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the capsule will be crushed. If it does not slow down quickly enough, it will crash into the surface and be destroyed. There are additional requirements for atmospheric reentry. If the angle of attack is too shallow, the capsule may skip off the surface of the atmosphere. If the angle of attack is too steep, the deceleration forces may be too high or the heat of reentry may exceed the tolerances of the heat shield.
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coated with a material that melts and then vaporizes ("ablation"). It may seem counterproductive, but the vaporization takes heat away from the capsule. This keeps the reentry heat from getting inside the capsule. Capsules see a more intense heating regime than spaceplanes and ceramics such as used on the Space
Shuttle are usually less suitable, and all capsules have used ablation.
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into consideration. The capsule must be strong enough to slow down quickly, must endure extremely high or low temperatures, and must survive the landing. When the capsule comes close to a planet's or moon's surface, it has to slow down at a very exact rate. If it slows down too quickly, everything in
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When the reentry capsule comes through the atmosphere the capsule compresses the air in front of it, which heats up to very high temperatures. The surface temperature of a capsule can reach 1,480 °C (2,700 °F) as it descends through the Earth's atmosphere. To prevent this heat from reaching
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In practice, capsules do create a significant and useful amount of lift. This lift is used to control the trajectory of the capsule, allowing reduced g-forces on the crew, as well as reducing the peak heat transfer into the capsule. The longer the vehicle spends at high altitude, the thinner the air
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of the air, and the shape, mass, diameter and roughness of the capsule. The speed of a spacecraft highly depends on the combined effect of the two forces — gravity, which can speed up a rocket, and drag, which will slow down the rocket. Capsules entering Earth's atmosphere will be considerably
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As the capsule slows down, the compression of the air molecules hitting the capsules surface creates a lot of heat. The surface of a capsule can get to 1,480 °C (2,700 °F) as it descends through the Earth's atmosphere. All this heat has to be directed away. Reentry capsules are typically
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Capsules reenter aft-end first with the occupants lying down, as this is the optimum position for the human body to withstand the decelerative g-force. The aft end is formed in a rounded shape (blunt body), as this forms a shock wave that doesn't touch the capsule, and the heat is deflected away
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Reentry capsules are well-suited to high energy reentries. Capsules reenter aft-end first with the occupants lying down, as this is the optimum position for the human body to withstand the g-forces induced as the capsule impacts the atmosphere. The rounded shape (blunt body) of a capsule forms a
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is and the less heat is conducted. For example, the Apollo CM had a lift to drag ratio of about 0.35. In the absence of any lift the Apollo capsule would have been subjected to about 20g deceleration (8g for low-Earth-orbiting spacecraft), but by using lift the trajectory was kept to around 4g.
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offset from the center line; this caused the capsule to assume an angled attitude through the air, providing a sideways lift to be used for directional control. Rotational thrusters were used to steer the capsule under either automatic or manual control by changing the lift vector.
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Capsules also have to be able to withstand the impact when they reach the Earth's surface. All US crewed capsules (Mercury, Gemini, Apollo) landed on water; the Soviet/Russian Soyuz and
Chinese Shenzhou (and planned US, Russian, and Indian) crewed capsules use small
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appears likely, as of
December 2005, to use a ten-times reusable capsule with a replaceable heat shield. There is no limit, save for lack of engineering experience, on using high-temperature ceramic tiles or ultra-high temperature
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Parachutes are used for the final descent, sometimes augmented by braking rockets if the capsule is designed to land on the Earth's surface. Examples of land landing capsules include Vostok, Voskhod, Soyuz, Shenzhou and the
423:. A shooting star, which is usually tiny, creates so much heat coming through the atmosphere that the air around the meteorite glows white hot. So when a huge object like a capsule comes through, even more heat is created.
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ended in disaster in 1971 when an equalization valve, used to equalize air pressure during the Soyuz final descent, prematurely opened in the vacuum of space, killing the three crew members, who were not wearing
408:, including nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Anything falling through air hits these molecules and therefore slows down. The amount of drag on a capsule depends on many things, including the
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aerodynamic requirements. The capsule design is both volumetrically efficient and structurally strong, so it is typically possible to construct small capsules of performance comparable to
243:. Aluminum is very light, and the structure gives the capsule extra strength. The early spacecraft had a coating of glass embedded with synthetic resin and put in very high temperatures.
