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2390:(1981) reinterprets Lukács's central category of "consciousness" as similar to anthropological notions of culture as a set of practices. The reification of consciousness in particular, therefore, is more than just an act of misrecognition; it affects the everyday social practice at a fundamental level beyond the individual subject.
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to understand his preoccupation with the reification of consciousness in particular. On this reading, reification entails a stance that separates the subject from the objective world, creating a mistaken relation between subject and object that is reduced to disengaged knowing. Applied to the social
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The act (or result of the act) of transforming human properties, relations and actions into properties, relations and actions of man‑produced things which have become independent (and which are imagined as originally independent) of man and govern his life. Also transformation of human beings into
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As a practice of economics, reification transforms objects into subjects and subjects into objects, with the result that subjects (people) are rendered passive (of determined identity), whilst objects (commodities) are rendered as the active factor that determines the nature of a social relation.
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world, this leaves individual subjects feeling that society is something they can only know as an alien power, rather than interact with. In this respect, Lukács's use of the term could be seen as prefiguring some of the themes
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Reification occurs when specifically human creations are misconceived as "facts of nature, results of cosmic laws, or manifestations of divine will." However, some scholarship on Lukács's (1923) use of the term "reification" in
2336:. Lukács treats reification as a problem of capitalist society that is related to the prevalence of the commodity form, through a close reading of "The Fetishism of the Commodity and its Secret" in the first volume of
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thing‑like beings which do not behave in a human way but according to the laws of the thing‑world. Reification is a 'special' case of alienation, its most radical and widespread form characteristic of
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has challenged this interpretation of the concept, according to which reification implies that a pre-existing subject creates an objective social world from which it is then alienated.
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describes an effect of reification that results from presuming the existence of any object that can be named and presuming the existence of an abstractly conceived object, which is a
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of reification" that sees "'things' everywhere in human relations." Althusser's critique derives from his understanding that Marx underwent significant
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are perceived as inherent attributes of the people involved in them, or attributes of some product of the relation, such as a traded commodity.
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argued, Honneth contends that all forms of reification are due to pathologies of intersubjectively based struggles for recognition.
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by Marx, Althusser finds in it an important influence from the similar concept of alienation developed in the early
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Westerman, R. 2010. "The
Reification of Consciousness: Husserl’s Phenomenology in Lukács’s Subject-Object."
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2493:(2009) that Lukács and Heidegger were much closer in their philosophical concerns than typically thought.
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2922:. 1998. "Beyond the Carousel of Reification: Critical Social Theory after Lukács, Adorno, and Habermas."
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Other scholarship has suggested that Lukács's use of the term may have been strongly influenced by
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2326:(1923), in the essay "Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat" (1923), in his book
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Bewes, Timothy. 2002. "Reification, or The
Anxiety of Late Capitalism" (illustrated ed.). Verso
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3066:. 1969. "Bureaucracy—Reified Organization," edited by M. Marković and G. Petrović. Praxis.
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Floyd, Kevin: "Introduction: On
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Silva, Sónia (2013). "Reification and fetishism: Processes of transformation".
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The Social
Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge
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The
Philosophy of Praxis: Marx, Lukács and the Frankfurt School
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Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
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Reification is conceptually related to, but different from
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Lukács' Phenomenology of
Capitalism: Reification Revalued
18:
Treatment of social attributes as real, in
Marxist theory
2954:. Minneapolis, MN.: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.
169:
The Origin of the Family, Private
Property and the State
3053:
Rubin, I. I. 1972 . "Essays on Marx’s Theory of Value."
2941:"Reification of People and the Fetishism of Commodities
2267:, "making into a thing") is the process by which human
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4241:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
3011:
Larsen, Neil. 2011. "Lukács sans Proletariat, or Can
2374:(1965), drawing from Lukács, defines reification as:
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The concept of reification arose through the work of
3048:
Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat
2345:Those who have written about this concept include
2952:The Reification of Desire: Toward a Queer Marxism
4466:
2660:Lukács, Marx and the Sources of Critical Theory.
2306:is the general condition of human estrangement;
2813:Lukács and Heidegger: Towards a New Philosophy
2581: – Formal operation in mathematical logic
2539:Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844
3107:
2846:, transcribed by D. J. Romagnolo (2002). Web.
