410:. When hartebeest are hunted by lions, the felines typically prey on adult males, while both spotted hyenas and leopards tend to prey on vulnerable young calves. These predatory habits are likely attributed to the difficulty of catching nomadic hartebeests, as well as the better success hyenas and leopards have with catching calves. Hartebeest, topi, tsessebe and their relatives are also thought to have âoilyâ and unpalatable meat, at least to some predators. Additionally, their hides are often covered in oily secretions from their preorbital glands and pheromones/scent-marking behaviors. Wildebeest are by far the most favoured prey species of the entire group.
574:
559:
544:
87:
316:. Commonly known as the red hartebeest, it is the most colorful hartebeest, with black markings contrasting against its white abdomen and behind. It has a longer face that other subspecies, with complex curving horns joined at the base. The average weight of a male is about 150 kg, and female is 120 kg. Their average shoulder height is 135 cm, and horns are 60 cm long. The life expectancy of a red hartebeest is around 19 years. Little
62:
529:
31:
436:. Southern Africa's dissected topography, geologic diversity, climate oscillations, and mosaic of distinct vegetation types has been the primary means for radiation and diversification amidst hartebeest species, which has led red hartebeests to vary slightly in their capacity to consume the diets they do. Most ungulates in Africa are nomadic, as they are dependent on food sources that become depleted if they stay in one place.
232:
321:
slightly greater than that of the female. Hartebeests have an excellent sense of hearing and smell, although their sense of sight is poor. When alarmed, hartebeests flee, reaching a maximum speed of 55 km/h. Their evasion tactic is to induce confusion by running in a zigzag pattern, making it difficult for predators to catch them.
460:
In the early 1900s, "antelope" was a very broad, ambiguous name given to most hollow-horned ruminants besides oxen, sheep, and goats. Of these antelopes found in Africa, Asia, and Europe, Africa has the most diverse populations of antelopes, with horn lengths ranging from six feet long, to a quarter
320:
is noted between males and females, showing no distinct identifiable physical features, but body size is slightly affected. Horn size, however, expresses more dimorphism between males and females, as males fight and defend themselves for sexual selection. Thus, male skull weight and circumference is
393:
may opportunistically prey upon hartebeest that drink from waters inhabited by the reptiles; though this is uncommon, it is not unheard of. Furthermore, hartebeest are not a primary food source for any of these species, and least of all for cheetahs. On average, out of their entire diet, lions only
341:
period of eight months, and they give birth to single calves. They typically give birth in a seasonal pattern before the summer rain begins. After birth, calves are hidden in dense vegetation before joining a group to increase their chances of survival from predators, since they are weak. Most
360:
is in abundance and is the main source of dietary consumption. As grazers, their diets fluctuate seasonally, as they consume higher-quality, green primary production in wet seasons, and lower-quality sheath material in the dry seasons. Hartebeests are considered less water-dependent than most
465:, from the family Bovidae, used to be categorized as the subfamily of Bubalinae, but are now classified under the subfamily Alcelaphini. This youngest of all African bovid subfamilies dates back 5 million years ago, and has exhibited great diversification. The oldest fossil of
418:
Hunting is always an issue to consider in rural areas, since little enforcement of animal protection laws is possible, or there can be no established regulations at all. Hunting hartebeests for survival is an ancient practice:
423:
in the hottest part of the day was most common, when hunters could catch the animal at its weakest point. Over the past 20 years, however, one of the only places where persistence hunting still occurs is in central
Kalahari.
394:
consume hartebeest about 7% of the time; leopards, 6.25%; hyenas, 3.5%; cheetah consumption of hartebeest makes up only about 1.75% of their total diet. Cheetahs tend to target smaller gazelle species (primarily
516:
Diversification of these species has been solely attributed to environmental and habitat changes due to global warming around 250 to 195 thousand years ago, and global cooling 175 to 125 thousand years ago.
710:
Capellini, I. (2007). "Dimorphism in the hartebeest. Sex, size and gender roles: evolutionary studies of sexual size dimorphism", pp. 124â132, DJ Fairbairn, WU Blanckenhorn & T. Szekely (Eds).
1033:
725:
573:
491:. Over millions of years, the Alcelaphini have diversified to fill certain niches and have spread to different habitats across the continent of Africa. The genus
558:
350:
Red hartebeests are grass feeders, which is evidenced by their long snouts, which give the advantage of an improved cropping ability to acquire and
5632:
756:
976:"Environmental change and rates of evolution: The phylogeographic pattern within the hartebeest complex as related to climatic variation"
5565:
1065:
543:
719:
694:
5662:
5667:
221:
5642:
503:, while the northern clade diverged once more into eastern and western lineages 400,000 years ago. The species
1417:
5647:
2206:
550:
508:
5652:
580:
565:
495:
is suggested to have evolved and diversified due to climate variability over a range of habitats in the
5657:
5530:
1486:
1058:
342:
females begin breeding after the age of two, and can conceive again 9 or 10 months after giving birth.
86:
5672:
4463:
1408:
1399:
4250:
4899:
4292:
2188:
1329:
628:
4412:
1848:
753:
5492:
1950:
1656:
1575:
819:
McNaughton, S. & Georgiadis, N. (1986). "Ecology of
African Grazing and Browsing Mammals".
775:"Diets of hartebeests and roan antelopes in Burkina Faso: Support of the long-faced hypothesis"
205:
679:
312:
of the family
Bovidae, one of ten subspecies; it is sometimes treated as a separate species,
5100:
4130:
2355:
1584:
1468:
1051:
395:
5552:
5539:
5407:
5173:
5164:
5109:
4734:
4698:
4671:
4079:
4070:
3515:
3506:
1872:
1731:
1674:
1620:
39:
8:
5677:
5637:
5596:
5544:
5353:
5055:
5046:
4794:
4662:
4635:
4571:
4232:
4112:
4061:
1740:
1647:
1238:
1038:
741:
420:
407:
51:
832:
528:
354:
grasses more efficiently. During the rainy season in southern Africa, the grass species
5440:
5431:
4803:
4743:
4725:
4707:
4653:
4626:
4617:
4241:
4223:
4157:
3850:
3576:
3053:
3044:
2763:
2197:
1665:
1477:
1459:
1338:
1008:
995:
975:
956:
896:
796:
449:
244:
81:
5073:
5064:
4752:
4680:
4608:
4439:
4421:
4274:
3224:
2619:
2610:
2462:
2364:
2143:
2110:
2053:
1923:
1450:
1311:
1013:
932:
916:"Habitat, primary production, and evolution of body size within the hartebeest clade"
915:
900:
641:
Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern
317:
848:"Prey selection and feeding habits of the large carnivores in the southern Kalahari"
5467:
5221:
5212:
5091:
4932:
4923:
4716:
4388:
4379:
4327:
4318:
4166:
4139:
4052:
3832:
3440:
2866:
2857:
2847:
2820:
2541:
2410:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1375:
1366:
1302:
1229:
1220:
1003:
987:
927:
888:
859:
828:
786:
623:
601:
5604:
5197:
5188:
5136:
5127:
4908:
3765:
3756:
3233:
2829:
1881:
1791:
1629:
1441:
1320:
1293:
1284:
973:
760:
729:
698:
390:
287:
5397:
5335:
4965:
4956:
4481:
4430:
4351:
4342:
4283:
4121:
3823:
3645:
3636:
3191:
3158:
3140:
2628:
2438:
2313:
2152:
1140:
1112:
691:
513:, in Namibia. The northern clade comprises the rest of the hartebeest complex.