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When the capsule comes through the atmosphere, it compresses the air in front of it which heats up to very high temperatures (contrary to popular belief friction is not significant).
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Few details are known about the
Shenzhou reentry capsule, except that it uses some technology from the Soyuz TM design. The new Soyuz TMA spacecraft, now used solely for
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almost ended in disaster, when the reentry capsule entered the atmosphere nose first – attributed to a failure of the service module to separate similar to that on the
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offset from the center line; this caused the capsule to assume an angled attitude through the air, providing lift that could be used for directional control.
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ended in disaster when the parachutes failed to deploy and the capsule smashed into the earth at speeds over 300 mph (483 km/h), killing cosmonaut
164:. A crewed capsule contains the spacecraft's instrument panel, limited storage space, and seats for crew members. Because a capsule shape has little
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for reentry and been non-reusable. The early spacecraft had a coating of glass embedded with synthetic resin and put in very high temperatures.
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The former Soviet Union suffered two disasters, and one near-disaster, all three involving the capsule during the de-orbit and reentry.
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or equipment module attached to the rear. A feature in the landing system allows the use of a single parachute and "
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Capsules are well-suited to high-temperature and dynamic loading reentries. Whereas delta-wing gliders such as the
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At lower altitudes and speeds parachutes are used to slow the capsule down by making more drag.
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is still necessary. The space capsule must be strong enough to withstand reentry forces such as
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flights, had its couches modified to allow for taller crewmembers to fly, and features "
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Reentry capsules have typically been smaller than 5 meters (16 feet) in diameter due to
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flight. Luckily, the service module was burned off and the capsule righted itself.
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spacecraft – the orbital module is located at the front of the spacecraft, with the
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Two of the biggest external forces that a reentry capsule experiences are
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shock wave that keeps most of the heat away from the heat shield, but a
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thrusters were used to steer the capsule by rotating the lift vector.
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reentry vehicles attempts to provide a more flexible reentry profile.
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Materials for the capsule are designed in different ways, like the
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in order to establish a lifting entry and control the landing site
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Engineers building a reentry capsule must take forces such as
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The reentry capsule is the "middle" module of the three-part
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interior structures, capsules are typically equipped with an
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flying with the blunt end of the heat shield at a non-zero
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designs in all but lift-to-drag ratio for less cost. The
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Drag is the capsule's resistance to it moving through
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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361:The Apollo Command Module reentered with the
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285:that chars and vaporizes, removing the heat.
140:Soyuz TMA reentry capsule after landing, 2005
522:and newer commercial and military aircraft.
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413:slowed because our atmosphere is so thick.
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1272:List of Russian human spaceflight missions
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518:" technology similar to that found on the
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216:is an example. Most capsules have used an
1267:List of Soviet human spaceflight missions
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2729:People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps
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135:
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3029:Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center
2724:Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center
2665:The † sign designates failed missions.
220:for reentry and been non-reusable. The
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377:to touch down on land. In the lighter
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2663:; exceptions are noted "(uncrewed)".
2655:Uncrewed missions are designated as
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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334:that are not capsules. The current
261:Most reentry capsules have used an
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1042:Next-generation crewed spacecraft
932:Space Capsule Recovery Experiment
569:version restored the third seat.
358:rather than melting the vehicle.
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404:. Air is a mixture of different
222:Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle
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3039:Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
1134:Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)
34:needs additional citations for
2669:designates cancelled missions.
1194:– Describes Soyuz-TMA descent.
884:Stardust Sample Return Capsule
1:
1320:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
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896:Genesis Sample Return Capsule
557:. Subsequent flights, from
419:A good example of this is a
229:sheets on reentry capsules.
