:Helmuth Wilberg 2510:Donald R. Heath 2506: 2501: 2478:Wilhelm Canaris 2443:Battle of Kursk 2439: 2411:Alexander Foote 2377: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2358: 2350: 2349: 2343: 2334: 2333: 2247:Rudolf Roessler 2216:Rudolf Roessler 2208:Alexander Foote 2150: 2144: 2139: 2115:François Darlan 1992:Gaullist groups 1980:Deuxième Bureau 1975:Henry Robinson 1946:Responsibility 1935: 1923: 1886:Deuxième Bureau 1822:Nazarin Drailly 1809:Ivan Susloparov 1793: 1780: 1765: 1756:Wilhelm Knöchel 1752: 1736:Anton Winterink 1707:Daniël Goulooze 1703: 1698: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1653: 1652: 1566: 1528: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1508: 1507: 1504:Leopold Trepper 1501: 1492: 1491: 1477:Vincente Sierra 1457:Mikhail Makarov 1430:Léon Grossvogel 1383:Leopold Trepper 1369:Daniël Goulooze 1352: 1347: 1270: 1207: 1195:Lavrentiy Beria 1132: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1099: 1098: 1089:Walter Husemann 1021:Joseph Goebbels 1017: 1001:Nazi propaganda 908: 903: 862:Helmuth Wilberg 808: 757:Polish campaign 745:Wilhelm Guddorf 665:. The Romanist 635:Liane Berkowitz 619:Heinrich Scheel 556:photojournalist 507: 473:planned economy 461: 437: 432: 412:Johannes Tuchel 359:, whose father 351:Only after the 288: 264:Heinrich Scheel 254:Luise Kraushaar 229:Reich war court 161: 126:Leopold Trepper 77: 76: 68: 53: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16170: 16160: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16144: 16139: 16134: 16117: 16116: 16114: 16113: 16110: 16107: 16104: 16101: 16098: 16095: 16092: 16089: 16086: 16081: 16076: 16071: 16066: 16061: 16056: 16051: 16046: 16041: 16036: 16031: 16026: 16021: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15976: 15971: 15966: 15961: 15959:Alexander Radó 15956: 15951: 15945: 15943: 15939: 15938: 15929: 15928: 15921: 15914: 15906: 15897: 15896: 15894: 15893: 15887: 15885: 15878: 15877: 15875: 15874: 15872:Suzanne Giraud 15869: 15864: 15858: 15856: 15849: 15848: 15846: 15845: 15844:Suzanne Cointe 15842: 15839: 15838:Jean Passelecq 15836: 15831: 15826: 15820: 15818: 15811: 15810: 15808: 15807: 15802: 15799: 15794: 15788: 15786: 15779: 15778: 15776: 15775: 15770: 15764: 15762: 15755: 15754: 15752: 15751: 15746: 15741: 15739:Klara Schabbel 15736: 15731: 15726: 15725:Marcelle Capre 15723: 15718: 15716:Henry Robinson 15712: 15710: 15703: 15702: 15700: 15699: 15693: 15691: 15684: 15683: 15681: 15680: 15677: 15676:Renee Blumsack 15674: 15671: 15668: 15665: 15662: 15659: 15658:Augustin Sesee 15656: 15653: 15648: 15646:Malvina Gruber 15643: 15638: 15633: 15628: 15623: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15592: 15590: 15586: 15585: 15583: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15541: 15539: 15535: 15534: 15532: 15531: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15507: 15505: 15501: 15500: 15498: 15497: 15494: 15491: 15488: 15483: 15480: 15478:Sarah Goldberg 15475: 15470: 15468:Jacques Duclos 15465: 15464:Renee Blumsack 15462: 15459: 15454: 15449: 15444: 15442:Henry Robinson 15439: 15437:Malvina Gruber 15434: 15429: 15424: 15422:Augustin Sesee 15419: 15417:Suzanne Giraud 15414: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15389: 15383: 15381: 15377: 15376: 15367: 15366: 15359: 15352: 15344: 15335: 15334: 15332: 15331: 15326: 15321: 15316: 15311: 15305: 15303: 15299: 15298: 15296: 15295: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15248:Friedrich Lenz 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15195: 15193:Greta Kuckhoff 15190: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15154: 15152: 15148: 15147: 15145: 15144: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15087:Edwin Tietjens 15084: 15079: 15074: 15072:Ilse Schaeffer 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15042:Marta Husemann 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15012:Otto Grabowski 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14977:Eva-Maria Buch 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14892:Horst Heilmann 14889: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14869: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14837:Joy Weisenborn 14834: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14788: 14786: 14782: 14781: 14772: 14771: 14764: 14757: 14749: 14743: 14742: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14709: 14704: 14697: 14696:External links 14694: 14693: 14692: 14667: 14664: 14663: 14662: 14645: 14628: 14611: 14594: 14577: 14560: 14543: 14526: 14509: 14475: 14472: 14471: 14470: 14464: 14445: 14439: 14422: 14401: 14395: 14378: 14372: 14355: 14349: 14332: 14318: 14305: 14299: 14282: 14265: 14259: 14246: 14240: 14223: 14213:(1): 196–218. 14197: 14194: 14193: 14192: 14175: 14169: 14152: 14146: 14129: 14123: 14110: 14088: 14085: 14084: 14083: 14077: 14060: 14054: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14024: 14004: 13984: 13964: 13940: 13923: 13910: 13895: 13882: 13867: 13854: 13839: 13826: 13811: 13805: 13788: 13774: 13761: 13741: 13728: 13713: 13693: 13676: 13670: 13653: 13631: 13617: 13602: 13581: 13553: 13536: 13522: 13509: 13489: 13476: 13452: 13432: 13412: 13399: 13384: 13367: 13343: 13330: 13315: 13302: 13287: 13270: 13264: 13247: 13234: 13219: 13202: 13178: 13172: 13157: 13138: 13121: 13101: 13088: 13073: 13049: 13028: 13007: 12994: 12975: 12969: 12956: 12947: 12927: 12921: 12908: 12902: 12889: 12876: 12861: 12855: 12831: 12813:(2): 272–273. 12807:German History 12798: 12792: 12779: 12767:Deutsche Welle 12759: 12744: 12730: 12717: 12711: 12698: 12661: 12648: 12629: 12609: 12603: 12590: 12584: 12569: 12563: 12548: 12535: 12520: 12503: 12479: 12474: 12460: 12447: 12434: 12419: 12410: 12405: 12384: 12370: 12353: 12332: 12317: 12311: 12293: 12280: 12265: 12252: 12246:. Spellmount. 12237: 12224: 12209: 12192: 12171: 12158: 12143: 12130: 12115: 12101: 12088: 12075: 12060: 12043: 12008: 12002: 11985: 11949: 11933: 11920: 11905: 11892: 11877: 11860: 11842:(2): 271–283. 11831: 11814: 11797: 11777: 11764: 11749: 11736: 11719: 11698: 11677: 11664: 11658:. Peter Lang. 11649: 11636: 11621: 11600: 11577: 11564: 11549: 11519: 11513: 11500: 11494: 11479: 11473: 11458: 11452: 11435: 11425:on 18 May 2015 11387: 11366: 11343: 11330: 11315: 11302: 11287: 11266: 11260: 11245: 11232: 11217: 11204: 11189: 11183: 11170: 11164: 11149: 11136: 11121: 11097: 11084: 11069: 11063: 11050: 11037: 11022: 11002: 10985: 10972: 10957: 10944: 10929: 10923: 10906: 10900: 10885: 10879: 10866: 10849: 10836: 10821: 10804: 10798: 10781: 10768: 10753: 10733: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10713: 10701: 10689: 10657: 10645: 10633: 10631:, p. 251. 10621: 10609: 10607:, p. 221. 10605:Brockmann 2010 10597: 10585: 10583:, p. 107. 10573: 10571:, p. 178. 10561: 10525: 10523:, p. 118. 10513: 10511:, p. 169. 10501: 10499:, p. 300. 10489: 10485:Bourgeois 2015 10477: 10465: 10461:Boroznjak 2002 10453: 10451:, p. 197. 10441: 10416: 10399: 10397:, p. 321. 10387: 10375: 10373:, p. 101. 10360: 10348: 10329: 10317: 10315:, p. 329. 10305: 10293: 10278: 10261: 10249: 10237: 10225: 10213: 10211:, p. 292. 10198: 10186: 10184:, p. 296. 10174: 10172:, p. 174. 10162: 10160:, p. 294. 10150: 10138: 10121: 10119:, p. 301. 10109: 10107:, p. 126. 10097: 10076: 10074:, p. 300. 10064: 10049: 10047:, p. 299. 10037: 10035:, p. 300. 10018: 10016:, p. 145. 10006: 10004:, p. 123. 9983: 9981:, p. 122. 9971: 9969:, p. 309. 9959: 9957:, p. 210. 9947: 9935: 9933:, p. 158. 9920: 9908: 9906:, p. 252. 9893: 9891:, p. 251. 9876: 9874:, p. 250. 9864: 9862:, p. 249. 9849: 9847:, p. 248. 9828: 9826:, p. 247. 9813: 9811:, p. 246. 9801: 9799:, p. 245. 9780: 9768: 9753: 9751:, p. 244. 9730: 9728:, p. 243. 9713: 9711:, p. 242. 9694: 9692:, p. 194. 9679: 9667: 9665:, p. 385. 