499:. About 500,000 years ago, the Alcelaphini diverged into northern and southern
1043:
5626:
5591:
5515:
5022:
5004:
4890:
4827:
4818:
3877:
3612:
3585:
3356:
3266:
3257:
3242:
3107:
3071:
3026:
2963:
2954:
2471:
2429:
2322:
2288:
2278:
2179:
2161:
1824:
1773:
1683:
1247:
864:
847:
772:
614:
378:
71:
66:
5416:
5385:
5275:
4947:
4761:
4689:
4562:
4505:
4496:
4214:
4148:
3910:
3868:
3783:
3594:
3314:
3305:
3167:
3098:
2987:
2978:
2720:
2489:
2170:
2125:
2092:
1863:
1755:
1722:
1638:
1017:
991:
433:
158:
5609:
5578:
5524:
5037:
4785:
3947:
3901:
3892:
3841:
3793:
3654:
3496:
3089:
3080:
2908:
2702:
2693:
2683:
2577:
2420:
2230:
2221:
2134:
1977:
1899:
1782:
1707:
1698:
1075:
496:
351:
138:
5570:
4644:
4544:
4369:
3961:
3383:
3365:
3116:
2811:
2796:
2787:
2754:
2531:
2337:
2254:
2245:
2020:
2011:
1890:
1815:
1356:
1177:
999:
800:
487:
480:
356:
291:
283:
182:
168:
5583:
960:
30:
5344:
5265:
5118:
4989:
4980:
4454:
4028:
4019:
4004:
3995:
3859:
3431:
3215:
3149:
3035:
2550:
2346:
2035:
1959:
1839:
1390:
1275:
1265:
1159:
1150:
974:
Flagstad, Ă.; Syversten, P.; Stenseth, N. & Jakobsen, K. (2001).
445:
399:
338:
231:
98:
5486:
5311:
791:
774:
373:
The few carnivores preying on hartebeest in southern Africa include
5509:
5253:
4881:
4553:
4265:
4103:
4043:
3708:
3407:
2939:
2884:
2772:
2601:
2077:
2068:
2044:
1932:
1806:
1556:
1432:
1128:
1106:
1094:
892:
309:
295:
118:
599:
5458:
5293:
5154:
5013:
4403:
4190:
4181:
4094:
3980:
3971:
3943:
3699:
3603:
3567:
3482:
3478:
3449:
3374:
3062:
2935:
2896:
2480:
2397:
2303:
1566:
1516:
1211:
773:
Schuette, J.; Leslie, D.; Lochmiller, R. & Jenks, J. (1998).
665:
Mammal
Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
535:
386:
382:
148:
43:
5557:
652:
Catalogue des mammifÚres du Muséum
National d'Histoire Naturelle
5302:
4871:
4776:
4599:
4589:
4205:
3717:
3557:
3539:
3530:
3416:
3338:
3290:
3281:
2739:
2730:
2665:
2656:
2646:
2568:
2101:
1914:
1764:
1100:
1088:
664:
474:
403:
128:
108:
5326:
5284:
4859:
4529:
4520:
3814:
3741:
3732:
3663:
3392:
3347:
3206:
3131:
3011:
3002:
2513:
2504:
1996:
1987:
1196:
1187:
814:
812:
810:
500:
441:
362:
879:
Liebenberg, L. (2006). "Hunting by modern hunter-gatherer".
818:
4472:
3802:
3690:
3672:
3329:
3182:
2586:
2453:
2269:
1543:
1504:
713:
374:
299:
3940:
807:
361:
alcelaphines, only needing to drink water when melons and
290:. More than 130,000 individuals live in the wild. The red
5082:
3681:
3627:
2559:
1941:
675:
673:
2932:
980:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
913:
704:
3475:
670:
663:
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (eds.) (2005).
967:
872:
766:
507:originated from the southern clade, also including
685:
579:Side profile showing characteristic curving horns
473:, the three other genera from the Alcelaphini are
940:
564:Morning light highlighting the reddish colour in
5624:
1073:
657:
878:
654:. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
1059:
735:
469:has been dated to 740,000 years ago. Besides
667:(3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2.
629:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T814A50181496.en
946:
600:IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017).
427:
239:Distribution of red hartebeest (in orange)
1148:
1066:
1052:
747:
230:
60:
29:
5383:
2855:
1007:
947:Dollman, G. (1936). "African Antelopes".
931:
920:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
907:
863:
845:
839:
790:
627:
432:The red hartebeest is primarily found in
5264:
2654:
821:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
413:
1555:
1126:
914:Capellini, I & Gosling, L. (2007).
455:
5625:
1273:
5491:
5490:
5382:
5251:
5250:
4856:
3939:
3474:
2931:
2393:
1539:
1125:
1047:
2691:
949:Journal of the Royal African Society
402:) to medium-sized antelope, such as
5633:IUCN Red List least concern species
1540:
833:10.1146/annurev.es.17.110186.000351
615:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
593:
13:
4857:
2394:
650:Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Ă. (1803)
14:
5689:
1027:
754:Hartebeest: Alcelaphus buselaphus
720:A Guide to the: Red Hartebeest â
682:. EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online.
933:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00883.x
572:
557:
542:
527:
85:
1418:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
2207:Central American red brocket (
644:
1:
587:
324:
2914:Large subfamily listed below
2902:Large subfamily listed below
2890:Large subfamily listed below
551:Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park
368:
7:
5501:Alcelaphus buselaphus caama
1409:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
1400:Indian spotted chevrotain (
581:Addo Elephant National Park
566:Addo Elephant National Park
329:
306:Alcelaphus buselaphus caama
271:Alcelaphus buselaphus caama
253:Alcelaphus buselaphus caama
215:Alcelaphus buselaphus caama
10:
5694:
5663:Mammals of Southern Africa
520:
294:is closely related to the
5668:Mammals described in 1803
5499:
5457:
5429:
5405:
5396:
5392:
5378:
5345:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
5336:Domestic Bactrian camel (
5324:
5273:
5260:
5246:
5210:
5186:
5162:
5153:
5035:
5002:
4978:
4945:
4921:
4900:North Sulawesi babirusa (
4879:
4870:
4866:
4852:
4816:
4774:
4597:
4588:
4542:
4518:
4494:
4452:
4401:
4377:
4368:
4340:
4316:
4309:
4263:
4203:
4179:
4092:
4041:
4017:
3993:
3969:
3960:
3956:
3935:
3890:
3791:
3782:
3754:
3730:
3625:
3565:
3556:
3528:
3504:
3495:
3491:
3470:
3429:
3405:
3327:
3303:
3279:
3255:
3204:
3180:
3129:
3024:
3000:
2976:
2952:
2948:
2927:
2907:
2895:
2883:
2846:
2809:
2785:
2752:
2728:
2719:
2682:
2645:
2599:
2539:
2530:
2502:
2451:
2418:
2409:
2405:
2389:
2335:
2301:
2267:
2243:
2219:
2189:Amazonian brown brocket (
2123:
2090:
2066:
2033:
2009:
1985:
1976:
1912:
1861:
1837:
1804:
1753:
1720:
1696:
1564:
1551:
1535:
1522:Large family listed below
1515:
1510:Large family listed below
1503:
1487:Williamson's mouse-deer (
1430:
1388:
1364:
1355:
1264:
1209:
1185:
1176:
1139:
1135:
1121:
1083:
1034:National Geographic Video
282:, is a subspecies of the
250:
243:
238:
229:
211:
204:
82:Scientific classification
80:
58:
49:
37:
28:
23:
3586:Domestic water buffalo (
1951:Central Asian red deer (
1576:Bornean yellow muntjac (
865:10.4102/koedoe.v27i2.586
428:Habitat and demographics
16:Subspecies of hartebeest
5643:Mammals of South Africa
4464:Bates' pygmy antelope (
4251:Soemmerring's gazelle (
2356:Yucatan brown brocket (
1585:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
1469:Philippine mouse-deer (
744:. Kruger National Park.
732:. EcoTravel.co.za 2012.
440:lives in herds in open
345:
5174:White-lipped peccary (
5110:Philippine warty pig (
4735:Yellow-backed duiker (
4699:Black-fronted duiker (
4672:White-bellied duiker (
4293:Przewalski's gazelle (
3516:Four-horned antelope (
2314:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
1873:Visayan spotted deer (
1732:European fallow deer (
1675:Northern red muntjac (
1621:Southern red muntjac (
992:10.1098/rspb.2000.1416
222:Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
5354:Wild Bactrian camel (
5056:Bornean bearded pig (
5047:Palawan bearded pig (
4636:White-legged duiker (
4062:Red-fronted gazelle (
1741:Persian fallow deer (
1657:Roosevelt's muntjac (
1330:Himalayan musk deer (
1239:Reticulated giraffe (
722:Alcelaphus buselaphus
604:Alcelaphus buselaphus
414:Environmental threats
5441:Pygmy hippopotamus (
5101:Oliver's warty pig (
4726:Red-flanked duiker (
4131:Erlanger's gazelle (
3851:Harnessed bushbuck (
3577:Wild water buffalo (
3054:East Caucasian tur (
3045:West Caucasian tur (
2198:Little red brocket (
1666:Truong Son muntjac (
1478:Vietnam mouse-deer (
1460:Greater mouse-deer (
1339:Siberian musk deer (
881:Current Anthropology
779:Journal of Mammalogy
701:. SMJ Safaris. 2012.
456:Evolutionary history
40:Etosha National Park
5648:Mammals of Botswana
5074:Celebes warty pig (
5065:Visayan warty pig (
4681:Red forest duiker (
4413:GĂŒnther's dik-dik (
4275:Mongolian gazelle (
4080:Heuglin's gazelle (
4071:Thomson's gazelle (
3225:Long-tailed goral (
2620:Mountain reedbuck (
2611:Southern reedbuck (
2463:East African oryx (
2365:White-tailed deer (
2144:Small red brocket (
2111:South Andean deer (
2054:Siberian roe deer (
2045:European roe deer (
1882:Philippine sambar (
1849:PĂšre David's deer (
1451:Lesser mouse-deer (
1312:Kashmir musk deer (
763:. ThinkQuest. 1988.
759:22 May 2013 at the
728:21 May 2013 at the
697:28 May 2013 at the
622:: e.T814A50181496.
450:sub-Saharan African
434:southwestern Africa
421:persistence hunting
308:is a large African
274:), also called the
52:Conservation status
5653:Mammals of Namibia
5222:Collared peccary (
5092:Flores warty pig (
4933:Giant forest hog (
4795:Maxwell's duiker (
4717:Ruwenzori duiker (
4663:Jentink's duiker (
4572:Sharpe's grysbok (
4328:Tibetan antelope (
4233:Bright's gazelle (
4167:Goitered gazelle (
4140:Mountain gazelle (
4113:Cuvier's gazelle (
4053:Mongalla gazelle (
3441:Pyrenean chamois (
2867:Tibetan antelope (
2821:Black wildebeest (
1648:Reeves's muntjac (
1612:Sumatran muntjac (
1603:Gongshan muntjac (
1376:Water chevrotain (
1303:Alpine musk deer (
1230:Southern giraffe (
1221:Northern giraffe (
846:Mills, M. (1984).
365:are inaccessible.
