639:
Especially poorly treated were the Pontic Greeks in eastern
Anatolia on the Black Sea. In 1920, as the Greek army advanced, many were deported to the Mesopotamian desert as had been the Armenians before them. Nevertheless, approximately 1,200,000 Ottoman Greek refugees arrived in Greece at the end of the war. When one adds to the total the Greeks of Constantinople who, by agreement, were not forced to flee, then the total number comes closer to the 1,500,000 Greeks in Anatolia and Thrace. Here, a strong distinction between intention and action is found. According to the Austrian consul at Amisos, Kwiatkowski, in his 30 November 1916 report to foreign minister Baron Burian: "on 26 November Rafet Bey told me: 'we must finish off the Greeks as we did with the Armenians…' on 28 November Rafet Bey told me: 'today I sent squads to the interior to kill every Greek on sight.' I fear for the elimination of the entire Greek population and a repeat of what occurred last year, Or according to a 31 January 1917 report by Chancellor Hollweg of Austria: the indications are that the Turks plan to eliminate the Greek element as enemies of the state, as they did earlier with the Armenians. The strategy implemented by the Turks is of displacing people to the interior without taking measures for their survival by exposing them to death, hunger, and illness. The abandoned homes are then looted and burnt or destroyed. Whatever was done to the Armenians is being repeated with the Greeks. Massacres most likely did take place at Amisos and other villages in Pontus. Yet given the large number of surviving Greeks, especially relative to the small number of Armenian survivors, the massacres apparently were restricted to Pontus, Smyrna, and selected other 'sensitive' regions.
114:
1158:
698:
126:
37:
655:
638:
Under these conditions, genocide of the
Ottoman Greeks simply was not a viable option. Many (Greeks), however, were massacred by the Turks, especially at Smyrna (today's İzmir) as the Greek army withdrew at the end of their headlong retreat from central Anatolia at the end of the Greco-Turkish War.
357:
75 miles north, after traveling one week through
British lines. He did not speak English but because he moved at night and responded to questions with saluting and riding on a walk he avoided being captured. He returned to Istanbul after the
397:. He later served as minister and later as commander at the Western Front against the Greek armies. He put down several local revolts against the Ankara government. However he had several political disputes with
1267:
1252:
345:
he served with distinction. First refusing a surrender and then successfully organizing the withdrawal of the
Ottoman and German forces with their weaponry. Nevertheless, Bele was blamed together with
857:
430:
1082:
405:
in 1926. In 1926 he retired from the army and parliament deputy. In his later life he took several different occupations including a second deputy time. He died in
Istanbul in 1963.
827:
186:
807:
892:
686:
872:
822:
1202:
847:
837:
912:
752:
977:
907:
1237:
917:
937:
927:
1042:
1087:
1047:
1032:
867:
1242:
679:
1002:
727:
1212:
1067:
972:
897:
1187:
1072:
922:
717:
664:
1207:
982:
672:
702:
1272:
330:
1262:
1257:
515:
Refet Pasha is the most powerful personality in
Mustapha Kemal's government and has complete control over Mustapha Kemal himself.
419:
We must finish off the Greeks as we did with the
Armenians… today I sent squads to the interior to kill every Greek on sight…”
1192:
631:
560:
1247:
1157:
606:
490:
421:
There is no evidence that this really happened and there is no evidence that "Rafet Bey" is connected to Refet Bele.