9655: 9653:, p. 165. 9643: 9631: 9619: 9593: 9591:, p. 134. 9581: 9569: 9554: 9552:, p. 365. 9542: 9530: 9528:, p. 166. 9518: 9506: 9504:, p. 213. 9494: 9492:, p. 135. 9482: 9470: 9458: 9446: 9434: 9422: 9410: 9381: 9379:, p. 321. 9360: 9358:, p. 332. 9345: 9343:, p. 331. 9330: 9318: 9316:, p. 325. 9303: 9301:, p. 324. 9291: 9289:, p. 323. 9276: 9264: 9262:, p. 359. 9252: 9250:, p. 269. 9240: 9238:, p. 358. 9225: 9223:, p. 357. 9210: 9208:, p. 275. 9187: 9185:, p. 309. 9172: 9170:, p. 351. 9149: 9128: 9126:, p. 274. 9116: 9104: 9092: 9090:, p. 299. 9075: 9073:, p. 273. 9058: 9056:, p. 287. 9043: 9031: 9019: 9017:, p. 306. 9007: 8990: 8975: 8952: 8940: 8925: 8923:, p. 557. 8913: 8911:, p. 147. 8898: 8896:, p. 289. 8886: 8874: 8872:, p. 370. 8859: 8857:, p. 106. 8844: 8842:, p. 268. 8832: 8830:, p. 139. 8828:Jörgensen 2004 8820: 8818:, p. 254. 8808: 8806:, p. 229. 8796: 8784: 8782:, p. 319. 8772: 8770:, p. 232. 8760: 8748: 8746:, p. 224. 8725: 8723:, p. 108. 8704: 8674: 8672:, p. 389. 8662: 8650: 8638: 8636:, p. 247. 8623: 8621:, p. 157. 8611: 8599: 8584: 8582:, p. 155. 8572: 8570:, p. 151. 8560: 8558:, p. 339. 8548: 8536: 8524: 8522:, p. 351. 8509: 8494: 8492:, p. 153. 8477: 8475:, p. 158. 8465: 8450: 8438: 8436:, p. 143. 8426: 8414: 8412:, p. 338. 8402: 8400:, p. 279. 8390: 8388:, p. 278. 8375: 8373:, p. 268. 8363: 8361:, p. 267. 8351: 8349:, p. 264. 8336: 8334:, p. 263. 8324: 8312: 8310:, p. 257. 8300: 8288: 8276: 8274:, p. 135. 8272:Jörgensen 2004 8261: 8259:, p. 282. 8249: 8247:, p. 307. 8237: 8235:, p. 439. 8222: 8220:, p. 306. 8210: 8208:, p. 266. 8195: 8193:, p. 134. 8191:Jörgensen 2004 8183: 8181:, p. 131. 8168: 8166:, p. 315. 8153: 8151:, p. 205. 8136: 8134:, p. 118. 8124: 8122:, p. 133. 8120:Jörgensen 2004 8109: 8107:, p. 314. 8094: 8082: 8080:, p. 313. 8067: 8052: 8040: 8038:, p. 122. 8028: 8026:, p. 123. 8016: 8014:, p. 250. 8004: 8002:, p. 250. 7989: 7987:, p. 265. 7977: 7975:, p. 243. 7960: 7958:, p. 302. 7948: 7946:, p. 250. 7936: 7924: 7922:, p. 266. 7912: 7910:, p. 266. 7900: 7898:, p. 264. 7888: 7886:, p. 269. 7876: 7864: 7862:, p. 133. 7852: 7837: 7835:, p. 102. 7820: 7818:, p. 128. 7816:Überschär 2006 7808: 7796: 7781: 7755: 7743: 7741:, p. 254. 7731: 7719: 7692: 7690:, p. 130. 7680: 7668: 7656: 7641: 7629: 7627:, p. 622. 7617: 7615:, p. 237. 7605: 7593: 7591:, p. 251. 7581: 7579:, p. 247. 7569: 7567:, p. 249. 7557: 7555:, p. 206. 7542: 7540:, p. 122. 7530: 7528:, p. 198. 7515: 7503: 7488: 7486:, p. 546. 7476: 7474:, p. 116. 7464: 7452: 7440: 7438:, p. 263. 7425: 7423:, p. 118. 7413: 7411:, p. 228. 7401: 7399:, p. 228. 7389: 7387:, p. 224. 7377: 7375:, p. 196. 7362: 7350: 7324: 7312: 7297: 7295:, p. 345. 7282: 7270: 7253: 7251:, p. 344. 7241: 7239:, p. 295. 7226: 7214: 7202: 7190: 7188:, p. 185. 7178: 7166: 7154: 7142: 7095: 7078: 7076:, p. 315. 7063: 7044: 7029: 7027:, p. 109. 7017: 7015:, p. 195. 7005: 6993: 6991:, p. 104. 6981: 6969: 6967:, p. 103. 6957: 6955:, p. 128. 6945: 6928: 6916: 6904: 6902:, p. 188. 6889: 6877: 6875:, p. 356. 6865: 6848: 6846:, p. 101. 6833: 6821: 6809: 6807:, p. 762. 6797: 6795:, p. 183. 6785: 6766: 6754: 6742: 6730: 6718: 6706: 6704:, p. 135. 6694: 6692:, p. 181. 6682: 6680:, p. 179. 6670: 6668:, p. 178. 6653: 6641: 6639:, p. 173. 6624: 6622:, p. 281. 6607: 6605:, p. 282. 6595: 6593:, p. 383. 6583: 6581:, p. 125. 6571: 6569:, p. 147. 6559: 6538: 6536:, p. 124. 6526: 6524:, p. 384. 6511: 6499: 6482: 6480:, p. 352. 6465: 6463:, p. 350. 6453: 6441: 6426: 6424:, p. 271. 6414: 6402: 6400:, p. 374. 6390: 6373: 6371:, p. 296. 6358: 6342: 6317: 6315:, p. 285. 6302: 6290: 6288:, p. 338. 6278: 6266: 6264:, p. 270. 6254: 6252:, p. 362. 6233: 6231:, p. 359. 6218: 6206: 6189: 6174: 6172:, p. 388. 6162: 6150: 6138: 6136:, p. 106. 6126: 6114: 6099: 6097:, p. 221. 6084: 6072: 6070:, p. 431. 6060: 6039: 6027: 6015: 6003: 6001:, p. 171. 5991: 5987:Klussmann 2009 5976: 5964: 5952: 5950:, p. 139. 5940: 5928: 5916: 5912:Eckelmann 2018 5901: 5899:, p. 323. 5886: 5874: 5862: 5860:, p. 312. 5847: 5845:, p. 311. 5835: 5833:, p. 135. 5823: 5811: 5799: 5797:, p. 298. 5787: 5775: 5760: 5748: 5746:, p. 256. 5736: 5734:, p. 301. 5724: 5722:, p. 255. 5707: 5705:, p. 300. 5692: 5690:, p. 254. 5677: 5675:, p. 219. 5665: 5650: 5648:, p. 243. 5638: 5626: 5614: 5612:, p. 170. 5602: 5590: 5588:, p. 199. 5578: 5576:, p. 331. 5566: 5564:, p. 242. 5554: 5552:, p. 157. 5542: 5540:, p. 204. 5527: 5515: 5503: 5491: 5479: 5477:, p. 138. 5467: 5465:, p. 189. 5448: 5436: 5424: 5422:, p. 102. 5412: 5410:, p. 239. 5397: 5395:, p. 568. 5382: 5380:, p. 112. 5363: 5348: 5346:, p. 146. 5336: 5324: 5322:, p. 126. 5320:Richelson 1995 5312: 5300: 5285: 5264: 5262:, p. 325. 5252: 5240: 5215: 5203: 5180: 5157: 5134: 5132:, p. 281. 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5094: 5081: 5072: 5060: 5051: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5026: 5023: 5018:Main article: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5010: 4999: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4890:Barbara Adolph 4846: 4843: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4761:Volkstrauertag 4744: 4741: 4721: 4720: 4717: 4701:and historian 4624:Gerhard Ritter 4601:Charlottenburg 4592: 4589: 4538: 4535: 4495: 4492: 4435:Manfred Roeder 4430: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4405: 4402: 4359:Manfred Roeder 4328:Heinz Pannwitz 4308: 4305: 4293: 4292: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4223:Diplomatic bag 4217: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4191: 4182: 4181: 4180:Documentation: 4177: 4176: 4168: 4134: 4123:Henry Robinson 4118: 4117: 4113: 4112: 4103: 4102: 4094: 4091: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4044: 4041: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3943: 3938: 3936:Horst Heilmann 3932: 3927: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3900: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3871: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3791: 3788: 3716:Manfred Roeder 3681:Hermann Göring 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3639:Heinz Pannwitz 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3508:Fresnes Prison 3469: 3466: 3457: 3454: 3442:Fort Breendonk 3409:Malvina Gruber 3354: 3351: 3332:Alexanderplatz 3328:Spandau Prison 3265:Horst Heilmann 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3205: 3204: 3195: 3194: 3166: 3165:Soviet blunder 3163: 3151:Fort Breendonk 3129: 3126: 3066: 3063: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 2990:, Hamburg and 2894: 2893:Reorganisation 2891: 2794:Kreisau Circle 2748:Kreisau Circle 2712: 2709: 2643:Greta Kuckhoff 2588:Eva-Maria Buch 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2438: 2435: 2419: 2418: 2407: 2400: 2376: 2373: 2364:group, run by 2359: 2352: 2351: 2347:Alexander Radó 2344: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2318:Hans Hausamann 2306:Karel Sedláček 2301: 2300: 2289: 2278: 2196:Alexander Radó 2180:4th Department 2146:Main article: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2122: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2073: 2070: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2047: 2040: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2021: 2014:White Russians 2010: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1922: 1919: 1872:Party and the 1869:Henry Robinson 1792: 1789: 1778:Alfred Kowalke 1751: 1748: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1687: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1618:Henry Robinson 1565: 1562: 1554:Malvina Gruber 1527: 1524: 1517: 1510: 1509: 1502: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1279: 1278: 1269: 1266: 1258:Final Solution 1206: 1203: 1169:Herbert Grasse 1160:The Home Front 1131: 1128: 1121: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1036:Greta