337:subspecies have a
183:A. buselaphus
5658:Mammals of Angola
5620:
5619:
5493:Taxon identifiers
5484:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5453:
5452:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5198:Chacoan peccary (
5149:
5148:
5137:Javan warty pig (
5128:Timor warty pig (
4935:H. meinertzhageni
4909:Togian babirusa (
4848:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4804:Walter's duiker (
4744:Abbott's duiker (
4708:Ogilby's duiker (
4654:Harvey's duiker (
4618:Brooke's duiker (
4584:
4583:
4364:
4363:
4305:
4304:
4242:Peter's gazelle (
4224:Grant's gazelle (
4158:Speke's gazelle (
3931:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3808:
3778:
3777:
3766:African buffalo (
3597:B. depressicornis
3552:
3551:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3234:Himalayan goral (
3056:C. cylindricornis
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2879:
2878:
2842:
2841:
2830:Blue wildebeest (
2764:Common tsessebe (
2715:
2714:
2678:
2677:
2641:
2640:
2553:K. ellipsiprymnus
2526:
2525:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2325:P. mephistophiles
2281:P. mephistophiles
1972:
1971:
1668:M. truongsonensis
1630:Pu Hoat muntjac (
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1499:
1498:
1442:Java mouse-deer (
1351:
1350:
1321:Black musk deer (
1294:Dwarf musk deer (
1285:Anhui musk deer (
1260:
1259:
1223:G. camelopardalis
1172:
1171:
396:Thomsonâs gazelle
318:sexual dimorphism
262:
261:
257:
75:
5685:
5673:Bovids of Africa
5613:
5612:
5600:
5599:
5587:
5586:
5574:
5573:
5561:
5560:
5548:
5547:
5545:Alcelaphus_caama
5535:
5534:
5533:
5531:Alcelaphus caama
5520:
5519:
5518:
5488:
5487:
5403:
5402:
5394:
5393:
5380:
5379:
5271:
5270:
5262:
5261:
5248:
5247:
5160:
5159:
4966:Common warthog (
4957:Desert warthog (
4877:
4876:
4868:
4867:
4854:
4853:
4753:Weyns's duiker (
4627:Peters' duiker (
4609:Aders's duiker (
4595:
4594:
4482:Royal antelope (
4440:Salt's dik-dik (
4431:Silver dik-dik (
4422:Kirk's dik-dik (
4375:
4374:
4352:Saiga antelope (
4314:
4313:
4253:N. soemmerringii
4122:Dorcas gazelle (
3967:
3966:
3958:
3957:
3951:
3937:
3936:
3824:Mountain nyala (
3807:
3806:
3798:
3789:
3788:
3744:P. nghetinhensis
3646:European bison (
3637:American bison (
3563:
3562:
3502:
3501:
3493:
3492:
3486:
3472:
3471:
3348:Domestic sheep (
3192:Himalayan tahr (
3159:Mainland serow (
3141:Japanese serow (
2950:
2949:
2943:
2929:
2928:
2853:
2852:
2726:
2725:
2689:
2688:
2652:
2651:
2629:Bohor reedbuck (
2537:
2536:
2516:A. nasomaculatus
2439:Sable antelope (
2416:
2415:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2153:Merida brocket (
1983:
1982:
1924:Thorold's deer (
1776:A. calamianensis
1659:M. rooseveltorum
1605:M. gongshanensis
1562:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1362:
1361:
1271:
1270:
1250:G. tippelskirchi
1183:
1182:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1123:
1122:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1022:
1021:
1011:
986:(1468): 667â77.
971:
965:
964:
944:
938:
937:
935:
911:
905:
904:
887:(6): 1017â1026.
876:
870:
869:
867:
843:
837:
836:
816:
805:
804:
794:
770:
764:
751:
745:
742:"Red Hartebeest"
739:
733:
717:
711:
708:
702:
689:
683:
677:
668:
661:
655:
648:
642:
640:
638:
636:
631:
597:
576:
561:
549:Cow and calf in
546:
531:
505:Alcelaphus caama
255:
234:
217:
197:A. b. caama
90:
89:
69:
64:
63:
33:
21:
20:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5682:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5608:
5605:Observation.org
5603:
5595:
5590:
5582:
5577:
5569:
5564:
5556:
5551:
5543:
5538:
5529:
5528:
5523:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5495:
5485:
5472:
5449:
5425:
5388:
5362:
5320:
5256:
5230:
5206:
5182:
5145:
5112:S. philippensis
5049:S. ahoenobarbus
5031:
5023:Red river hog (
4998:
4974:
4941:
4917:
4891:Buru babirusa (
4862:
4836:
4828:Common duiker (
4812:
4770:
4580:
4538:
4514:
4490:
4448:
4397:
4360:
4336:
4301:
4286:P. picticaudata
4259:
4199:
4175:
4169:G. subgutturosa
4088:
4037:
4013:
3989:
3952:
3941:
3919:
3886:
3878:Cape bushbuck (
3871:T. strepsiceros
3800:
3799:
3797:
3774:
3750:
3726:
3621:
3613:Mountain anoa (
3548:
3542:B. tragocamelus
3524:
3518:T. quadricornis
3487:
3476:
3458:
3425:
3401:
3357:Bighorn sheep (
3323:
3299:
3275:
3267:Mountain goat (
3251:
3243:Chinese goral (
3200:
3176:
3161:C. sumatraensis
3125:
3108:Siberian ibex (
3072:Domestic goat (
3020:
2996:
2972:
2964:Barbary sheep (
2944:
2933:
2915:
2903:
2891:
2875:
2838:
2805:
2781:
2748:
2711:
2674:
2637:
2595:
2522:
2498:
2472:Scimitar oryx (
2447:
2430:Roan antelope (
2401:
2395:
2373:
2331:
2323:Northern pudu (
2297:
2289:Southern pudu (
2279:Northern pudu (
2263:
2239:
2215:
2180:Pygmy brocket (
2162:Dwarf brocket (
2119:
2086:
2062:
2029:
2005:
1968:
1908:
1857:
1833:
1800:
1774:Calamian deer (
1749:
1743:D. mesopotamica
1716:
1692:
1686:M. vuquangensis
1684:Giant muntjac (
1594:Fea's muntjac (
1547:
1541:
1523:
1511:
1495:
1426:
1384:
1347:
1305:M. chrysogaster
1256:
1248:Masai giraffe (
1205:
1168:
1131:
1117:
1079:
1072:
1030:
1025:
972:
968:
945:
941:
912:
908:
877:
873:
844:
840:
817:
808:
792:10.2307/1382973
771:
767:
761:Wayback Machine
752:
748:
740:
736:
730:Wayback Machine
718:
714:
709:
705:
699:Wayback Machine
690:
686:
678:
671:
662:
658:
649:
645:
634:
632:
598:
594:
590:
583:
577:
568:
562:
553:
547:
538:
532:
523:
497:Pleistocene era
458:
430:
416:
408:Grantâs gazelle
391:Nile crocodiles
371:
348:
332:
327:
288:Southern Africa
276:Cape hartebeest
256:G. Cuvier, 1804
225:
219:
213:
200:
186:
84:
76:
65:
61:
54:
24:Red hartebeest
17:
12:
11:
5:
5691:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5601:
5588:
5575:
5562:
5549:
5536:
5521:
5505:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5463:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5443:C. liberiensis
5437:
5435:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5417:Hippopotamus (
5413:
5411:
5400:
5398:Hippopotamidae
5390:
5389:
5376:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5351:
5347:C. dromedarius
5342:
5332:
5330:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5309:
5300:
5291:
5281:
5279:
5268:
5258:
5257:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5218:
5216:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5194:
5192:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5170:
5168:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5134:
5130:S. timoriensis
5125:
5116:
5107:
5098:
5089:
5083:Domestic pig (
5080:
5071:
5062:
5053:
5043:
5041:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5020:
5010:
5008:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4986:
4984:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4963:
4959:P. aethiopicus
4953:
4951:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4929:
4927:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4911:B. togeanensis
4906:
4897:
4887:
4885:
4874:
4864:
4863:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4824:
4822:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4801:
4792:
4782:
4780:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4762:Zebra duiker (
4759:
4750:
4741:
4737:C. silvicultor
4732:
4723:
4714:
4705:
4696:
4690:Black duiker (
4687:
4678:
4674:C. leucogaster
4669:
4660:
4651:
4642:
4633:
4624:
4615:
4605:
4603:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4569:
4563:Cape grysbok (
4560:
4550:
4548:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4526:
4524:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4506:Klipspringer (
4502:
4500:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4479:
4470:
4460:
4458:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4437:
4433:M. piacentinii
4428:
4419:
4409:
4407:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4385:
4383:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4348:
4346:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4324:
4322:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4295:P. przewalskii
4290:
4281:
4271:
4269:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4248:
4239:
4230:
4221:
4215:Dama gazelle (
4211:
4209:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4187:
4185:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4164:
4155:
4149:Rhim gazelle (
4146:
4137:
4128:
4119:
4110:
4100:
4098:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4077:
4068:
4059:
4049:
4047:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4025:
4023:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4007:A. marsupialis
4001:
3999:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3977:
3975:
3964:
3954:
3953:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3911:Common eland (
3908:
3898:
3896:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3875:
3869:Greater kudu (
3866:
3857:
3848:
3839:
3830:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3762:
3760:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3738:
3736:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3715:
3706:
3697:
3688:
3682:Domestic yak (
3679:
3670:
3661:
3652:
3643:
3633:
3631:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3610:
3606:B. mindorensis
3601:
3595:Lowland anoa (
3592:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3536:
3534:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3512:
3510:
3499:
3489:
3488:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3447:
3437:
3435:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3413:
3411:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3390:
3381:
3372:
3363:
3354:
3345:
3335:
3333:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3315:Nilgiri tahr (
3311:
3309:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3287:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3263:
3261:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3240:
3231:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3188:
3186:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3168:Taiwan serow (
3165:
3156:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3114:
3105:
3099:Iberian ibex (
3096:
3087:
3078:
3069:
3060:
3051:
3042:
3032:
3030:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3008:
3006:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2988:Arabian tahr (
2984:
2982:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2960:
2958:
2946:
2945:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2699:
2697:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2626:
2622:R. fulvorufula
2617:
2607:
2605:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2584:
2575:
2566:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2490:Arabian oryx (
2487:
2478:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2413:
2403:
2402:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2367:O. virginianus
2362:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2286:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2233:O. bezoarticus
2227:
2225:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2173:M. gouazoubira
2171:Gray brocket (
2168:
2159:
2150:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1926:C. albirostris
1920:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1710:E. cephalophus
1704:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1639:Leaf muntjac (
1636:
1632:M. puhoatensis
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1559:
1549:
1548:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1489:T. williamsoni
1484:
1475:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1341:M. moschiferus
1336:
1332:M. leucogaster
1327:
1318:
1309:
1300:
1296:M. berezovskii
1291:
1281:
1279:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1143:
1141:Antilocapridae
1133:
1132:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1113:Laurasiatheria
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:African Safari
1036:
1029:
1028:External links
1026:
1024:
1023:
966:
939:
926:(3): 431â440.
906:
893:10.1086/508695
871:
838:
806:
785:(2): 426â436.
765:
746:
734:
712:
703:
692:Red Hartebeest
684:
669:
656:
643:
591:
589:
586:
585:
584:
578:
571:
569:
563:
556:
554:
548:
541:
539:
533:
526:
522:
519:
510:lichtensteinii
457:
454:
429:
426:
415:
412:
379:spotted hyenas
370:
367:
347:
344:
331:
328:
326:
323:
266:red hartebeest
260:
259:
248:
247:
241:
240:
236:
235:
227:
226:
220:
209:
208:
206:Trinomial name
202:
201:
194:
192:
188:
187:
180:
178:
174:
173:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
78:
77:
59:
56:
55:
50:
47:
46:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5690:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5611:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5541:
5537:
5532:
5526:
5522:
5517:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5469:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5446:
5444:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5422:
5420:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5381:
5377:
5359:
5357:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5338:C. bactrianus
5334:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5317:
5315:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5249:
5245:
5227:
5225:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5203:
5201:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5179:
5177:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5142:
5140:
5139:S. verrucosus
5135:
5133:
5131:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5085:S. domesticus
5081:
5079:
5077:
5076:S. celebensis
5072:
5070:
5068:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5028:
5026:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5005:Potamochoerus
5001:
4995:
4993:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4971:
4969:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4902:B. celebensis
4898:
4896:
4894:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4855:
4851:
4833:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4809:
4807:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4786:Blue duiker (
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4701:C. nigrifrons
4697:
4695:
4693:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4683:C. natalensis
4679:
4677:
4675:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4629:C. callipygus
4625:
4623:
4621:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4577:
4575:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4556:R. campestris
4552:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4511:
4509:
4508:O. oreotragus
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4357:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4298:
4296:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4256:
4254:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4172:
4170:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4151:G. leptoceros
4147:
4145:
4143:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4085:
4083:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4055:E. albonotata
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4031:A. cervicapra
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3934:
3916:
3914:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3902:Giant eland (
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3883:
3881:
3880:T. sylvaticus
3876:
3874:
3872:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3842:Lesser kudu (
3840:
3838:
3836:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3804:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3771:
3769:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3723:
3721:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3657:B. domesticus
3655:Bali cattle (
3653:
3651:
3649:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3469:
3455:
3453:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3359:O. canadensis
3355:
3353:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3306:Nilgiritragus
3302:
3296:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3269:O. americanus
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3194:H. jemlahicus
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3090:Nubian ibex (
3088:
3086:
3084:
3081:Alpine ibex (
3079:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2926:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Pantholopinae
2845:
2835:
2833:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2799:A. buselaphus
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2703:Grey rhebok (
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:Aepycerotinae
2644:
2634:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2578:Nile lechwe (
2576:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:Hippotraginae
2408:
2404:
2399:
2392:
2388:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2257:B. dichotomus
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2231:Pampas deer (
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2191:M. nemorivaga
2187:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2135:Red brocket (
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2104:H. antisensis
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1944:C. canadensis
1940:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1893:R. timorensis
1889:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1851:E. davidianus
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1818:R. duvaucelii
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1783:Bawean deer (
1781:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1708:Tufted deer (
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1641:M. putaoensis
1637:
1635:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1587:M. crinifrons
1583:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1538:
1534:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1480:T. versicolor
1476:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1287:M. anhuiensis
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1241:G. reticulata
1237:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
962:
958:
955:(141): 1â28.