220:
182:
307:
1232:
1227:
832:
96:
1222:
694:
1217:
338:
255:
162:
353:. After the British advance in 1918 he was cut off by his troops but managed to reach the Ottoman base at
659:
374:
209:
166:
1022:
468:"Turkey: Origins of the Kemalist Movement and the Government of the Grand National Assembly, 1919-1923"
467:
189:, Minister of Interior, Minister of National Defense, Representative of the TBMM government in Istanbul
178:
165:, 10th Division, 3rd Division, 11th Division, Inspector of the Rear Area of Jerusalem, 53rd Division,
1197:
962:
370:
170:
877:
862:
812:
722:
303:
997:
817:
365:
While in
Istanbul, most of Anatolia began to be occupied by foreign powers, the Greeks landed at
772:
1127:
1062:
967:
100:
787:
1112:
942:
932:
346:
342:
987:
508:
1182:
1177:
350:
287:
174:
792:
390:
8:
359:
947:
451:
Türk İstiklâl
Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri
326:
286:) in 1881. He took the surname Bele because of his grandfather who was originally from
1092:
1012:
777:
882:
627:
602:
556:
486:
311:
230:
197:
1142:
1132:
1107:
1097:
386:
334:
315:
1117:
1057:
1037:
1077:
1017:
1007:
762:
546:
382:
205:
1102:
1027:
992:
887:
483:
Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) ve
Kurtuluş Savaşı: yeni belgelerle, 1918-1923, Volume 1
302:
but settled later back to Thessaloniki when he was an infant. He studied in the
394:
279:
271:
251:
224:
119:
60:
1052:
957:
952:
902:
852:
842:
1171:
1147:
354:
402:
782:
259:
56:
797:
767:
757:
747:
322:
201:
802:
737:
1268:
Recipients of the Medal of Independence with Red-Green Ribbon (Turkey)
398:
378:
1137:
1122:
552:
509:
Great Britain. Foreign Office, Sir Ernest Llewellyn Woodward (1970).
401:
and became out of favor. He was tried in court but acquitted of the
299:
291:
81:
26:
502:
431:
List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence
366:
373:
and crossed over to Anatolia to organize resistance and join the
295:
275:
151:
36:
1253:
Turkish military personnel of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
706:
654:
599:
Armageddon, 1918: The Final Palestinian Campaign of World War I
520:
414:
283:
131:
85:
64:
615:
474:
369:
in 1919. In response to the occupation he decided to join the
318:(1912–1913) in which his hometown was lost to the Greeks.
161:
Division of the intelligence of the headquarters of the
526:
480:
453:, Genkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1972, p. 91.
417:
claimed that a certain "Rafet Bey" supposedly stated “
624:
The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century
449:T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları,
306:, enrolled in the army and became a member of the
1169:
601:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 54.
626:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 342–43.
337:where the Ottoman forces were defeated. In the
1203:Republican People's Party (Turkey) politicians
511:Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919-1939
1238:Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars
680:
443:
592:
590:
584:Uyar, Mesut (December 30, 2020), pp.324–325
575:Uyar, Mesut (December 30, 2020), pp.320–321
687:
673:
1243:Ottoman military personnel of World War I
621:
587:
548:The Ottoman Army and the First World War
529:Kuruluşundan bugüne kadar Isparta tarihi
1213:Ministers of national defence of Turkey
513:. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 528.
242:(1881 – 3 October 1963), also known as
1170:
143:Turkey: 13 July 1919 – 8 December 1926
668:
596:
465:
254:military commander. He served in the
1188:Military personnel from Thessaloniki
544:
1208:Ministers of the interior of Turkey
13:
485:. Türk Tarih Kurumu. p. 296.
403:attempted assassination of Atatürk
349:for the defeat of the Ottomans by
187:Southern Part of the Western Front
14:
1284:
1273:Burials at Turkish State Cemetery
648:
533:Rafet Bey (= General Rafet Bele).
325:where he fought in the rank of a
294:. Because of the troubles in the
262:, where he retired as a general.
1156:
696:
653:
531:. Serenler Yayını. p. xxx.
527:Sami, Böcüzade Süleyman (1983).
124:
112:
35:
1263:Ottoman Military College alumni
1258:Ottoman Military Academy alumni
481:Sonyel, Salahi Ramadan (2008).
308:Committee of Union and Progress
578:
569:
538:
459:
408:
1:
385:of 1919 and then also in the
1193:People from Salonica vilayet
466:Smith, Elaine Diana (1959).
371:Turkish nationalist movement
7:
622:Midlarsky, Manus I (2005).
424:
375:Turkish War of Independence
210:Turkish War of Independence
175:Gendarmerie General Command
10:
1289:
545:Uyar, Mesut (2020-12-30).