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7:
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872:Orbital Re-entry Experiment
512:International Space Station
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168:, the final descent is via
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3128:indicates current missions
3034:Wenchang Space Launch Site
2708:China Manned Space Program
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701:(Two capsules per launch)
662:McDonnell Mercury capsule
271:thermal protection system
3081:Shuguang Group 1970 list
956:Hayabusa Reentry Capsule
712:McDonnell Gemini capsule
573:List of reentry capsules
525:
302:Boeing CST-100 Starliner
3108:Yuan Wang tracking ship
920:Shenzhou reentry module
794:(4 capsules per launch)
385:Gravity, drag, and lift
294:Reaction control system
16:Part of a space capsule
3076:Chinese women in space
2964:Tiangong space station
1262:List of Soyuz missions
1181:. NASA. Archived from
860:VA TKS reentry capsule
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3154:Spacecraft components
1288:Soyuz (rocket family)
737:Apollo Command Module
638:Vostok reentry module
499:spacecraft. Like the
234:Apollo command module
190:Apollo command module
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132:in the Pacific Ocean.
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1463:Zond lunar programme
1340:(by spacecraft type)
1155:(Mars sample-return)
1082:'s re-entry capsule.
768:Soyuz reentry module
594:adding missing items
456:adding missing items
283:ablative heat shield
263:ablative heat shield
218:ablative heat shield
148:is the portion of a
43:improve this article
1298:Baikonur Cosmodrome
1153:Earth Entry vehicle
314:Atmospheric reentry
308:Aerodynamic heating
257:Atmospheric reentry
241:honeycomb structure
3013:Feitian space suit
2570:(uncrewed landing)
1777:(uncrewed landing)
1293:Soyuz (spacecraft)
1056:'s re-entry module
836:Fanhui Shi Weixing
592:; you can help by
454:; you can help by
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2877:Tianzhou missions
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2745:Shenzhou missions
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2579:(uncrewed launch)
1792:(uncrewed launch)
1603:Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1
1578:Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1
1315:Soyuz abort modes
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505:Apollo spacecraft
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322:can reenter from
162:atmospheric entry
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58:"Reentry capsule"
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3086:China Group 1996
2939:Tiangong program
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3046:(landing site)
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2932:Space stations
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2449:(2016–present)
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1212:
1210:Service module
1207:
1205:Orbital module
1200:
1197:
1196:
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1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1156:
1136:
1124:
1112:
1100:
1084:
1083:
1070:
1057:
1044:
1032:
1031:(lifting body)
1019:
1017:Boeing CST-100
1007:
995:
994:return capsule
982:
970:
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527:
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501:Command Module
493:braking rocket
476:
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469:
449:
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436:
433:
386:
383:
363:center of mass
312:Main article:
309:
306:
290:center of mass
255:Main article:
252:
249:
202:launch vehicle
181:
178:
130:splashing down
117:
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31:
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22:
15:
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2342:Soyuz TMA-01M
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2025:
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2018:
2012:
2009:
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1997:
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1981:
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1375:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1338:Past missions
1336:
1331:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1296:
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1279:
1273:
1270:
1268:
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1259:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1215:Space capsule
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1185:on 2013-08-05
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1094:
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1088:
1087:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1001:
996:
993:
988:
983:
981:
976:
971:
969:
964:
959:
957:
952:
947:
945:
944:SpaceX Dragon
940:
935:
933:
928:
923:
921:
916:
911:
909:
904:
899:
897:
892:
887:
885:
880:
875:
873:
868:
863:
861:
856:
851:
849:
844:
839:
837:
832:
827:
825:
820:
813:
808:
806:
801:
796:
793:
788:
783:
781:
776:
771:
769:
764:
757:
752:
750:
749:KH-8 Gambit 3
745:
740:
738:
733:
728:
725:
720:
715:
713:
708:
703:
700:
695:
690:
687:
682:
677:
675:
670:
665:
663:
658:
653:
651:
646:
641:
639:
634:
629:
627:
624:KH-1 to KH-4
621:
616:
615:
614:
604:
595:
591:
588:This list is
586:
579:
578:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
523:
521:
520:Space Shuttle
517:
516:glass cockpit
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
466:
457:
453:
450:This list is
448:
441:
440:
432:
428:
424:
422:
421:shooting star
417:
414:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
382:
380:
376:
370:
367:
364:
359:
355:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:Space Shuttle
315:
305:
303:
297:
295:
291:
286:
284:
278:
276:
272:
266:
264:
258:
248:
246:
242:
239:
235:
230:
228:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
195:
191:
186:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:space capsule
147:
138:
131:
127:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3131:
3125:
2962:
2920:
2913:
2861:
2854:
2666:
2660:
2656:
1862:Apollo–Soyuz
1620:Soyuz 7K-OKS
1594:Soyuz 7K-LOK
1569:Soyuz 7K-L1E
1556:
1549:
1187:. Retrieved
1183:the original
1085:
792:KH-9 Hexagon
674:KH-6 Lanyard
611:
598:
548:
529:
509:
478:
460:
429:
425:
418:
415:
399:
388:
375:retrorockets
371:
368:
360:
356:
344:
317:
298:
287:
279:
267:
260:
245:Carbon fiber
231:
206:lifting body
199:
154:aerodynamics
145:
143:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3066:Project 921
2659:instead of
2456:Soyuz MS-01
2335:(2010–2016)
2333:Soyuz-TMA-M
2218:Soyuz TMA-1
2211:(2002–2012)
2023:(1986–2002)
1919:Kosmos 1001
1912:(1978–1986)
1881:(1974–1976)
1834:(1974–1976)
1832:Soyuz 7K-TM
1648:(1972–1981)
1596:(1971–1972)
1571:(1969–1970)
1459:(1967–1970)
1457:Soyuz 7K-L1
1350:(1966–1970)
1348:Soyuz 7K-OK
1281:Main topics
1166:Kavoshgar E
699:KH-7 Gambit
336:RKK Energia
188:Artwork of
158:heat shield
2991:Long March
2944:Tiangong-1
2884:Tianzhou 1
2795:Shenzhou 5
2759:Shenzhou 1
2734:Taikonauts
2526:(uncrewed)
2034:(uncrewed)
2030:Soyuz TM-1
1934:(uncrewed)
1888:Kosmos 670
1879:Soyuz 7K-S
1841:Kosmos 638
1716:(uncrewed)
1680:Kosmos 656
1670:Kosmos 613
1655:Kosmos 496
1646:Soyuz 7K-T
1584:Kosmos 382
1483:Zond 1967A
1472:Kosmos 146
1412:(uncrewed)
1383:Kosmos 186
1372:Kosmos 140
1367:(uncrewed)
1357:Kosmos 133
1189:2007-07-12
1172:References
1122:Oryol/Orel
992:OSIRIS-REx
980:Orion MPCV