954:
950:
943:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
910:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
842:
834:
830:
826:
822:
815:
813:
811:
802:
798:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
769:
762:
758:
755:
750:
743:
738:
731:
727:
724:
723:
716:
707:
700:
696:
693:
688:
681:
676:
674:
666:
660:
653:
647:
630:
625:
621:
617:
616:
611:
609:
605:
596:
592:
582:
575:
570:
567:
560:
555:
552:
545:
540:
537:
530:
525:
524:
518:
514:
512:
511:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:
484:
483:
478:
477:
472:
468:
464:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:A. buselaphus
435:
425:
422:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
366:
364:
359:
358:
353:
343:
340:
336:
335:A. buselaphus
322:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:
267:
258:
254:
249:
246:
242:
237:
233:
228:
223:
218:
216:
210:
207:
203:
199:
198:
193:
190:
189:
185:
184:
179:
176:
175:
172:
171:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
88:
83:
79:
73:
68:
67:Least Concern
57:
53:
48:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5500:
5442:
5430:
5419:H. amphibius
5418:
5408:Hippopotamus
5406:
5386:Whippomorpha
5355:
5346:
5337:
5325:
5313:
5304:
5295:
5286:
5274:
5223:
5211:
5199:
5187:
5175:
5163:
5138:
5129:
5120:
5111:
5102:
5093:
5084:
5075:
5067:S. cebifrons
5066:
5057:
5048:
5036:
5024:
5015:
5003:
4991:
4979:
4968:P. africanus
4967:
4958:
4948:Phacochoerus
4946:
4934:
4922:
4910:
4901:
4893:B. babyrussa
4892:
4880:
4829:
4817:
4805:
4797:P. maxwellii
4796:
4788:P. monticola
4787:
4775:
4763:
4754:
4745:
4736:
4728:C. rufilatus
4727:
4718:
4709:
4700:
4691:
4682:
4673:
4664:
4655:
4646:
4645:Bay duiker (
4638:C. crusalbum
4637:
4628:
4619:
4610:
4598:
4590:Cephalophini
4573:
4565:R. melanotis
4564:
4555:
4543:
4531:
4519:
4507:
4495:
4483:
4475:N. moschatus
4474:
4465:
4453:
4441:
4432:
4423:
4415:M. guentheri
4414:
4402:
4391:D. megalotis
4390:
4378:
4353:
4341:
4330:P. hodgsonii
4329:
4317:
4294:
4285:
4277:P. gutturosa
4276:
4264:
4252:
4243:
4234:
4225:
4216:
4204:
4192:
4180:
4168:
4159:
4150:
4141:
4133:G. erlangeri
4132:
4123:
4114:
4106:G. bennettii
4105:
4093:
4081:
4073:E. thomsonii
4072:
4064:E. rufifrons
4063:
4054:
4042:
4030:
4018:
4006:
3994:
3982:
3970:
3912:
3904:T. derbianus
3903:
3891:
3879:
3870:
3861:
3852:
3843:
3835:T. eurycerus
3834:
3825:
3816:
3792:
3784:Tragelaphini
3767:
3755:
3743:
3731:
3719:
3710:
3702:B. javanicus
3701:
3692:
3684:B. grunniens
3683:
3674:
3666:B. frontalis
3665:
3656:
3647:
3638:
3626:
3614:
3605:
3596:
3587:
3578:
3566:
3541:
3529:
3517:
3505:
3452:R. rupicapra
3451:
3443:R. pyrenaica
3442:
3430:
3418:
3406:
3394:
3385:
3384:Snow sheep (
3376:
3367:
3366:Dall sheep (
3358:
3349:
3340:
3328:
3317:N. hylocrius
3316:
3304:
3293:O. moschatus
3292:
3280:
3268:
3256:
3244:
3235:
3226:
3217:
3205:
3193:
3181:
3169:
3160:
3151:
3142:
3130:
3118:
3117:Walia ibex (
3109:
3101:C. pyrenaica
3100:
3091:
3082:
3073:
3065:C. falconeri
3064:
3055:
3046:
3037:
3025:
3014:B. taxicolor
3013:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2869:P. hodgsonii
2868:
2856:
2831:
2822:
2812:Connochaetes
2810:
2798:
2797:Hartebeest (
2786:
2774:
2765:
2753:
2741:
2729:
2721:Alcelaphinae
2705:P. capreolus
2704:
2692:
2667:
2655:
2630:
2621:
2613:R. arundinum
2612:
2600:
2588:
2580:K. megaceros
2579:
2570:
2561:
2552:
2540:
2515:
2503:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2452:
2440:
2431:
2419:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2315:
2302:
2290:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2255:Marsh deer (
2244:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2137:M. americana
2136:
2124:
2112:
2103:
2093:Hippocamelus
2091:
2079:
2067:
2055:
2047:C. capreolus
2046:
2034:
2022:
2021:Water deer (
2010:
1998:
1986:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1913:
1901:
1892:
1884:R. mariannus
1883:
1874:
1862:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1825:Eld's deer (
1817:
1816:Barasingha (
1805:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1697:
1685:
1677:M. vaginalis
1676:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1578:M. atherodes
1577:
1565:
1488:
1479:
1471:T. nigricans
1470:
1461:
1452:
1444:T. javanicus
1443:
1431:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1389:
1378:H. aquaticus
1377:
1365:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1274:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1210:
1199:O. johnstoni
1198:
1186:
1162:A. americana
1161:
1149:
1111:Superorder:
1105:Infraclass:
1076:Artiodactyla
983:
979:
969:
952:
948:
942:
923:
919:
909:
884:
880:
874:
855:
851:
841:
824:
820:
782:
778:
768:
749:
737:
721:
715:
706:
687:
659:
651:
646:
633:. Retrieved
619:
613:
607:
603:
595:
515:
509:
504:
492:
486:
482:Connochaetes
481:
475:
470:
466:
462:
461:of an inch.