Kuckhoff 1016: 1013: 1012: 1011: 907: 904: 902: 899: 842: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 826: 823: 807: 804: 795: 794: 733:Die Rote Fahne 587:Charlottenburg 571:Marta Husemann 546:, the writers 528:Sturmabteilung 460: 457: 436: 433: 431: 428: 427: 426: 405: 404: 391:Hans Coppi Jr. 387: 386: 385: 384: 372:radio operator 287: 284: 237:Robert Kempner 213:Manfred Roeder 160: 157: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16169: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16129: 16127: 16112:Tamara Vigier 16111: 16108: 16105: 16102: 16100:Rachel Dobrik 16099: 16096: 16094:Mario Bianchi 16093: 16091:Helene Berger 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16049:Karl Hofmaier 16047: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16029:Margrit Bolli 16027: 16025: 16024:Paul Böttcher 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15970: 15967: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15957: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15946: 15944: 15940: 15935: 15927: 15922: 15920: 15915: 15913: 15908: 15907: 15904: 15892: 15889: 15888: 15886: 15884: 15879: 15873: 15870: 15868: 15865: 15863: 15860: 15859: 15857: 15855: 15850: 15843: 15841:Robert Corbin 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15829:Alfred Corbin 15827: 15825: 15822: 15821: 15819: 15817: 15812: 15806: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15797:Käte Voelkner 15795: 15793: 15790: 15789: 15787: 15785: 15780: 15774: 15773:Käte Voelkner 15771: 15769: 15766: 15765: 15763: 15761: 15756: 15750: 15747: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15713: 15711: 15709: 15704: 15698: 15695: 15694: 15692: 15690: 15685: 15678: 15675: 15672: 15669: 15666: 15663: 15660: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15601:Johann Wenzel 15599: 15597: 15594: 15593: 15591: 15587: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15550:Johann Wenzel 15548: 15546: 15543: 15542: 15540: 15536: 15530:Anton Danilov 15529: 15527: 15526:Maurice Peper 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15508: 15506: 15502: 15495: 15492: 15490:Anton Danilov 15489: 15487: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15473:Suzanne Spaak 15471: 15469: 15466: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15407:Johann Wenzel 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15384: 15382: 15378: 15373: 15365: 15360: 15358: 15353: 15351: 15346: 15345: 15342: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15320: 15317: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15307: 15306: 15304: 15300: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15273:Eugen Neutert 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15233:Anton Saefkow 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15188:Adam Kuckhoff 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15173:Hilde Guddorf 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15158:Arvid Harnack 15156: 15155: 15153: 15149: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15132:Heinz Strelow 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15097:Frida Wesolek 15095: 15093: 15092:Albert Voigts 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15082:Hans Sussmann 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15062:Helmut Roloff 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15007:Max Grabowski 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14987:Werner Dissel 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14952:Helmut Himpel 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14932:Werner Krauss 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14917:Ursula Goetze 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14852:John Graudenz 14850: 14848: 14847:Elfriede Paul 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14802:Maria Terwiel 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14789: 14787: 14783: 14778: 14770: 14765: 14763: 14758: 14756: 14751: 14750: 14747: 14741: 14737: 14736: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14716: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14699: 14678: 14673: 14672: 14671: 14651: 14646: 14634: 14629: 14617: 14612: 14600: 14595: 14583: 14578: 14566: 14561: 14549: 14544: 14532: 14527: 14515: 14510: 14498: 14493: 14492: 14491: 14489: 14485: 14481: 14467: 14461: 14457: 14453: 14452: 14446: 14442: 14436: 14432: 14428: 14423: 14419: 14415: 14411: 14407: 14402: 14398: 14392: 14388: 14384: 14379: 14375: 14369: 14365: 14361: 14356: 14352: 14346: 14342: 14338: 14333: 14329: 14325: 14321: 14315: 14311: 14306: 14302: 14296: 14292: 14288: 14283: 14279: 14275: 14271: 14266: 14262: 14256: 14252: 14247: 14243: 14237: 14233: 14229: 14224: 14220: 14216: 14212: 14208: 14203: 14202: 14201: 14196:Single issues 14189: 14185: 14181: 14176: 14172: 14166: 14162: 14158: 14153: 14149: 14143: 14139: 14135: 14130: 14126: 14120: 14116: 14111: 14107: 14103: 14099: 14094: 14093: 14092: 14080: 14074: 14070: 14066: 14061: 14057: 14051: 14047: 14043: 14038: 14037: 14013: 14009: 14005: 13993: 13989: 13985: 13973: 13969: 13965: 13953: 13949: 13945: 13941: 13929: 13924: 13913: 13911:0-85561-166-9 13907: 13903: 13902: 13896: 13885: 13879: 13876:. Routledge. 13875: 13874: 13868: 13857: 13851: 13847: 13846: 13840: 13829: 13823: 13819: 13818: 13812: 13808: 13806:3-596-13934-1 13802: 13798: 13794: 13789: 13785: 13781: 13777: 13771: 13767: 13762: 13750: 13746: 13742: 13731: 13725: 13721: 13720: 13714: 13702: 13698: 13694: 13690: 13686: 13685:Slavic Review 13682: 13677: 13673: 13671:3-89244-943-0 13667: 13663: 13659: 13654: 13650: 13646: 13642: 13638: 13632: 13628: 13624: 13620: 13614: 13610: 13609: 13603: 13591: 13587: 13582: 13570: 13566: 13559: 13554: 13542: 13537: 13533: 13529: 13525: 13519: 13515: 13510: 13506: 13500: 13492: 13486: 13482: 13477: 13465: 13458: 13453: 13441: 13437: 13433: 13421: 13417: 13413: 13402: 13396: 13392: 13391: 13385: 13381: 13377: 13373: 13368: 13356: 13349: 13344: 13333: 13327: 13323: 13322: 13316: 13305: 13299: 13295: 13294: 13288: 13276: 13271: 13267: 13261: 13257: 13253: 13248: 13237: 13231: 13227: 13226: 13220: 13216: 13212: 13208: 13203: 13191: 13184: 13179: 13175: 13173:0-8052-0952-2 13169: 13165: 13164: 13158: 13143: 13139: 13127: 13122: 13110: 13106: 13102: 13091: 13085: 13081: 13080: 13074: 13062: 13055: 13050: 13038: 13034: 13029: 13017: 13013: 13008: 12997: 12991: 12987: 12984:(in German). 12983: 12982: 12976: 12972: 12970:3-89468-110-1 12966: 12962: 12957: 12953: 12948: 12936: 12932: 12928: 12924: 12918: 12914: 12909: 12905: 12899: 12895: 12890: 12879: 12873: 12869: 12868: 12862: 12858: 12852: 12848: 12843: 12842: 12836: 12832: 12828: 12824: 12820: 12816: 12812: 12808: 12804: 12799: 12795: 12789: 12785: 12780: 12768: 12764: 12760: 12756: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12741: 12737: 12733: 12727: 12723: 12718: 12714: 12708: 12704: 12699: 12695: 12691: 12687: 12683: 12679: 12675: 12671: 12667: 12662: 12651: 12645: 12641: 12637: 12636: 12630: 12619: 12615: 12610: 12606: 12600: 12596: 12591: 12587: 12581: 12577: 12576: 12570: 12566: 12560: 12556: 12555: 12549: 12538: 12532: 12528: 12527: 12521: 12509: 12504: 12492: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12471: 12467: 12463: 12457: 12453: 12448: 12437: 12431: 12428:. Routledge. 12427: 12426: 12420: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12394: 12390: 12385: 12381: 12377: 12373: 12371:9783426274378 12367: 12363: 12359: 12354: 12343: 12339: 12335: 12329: 12325: 12324: 12318: 12314: 12308: 12301: 12300: 12294: 12283: 12277: 12273: 12272: 12266: 12255: 12249: 12245: 12244: 12238: 12227: 12221: 12217: 12216: 12210: 12206: 12202: 12199:. p. 8. 