436:
298:his family moved first to
1154:
833:Fevzi Lütfi Karaosmanoğlu
713:
703:Ministers of the Interior
215:
193:
157:
147:
141:Ottoman Empire: 1899–1919
137:
107:
91:
71:
43:
34:
21:
1248:Ottoman prisoners of war
858:Muharrem İhsan Kızıloğlu
304:Ottoman Military College
183:Minister of the Interior
873:Kemal Sahir Kurutluoğlu
377:which was being led by
314:(1911) and then in the
265:
863:Emin Fahrettin Özdilek
848:İbrahim Ethem Menderes
838:İbrahim Ethem Menderes
381:. He took part in the
331:Kress von Kressenstein
310:. He took part in the
282:(modern Thessaloniki,
97:Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı
1233:Turkish Army generals
1228:Ottoman Army officers
1023:Sabahattin Çakmakoğlu
828:Halil İbrahim Özyörük
818:Mehmet Emin Erişirgil
662:at Wikimedia Commons
597:Falls, Cyril (2003).
343:Second battle of Gaza
329:under the command of
138:Years of service
1223:Deputies of Istanbul
893:İsmail Hakkı Akdoğan
823:Rüknettin Nasuhioğlu
773:Mehmet Cemil Uybadın
555:. pp. 228–231.
351:Erich Von Falkenhayn
229:Member of the GNAT (
1083:Rüştü Kazım Yücelen
413:Austrian consul of
360:Armistice of Mudros
988:Selahattin Çetiner
913:Haldun Menteşeoğlu
327:Lieutenant Colonel
23:İbrahim Refet Bele
1218:Deputies of İzmir
1165:
1164:
1128:Sebahattin Öztürk
1063:Murat Başesgioğlu
968:Hasan Fehmi Güneş
878:Hıfzı Oğuz Bekata
813:Münir Hüsrev Göle
793:Ahmet Fikri Tüzer
753:İsmail Safa Özler
723:Hakkı Behiç Bayiç
658:Media related to
633:978-0-521-81545-1
562:978-0-367-47177-4
497:Rafet (Refet) Bey
391:Alaşehir Congress
312:Italo-Turkish War
270:He was born to a
237:
236:
198:Italo-Turkish War
79:(aged 81–82)
1280:
1198:Macedonian Turks
1160:
1113:İdris Naim Şahin
998:Yıldırım Akbulut
978:Mustafa Gülcügil
948:Sabahattin Özbek
943:Oğuzhan Asiltürk
938:Mukadder Öztekin
933:Oğuzhan Asiltürk
928:Mukadder Öztekin
908:Salih Ragıp Üner
808:Şükrü Sökmensüer
701:
700:
699:
689:
682:
675:
666:
665:
657:
642:
641:
619:
613:
612:
594:
585:
582:
576:
573:
567:
566:
542:
536:
535:
524:
518:
517:
506:
500:
499:
478:
472:
471:
463:
457:
456:
447:
387:Erzurum Congress
335:Battle of Romani
321:He took part in
316:First Balkan War
130:
128:
127:
118:
116:
115:
78:
54:
52:
39:
19:
18:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1152:
1093:Abdülkadir Aksu
1088:Muzaffer Ecemiş
1078:Sadettin Tantan
1033:Mehmet Gazioğlu
1018:Mustafa Kalemli
1013:Abdülkadir Aksu
1008:Mustafa Kalemli
963:İrfan Özaydınlı
868:Ahmet Topaloğlu
763:Ahmet Ferit Tek
709:
697:
695:
693:
651:
646:
645:
634:
620:
616:
609:
595:
588:
583:
579:
574:
570:
563:
543:
539:
525:
521:
507:
503:
493:
479:
475:
464:
460:
454:
448:
444:
439:
427:
411:
383:Amasya Circular
341:and during the
339:Palestine front
268:
228:
216:Other work
208:
206:First World War
204:
200:
181:
142:
125:
123:
122:
113:
111:
103:
99:
80:
76:
55:
50:
48:
30:
24:
17:
16:Turkish general
12:
11:
5:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1143:Süleyman Soylu
1140:
1135:
1133:Selami Altınok
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
918:Hamdi Ömeroğlu
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
714:
711:
710:
692:
691:
684:
677:
669:
650:
649:External links
647:
644:
643:
632:
614:
607:
586:
577:
568:
561:
537:
519:
501:
491:
473:
458:
441:
440:
438:
435:
434:
433:
426:
423:
410:
407:
395:Sivas Congress
