9030:
3245:
3107:
4263:
4618:
3477:
6988:, pp. 26–27:What happened in the initial phase of this two-stage sequence was the rise of the royal man of prowess. In this period, both kings and the priests and ascetics with whom men of power were able to associate their rule became a growing focus for the affirmation of a martial and regal form of caste ideal. (...) The other key feature of this period was the reshaping of many apparently casteless forms of devotional faith in a direction which further affirmed these differentiations of rank and community.
320:
3034:
777:
4413:
3840:
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1464:
4178:
5216:
1409:
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attempting to classify
Golwalkar's or Savarkar's Hindu nationalism within the typology of 'generic fascism', Nazism, racism and ethnic or cultural nationalism is the unavailability of an appropriate theoretical orientation and vocabulary for varieties of revolutionary conservatism and far-right-wing ethnic and religious absolutist movements in 'Third World' countries".
2998:), and honest conduct and livelihood. Following this standard, Sikhism rejects claims that any particular religious tradition has a monopoly on absolute truth. As a consequence, Sikhs do not actively proselytize, although voluntary converts are generally accepted. Sikhism emphasizes meditation and remembrance as a means to feel God's presence (
6958:
Independent India's constitution banned discrimination on the basis of caste, and, in an attempt to correct historical injustices and provide a level playing field to the traditionally disadvantaged, the authorities announced quotas in government jobs and educational institutions for scheduled castes
4711:
of Sri Lanka and has been given special privileges in the Sri Lankan constitution such as the government is bound for protection and fostering of
Buddhist Dharma throughout the nation. However, the constitution also provides for freedom of religion and right to equality among all its citizens. In
7560:
Quote: "It is also argued that the distinctively Indian aspects of Hindu nationalism, and the RSS's disavowal of the seizure of state power in preference for long-term cultural labour in civil society, suggests a strong distance from both German Nazism and
Italian Fascism. Part of the problem in
87:
along with an influx of
Muslims from Persia and Central Asia, which resulted in spread of both Shia and Sunni Islam in parts of northwestern region of South Asia. Subsequently, under the influence of Muslim rulers of the Islamic sultanates and the Mughal Empire, Islam spread in South Asia. About
4810:
has been declining as a result of urbanisation and affirmative action programs. A subject of much scholarship by sociologists and anthropologists, the Hindu caste system is sometimes used as an analogical basis for the study of caste-like social divisions existing outside
Hinduism and India. In
4898:
and people belonging to certain castes. Social unrest during the 1920s led to a change in this policy. Caste was no longer used by the colonial authority to functionally organize civil society. This reflected changes in administrative practices, understandings of expertise, and the rise of new
4893:
in India. The
British Raj furthered this development, making rigid caste organisation a central mechanism of administration. Between 1860 and 1920, the British incorporated the Indian caste system into their system of governance, granting administrative jobs and senior appointments only to
71:. The Indian religions are distinct yet share terminology, concepts, goals and ideas, and from South Asia spread into East Asia and Southeast Asia. Early Christianity and Islam were introduced into coastal regions of South Asia by merchants who settled among the local populations. Later
3194:—fell in the 12th century. By the end of the 12th century, Buddhism had largely disappeared from India with the exception of the Himalayan region and isolated remnants in parts of south India. However, since the 19th century, modern revivals of Buddhism have included the
44:
constitute most of the rest. The Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs, Zoroastrians, and
Christians are concentrated in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bhutan, while the Muslims are concentrated in Afghanistan (99%), Bangladesh (91%), Pakistan (96%) and Maldives (100%).
3744:), which are recited in many prayers and ceremonies. Many of the practices and beliefs of ancient Iranian religion can still be seen in Zoroastrianism, such as reverence for nature and its elements. Fire is held to be particularly sacred as a symbol of
8205:
126:
is believed to have travelled to Kerala soon after the death of Jesus and converted some people, while the first mosque to be built in India was built during the
Islamic prophet Muhammad's lifetime in Kerala. Islam also established itself in
7803:
However, the term
Khalistan was first coined by Dr V.S. Bhatti to denote an independent Sikh state in March 1940. Dr Bhatti made the case for a separate Sikh state in a pamphlet entitled 'Khalistan' in response to the Muslim League's Lahore
8236:
8138:
7697:
5539:, 2007. Accessed: 15 July 2010; Quote: "Indian religions, including early Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism, and sometimes also Theravāda Buddhism and the Hindu- and Buddhist-inspired religions of South and Southeast Asia".