459:
437:
431:
417:
372:
355:
349:
334:
333:
313:
305:
304:
279:
275:
270:
269:
265:
263:
252:
251:
214:
212:
196:
195:
191:Subspecies:
181:
169:
159:Alcelaphinae
139:Artiodactyla
18:
5579:iNaturalist
5525:Wikispecies
5296:L. guanicoe
5155:Tayassuidae
5119:Wild boar (
5058:S. barbatus
5016:P. larvatus
4992:P. salvania
4990:Pygmy hog (
4924:Hylochoerus
4777:Philantomba
4665:C. jentinki
4647:C. dorsalis
4600:Cephalophus
4484:N. pygmaeus
4442:M. saltiana
4380:Dorcatragus
4354:S. tatarica
4244:N. petersii
4182:Litocranius
4082:E. tilonura
4029:Blackbuck (
4005:Springbok (
3948:Antilopinae
3946:(subfamily
3893:Taurotragus
3860:Sitatunga (
3853:T. scriptus
3844:T. imberbis
3801:(including
3794:Tragelaphus
3615:B. quarlesi
3497:Boselaphini
3481:(subfamily
3386:O. nivicola
3227:N. caudatus
3216:Red goral (
3207:Naemorhedus
3170:C. swinhoei
3150:Red serow (
3132:Capricornis
3110:C. sibirica
3047:C. caucasia
3038:C. aegagrus
3036:Wild goat (
2990:A. jayakari
2979:Arabitragus
2938:(subfamily
2909:Antilopinae
2832:C. taurinus
2775:D. pygargus
2668:A. melampus
2589:K. vardonii
2551:Waterbuck (
2492:O. leucoryx
2421:Hippotragus
2349:O. hemionus
2347:Mule deer (
2246:Blastocerus
2155:M. bricenii
2113:H. bisulcus
2080:R. tarandus
2056:C. pygargus
1978:Capreolinae
1960:Sika deer (
1902:R. unicolor
1891:Rusa deer (
1794:A. porcinus
1614:M. montanus
1411:M. kathygre
1160:Pronghorn (
1151:Antilocapra
635:12 November
463:A. b. caama
155:Subfamily:
5678:Subspecies
5638:Alcelaphus
5627:Categories
5432:Choeropsis
5314:L. vicugna
5200:C. wagneri
5103:S. oliveri
5094:S. heureni
4830:S. grimmia
4819:Sylvicapra
4806:P. walteri
4719:C. rubidis
4710:C. ogilbyi
4656:C. harveyi
4620:C. brookei
4574:R. sharpei
4554:Steenbok (
4545:Raphicerus
4497:Oreotragus
4370:Neotragini
4319:Pantholops
4235:N. notatus
4193:L. walleri
4142:G. gazella
4115:G. cuvieri
4104:Chinkara (
3996:Antidorcas
3983:A. clarkei
3972:Ammodorcas
3962:Antilopini
3862:T. spekeii
3826:T. buxtoni
3817:T. angasii
3709:Wild yak (
3693:B. indicus
3648:B. bonasus
3588:B. bubalis
3531:Boselaphus
3507:Tetracerus
3377:O. gmelini
3245:N. griseus
3218:N. baileyi
3183:Hemitragus
3152:C. rubidus
3143:C. crispus
3092:C. nubiana
2955:Ammotragus
2858:Pantholops
2788:Alcelaphus
2773:Bontebok (
2766:D. lunatus
2755:Damaliscus
2742:B. hunteri
2631:R. redunca
2532:Reduncinae
2483:O. gazella
2432:H. equinus
2358:O. pandora
2338:Odocoileus
2222:Ozotoceros
2078:Reindeer (
2023:H. inermis
2012:Hydropotes
1935:C. elaphus
1933:Red deer (
1875:R. alfredi
1792:Hog deer (
1650:M. reevesi
1623:M. muntjak
1453:T. kanchil
1420:M. meminna
1367:Hyemoschus
1357:Tragulidae
1314:M. cupreus
1232:G. giraffa
1178:Giraffidae
1129:Ruminantia
680:hartebeest
588:References
493:Alcelaphus
488:Damaliscus
471:Alcelaphus
467:Alcelaphus
446:scrublands
357:Andropogon
325:Life cycle
292:hartebeest
284:hartebeest
170:Alcelaphus
5384:Suborder
5294:Guanaco (
5266:Camelidae
5252:Suborder
5224:D. tajacu
5213:Dicotyles
5189:Catagonus
5176:T. pecari
5121:S. scrofa
5025:P. porcus
5014:Bushpig (
4882:Babyrousa
4858:Suborder
4755:C. weynsi
4746:C. spadix
4611:C. adersi
4532:O. ourebi
4466:N. batesi
4455:Neotragus
4424:M. kirkii
4226:N. granti
4191:Gerenuk (
4160:G. spekei
4124:G. dorcas
3981:Dibatag (
3768:S. caffer
3733:Pseudoryx
3720:B. taurus
3700:Banteng (
3675:B. gaurus
3604:Tamaraw (
3450:Chamois (
3432:Rupicapra
3419:P. nayaur
3395:O. vignei
3375:Mouflon (
3074:C. hircus
3063:Markhor (
2966:A. lervia
2731:Beatragus
2657:Aepyceros
2481:Gemsbok (
2474:O. dammah
2316:P. carlae
2209:M. temama
2200:M. rufina
2164:M. chunyi
2146:M. bororo
2036:Capreolus
1962:C. nippon
1953:C. hanglu
1840:Elaphurus
1785:A. kuhlii
1699:Elaphodus
1567:Muntiacus
1402:M. indica
1391:Moschiola
1323:M. fuscus
1266:Moschidae
1127:Suborder
1087:Kingdom:
901:224793846
827:: 39â66.