2524:Though the concept of reification is used in
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129:The Condition of the Working Class in England
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3289:
2987:"Reification: A Recognition-Theoretical View
2962:False Consciousness: An Essay On Reification
2906:Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Thought.
124:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
3071:A Philosophical History of German Sociology
2593: – Return or persistence of past ideas
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2609:
2607:
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269:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses
144:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
2862:. 1972. "Lukács’s Theory of Reification"
2816:, translated by W. Q. Boelhower. London:
2521:" between his early and his mature work.
2398:Lukács's account was influential for the
74:Learn how and when to remove this message
3019:edited by T. Bewes and T. Hall. London:
3015:be Rehistoricized?." Pp. 81–100 in
2604:
379:The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany
4467:
2836:, translated by B. Brewster. p. 230, "
2452:
2310:is a specific form of alienation; and
1055:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
3121:
3095:
2924:Current Perspectives in Social Theory
2755:
1968:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
339:Change the World Without Taking Power
27:
2992:The Tanner Lectures on Human Values
2891:"Reification: A marxist perspective
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2314:is a specific form of reification.
294:Marxism and the Oppression of Women
224:Theses on the Philosophy of History
13:
2853:
2496:
14:
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3058:Alienation as a Social Phenomenon
3042:History & Class Consciousness
2997:University of California-Berkeley
2985:Honneth, Axel. 2005 March 14–16.
314:Time, Labor and Social Domination
4311:The Closing of the American Mind
4231:Civilization and Its Discontents
4211:A Vindication of Natural Society
2945:The Raya Dunayevskaya Collection
2640:A Dictionary of Marxist Thought.
2626:, transcribed by R. Dumain from
2505:criticized what he called the "
2465:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2026:21st-century communist theorists
364:Towards Socialism or Capitalism?
279:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
199:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value
105:
32:
3013:History and Class Consciousness
2914:10.1002/9781118474396.wbept0875
2489:, supporting the suggestion of
2460:History and Class Consciousness
2329:History and Class Consciousness
2317:
728:Theory of historical trajectory
606:Dictatorship of the proletariat
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526:Socially necessary labour time
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4496:
3080:Westerman, Richard. 2018.
2437:(2008) reformulates this "
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229:Dialectic of Enlightenment
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2974:. 1959 "Réification."
2943:." Pp. 167–91 in
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2385:
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2275:Analogously, the term
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28:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4445:
4371:Critical theory
4349:
4344:
4334:
4324:
4314:
4304:
4294:
4284:
4274:
4264:
4254:
4244:
4234:
4224:
4214:
4204:
4194:
4174:
3852:
3846:
3644:
3638:
3587:
3516:
3423:
3375:Budapest School
3363:
3152:Cosmopolitanism
3125:
3120:
3064:Tadić, Ljubomir
3046:Merlin Press. "
2995:, delivered at
2933:(Sic Editorial)
2856:
2854:Further reading
2851:
2850:
2828:
2824:
2808:Goldman, Lucien
2806:
2802:
2791:
2787:
2754:
2750:
2733:Thomas Luckmann
2726:
2722:
2694:
2690:
2674:
2670:
2654:
2650:
2642:Cambridge, MA:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2564:Objectification
2548:
2503:Louis Althusser
2499:
2497:Louis Althusser
2468:
2455:
2439:Western Marxist
2421:Herbert Marcuse
2396:
2388:Andrew Feenberg
2320:
2289:epistemological
2277:hypostatization
2253:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2177:
2176:
2150:Universal class
2041:Conflict theory
2021:
2013:
2012:
1988:New Left Review
1943:
1935:
1934:
1075:
1065:
1064:
995:
985:
984:
895:Budapest School
819:
818:Common variants
811:
810:
741:
733:
732:
698:
688:
687:
591:Critical theory
551:
541:
540:
521:Surplus product
449:
439:
438:
399:
389:
388:
254:Reading Capital
119:
80:
69:
63:
60:
49:
37:
33:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
4493:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4475:Marxist theory
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4431:Social science
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4337:
4327:
4321:Gender Trouble
4317:
4307:
4297:
4287:
4277:
4267:
4257:
4251:The Second Sex
4247:
4237:
4227:
4217:
4207:
4197:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3429:
3425:
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3422:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3301:
3296:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3243:Invisible hand
3240:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3078:
3067:
3061:
3054:
3051:
3034:
3024:
3009:
3003:Kangrga, Milan
3000:
2983:
2969:
2955:
2948:
2934:
2927:
2917:
2898:
2887:
2869:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2822:
2800:
2785:
2748:
2720:
2704:Butler, Judith
2688:
2668:
2648:
2646:. Pp. 411–413.