12198: 12193: 12181: 12177: 12172: 12161: 12155: 12151: 12150: 12144: 12133: 12127: 12123: 12122: 12116: 12112: 12108: 12104: 12098: 12094: 12089: 12078: 12072: 12068: 12067: 12061: 12049: 12044: 12040: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12022: 12019:(in German). 12018: 12014: 12009: 12005: 11999: 11995: 11991: 11986: 11982: 11978: 11974: 11970: 11966: 11962: 11955: 11950: 11938: 11934: 11923: 11917: 11914:. Routledge. 11913: 11912: 11906: 11895: 11889: 11885: 11884: 11878: 11866: 11861: 11857: 11853: 11849: 11845: 11841: 11837: 11832: 11820: 11815: 11803: 11798: 11786: 11782: 11778: 11767: 11761: 11757: 11756: 11750: 11739: 11733: 11729: 11725: 11720: 11708: 11704: 11699: 11687: 11683: 11678: 11667: 11661: 11657: 11656: 11650: 11639: 11633: 11629: 11628: 11622: 11610: 11606: 11603:Byg, Barton. 11601: 11589: 11582: 11578: 11567: 11561: 11557: 11556: 11550: 11538: 11533: 11529: 11525: 11520: 11516: 11514:3-89468-110-1 11510: 11506: 11501: 11497: 11491: 11487: 11486: 11480: 11476: 11470: 11466: 11465: 11459: 11455: 11449: 11445: 11441: 11436: 11421: 11417: 11413: 11409: 11406:(in German). 11405: 11397: 11393: 11388: 11377: 11373: 11369: 11363: 11355: 11351: 11350: 11344: 11333: 11327: 11323: 11322: 11316: 11305: 11299: 11295: 11294: 11288: 11284: 11280: 11276: 11272: 11267: 11263: 11257: 11253: 11252: 11246: 11235: 11229: 11225: 11224: 11218: 11207: 11201: 11198:. Routledge. 11197: 11196: 11190: 11186: 11184:9782369420675 11180: 11176: 11171: 11167: 11161: 11157: 11156: 11150: 11139: 11133: 11129: 11128: 11122: 11119: 11115: 11111: 11107: 11103: 11098: 11087: 11081: 11077: 11076: 11070: 11066: 11064:3-89468-110-1 11060: 11056: 11051: 11040: 11034: 11030: 11029: 11023: 11012: 11008: 11007:"Ruth Werner" 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10986: 10975: 10969: 10965: 10964: 10958: 10947: 10941: 10937: 10936: 10930: 10926: 10920: 10916: 10912: 10907: 10903: 10897: 10893: 10892: 10886: 10882: 10880:3-927718-40-8 10876: 10872: 10867: 10855: 10850: 10839: 10833: 10829: 10828: 10822: 10810: 10805: 10801: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10782: 10771: 10765: 10761: 10760: 10754: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10729: 10723: 10722: 10710: 10705: 10698: 10693: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10668: 10661: 10654: 10649: 10642: 10637: 10630: 10625: 10618: 10613: 10606: 10601: 10594: 10589: 10582: 10577: 10570: 10565: 10546: 10542: 10535: 10529: 10522: 10517: 10510: 10505: 10498: 10497:Delaloye 2015 10493: 10486: 10481: 10474: 10469: 10462: 10457: 10450: 10445: 10430: 10426: 10420: 10414:, p. 35. 10413: 10408: 10406: 10404: 10396: 10391: 10384: 10379: 10372: 10367: 10365: 10358:, p. 55. 10357: 10352: 10346:, p. 39. 10345: 10340: 10338: 10336: 10334: 10326: 10321: 10314: 10309: 10302: 10297: 10290: 10289:Andresen 2012 10285: 10283: 10275: 10270: 10268: 10266: 10259:, p. 21. 10258: 10257:Rosiejka 1985 10253: 10246: 10245:Korolkov 1976 10241: 10234: 10229: 10222: 10217: 10210: 10205: 10203: 10195: 10190: 10183: 10178: 10171: 10166: 10159: 10154: 10147: 10146:Andresen 2012 10142: 10136:, p. 54. 10135: 10130: 10128: 10126: 10118: 10113: 10106: 10101: 10095:, p. 46. 10094: 10089: 10087: 10085: 10083: 10081: 10073: 10068: 10062:, p. 45. 10061: 10056: 10054: 10046: 10041: 10034: 10029: 10027: 10025: 10023: 10015: 10010: 10003: 9998: 9996: 9994: 9992: 9990: 9988: 9980: 9975: 9968: 9963: 9956: 9951: 9945:, p. 22. 9944: 9939: 9932: 9927: 9925: 9918:, p. 65. 9917: 9916:Fröhlich 2006 9912: 9905: 9900: 9898: 9890: 9885: 9883: 9881: 9873: 9868: 9861: 9856: 9854: 9846: 9841: 9839: 9837: 9835: 9833: 9825: 9820: 9818: 9810: 9805: 9798: 9793: 9791: 9789: 9787: 9785: 9777: 9772: 9765: 9760: 9758: 9750: 9745: 9743: 9741: 9739: 9737: 9735: 9727: 9722: 9720: 9718: 9710: 9705: 9703: 9701: 9699: 9691: 9686: 9684: 9676: 9675:Langeois 2017 9671: 9664: 9659: 9652: 9651:Langeois 2017 9647: 9640: 9635: 9628: 9623: 9607: 9603: 9597: 9590: 9585: 9578: 9573: 9566: 9561: 9559: 9551: 9550:Perrault 1969 9546: 9539: 9534: 9527: 9522: 9515: 9510: 9503: 9498: 9491: 9486: 9479: 9474: 9468:, p. 15. 9467: 9462: 9455: 9450: 9443: 9438: 9431: 9426: 9420:, p. 83. 9419: 9418:Rosiejka 1985 9414: 9408:, p. 80. 9407: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9396: 9394: 9392: 9390: 9388: 9386: 9378: 9373: 9371: 9369: 9367: 9365: 9357: 9356:Perrault 1969 9352: 9350: 9342: 9341:Perrault 1969 9337: 9335: 9327: 9326:Perrault 1969 9322: 9315: 9314:Perrault 1969 9310: 9308: 9300: 9299:Perrault 1969 9295: 9288: 9287:Perrault 1969 9283: 9281: 9273: 9268: 9261: 9256: 9249: 9244: 9237: 9232: 9230: 9222: 9217: 9215: 9207: 9202: 9200: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9184: 9179: 9177: 9169: 9164: 9162: 9160: 9158: 9156: 9154: 9147:, p. 39. 9146: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9125: 9120: 9113: 9108: 9101: 9096: 9089: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9072: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9055: 9050: 9048: 9040: 9035: 9029:, p. 61. 9028: 9023: 9016: 9011: 9004: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8987: 8982: 8980: 8972: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8957: 8949: 8944: 8937: 8932: 8930: 8922: 8917: 8910: 8909:Perrault 1969 8905: 8903: 8895: 8890: 8884:, p. 16. 8883: 8878: 8871: 8866: 8864: 8856: 8851: 8849: 8841: 8840:Perrault 1969 8836: 8829: 8824: 8817: 8816:Perrault 1969 8812: 8805: 8804:Perrault 1969 8800: 8793: 8792:Perrault 1969 8788: 8781: 8780:Perrault 1969 8776: 8769: 8768:Perrault 1969 8764: 8757: 8756:Perrault 1969 8752: 8745: 8744:Perrault 1969 8740: 8738: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8722: 8717: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8709: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8678: 8671: 8666: 8659: 8654: 8647: 8646:Perrault 1969 8642: 8635: 8634:Perrault 1969 8630: 8628: 8620: 8619:Perrault 1969 8615: 8608: 8607:Perrault 1969 8603: 8597:, p. 95. 8596: 8591: 8589: 8581: 8580:Perrault 1969 8576: 8569: 8568:Perrault 1969 8564: 8557: 8552: 8546:, p. 23. 8545: 8540: 8533: 8528: 8521: 8516: 8514: 8507:, p. 37. 8506: 8501: 8499: 8491: 8490:Perrault 1969 8486: 8484: 8482: 8474: 8473:Perrault 1969 8469: 8462: 8457: 8455: 8447: 8446:Perrault 1969 8442: 8435: 8434:Perrault 1969 8430: 8423: 8422:Perrault 1969 8418: 8411: 8406: 8399: 8394: 8387: 8382: 8380: 8372: 8367: 8360: 8355: 8348: 8343: 8341: 8333: 8328: 8321: 8316: 8309: 8304: 8297: 8292: 8286:, p. 59. 8285: 8280: 8273: 8268: 8266: 8258: 8257:Perrault 1969 8253: 8246: 8241: 8234: 8229: 8227: 8219: 8214: 8207: 8202: 8200: 8192: 8187: 8180: 8179:Perrault 1969 8175: 8173: 8165: 8160: 8158: 8150: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8133: 8132:Perrault 1969 8128: 8121: 8116: 8114: 8106: 8101: 8099: 8092:, p. 87. 8091: 8090:Perrault 1969 8086: 8079: 8074: 8072: 8065:, p. 83. 8064: 8063:Perrault 1969 8059: 8057: 8050:, p. 56. 8049: 8048:Perrault 1969 8044: 8037: 8032: 8025: 8020: 8013: 8008: 8001: 7996: 7994: 7986: 7981: 7974: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7957: 7952: 7945: 7940: 7934:, p. 23. 7933: 7928: 7921: 7916: 7909: 7908:Perrault 1969 7904: 7897: 7892: 7885: 7884:Perrault 1969 7880: 7874:, p. 81. 7873: 7868: 7861: 7856: 7849: 7844: 7842: 7834: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7817: 7812: 7805: 7800: 7793: 7788: 7786: 7769: 7765: 7759: 7752: 7747: 7740: 7735: 7728: 7723: 7707: 7703: 7696: 7689: 7684: 7678:, p. 27. 7677: 7672: 7666:, p. 97. 7665: 7660: 7654:, p. 33. 7653: 7652:Hoffmann 1996 7648: 7646: 7638: 7637:Petrescu 2010 7633: 7626: 7621: 7614: 7613:Petrescu 2010 7609: 7602: 7597: 7590: 7585: 7578: 7573: 7566: 7561: 7554: 7549: 7547: 7539: 7534: 7527: 7522: 7520: 7513:, p. 19. 