968:VBK-Raduga
650:KH-5 Argon
590:incomplete
555:spacesuits
452:incomplete
210:spaceplane
174:spaceplane
69:newspapers
3126:Underline
2209:Soyuz-TMA
1930:Soyuz T-1
1308:Site 31/6
1110:Gaganyaan
1080:Chang'e 6
1054:Chang'e 5
406:molecules
180:Structure
170:parachute
126:Apollo 17
99:July 2007
3148:Category
3113:Mengzhou
3071:Shuguang
3022:Facility
2986:Tianzhou
2981:Shenzhou
2974:Hardware
2752:Uncrewed
2447:Soyuz MS
2021:Soyuz-TM
1851:Soyuz 16
1685:Soyuz 14
1675:Soyuz 13
1665:Soyuz 12
1629:Soyuz 10
1528:Zond-M 1
1303:Site 1/5
1199:See also
601:May 2022
563:Soyuz 40
559:Soyuz 12
550:Soyuz 11
544:Vostok 1
485:Shenzhou
475:Shenzhou
463:May 2022
238:aluminum
3132:Italics
3101:Group 3
3096:Group 2
3054:Related
2667:Italics
2437:TMA-20M
2432:TMA-19M
2427:TMA-18M
2422:TMA-17M
2417:TMA-16M
2412:TMA-15M
2407:TMA-14M
2402:TMA-13M
2397:TMA-12M
2392:TMA-11M
2387:TMA-10M
2382:TMA-09M
2377:TMA-08M
2372:TMA-07M
2367:TMA-06M
2362:TMA-05M
2357:TMA-04M
2352:TMA-03M
2347:TMA-02M
1910:Soyuz-T
1408:Soyuz 2
1377:Soyuz 1
848:Luna 24
805:Luna 20
780:Luna 16
724:Voskhod
567:Soyuz-T
540:Soyuz 5
532:Soyuz 1
503:of the
497:Mercury
489:service
410:density
391:gravity
347:gravity
251:Reentry
227:ceramic
83:scholar
2788:Crewed
2657:Kosmos
2577:
2568:
2524:
2323:TMA-22
2318:TMA-21
2313:TMA-20
2308:TMA-19
2303:TMA-18
2298:TMA-17
2293:TMA-16
2288:TMA-15
2283:TMA-14
2278:TMA-13
2273:TMA-12
2268:TMA-11
2263:TMA-10
2032:
1932:
1858:
1790:
1775:
1714:
1622:(1971)
1540:Zond 7
1495:Zond 4
1410:
824:Yantar
626:CORONA
340:Kliper
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2661:Soyuz
2643:MS-29
2639:2026
2633:MS-28
2628:MS-27
2624:2025
2609:MS-26
2604:MS-25
2584:MS-24
2575:MS-23
2566:MS-22
2561:MS-21
2556:MS-20
2551:MS-19
2546:MS-18
2541:MS-17
2536:MS-16
2531:MS-15
2522:MS-14
2517:MS-13
2512:MS-12
2507:MS-11
2501:MS-10
2496:MS-09
2491:MS-08
2486:MS-07
2481:MS-06
2476:MS-05
2471:MS-04
2466:MS-03
2461:MS-02
2258:TMA-9
2253:TMA-8
2248:TMA-7
2243:TMA-6
2238:TMA-5
2233:TMA-4
2228:TMA-3
2223:TMA-2
2199:TM-34
2194:TM-33
2189:TM-32
2184:TM-31
2179:TM-30
2174:TM-29
2169:TM-28
2164:TM-27
2159:TM-26
2154:TM-25
2149:TM-24
2144:TM-23
2139:TM-22
2134:TM-21
2129:TM-20
2124:TM-19
2119:TM-18
2114:TM-17
2109:TM-16
2104:TM-15
2099:TM-14
2094:TM-13
2089:TM-12
2084:TM-11
2079:TM-10
1980:T-10a
1522:1969A
1506:1968B
1500:1968A
1489:1967B
1067:Varda
686:Zenit
526:Soyuz
481:Soyuz
90:JSTOR
76:books
3061:CNSA
2074:TM-9
2069:TM-8
2064:TM-7
2059:TM-6
2054:TM-5
2049:TM-4
2044:TM-3
2039:TM-2
2011:T-15
2006:T-14
2001:T-13
1996:T-12
1991:T-11
1986:T-10
1925:1074
1609:No.2
395:drag
393:and
351:drag
349:and
332:Mars
328:Moon
275:drag
160:for
62:news
1975:T-9
1969:T-8
1964:T-7
1959:T-6
1954:T-5
1949:T-4
1944:T-3
1939:T-2
1899:869
1893:772
1846:672
1701:18a
1660:573
1534:M 2
1477:154
1403:238
1398:213
1393:212
1388:188
1069:W-1
1029:IXV
596:.
561:to
538:.
483:or
458:.
402:air
236:’s
208:or
45:by
3150::
3006:5B
2996:2F
2863:19
2856:18
2850:17
2845:16
2840:15
2835:14
2830:13
2825:12
2820:11
2815:10
1869:22
1856:19
1822:40
1817:39
1812:38
1807:37
1802:36
1797:35
1788:34
1782:33
1773:32
1768:31
1763:30
1758:29
1753:28
1748:27
1743:26
1737:25
1732:24
1726:23
1721:21
1712:20
1707:18
1696:17
1690:15
1635:11
1558:10
1365:†
397:.
144:A
3001:7
2955:3
2949:2
2922:8
2915:7
2909:6
2904:5
2899:4
2894:3
2889:2
2810:9
2805:7
2800:6
2779:8
2774:4
2769:3
2764:2
2700:e
2693:t
2686:v
2503:†
1982:†
1971:†
1921:†
1901:†
1895:†
1864:)
1860:(
1784:†
1739:†
1728:†
1703:†
1692:†
1637:†
1631:†
1611:†
1605:†
1580:†
1551:9
1545:8
1536:†
1530:†
1524:†
1517:6
1512:5
1508:†
1502:†
1491:†
1485:†
1479:†
1465:)
1461:(
1447:9
1442:8
1437:7
1432:6
1427:5
1422:4
1417:3
1379:†
1359:†
1243:e
1236:t
1229:v
1192:.
603:)
599:(
465:)
461:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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