2638:(eds.). 1983.
2602:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2559:Character mask
2556:
2547:
2544:
2517:change or an "
2515:methodological
2498:
2495:
2491:Lucien Goldman
2486:Being and Time
2472:Edmund Husserl
2467:
2464:
2454:
2451:
2395:
2392:
2319:
2316:
2298:and theory of
2265:Verdinglichung
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2211:
2199:
2187:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2155:Vulgar Marxism
2152:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:Related topics
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1983:Monthly Review
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1963:Constellations
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
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1877:
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1797:
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1787:
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1762:
1757:
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1597:
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1542:
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1522:
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1507:
1502:
1497:
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1487:
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1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
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1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
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1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
996:
993:Other variants
991:
990:
987:
986:
981:
980:
979:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
935:
934:
930:
929:
928:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
889:
888:
882:
881:
880:
879:
877:Third-worldist
874:
869:
864:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
837:
829:
828:
820:
817:
816:
813:
812:
809:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
786:Historiography
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
742:
739:
738:
735:
734:
731:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
703:Class struggle
699:
694:
693:
690:
689:
686:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
658:Metabolic rift
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
624:
623:
618:
613:
608:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
552:
547:
546:
543:
542:
539:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
507:
506:
501:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
450:
445:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
434:Marxist ethics
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
400:
395:
394:
391:
390:
387:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
274:Ways of Seeing
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
120:
115:
114:
111:
110:
102:
101:
95:
94:
82:
81:
41:The article's
40:
38:
31:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4492:
4481:
4480:György Lukács
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4436:Social theory
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4090:Radhakrishnan
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3851:20th and 21st
3849:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3643:18th and 19th
3641:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3037:Lukács, Georg
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2958:Gabel, Joseph
2956:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2880:1-85984-685-8
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2860:Arato, Andrew
2858:
2857:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2717:
2713:
2712:Jonathan Lear
2709:
2708:Raymond Geuss
2705:
2701:
2697:
2696:Honneth, Axel
2692:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2632:V. G. Kiernan
2630:, L. Harris,
2629:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2614:Gajo Petrović
2610:
2608:
2603:
2592:
2589:
2586:
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2570:
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2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2476:phenomenology
2473:
2466:Phenomenology
2463:
2461:
2450:
2448:
2447:György Lukács
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2375:
2373:
2372:Gajo Petrović
2370:
2366:
2364:
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2356:
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2348:
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2331:
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2262:
2250:
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2222:
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2200:
2198:
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2173:
2170:
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2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:Revolutionary
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2108:Authoritarian
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
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2039:
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2034:
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2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
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1981:
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1969:
1966:
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1949:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:Moufawad-Paul
1908:
1906:
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1901:
1898:
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1468:
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1128:
1126:
1123:
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1118:
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1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1020:Eurocommunism
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1005:Austromarxism
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
989:
988:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
951:Communization
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
937:
936:
932:
931:
926:
925:Praxis School
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
891:
890:
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884:
883:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
831:
830:
827:
824:
823:
815:
814:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
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772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
737:
736:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
697:
692:
691:
684:
683:Working class
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
602:
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594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
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569:
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562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
550:
545:
544:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
464:Crisis theory
462:
459:
455:
452:
451:
448:
443:
442:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
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401:
398:
393:
392:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
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362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
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345:
342:
340:
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335:
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320:
317:
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312:
310:
307:
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287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
118:
113:
112:
108:
104:
103:
100:
97:
96:
92:
88:
87:
78:
75:
67:
57:
54:and read the
53:
47:
44:
39:
30:
29:
24:
16:
4339:
4329:
4319:
4309:
4299:
4289:
4279:
4269:
4259:
4249:
4239:
4229:
4219:
4209:
4199:
4189:
3609:Guicciardini
3592:Early modern
3428:Philosophers
3402:Conservatism
3397:Confucianism
3385:Distributism
3318:Social norms
3306:Sittlichkeit
3292:Ressentiment
3284:
3238:Institutions
3216:Human nature
3084:. New York:
3081:
3070:
3057:
3040:
3030:
3027:Löwith, Karl
3016:
3012:
3006:
2990:
2975:
2964:. New York:
2961:
2951:
2944:
2930:
2923:
2920:Dahms, Harry
2905:
2902:"Reification
2894:
2884:Google Books
2872:
2864:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2811:
2803:
2793:
2788:
2766:(1): 79–98.