7867:
6377:
8182:
Q. Is it clear which "foreign hand" is driving this entire nexus? A. Evidence gathered by the police and other agencies points to the ISI as the key perpetrator of extremism in Punjab. (Amarinder Singh Indian Punjab Chief
8077:
3404:). The Śvētāmbara tradition in turn has two sub-traditions: Deravasi also known as Mandirmargis, and Sthānakavasī. The religion has between four and five million followers, known as Jains or Jainas, who reside mostly in
7932:
8169:
540:
of
Muslims in the world, with about one-third of all Muslims living here. Islam is the dominant religion in half of the South Asian countries (Pakistan, Maldives, Bangladesh and Afghanistan). It is the
8107:
8195:
7361:
the archival evidence presented by Marzia Casolari conclusively shows how much the proponents of Hindutva admired European fascism; liberally borrowed from it and this influence continues even today.
7327:
Hindutva, especially in their early stages, exemplify a process of ideological borrowing from both European fascism and a fabrication of " Vedic Hinduism " that defies the binarism of local/global.
6347:
8226:
2977:, which is the central religious scripture in Sikhism, as his successor. This brought the line of human gurus to a close. Sikhs regard the Guru Granth Sahib as the 11th and eternally living guru.
7902:
3631:
at between 110,000–200,000, with the majority residing in India (50,000–60,000), Iran (15,000–25,000), and North America (21,000). The religion is thought to be declining due to restrictions on
271:
into a Hindu-majority India and a Muslim-majority Pakistan (which later became Pakistan and Bangladesh), and many died during the creation of the new countries. Tensions further increased with
8130:
7689:
7945:
The Sikh insurgency petered out in the 1990s. He told state leaders his country would not support anyone trying to reignite the movement for an independent Sikh homeland called Khalistan.
5548:
Alberts, Irving, T., . D. R. M. (2013). Intercultural Exchange in Southeast Asia: History and Society in the Early Modern World (International Library of Historical Studies). I.B. Tauris.
1295:
183:
Religion in British India in the 1871–1872 Census (data includes modern-day India, Bangladesh, most of Pakistan (including Sindh, Punjab, and Balochistan), Kashmir, and coastal Myanmar))
7859:
5370:. The movement failed to reach its objective for multiple reasons, including heavy police crackdowns on separatists, factional infighting, and disillusionment from the Sikh population.
8884:
2773:
At the late 12th and 13th centuries, there was some effort to reunite Eastern and Western Christianity. There were also numerous missionary efforts from Europe to Asia, primarily by
6369:
6861:
8030:
7461:, pp. 178–220: "This essay attempts to show how — from an analytical or from an historical perspective — Hindutva is a melding of Hindu fascism and Hindu fundamentalism."
8073:
9525:
9507:
6577:
7924:
7748:
3732:(falsehood, deceit), the essential nature of Angra Mainyu that expresses itself as greed, wrath, and envy. The central moral precepts of the religion are good thoughts (
4911:
in 1950; however, the system continues to be practiced in parts of India. There are 3,000 castes and 25,000 sub-castes in India, each related to a specific occupation.
3680:; the former are to be revered, and the latter rejected. Zoroaster proclaimed that Ahura Mazda was the supreme creator and sustaining force of the universe, working in
3595:
of the second millennium BCE, but was first recorded in the mid sixth century BCE. For the following one thousand years it was the official religion of successive
2980:
The core beliefs and practices of Sikhism, articulated in the Guru Granth Sahib and other Sikh scriptures, include faith and meditation in the name of the one creator (
8161:
5500:
4780:), follow lifestyles often linked to a particular occupation, hold a ritual status observed within a hierarchy, and interact with others based on cultural notions of
4445:
3141:" ("Awakened One"). However, Buddhist doctrine holds that there were other Buddhas before him. Buddhism spread outside of Magadha starting in the Buddha's lifetime.