476:Beatragus
452:climate.
400:springbok
369:Predators
352:masticate
339:gestation
286:found in
177:Species:
105:Kingdom:
99:Eukaryota
5510:Wikidata
5356:C. ferus
5312:Vicuña (
5305:L. pacos
5303:Alpaca (
5287:L. glama
5254:Tylopoda
4764:C. zebra
4692:C. niger
4266:Procapra
4044:Eudorcas
4020:Antilope
3757:Syncerus
3718:Cattle (
3711:B. mutus
3639:B. bison
3579:B. arnee
3540:Nilgai (
3417:Bharal (
3408:Pseudois
3368:O. dalli
3350:O. aries
3341:O. ammon
3339:Argali (
3291:Muskox (
3258:Oreamnos
3236:N. goral
3119:C. walie
3003:Budorcas
2940:Caprinae
2885:Caprinae
2740:Hirola (
2684:Peleinae
2666:Impala (
2571:K. leche
2569:Lechwe (
2465:O. beisa
2441:H. niger
2102:Taruca (
2069:Rangifer
1999:A. alces
1900:Sambar (
1827:R. eldii
1807:Rucervus
1765:Chital (
1557:Cervinae
1544:Cervidae
1505:Cervidae
1433:Tragulus
1107:Eutheria
1101:Mammalia
1095:Chordata
1093:Phylum:
1089:Animalia
1018:11321054
757:Archived
726:Archived
695:Archived
387:cheetahs
383:leopards
330:Breeding
314:A. caama
310:antelope
298:and the
296:tsessebe
245:Synonyms
145:Family:
129:Mammalia
119:Chordata
115:Phylum:
109:Animalia
95:Domain:
72:IUCN 3.1
5571:5787045
5558:4447799
5516:Q854779
5468:Cetacea
5459:Cetacea
5327:Camelus
5285:Llama (
5165:Tayassu
4981:Porcula
4530:Oribi (
4521:Ourebia
4404:Madoqua
4389:Beira (
4310:Saigini
4217:N. dama
4095:Gazella
3944:Bovidae
3942:Family
3913:T. oryx
3833:Bongo (
3815:Nyala (
3742:Saola (
3664:Gayal (
3568:Bubalus
3483:Bovinae
3479:Bovidae
3477:Family
3393:Urial (
3083:C. ibex
3012:Takin (
2936:Bovidae
2934:Family
2897:Bovinae
2823:C. gnou
2602:Redunca
2514:Addax (
2398:Bovidae
2396:Family
2304:Pudella
2291:P. pudu
2182:M. nana
1997:Moose (
1767:A. axis
1734:D. dama
1596:M. feae
1542:Family
1517:Bovidae
1462:T. napu
1276:Moschus
1212:Giraffa
1197:Okapi (
1099:Class:
1078:species
1074:Extant
1009:1088655
1000:3067612
801:1382973
536:Namibia
521:Gallery
448:in the
165:Genus:
149:Bovidae
135:Order:
125:Class:
70: (
44:Namibia
5610:206378
5584:132658
4872:Suidae
4473:Suni (
4206:Nanger
3691:Zebu (
3673:Gaur (
3558:Bovini
3282:Ovibos
2587:Puku (
2562:K. kob
2126:Mazama
1915:Cervus
1188:Okapia
1016:
1006:
998:
961:717166
959:
899:
852:Koedoe
799:
501:clades
485:, and
442:plains
404:impala
385:, and
363:tubers
224:, 1803
4860:Suina
4343:Saiga
4284:Goa (
3803:kudus
3027:Capra
2694:Pelea
2560:Kob (
2542:Kobus
2505:Addax
1988:Alces
1942:Elk (
996:JSTOR
957:JSTOR
897:S2CID
858:(2).
797:JSTOR
608:caama
606:ssp.
534:From
375:lions
280:Caama
5592:IUCN
5566:GBIF
5466:see
5276:Lama
3330:Ovis
2454:Oryx
2270:Pudu
1864:Rusa
1756:Axis
1723:Dama
1014:PMID
637:2021
620:2017
444:and
346:Diet
300:topi
264:The
5597:814
5553:EoL
5540:ADW
5038:Sus
3628:Bos
1004:PMC
988:doi
984:268
928:doi
889:doi
860:doi
829:doi
787:doi
624:doi
406:or
398:or
278:or
38:At
5629::
5607::
5594::
5581::
5568::
5555::
5542::
5527::
5512::
1012:.
1002:.
994:.
982:.
978:.
953:35
951:.
924:92
922:.
918:.
895:.
885:47
883:.
856:27
854:.
850:.
825:17
823:.
809:^
795:.
783:79
781:.
777:.
672:^
618:.
612:.
479:,
389:.
381:,
377:,
302:.
42:,
5445:)
5421:)
5358:)
5349:)
5340:)
5316:)
5307:)
5298:)
5289:)
5226:)
5202:)
5178:)
5141:)
5132:)
5123:)
5114:)
5105:)
5096:)
5087:)
5078:)
5069:)
5060:)
5051:)
5027:)
5018:)
4994:)
4970:)
4961:)
4937:)
4913:)
4904:)
4895:)
4832:)
4808:)
4799:)
4790:)
4766:)
4757:)
4748:)
4739:)
4730:)
4721:)
4712:)
4703:)
4694:)
4685:)
4676:)
4667:)
4658:)
4649:)
4640:)
4631:)
4622:)
4613:)
4576:)
4567:)
4558:)
4534:)
4510:)
4486:)
4477:)
4468:)
4444:)
4435:)
4426:)
4417:)
4393:)
4356:)
4332:)
4297:)
4288:)
4279:)
4255:)
4246:)
4237:)
4228:)
4219:)
4195:)
4171:)
4162:)
4153:)
4144:)
4135:)
4126:)
4117:)
4108:)
4084:)
4075:)
4066:)
4057:)
4033:)
4009:)
3985:)
3950:)
3915:)
3906:)
3882:)
3873:)
3864:)
3855:)
3846:)
3837:)
3828:)
3819:)
3805:)
3770:)
3746:)
3722:)
3713:)
3704:)
3695:)
3686:)
3677:)
3668:)
3659:)
3650:)
3641:)
3617:)
3608:)
3599:)
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