2763:
2757:
2751:
2736:
2729:Peter Berger
2723:
2714:. New York:
2699:
2691:
2679:
2671:
2659:
2651:
2639:
2628:T. Bottomore
2621:
2551:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2500:
2484:
2469:
2459:
2456:
2435:Axel Honneth
2433:philosopher
2429:
2425:Axel Honneth
2414:
2400:philosophers
2397:
2386:
2377:
2367:
2363:Slavoj Žižek
2344:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2318:Georg Lukács
2311:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2273:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2093:Municipalism
1905:Bhattacharya
1050:Situationist
1025:Instrumental
678:State theory
643:Immiseration
638:Human nature
628:Exploitation
458:accumulation
428:
70:
61:
50:Please help
45:
43:lead section
15:
4396:Historicism
4225:(1835–1840)
4191:De Officiis
3915:de Beauvoir
3885:Baudrillard
3837:Vivekananda
3827:Tocqueville
3742:Kierkegaard
3558:Ibn Khaldun
3528:Alpharabius
3419:Personalism
3328:Stewardship
3285:Reification
3280:Natural law
3201:Familialism
3167:Culturalism
2926:18(1):3–62.
2908:Blackwell.
2684:Verso Press
2636:R. Miliband
2618:Reification
2536:and in the
2527:Das Kapital
2511:theoretical
2347:Max Stirner
2334:reification
2308:reification
2285:ontological
2261:reification
2056:Communalism
1455:Wallerstein
1045:Revisionist
776:Film theory
756:Criminology
751:Archaeology
663:Proletariat
648:Imperialism
561:Bourgeoisie
536:Wage labour
429:Reification
219:On Practice
4469:Categories
4401:Humanities
4361:Agnotology
4020:Kołakowski
3583:Ibn Tufayl
3563:Maimonides
3507:Thucydides
3502:Tertullian
3457:Lactantius
3352:Volksgeist
3333:Traditions
3147:Convention
3073:. London:
2682:. London:
2662:New York:
2616:. 2005 . "
2598:References
2591:Hauntology
2443:capitalism
2408:Horkheimer
2351:Guy Debord
2304:alienation
2113:Democratic
1978:Mediations
1590:Przeworski
1530:Poulantzas
1380:Sivanandan
1335:Bettelheim
1235:Horkheimer
1230:Mariátegui
1205:Pashukanis
1130:Liebknecht
1060:Wertkritik
1000:Analytical
860:Trotskyism
835:Autonomist
826:Structural
806:Philosophy
746:Aesthetics
531:Value-form
499:Capitalist
404:Alienation
397:Philosophy
149:Grundrisse
4441:Sociology
4391:Historism
4100:Santayana
4070:Oakeshott
4040:MacIntyre
4025:Kropotkin
4000:Heidegger
3853:centuries
3767:Nietzsche
3732:Jefferson
3717:Helvétius
3682:Condorcet
3645:centuries
3629:Montaigne
3452:Confucius
3442:Augustine
3359:Worldview
3253:Modernity
3226:Formation
3075:Routledge
3029:. 1982 .
3021:Continuum
2980:Gallimard
2832:. 1969 .
2818:Routledge
2780:143741288
2743:Doubleday
2658:. 1986 .
2160:Economism
2123:Reformist
2103:Socialism
2051:Communism
2031:Anarchism
1885:Coulthard
1810:McDonnell
1770:Screpanti
1680:Rowbotham
1545:Harnecker
1355:Althusser
1295:Deutscher
1135:Kollontai
1125:Luxemburg
1105:Plekhanov
1035:Nkrumaism
946:Classical
920:Political
845:Guevarism
801:Sociology
781:Geography
601:Democracy
549:Sociology
504:Socialist
469:Commodity
4454:Category
4366:Axiology
4354:See also
4145:Voegelin
4135:Spengler
4110:Shariati
4065:Nussbaum
4050:Maritain
4010:Irigaray
3990:Habermas
3955:Foucault
3940:Durkheim
3842:Voltaire
3807:de Staël
3782:Rousseau
3707:Franklin
3568:Muhammad
3553:Gelasius
3538:Avempace
3521:Medieval
3497:Polybius
3492:Plutarch
3258:Morality
3233:Ideology
3221:Identity
3130:Concepts
3039:. 167 .