4907:
a certain percentage of government jobs for the lower castes. In 1948, negative discrimination on the basis of caste was banned by law and further enshrined in the
7602:
6684:
5471:
6160:
32:. Hindus make up about 68 percent or about 900 million and Muslims at 31 percent or 510 million of the overall South Asia population, while Buddhists,
8099:
6241:
6825:
7833:
5311:
was nearing its end. In 1940, the first explicit call for Khalistan was made in a pamphlet titled "Khalistan". With financial and political support of the
1537:
6431:
Masjit during the time of Prophet Nabi Muhammed Sale Allahu Alayhi Wasalam,Divy Bhasakar,Gujarati News Paper, Thursday, column 'Rahe Roshan',24 May,page 4
6339:
6211:
5632:
3650:, purported to be the direct teachings of Zoroaster and his account of conversations with Ahura Mazda. These writings are part of a major section of the
7894:
2762:(451). Christological controversies and disputes that surrounded the Council and its aftermath gradually resulted in division between pro-Chalcedonian (
2474:
7133:
Can God Save My Village?: A Theological Study of Identity among the Tribal People of North-East India with a Special Reference to the Kukis of Manipur
2636:
5663:
5528:
8849:
Van Dyke, Virginia (2009), "The Khalistan Movement in Punjab, India, and the Post-Militancy Era: Structural Change and New Political Compulsions",
6408:
5735:
2424:
419:. The subsequent period, between and , was "a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions", and a formative period for Hinduism,
4784:, with certain castes considered as either more pure or more polluted than others. The term "caste" is also applied to morphological groupings in
2739:(618–907). Mongols tended to be tolerant of multiple religions, with several Mongol tribes being primarily Christian, and under the leadership of
9471:
1285:
6680:
6185:
9294:
5598:
4806:
society into rigid social groups. Its roots lie in South Asia's ancient history and it still exists; however, the economic significance of the
1439:
8402:
Frykenberg, Robert (2008). "Hindutva as a Political Religion: An Historical Perspective". In R. Griffin; R. Mallett and J. Tortorice (eds.).
6663:
4438:
6469:
S. A. A. Rizvi, "A socio-intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India", Volo. 1, pp. 138, Mar'ifat Publishing House, Canberra (1986).
1682:
8891:
1522:
4889:
The caste system as it exists today is thought to be the result of developments during the collapse of the Mughal era and the rise of the
7790:
6865:
3628:
448:
151:
7846:
Around the same time, a pamphlet of about forty pages, entitled 'Khalistan', and authored by medical doctor, V.S. Bhatti, also appeared.
5446:
9497:
6727:
6578:
https://www.gordonconwell.edu/center-for-global-christianity/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/Status-of-Global-Christianity-2021.pdf
6064:
3160:, each of which spread throughout India and split into numerous sub-sects. In modern times, two major branches of Buddhism exist: the
690:
reached the frontier of India by land. Al-Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, who attacked Makran in the year 649 AD, was an early partisan of
9535:
9520:
6797:
5272:. The proposed boundaries of Khalistan vary between different groups; some suggest the entirety of the Sikh-majority Indian state of
1542:
452:
272:
8038:
5774:
722:
6136:
5377:
4431:
2043:
9104:
9391:
9336:
9194:
3408:, where they numbered around 4.5 million at the 2011 census. Outside India, some of the largest Jain communities can be found in
6276:
4922:
2532:
2364:
2317:
2092:
1395:
1342:
8353:(2001b), "Discriminating Difference: The Postcolonial Politics of Caste in India", in Burguière, André; Grew, Raymond (eds.),
7732:
6545:
Talbot, Ian (2016), A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-21659-2
6536:
Jalal, Ayesha; Bose, Sugata (1998), Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy (1st ed.), Sang-e-Meel Publications
289:
after Independence, while Bangladesh made Islam the state religion (though while maintaining secularism in the Constitution).
168:'s formation during this period occurred in part due to the desire of Hindus to avoid being influenced by the dominant Muslim
8840:
8820:
8800:
8782:
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8722:
8702:
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8598:
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8524:
8485:
8465:
8436:
8413:
8393:
8364:
8292:
8272:
7827:
7784:
7742:
7675:
7635:
7518:
7485:
7354:
7320:
7261:
7230:
7177:
7141:
7115:
7068:
7052:
6753:
5608:
5569:
2629:
2414:
7641:
5575:
9401:
9266:
7492:
The agendas of Hindutva though strong on the issues of self - identity and self - definition, have tended to be separatist.