7512: 7507: 7500: 7495: 7493: 7485: 7484:Carlisle 2015 7480: 7473: 7468: 7461: 7456: 7449: 7444: 7437: 7432: 7430: 7422: 7417: 7410: 7405: 7398: 7393: 7386: 7381: 7374: 7373:Petrescu 2010 7369: 7367: 7359: 7354: 7338: 7334: 7328: 7321: 7316: 7309: 7308:Mulligan 1987 7304: 7302: 7294: 7289: 7287: 7279: 7274: 7267: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7250: 7245: 7238: 7233: 7231: 7223: 7218: 7211: 7206: 7199: 7194: 7187: 7182: 7175: 7170: 7163: 7158: 7152:, p. 24. 7151: 7146: 7139: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7093:, p. 90. 7092: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7075: 7070: 7068: 7061:, p. 89. 7060: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7041: 7040:Gurevich 2004 7036: 7034: 7026: 7021: 7014: 7013:Perrault 1969 7009: 7002: 7001:Perrault 1969 6997: 6990: 6985: 6979:, p. 90. 6978: 6973: 6966: 6961: 6954: 6953:Perrault 1969 6949: 6943:, p. 91. 6942: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6926:, p. 95. 6925: 6920: 6913: 6908: 6901: 6900:Perrault 1969 6896: 6894: 6887:, p. 75. 6886: 6881: 6874: 6869: 6863:, p. 81. 6862: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6845: 6840: 6838: 6831:, p. 92. 6830: 6825: 6819:, p. 73. 6818: 6813: 6806: 6801: 6794: 6789: 6783:, p. 88. 6782: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6764:, p. 74. 6763: 6758: 6751: 6746: 6740:, p. 87. 6739: 6734: 6727: 6726:Perrault 1969 6722: 6715: 6710: 6703: 6702:Langeois 2017 6698: 6691: 6686: 6679: 6674: 6667: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6651:, p. 71. 6650: 6645: 6638: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6621: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6604: 6599: 6592: 6587: 6580: 6575: 6568: 6563: 6557:, p. 70. 6556: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6535: 6530: 6523: 6518: 6516: 6508: 6507:Perrault 1969 6503: 6497:, p. 28. 6496: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6479: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6462: 6457: 6450: 6445: 6439:, p. 67. 6438: 6433: 6431: 6423: 6418: 6411: 6406: 6399: 6394: 6388:, p. 23. 6387: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6370: 6365: 6363: 6354: 6353: 6346: 6340:, p. 27. 6339: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6314: 6309: 6307: 6299: 6294: 6287: 6282: 6275: 6270: 6263: 6258: 6251: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6230: 6225: 6223: 6216:, p. 30. 6215: 6214:Perrault 1969 6210: 6204:, p. 21. 6203: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6187:, p. 42. 6186: 6181: 6179: 6171: 6166: 6160:, p. 42. 6159: 6158:Perrault 1969 6154: 6148:, p. 17. 6147: 6142: 6135: 6130: 6124:, p. 16. 6123: 6118: 6112:, p. 23. 6111: 6110:Perrault 1969 6106: 6104: 6096: 6091: 6089: 6082:, p. 15. 6081: 6076: 6069: 6064: 6058:, p. 66. 6057: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6036: 6031: 6025:, p. 65. 6024: 6019: 6013:, p. 29. 6012: 6011:Perrault 1969 6007: 6000: 5995: 5988: 5983: 5981: 5974:, p. 23. 5973: 5972:Hoffmann 1996 5968: 5962:, p. 29. 5961: 5956: 5949: 5944: 5937: 5932: 5925: 5920: 5913: 5908: 5906: 5898: 5893: 5891: 5883: 5878: 5871: 5866: 5859: 5854: 5852: 5844: 5839: 5832: 5827: 5820: 5815: 5808: 5803: 5796: 5791: 5784: 5779: 5772: 5767: 5765: 5757: 5752: 5745: 5740: 5733: 5728: 5721: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5704: 5699: 5697: 5689: 5684: 5682: 5674: 5673:Petrescu 2010 5669: 5662: 5657: 5655: 5647: 5642: 5635: 5630: 5623: 5618: 5611: 5606: 5600:, p. 10. 5599: 5594: 5587: 5586:Petrescu 2010 5582: 5575: 5570: 5563: 5558: 5551: 5546: 5539: 5534: 5532: 5525:, p. 73. 5524: 5519: 5512: 5507: 5501:, p. 45. 5500: 5495: 5488: 5483: 5476: 5471: 5464: 5463:Petrescu 2010 5459: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5445: 5440: 5433: 5428: 5421: 5416: 5409: 5404: 5402: 5394: 5389: 5387: 5379: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5360: 5355: 5353: 5345: 5340: 5333: 5328: 5321: 5316: 5310:, p. XI. 5309: 5304: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5282: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5261: 5256: 5249: 5244: 5237: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5212: 5207: 5200: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5177: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5154: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5131: 5126: 5122: 5104: 5098: 5091: 5085: 5076: 5069: 5064: 5055: 5046: 5042: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5021: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4991: 4984: 4979: 4972: 4967: 4966: 4960: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4937:Helmut Roloff 4934: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4903:In 1972, the 4901: 4899: 4895: 4894:Klaus Piontek 4891: 4887: 4886:Horst Schulze 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4851: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4826: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4767:, he stated: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4750: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4726: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4706: 4704: 4703:Yuri N. Zorya 4700: 4695: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4620:Hans Rothfels 4617: 4612: 4610: 4602: 4597: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4568:KLK an PTX... 4566:feature film 4565: 4560: 4558: 4553: 4543: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4527:Juri Korolkov 4523: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4458:Hans Meuschel 4455: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4426: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4332:Igor Gouzenko 4329: 4324: 4318: 4317:Maria Terwiel 4313: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4218: 4215:Communication 4214: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4166: 4161: 4155: 4150: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4099: 4098: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4075:Suzanne Spaak 4070: 4061: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4034:Helmut Roloff 4031: 4027: 4023: 4022:Maria Terwiel 4018: 4016: 4012: 4011:Heinz Strelow 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3925: 3924:John Graudenz 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3914:Arvid Harnack 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3864: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3757: 3754:known as the 3753: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3732:innate sadism 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3673: 3665: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3628: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3592: 3591:Schutzpolizei 3587: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3556: 3539: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3516: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3465: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3292:Adam Kuckhoff 3289: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3277:Wilhelm Vauck 3273: 3271: 3266: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3190:"Ulenspiegel" 3189: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3139:Johann Wenzel 3136: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3109:Wilhelm Vauck 3105: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3076: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 3000:Anton Saefkow 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2900: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2879:Arvid Harnack 2877:, brother to 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2849: 2848:Viktoria Hösl 2845: 2844:Arthur Sodtke 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2828:Luckau prison 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2780:, politician 2779: 2775: 2772:, bureaucrat 2771: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2721: 