280:Ottoman Empire
267:
264:
235:
234:
219:Member of the
217:
213:
212:
195:
191:
190:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
120:Ottoman Empire
109:
105:
104:
101:State Cemetery
95:
93:
89:
88:
75:3 October 1963
73:
69:
68:
61:Ottoman Empire
45:
41:
40:
32:
31:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1285:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1159:
1149:
1148:Ali Yerlikaya
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1118:Muammer Güler
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1058:Meral Akşener
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1043:Teoman Ünüsan
1041:
1039:
1038:Nahit Menteşe
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
712:
708:
704:
690:
685:
683:
678:
676:
671:
670:
667:
663:
661:
656:
640:
635:
629:
625:
618:
610:
608:9780812218619
604:
600:
593:
591:
581:
572:
564:
558:
554:
550:
549:
541:
534:
530:
523:
516:
512:
505:
498:
494:
492:9789751620118
488:
484:
477:
469:
462:
452:
446:
442:
432:
429:
428:
422:
420:
416:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
356:
352:
348:
347:Ismet (Inönü)
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
232:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:
207:
203:
199:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:
152:Major general
150:
146:
140:
136:
133:
121:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:
83:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
46:
42:
38:
33:
28:
20:
1103:Beşir Atalay
1028:İsmet Sezgin
1003:Ahmet Selçuk
993:Ali Tanrıyar
888:Orhan Öztrak
883:İlyas Seçkin
783:Refik Saydam
742:
732:
728:Nazım Resmor
652:
637:
623:
617:
598:
580:
571:
547:
540:
532:
528:
522:
514:
510:
504:
496:
482:
476:
461:
455:(in Turkish)
450:
445:
418:
412:
364:
320:
269:
260:Turkish Army
256:Ottoman Army
247:
243:
239:
238:
194:Battles/wars
77:(1963-10-03)
57:Thessaloniki
1183:1963 deaths
1178:1881 births
1108:Osman Güneş
1098:Osman Güneş
1073:Cahit Bayar
1068:Kutlu Aktaş
1053:Mehmet Ağar
973:Vecdi İlhan
958:Korkut Özal
953:Necdet Uğur
923:Ferit Kubat
903:Faruk Sükan
898:İzzet Gener
853:Namık Gedik
843:Namık Gedik
798:Recep Peker
788:Faik Öztrak
768:Recep Peker
758:Fethi Okyar
748:Fethi Okyar
718:Cami Baykut
409:Accusations
323:World War I
248:Refet Pasha
202:Balkan Wars
163:Fourth Army
1172:Categories
1048:Ülkü Güney
983:Orhan Eren
803:Hilmi Uran
778:Şükrü Kaya
743:Refet Bele
738:Ata Atalay
733:Refet Bele
660:Refet Bele
274:family in
240:Refet Bele
169:(deputy),
167:XXII Corps
108:Allegiance
1138:Efkan Ala
1123:Efkan Ala
553:Routledge
362:in 1918.
244:Refet Bey
179:III Corps
425:See also
300:Istanbul
292:Bulgaria
258:and the
231:Istanbul
171:XX Corps
158:Commands
82:Istanbul
63:(modern
437:Sources
399:Atatürk
379:Atatürk
333:in the
296:Balkans
290:/Bele,
276:Selanik
272:Turkish
252:Turkish
49: (
707:Turkey
630:
605:
559:
489:
415:Samsun
284:Greece
250:was a
132:Turkey
129:
117:
92:Buried
86:Turkey
65:Greece
367:İzmir
288:Byala
225:Izmir
25:1314-
628:ISBN
603:ISBN
557:ISBN
487:ISBN
393:and
355:Tyre
266:Life
221:GNAT
148:Rank
72:Died
51:1881
47:1881
44:Born
705:of
246:or
1174::
636:.
589:^
551:.
495:.
389:,
278:,
185:,
177:,
173:,
84:,
59:,
29:39
27:P.
688:e
681:t
674:v
611:.
565:.
470:.
233:)
227:)
223:(
67:)
53:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