5496:
5182:
3184:
is sometimes classified as a part of Mahayana Buddhism, but some scholars consider it to be a different branch altogether.
2469:
1317:
9081:
7957:
Fair, C. Christine (2005). "Diaspora Involvement in Insurgencies: Insights from the Khalistan and Tamil Eelam Movements".
6514:
A History of the Islamic World, 600–1800: Empire, Dynastic Formations, and Heterogeneities in Pre-Modern Islamic West-Asia
2735:
began converting Mongols around the 7th century, and Nestorian Christianity was probably introduced into China during the
9056:
9051:
5848:
5711:
5475:
4328:
2429:
2324:
1280:
7594:
3544:
that predicts the ultimate triumph of Ahura Mazda over evil. Opinions vary among scholars as to whether the religion is
3520:
Zoroastrians exalt an uncreated and benevolent deity of wisdom as the universe's supreme being, commonly referred to as
3386:, which hold different views on ascetic practices, gender, and the texts considered canonical. Both sub-traditions have
9289:
9204:
8503:
8196:"Simranjit Singh Mann stokes row, dedicates Sangrur win to Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale: Know about pro-Khalistan leader"
6521:
6496:
5372:
There is some support within India and the Sikh diaspora, with yearly demonstrations in protest of those killed during
4363:
3728:(truth, cosmic order), the principle of righteousness or "rightness" that is promoted and embodied by Ahura Mazda, and
2673:
2282:
2107:
1432:
9396:
524:
living there, forming about one-third of the region's population. Islam first spread along the coastal regions of the
259:
helped Catholicism establish itself in Goa, while British missionaries spread Christianity through the rest of India.
9487:
9134:
8621:
7007:
6777:
6458:
6195:
4713:
2677:
2434:
1978:
1557:
276:
9109:
9458:
9254:
9071:
6836:
6245:
5186:
5159:
4381:
4246:
3360:(non-possessiveness). These principles have affected Jain culture in many ways, such as leading to a predominantly
3041:
2622:
2494:
2447:
2292:
1352:
5750:
5331:
affirmed "we'll help you and make it the capital of Khalistan" and claimed Bhutto wanted revenge over Bangladesh.
3366:
9556:
9515:
9446:
9426:
9231:
9184:
9159:
7154:
Hindutva is a political ideology that does not necessarily represent the view of the majority of Hindus in India.
6032:
5872:
5363:
2504:
2212:
2207:
1947:
1889:
1087:
7817:
5319:– continuing through the 1970s and 1980s, and reaching its zenith in the late 1980s. The Sikh separatist leader
5140:. Some analysts dispute the identification of Hindutva with fascism, and suggest Hindutva is an extreme form of
9179:
8908:
7534:
Chetan Bhatt; Parita Mukta (May 2000). "Hindutva in the West: Mapping the Antinomies of Diaspora Nationalism".
6219:
5624:
5400:
4338:
3532:(), who is personified as a destructive spirit and the adversary of all things good. Zoroastrianism combines a
3226:
in 1950. According to the 2011 Census there are 8.4 million Buddhists in India (0.70% of the total population).