2717: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2649:; politician 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2612:John Graudenz 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2544:Legion Kondor 2540: 2534: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2387:radio dealer 2386: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2367: 2363: 2356: 2348: 2341: 2327: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2127: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2068:Alfred Corbin 2066: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2055:Choisy-le-Roi 2052: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1881: 1877: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1838:Alfred Corbin 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1797: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1747: 1745: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1728:Johann Wenzel 1724: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1684: 1672: 1660: 1650: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1631: 1625: 1623: 1622:Great Britain 1619: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1585:Maurice Peper 1582: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1561: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1514: 1505: 1499: 1485: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1426:Low Countries 1423: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399:roving agents 1396: 1395:Richard Sorge 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1365:Johann Wenzel 1362: 1357: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1318:Willy Lehmann 1316: 1315: 1312:Willy Lehmann 1311: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1285:was a German 1284: 1283:Kurt Gerstein 1281: 1280: 1277:Kurt Gerstein 1276: 1275: 1274: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1232:press section 1228: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1137: 1118: 1106: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1052:John Graudenz 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1019:In May 1942, 1010: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1002: 997: 994: 993:Maria Terwiel 990: 987: 983: 979: 974: 972: 968: 964: 963:John Graudenz 960: 956: 951: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 906:AGIS leaflets 898: 896: 892: 891:Der Stoßtrupp 888: 884: 879: 877: 873: 869: 868: 867:Legion Kondor 863: 858: 856: 852: 847: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 824: 821: 820: 819: 812: 803: 800: 793: 790: 789: 788: 785: 783: 782:Helmut Himpel 779: 778:Maria Terwiel 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 752: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 713: 711: 707: 703: 702:Adam Kuckhoff 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 678: 676: 672: 671:Ursula Goetze 668: 667:Werner Krauss 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 647:Maria Terwiel 644: 640: 639:Ursula Goetze 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 607: 604: 600: 595: 591: 588: 584: 580: 576: 575:Elfriede Paul 572: 568: 564: 560: 559:John Graudenz 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 523: 518: 514: 510: 501: 497: 492: 484: 480: 478: 474: 470: 466: 456: 454: 453:Arvid Harnack 450: 449:Adam Kuckhoff 447:, the writer 446: 442: 425: 421: 420: 419: 417: 413: 410: 403: 400: 399: 398: 396: 392: 383: 381: 377: 373: 368: 367: 366: 365: 364: 362: 361:Helmut Roloff 358: 357:Stefan Roloff 354: 349: 347: 346:Schutzstaffel 343: 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 319:Red Orchestra 315: 313: 309: 305: 301: 292: 283: 281: 276: 272: 269: 265: 260: 258: 255: 251: 245: 240: 238: 232: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 199:) written by 198: 194: 189: 187: 183: 182:Arvid Harnack 178: 174: 170: 166: 156: 154: 149: 147: 142: 137: 135: 131: 127: 123: 118: 116: 112: 107: 106:Arvid Harnack 103: 102:Adam Kuckhoff 99: 95: 91: 87: 80: 74: 66: 65: 60: 56: 51: 50:Red Orchestra 43: 39: 34: 30: 26: 22: 16059:Ernst Lemmer 16034:Max Habjanic 16004:Edmond Hamel 15979:Georges Blun 15882: 15853: 15834:Jules Jaspar 15815: 15783: 15759: 15707: 15688: 15670:Jeanne Otten 15621:Jeanne Otten 15521:Rita Arnould 15496:Miriam Sokol 15493:Hersch Sokol 15482:Claude Spaak 15372:Rote Kapelle 15324:Kurt Schulze 15293:Martin Weise 15243:Karl Behrens 15223:Adolf Grimme 15122:Robert Barth 15107:Arnold Bauer 15077:Kurt Schulze 15032:Marie Hübner 15017:Bruno Hempel 15002:Erwin Gehrts 14982:Fritz Cremer 14957:Hanna Berger 14947:Karl Behrens 14942:Adolf Grimme 14777:Rote Kapelle 14734: 14684:. 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Retrieved 10428: 10419: 10390: 10378: 10351: 10344:Stelzel 2018 10325:Lehmann 1948 10320: 10308: 10296: 10252: 10240: 10228: 10216: 10189: 10177: 10165: 10153: 10141: 10112: 10100: 10067: 10040: 10009: 9974: 9962: 9950: 9943:Konzett 2015 9938: 9911: 9904:Kesaris 1979 9889:Kesaris 1979 9872:Kesaris 1979 9867: 9860:Kesaris 1979 9845:Kesaris 1979 9824:Kesaris 1979 9809:Kesaris 1979 9804: 9797:Kesaris 1979 9776:Kesaris 1979 9771: 9749:Kesaris 1979 9726:Kesaris 1979 9709:Kesaris 1979 9690:Trepper 1995 9670: 9663:Trepper 1995 9658: 9646: 9634: 9627:Kesaris 1979 9622: 9610:. Retrieved 9605: 9596: 9589:Trepper 1995 9584: 9577:Kesaris 1979 9572: 9545: 9533: 9521: 9509: 9497: 9490:Kesaris 1979 9485: 9473: 9461: 9456:, p. 8. 9449: 9437: 9425: 9413: 9406:Gladkov 2002 9321: 9294: 9267: 9255: 9243: 9119: 9107: 9095: 9034: 9027:Kesaris 1979 9022: 9010: 9003:Kesaris 1979 8971:Kesaris 1979 8943: 8916: 8889: 8877: 8870:Kesaris 1979 8855:Kesaris 1979 8835: 8823: 8811: 8799: 8787: 8775: 8763: 8751: 8695:. Retrieved 8690: 8686: 8677: 8670:Kesaris 1979 8665: 8653: 8641: 8614: 8602: 8575: 8563: 8556:Kesaris 1979 8551: 8539: 8532:Kesaris 1979 8527: 8520:Kesaris 1979 8505:Kesaris 1979 8468: 8461:Kesaris 1979 8441: 8429: 8417: 8405: 8393: 8366: 8354: 8327: 8315: 8303: 8291: 8284:Tarrant 1996 8279: 8252: 8240: 8213: 8186: 8127: 8085: 8043: 8036:Trepper 1995 8031: 8024:Trepper 1995 8019: 8007: 7980: 7956:Kesaris 1979 7951: 7939: 7927: 7915: 7903: 7891: 7879: 7867: 7860:Kesaris 1979 7855: 7811: 7799: 7772:. Retrieved 7767: 7758: 7746: 7734: 7722: 7710:. Retrieved 7705: 7702:"Hans Coppi" 7695: 7688:Bartley 2016 7683: 7671: 7659: 7632: 7620: 7608: 7603:, p. 2. 7596: 7584: 7572: 7560: 7533: 7506: 7479: 7472:Hermand 2014 7467: 7455: 7443: 7416: 7404: 7392: 7380: 7358:Kesaris 1979 7353: 7341:. Retrieved 7336: 7327: 7322:, p. 8. 7315: 7293:Kesaris 1979 7273: 7249:Kesaris 1979 7244: 7224:, p. 9. 7217: 7212:, p. 4. 7205: 7200:, p. 5. 7193: 7181: 7169: 7157: 7145: 7091:Kesaris 1979 7074:Kesaris 1979 7059:Kesaris 1979 7020: 7008: 6996: 6989:Kesaris 1979 6984: 6972: 6965:Kesaris 1979 6960: 6948: 6924:Kesaris 1979 6919: 6914:, p. 9. 6907: 6885:Kesaris 1979 6880: 6873:Kesaris 1979 6868: 6844:Kesaris 1979 6829:Kesaris 1979 6824: 6817:Kesaris 1979 6812: 6800: 6788: 6781:Kesaris 1979 6762:Kesaris 1979 6757: 6750:Kesaris 1979 6745: 6738:Kesaris 1979 6733: 6721: 6714:Erofeev 2006 6709: 6697: 6690:Harmsen 1980 6685: 6678:Harmsen 1980 6673: 6666:Harmsen 1980 6649:Kesaris 1979 6644: 6637:Harmsen 1980 6620:Kesaris 1979 6603:Kesaris 1979 6598: 6591:Kesaris 1979 6586: 6579:Harmsen 1980 6574: 6562: 6555:Kesaris 1979 6534:Harmsen 1980 6529: 6522:Kesaris 1979 6502: 6495:Kesaris 1979 6478:Kesaris 1979 6461:Kesaris 1979 6456: 6449:Kesaris 1979 6444: 6437:Kesaris 1979 6422:Kesaris 1979 6417: 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4878:Horst Drinda 4861: 4859: 4854: 4835: 4829: 4825:The Illegals 4824: 4821: 4802: 4795: 4788:Carl Baumann 4785: 4777: 4771: 4746: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4707: 4694:Eastern Bloc 4691: 4676: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4632:20 July plot 4627: 4613: 4606: 4585:Julius Mader 4576: 4567: 4561: 4556: 4552:Erich Mielke 4548: 4537:East Germany 4530: 4524: 4513:Articles in 4512: 4497: 4494:Soviet Union 4476: 4474:Orchestra". 