3005:. 1968.
2960:. 1975.
2834:For Marx
2810:. 2009.
2735:(1966).
2698:. 2008.
2678:. 2014.
2546:See also
2507:ideology
2412:Adorno's
2086:Old Left
2081:New Left
1948:Antipode
1942:Journals
1845:Heinrich
1820:Roediger
1815:Douzinas
1805:Hennessy
1760:Holloway
1675:Hartsock
1665:Eagleton
1650:Federici
1625:Bannerji
1600:Therborn
1580:Rancière
1575:Easthope
1555:Anderson
1550:Altvater
1450:O'Connor
1445:Mészáros
1440:Guattari
1395:Thompson
1385:Miliband
1365:Williams
1350:Hobsbawm
1325:Emmanuel
1305:Beauvoir
1270:Lefebvre
1215:Benjamin
1180:Bukharin
1160:Zinoviev
1155:Grossman
1140:Bogdanov
1115:Connolly
1095:Lafargue
1040:Orthodox
1010:Centrist
961:Leninism
956:Feminist
905:Humanist
886:Hegelian
414:Ideology
91:a series
89:Part of
64:May 2023
4195:(44 BC)
4125:Sombart
4120:Skinner
4105:Scruton
4085:Polanyi
4060:Niebuhr
4045:Marcuse
3980:Gramsci
3975:Gentile
3935:Du Bois
3925:Deleuze
3895:Benoist
3865:Agamben
3822:Thoreau
3812:Stirner
3802:Spencer
3752:Le Play
3702:Fourier
3687:Emerson
3672:Carlyle
3657:Bentham
3634:Müntzer
3604:Erasmus
3578:Plethon
3573:Photios
3533:Aquinas
3467:Mencius
3435:Ancient
3368:Schools
3248:Loyalty
3206:History
3194:Counter
3189:Culture
3157:Customs
2978:Paris:
2410:'s and
2402:of the
2339:Capital
2185:Outline
2138:Utopian
1915:Srnicek
1900:Toscano
1895:Seymour
1850:Prashad
1800:Sankara
1795:Berardi
1780:Hampton
1755:Burawoy
1725:Panitch
1720:Haraway
1710:Cleaver
1695:Brenner
1660:Balibar
1615:Postone
1605:Losurdo
1535:Vattimo
1505:Gonzalo
1500:Jameson
1490:Parenti
1430:Liebman
1425:Guevara
1315:Nkrumah
1310:Sombart
1285:Padmore
1255:Kalecki
1250:Marcuse
1210:Bordiga
1195:Gramsci
1150:Trotsky
1110:Du Bois
1100:Kautsky
976:Western
855:Titoism
740:Aspects
696:History
616:Radical
454:Capital
154:Capital
99:Marxism
4386:Ethics
4345:(2010)
4335:(1991)
4325:(1990)
4315:(1987)
4305:(1987)
4295:(1979)
4285:(1976)
4275:(1967)
4265:(1964)
4255:(1949)
4245:(1935)
4235:(1930)
4215:(1756)
4205:(1486)
4150:Walzer
4140:Taylor
4130:Sowell
4115:Simmel
4080:Pareto
4075:Ortega
3985:Guénon
3970:Gehlen
3965:Gandhi
3920:Debord
3905:Butler
3900:Berlin
3890:Bauman
3880:Badiou
3870:Arendt
3860:Adorno
3792:Ruskin
3747:Le Bon
3722:Herder
3697:Fichte
3692:Engels
3662:Bonald
3652:Arnold
3624:Milton
3619:Luther
3599:Calvin
3477:Origen
3447:Cicero
3407:Social
3343:Family
3338:Values
3299:Rights
3263:Public
3211:Honour
3142:Anomie
3137:Agency
2878:
2778:
2710:, and
2634:, and
2423:, and
2324:Lukács
2133:Social
2118:Market
1920:Horvat
1875:Fisher
1870:Linera
1865:Lordon
1855:Kelley
1840:Marcos
1835:Ghandy
1825:Foster
1750:Fraser
1745:Wright
1735:Jessop
1730:Clarke
1715:Bishop
1705:Massey
1685:Mouffe
1635:Newton
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