4470: 4466:Lower Saxony 4451: 4432: 4424: 4407: 4390: 4377: 4365: 4363: 4351:Hilde Purwin 4343:Horst Kopkow 4340: 4325: 4322: 4300: 4294: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4274:Ricarda Huch 4271: 4263:20 July 1944 4258: 4255: 4206: 4202: 4190:handwriting. 4164: 4160:20 July plot 4138:Landesverrat 4096: 4071: 4067: 4046: 4038: 4019: 3987:Karl Behrens 3980: 3976: 3973: 3946:Kurt Schulze 3929: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3858: 3856: 3836: 3807: 3793: 3780: 3768:Theodor Arps 3761: 3755: 3752:Horst Kopkow 3748: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3711: 3709: 3678: 3636: 3626: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3607:Buche-Pascal 3606: 3602: 3598: 3596: 3588: 3565: 3553: 3550: 3519: 3514: 3512: 3479:early autumn 3478: 3477:rather than 3475:later summer 3474: 3471: 3459: 3434: 3429:Commissariat 3421: 3412: 3401: 3356: 3342: 3340: 3321: 3317: 3306: 3300: 3281: 3274: 3262: 3244:Horst Kopkow 3221: 3208: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3179: 3171: 3168: 3131: 3128:Rue de Namur 3117: 3112: 3106: 3102:Karl Giering 3089: 3082:Rita Arnould 3079: 3068: 3053: 3045: 3042:Zelenogradsk 3030: 3010:, fled from 2980:Robert Uhrig 2977: 2965:East Prussia 2954: 2931: 2914:East Prussia 2903: 2896: 2875:Falk Harnack 2855:Lilo Ramdohr 2852: 2816:Robert Uhrig 2809: 2798: 2784:, scientist 2782:Julius Leber 2770:Ernst Borsig 2763: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2704: 2686: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2655:Karl Behrens 2651:Adolf Grimme 2624: 2591: 2577: 2568:Kurt Schulze 2561: 2543: 2535: 2527: 2518:William Dodd 2507: 2484: 2482: 2471: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2440: 2427:World War II 2420: 2397:Swiss francs 2392: 2389:Edmond Hamel 2378: 2361: 2321: 2302: 2296: 2285: 2282:Georges Blun 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2250: 2242: 2232: 2228:Swiss francs 2204: 2199: 2198:, codenamed 2187: 2186:, codenamed 2173: 2168: 2162: 2157:Georges Blun 2119:Henri Giraud 2102: 2084: 2062: 2032: 2002: 1970: 1954: 1924: 1909: 1898: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1866: 1862:Nazi Germany 1846:black market 1842:Jean Gilbert 1841: 1834:Jules Jaspar 1802: 1760: 1753: 1740: 1725: 1710: 1704: 1648: 1640: 1626: 1611:(Comintern) 1592: 1574: 1567: 1558: 1550:Kurt Schulze 1541:Rita Arnould 1529: 1476: 1461:Carlos Alamo 1460: 1454: 1449: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1415: 1398: 1381: 1356:World War II 1353: 1304:prussic acid 1271: 1251: 1242: 1240: 1231: 1226: 1208: 1188: 1173: 1158: 1152: 1145: 1141:Soviet Union 1133: 1085:Herbert Baum 1082: 1079: 1033: 1018: 1007: 998: 981: 977: 975: 959:carbon paper 952: 943: 939: 935: 931: 923: 911: 909: 894: 890: 880: 866: 859: 843: 817: 796: 791: 786: 753: 749:Martin Weise 714: 698:Karl Behrens 694:Adolf Grimme 679: 658: 626: 611:Berlin-Tegel 608: 598: 577:in 1937 and 569:, the actor 505: 498:cemetery in 462: 438: 422: 406: 401: 388: 369: 350: 339: 318: 316: 311: 307: 300:Rote Kapelle 299: 297: 261: 256: 247: 242: 233: 217:World War II 196: 192: 190: 173:20 July plot 165:World War II 162: 150: 138: 119: 64:Rote Kapelle 63: 49: 47: 29: 16069:Elsa Noffke 16064:Léon Nicole 16019:Len Beurton 15984:Otto Pünter 15964:Helena Radó 15611:Willy Kruyt 15575:Willy Kruyt 15397:Hillel Katz 15288:Fritz Lange 15263:Erna Eifler 15258:Beppo Römer 15203:Hilde Coppi 15112:Erna Eifler 14937:Anna Krauss 14927:Fritz Thiel 14877:Hilde Coppi 14488:Heinz Höhne 14480:Der Spiegel 13958:24 November 13755:26 December 13470:18 December 13446:18 December 13442:(in German) 13426:26 December 13416:"John Sieg" 13361:18 December 13337:31 December 13132:31 December 13095:26 December 13061:CIA Library 13018:(in German) 12259:29 November 12207:. 00243019. 12137:16 December 11927:19 December 11825:24 November 11791:10 November 11771:8 September 11211:16 December 11044:27 December 10747:10 November 10709:Tietke 2017 10697:Lueken 2017 10641:Nelson 2009 10617:Zimmer 1972 10473:Nelson 2009 10412:Phanto 2016 10395:Nelson 2009 10371:Conrad 2010 10356:Grosse 2005 10313:Nelson 2009 10274:Tuchel 2005 10221:Lawrow 1969 10182:Nelson 2009 10170:Phanto 2016 10158:Nelson 2009 10134:Grosse 2005 10117:Nelson 2009 10105:Phanto 2016 10093:Grosse 2005 10072:Nelson 2009 10060:Grosse 2005 10045:Nelson 2009 10002:Phanto 2016 9979:Phanto 2016 9565:Tucker 1978 9514:Roloff 2002 9466:Finker 2007 9272:Brysac 2000 9260:Brysac 2000 9236:Brysac 2000 9221:Brysac 2000 9206:Nelson 2009 9168:Brysac 2000 9145:Grosse 2005 9124:Nelson 2009 9112:Schulz 2005 9071:Nelson 2009 8410:Brysac 2000 8398:Nelson 2009 8386:Brysac 2002 8371:Nelson 2009 8359:Nelson 2009 8347:Nelson 2009 8332:Nelson 2009 8320:Nelson 2009 8308:Brysac 2002 8245:Brysac 2000 8233:Brysac 2000 8218:Brysac 2000 8206:Nelson 2009 8164:Brysac 2002 8105:Brysac 2002 8078:Brysac 2000 8012:Brysac 2000 8000:Brysac 2002 7985:Nelson 2009 7944:Dallin 1955 7896:Dallin 1955 7804:Bethge 1967 7792:Hanser 2017 7774:17 November 7739:Brysac 2002 7676:Danyel 1994 7601:Brysac 2002 7589:Brysac 2002 7577:Dallin 1955 7565:Brysac 2002 7553:Nelson 2009 7526:Nelson 2009 7460:Nelson 2009 7448:Nelson 2009 7436:Brysac 2002 7397:Brysac 2002 7385:Brysac 2002 7337:Der Spiegel 7266:Rudolf 1967 7210:Thomas 1968 7198:Thomas 1968 7162:Binder 2009 6861:Nelson 2018 6805:Andrew 2000 6134:Miller 2021 6035:Wenzel 2008 5870:Hürter 2005 5858:Brysac 2000 5843:Brysac 2000 5795:Brysac 2000 5771:Fried1 2010 5756:Nelson 2009 5744:Nelson 2009 5732:Brysac 2002 5720:Nelson 2009 5703:Brysac 2000 5688:Nelson 2009 5646:Nelson 2009 5610:Nelson 2009 5562:Nelson 2009 5538:Brysac 2002 5511:Brysac 2002 5499:Scheel 1992 5444:Donate 1973 5408:Brysac 2000 5378:Brysac 2002 5359:Tuchel 1993 5281:Tuchel 2007 5260:Scheel 1985 5236:Tuchel 1988 5153:Grosse 2005 4920:Yuri Ozerov 4832:Peter Weiss 4763:of 1954 in 4710:Anne Nelson 4663:Heinz Höhne 4661:journalist 4659:Der Spiegel 4616:West German 4562:In 1970, a 4510:1st Class. 4480:Helmut Kohl 4152: [ 4141: [ 4127:bourgeoisie 4116:Motivation: 4079:Hillel Katz 4015:Fritz Thiel 3949: [ 3695:where most 3542:Switzerland 3531:Hillel Katz 3456:Netherlands 3347:thumbscrews 3155:Erna Eifler 3058:close range 3008:Franz Jacob 2984:Beppo Römer 2906:Erna Eifler 2863:Hans Scholl 2840:Josef Römer 2832:Brandenburg 2778:Alfred Delp 2701:vacuum tube 2697:transformer 2547:during the 2514:Martha Dodd 2473:Der Spiegel 2431:CIA Library 2293:Otto Pünter 2241:, codename 2192:Switzerland 2178:, a Soviet 2137:Switzerland 2051:neurologist 1982:and within 1805:Hillel Katz 1781: [ 1766: [ 1763:Alfons Kaps 1696:Netherlands 1613:safe houses 1450:Adam Mikler 1379:in Moscow. 1330:Kummersdorf 1165:Fritz Lange 1083:On 18 May, 1048:Fritz Thiel 971:Anna Krauss 955:typewriters 887:Sudetenland 855:Wilmersdorf 715:The dancer 651:Fritz Thiel 615:Hilde Coppi 477:free-market 407:The German 374:who tapped 268:East German 205:Der Spiegel 201:Heinz Höhne 159:Reappraisal 115:400 members 94:Nazi regime 42:Lichtenberg 16126:Categories 16009:Olga Hamel 15667:Jean Otten 15314:Ilse Stöbe 15198:Hans Coppi 15027:Max Hübner 14962:Karl Böhme 14882:Hans Coppi 13901:Spycatcher 13627:1013591260 13596:9 December 13196:18 January 12740:1202796169 12491:Myth Elser 12470:1004364617 11871:18 January 11429:9 December 10593:Cohen 1993 9931:Ernst 2018 8948:Coppi 1996 8936:Coppi 1996 7538:Ohler 2021 7278:Coppi 1996 6567:Meier 2010 6068:Coppi 1996 5598:Boehm 2015 5550:Ohler 2021 5523:Gooch 2013 5176:Coppi 1996 5113:References 4925:Stalingrad 4882:Irma Münch 4818:Literature 4752:Karl Barth 4749:theologian 4671:Colportage 4644:Resistance 4529:published 4488:White Rose 4299:published 4149:Hochverrat 4030:Plötzensee 3983:Plötzensee 3958:Ilse Stöbe 3941:Hans Coppi 3770:, General 3603:Beam Tanne 3522:Marseilles 3450:Sippenhaft 3369:Rote Hilfe 3270:Funkabwehr 3242:appointed 3213:Ilse Stöbe 3038:Funkabwehr 2918:Ilse Stöbe 2873:, to meet 2859:White Rose 2801:Hans Coppi 2693:AC powered 2616:Funkabwehr 2572:Ilse Stöbe 2499:Networking 2493:Hans Oster 2399:per month. 2391:codenamed 2253:) via the 1916:Marseilles 1774:Willi Seng 1732:Rote Hilfe 1638:Brussels. 1546:Ilse Stöbe 1482:Copenhagen 1465:Kennkartes 1459:posing as 1411:Funkabwehr 1302:to supply 1287:SS officer 1223:Ilse Stöbe 1157:published 1029:Lustgarten 967:mimeograph 881:After the 878:in Paris. 762:Communists 712:' regime. 706:Nazi Party 663:Schöneberg 395:Hans Coppi 376:Morse code 353:funkabwehr 275:Hans Coppi 203:who was a 177:White Rose 141:Funkabwehr 69:pronounced 38:Achim Kühn 16142:Spy rings 15934:Rote Drei 15760:Professor 15616:Jan Kruyt 15228:John Sieg 15047:Else Imme 14997:Ina Ender 14418:491636156 14278:252989327 14188:551532407 14034:Documents 14018:21 August 13917:26 August 13889:3 October 13784:842122963 13575:1 October 13532:994818900 13499:cite book 13215:692370773 13151:4 January 13067:4 January 13043:8 January 13001:16 August 12941:17 August 12883:4 January 12827:0266-3554 12773:8 January 12694:162709461 12623:27 August 12542:16 August 12380:221130666 12347:21 August 12287:17 August 12205:0024-3019 12165:17 August 12082:17 August 11981:158003419 11943:4 October 11856:153781306 11724:"III 3.4" 11692:16 August 11615:24 August 11571:1 January 11416:0042-5702 11376:900643237 11283:253042956 11239:5 January 11143:19 August 11114:604758963 10998:718593940 10951:26 August 10860:1 January 9015:Tyas 2017 8986:Tyas 2017 8921:Kahn 1996 8721:Tyas 2017 8658:Pine 2013 8149:West 2007 7973:Benz 2006 7872:Roon 1998 7833:Tyas 2017 7712:17 August 7664:Roon 1967 7320:Hyde 1967 7025:Tyas 2017 6977:Tyas 2017 6941:Tyas 2017 5199:Sims 2005 5118:Citations 5103:Kennkarte 5008:, Germany 4963:Memorials 4765:Wiesbaden 4525:In 1974, 4397:Red Three 4372:comintern 4232:microfilm 4101:Finances: 4069:treason. 3828:Execution 3720:Vinnytsia 3654:Judgement 3611:Buche-Bob 3584:Red Three 3555:Funkspiel 3547:Funkspiel 3405:Comintern 3377:Funkspiel 3236:Hans Kopp 3143:Case Blue 3133:arrested 3027:Unmasking 2812:John Sieg 2810:In 1934, 2742:from the 2670:shortwave 2580:Elisabeth 2489:Wehrmacht 2169:Rote Drei 2165:Red Three 2148:Red Three 2142:Rote Drei 2044:royalists 2018:Wehrmacht 2003:Professor 1811:, Soviet 1720:резиде́нт 1307:happened. 1296:Aktion T4 1253:Aktion T4 1155:John Sieg 1139:from the 770:Catholics 725:John Sieg 682:economist 509:‹See Tfd› 441:Luftwaffe 298:The name 280:Bundestag 209:Luftwaffe 55:‹See Tfd› 14715:Archived 14106:74777195 13649:43750615 13281:5 August 13115:11 April 13037:Die Zeit 12837:(1995). 12655:21 April 12399:21 April 12342:59599150 12111:71392888 12039:24240128 9764:Fox 2004 9612:13 April 8697:23 April 7343:16 March 7186:Day 2014 6793:Day 2015 5025:See also 4782:Painting 4519:Izvestia 4486:and the 4410:Cold War 4210:signals. 4187:identity 4054:Lubyanka 3707:charge. 3697:sedition 3582:and the 3570:and the 3446:Mechelen 2992:Mannheim 2961:Osterode 2871:Chemnitz 2869:visited 2727:action. 2491:General 2415:Lausanne 2323:Buero Ha 1949:Comment 1943:Contact 1715:rezident 1422:Brussels 1361:Red Army 1260:. After 1199:Red Army 774:atheists 741:Neukölln 675:Neukölln 594:Bohemian 443:officer 221:Cold War 175:and the 153:Cold War 44:, Berlin 14328:7476164 13861:1 March 13707:21 July 13241:4 March 12186:26 July 12054:8 April 11808:27 July 11713:29 July 11643:20 June 11594:1 April 11543:20 June 11381:27 July 10843:22 June 10434:30 July 4811:Münster 4757:Hessian 4443:Hanover 4240:cutouts 3833:Germany 3738:. When 3705:capital 3659:Germany 3424:Simexco 3407:member 3353:Belgium 3259:Germany 3254:Arrests 3012:Hamburg 2988:Leipzig 2973:Gestapo 2752:Jurists 2485:Werther 2452:Werther 2263:Werther 2112:admiral 1990:, from 1905:Le Pecq 1826:Simexco 1815:in the 1734:member 1345:Belgium 1326:Gestapo 920:Agis IV 916:Spartan 686:Mildred 603:Wannsee 590:atelier 524: 430:Germany 308:Kapelle 225:Gestapo 15883:Sierra 15881:Group 15852:Group 15814:Group 15784:Arztin 15782:Group 15758:Group 15706:Group 15687:Group 14686:14 May 14656:15 May 14639:15 May 14622:15 May 14605:15 May 14588:15 May 14571:15 May 14554:15 May 14537:15 May 14520:15 May 14503:15 May 14462: 14437: 14416: 14393: 14370: 14347: 14326: 14316: 14297: 14276: 14257: 14238: 14186: 14167: 14144: 14121: 14104: 14075: 14052: 13934:26 May 13908: 13880: 13852: 13833:4 June 13824: 13803: 13782: 13772: 13735:15 May 13726: 13668: 13647: 13625: 13615: 13547:26 May 13530: 13520: 13487: 13406:24 May 13397: 13328: 13309:15 May 13300: 13262: 13232: 13213: 13170: 13086: 12992: 12967: 12919: 12900: 12874: 12853: 12825: 12790: 12738: 12728: 12709: 12692: 12686:260932 12684: 12646: 12601: 12582: 12561: 12533: 12514:26 May 12497:24 May 12468: 12458: 12441:13 May 12432: 12378: 12368: 12340: 12330: 12309: 12278: 12250: 12231:26 May 12222: 12203: 12156: 12128: 12109: 12099: 12073: 12037: 12000: 11979: 11918: 11899:13 May 11890: 11854: 11762: 11743:13 May 11734: 11671:27 May 11662: 11634: 11562: 11511: 11492: 11471: 11450: 11414: 11374: 11364: 11356:] 11337:25 May 11328: 11309:4 June 11300: 11281: 11258: 11230: 11202: 11181: 11162: 11134: 11112: 11091:26 May 11082: 11061: 11035: 11016:11 May 10996: 10979:4 June 10970: 10942: 10921: 10898: 10877: 10834: 10815:31 May 10796: 10775:26 May 10766: 10682:26 May 10554:24 May 5006:Bremen 4922:film, 4515:Pravda 4454:Neetze 4131:Stalin 3895:pardon 3627:Eiffel 3615:Eiffel 3578:, the 3468:France 3296:Prague 3071: 3034: 2689:S-Bahn 2631:Abwehr 2620:cutout 2462:, and 2393:Eduard 2385:Geneva 2310:Prague 2273:, and 2255:cutout 2103:Sierra 2033:Artzin 1940:Group 1852:, the 1791:France 1581:Kassel 1220:cutout 986:potter 772:, and 655:abitur 565:) and 554:, the 517:Gegner 513:German 459:Origin 380:Moscow 304:Abwehr 169:Nazism 122:Abwehr 111:Soviet 86:Abwehr 59:German 15854:Romeo 15708:Harry 15689:Andre 14680:(pdf) 14454:[ 14429:[ 14408:[ 14385:[ 14362:[ 14339:[ 14289:[ 14230:[ 14159:[ 14136:[ 14067:[ 14044:[ 13998:8 May 13978:8 May 13795:[ 13660:[ 13645:JSTOR 13561:(PDF) 13460:(PDF) 13351:(PDF) 13254:[ 13186:(PDF) 13145:(pdf) 13057:(PDF) 13022:9 May 12690:S2CID 12682:JSTOR 12638:[ 12487:(PDF) 12360:[ 12303:(pdf) 12035:JSTOR 11992:[ 11977:S2CID 11957:(PDF) 11852:S2CID 11584:(PDF) 11442:[ 11423:(PDF) 11400:(PDF) 11394:[ 11358:(PDF) 11352:[ 11273:[ 11104:[ 10913:[ 10788:[ 10670:[ 10548:(PDF) 10537:(PDF) 5037:Notes 4573:Stasi 4156:] 4145:] 3953:] 3599:Weide 3496:Simex 3393:Lyons 3050:morse 2942:Posen 2938:Gomel 2883:Klaus 2629:, an 2456:Teddy 2447:Łomża 2362:Sissy 2297:Pakbo 2267:Teddy 2243:Sissy 2188:Sonia 2085:Romeo 2063:Simex 1984:Vichy 1971:Harry 1955:Andre 1854:civil 1830:Simex 1817:Vichy 1785:] 1770:] 1649:Hilda 1597:Franz 1593:Hilda 1184:Pinsk 918:King 799:cells 14740:IMDb 14688:2020 14658:2020 14641:2020 14624:2020 14607:2020 14590:2020 14573:2020 14556:2020 14539:2020 14522:2020 14505:2020 14486:and 14478:The 14460:ISBN 14435:ISBN 14414:OCLC 14391:ISBN 14368:ISBN 14345:ISBN 14324:OCLC 14314:ISBN 14295:ISBN 14274:OCLC 14255:ISBN 14236:ISBN 14184:OCLC 14165:ISBN 14142:ISBN 14119:ISBN 14102:OCLC 14073:ISBN 14050:ISBN 14020:2020 14000:2021 13980:2021 13960:2020 13936:2020 13919:2022 13906:ISBN 13891:2021 13878:ISBN 13863:2018 13850:ISBN 13835:2020 13822:ISBN 13801:ISBN 13780:OCLC 13770:ISBN 13757:2018 13737:2020 13724:ISBN 13709:2019 13666:ISBN 13623:OCLC 13613:ISBN 13598:2018 13577:2021 13549:2020 13528:OCLC 13518:ISBN 13505:link 13485:ISBN 13472:2020 13448:2020 13428:2018 13408:2020 13395:ISBN 13363:2020 13339:2018 13326:ISBN 13311:2020 13298:ISBN 13283:2021 13260:ISBN 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