1290:
1235:
8373:
Eaton, Richard (1985), "Approaches to the Study of Conversion to Islam in India", in Richard C. Martin (ed.),
4313:
3020:, which are five articles of faith which physically distinguish Sikhs from non-Sikhs. Among these include the
9099:
7667:
7069:"'I would tell the other girls at school that I was Brahmin': The struggle to challenge India's caste system"
6566:
5927:
5800:
5316:
4776:: a caste system. Within such a system, individuals are expected to marry exclusively within the same caste (
2172:
1597:
1425:
996:
950:
918:
8675:
9441:
9217:
9174:
5404:
5339:
5178:
4267:
3244:
3099:
2028:
1919:
1864:
1707:
1697:
1502:
9530:
8877:
6400:
5655:
5525:
5384:
5367:
5335:
5185:) and Muslim nationalists (individuals who desired to create a separate country for Indian Muslims). The
5103:
4333:
3665:
3612:
3223:
3219:
2484:
2419:
2369:
2329:
2272:
1837:
1832:
1767:
1712:
1602:
1532:
1225:
928:
3646:, a compendium of texts assembled over several centuries. Its oldest and most central component are the
9492:
9239:
8001:
5324:
5007:
and, to an extent, India. The South Asian Muslim caste system includes hierarchical classifications of
3902:
3378:
Jainism is one of the oldest religions still practiced today. It has two major ancient sub-traditions,
2349:
2242:
2202:
2182:
1963:
1924:
1909:
1844:
1822:
1797:
1772:
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1657:
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1517:
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The practice of Buddhism lost influence in India around the 7th century CE, after the collapse of the
552:
On the Indian subcontinent, Islam first appeared in the southwestern tip of the peninsula, in today's
9094:
9038:
7761:
The call for a Sikh homeland was first made in the 1930s, addressed to the quickly dissolving empire.
6688:
4672:
4386:
4308:
4198:
3717:
3608:
3253:
2755:
2594:
2539:
2454:
2404:
2379:
2177:
2018:
1899:
1894:
1812:
1802:
1647:
1322:
1275:
1265:
1120:
960:
923:
577:
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162:
emerged in this era, bringing a message of equality and creating military resistance to Muslim rule.
132:
8074:"Mass protests erupt around Golden Temple complex as pro-Khalistan sikhs mark Blue Star anniversary"
5972:
3748:
serving as a focal point of many ceremonies and rituals. Zoroastrian places of worship are known as
3627:. Once numbering millions of adherents at its height, the world's current Zoroastrian population is
2712:
in 327. By the 4th century, Christianity became the dominant religion in all Asian provinces of the
9386:
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7193:
6660:
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5347:
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4146:
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2584:
2574:
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2359:
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2257:
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2227:
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1914:
1884:
1869:
1859:
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1722:
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1497:
1390:
1337:
665:
594:
8301:
de Zwart, Frank (July 2000), "The Logic of Affirmative Action: Caste, Class and Quotas in India",
7167:
4262:
2904:, and several other countries in Asia with a total Christian population of more than 295 million.
776:
592:
on the eastern coast also claim that they converted to Islam in Muhammad's lifetime. According to
9164:
8997:
8717:, The New Cambridge History of Islam, vol. 5, Cambridge University Press, pp. 212–239,
7690:"Banned SFJ leader unveils 'Khalistan map', with Shimla as 'capital', before Pak press in Lahore"
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2142:
2132:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2102:
2087:
2082:
2077:
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2067:
2008:
1968:
1958:
1929:
1874:
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1702:
1687:
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1400:
1357:
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Crossing the Lines of Caste: Visvamitra and the Construction of Brahmin Power in Hindu Mythology
7895:"New brand of Sikh militancy: Suave, tech-savvy pro-Khalistan youth radicalised on social media"
7712:
7225:. Book collections on Project MUSE. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. p. 34.
6611:
6589:
4899:
European scholarly institutions. After the 1920s, the colonial administration began a policy of
9364:
9359:
9301:
9169:
8100:"UK: Pakistani-origin lawmaker leads protests in London to call for Kashmir, Khalistan freedom"
5994:"Christianity as an Arm of Empire: The Ambiguous Case of India under the Company, C. 1813-1858"
5111:
5000:
4568:
4318:
3955:
3907:
3897:
3889:
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3442:
3436:
3396:
2946:
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2569:
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2514:
2409:
2399:
2344:
2339:
2267:
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2237:
2222:
2217:
2197:
2167:
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2137:
2127:
2060:
2038:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1973:
1904:
1782:
1777:
1742:
1737:
1677:
1632:
1592:
1487:
1475:
1270:
1082:
965:
374:
312:
294:
76:
8772:
8732:
7774:
7277:
7247:
7105:
4617:
537:
9421:
9281:
9244:
9227:
9126:
9019:
7504:
7220:
5824:
5561:
Imperial Identity in Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern Central Asia
5107:
4937:
4933:
4908:
4895:
4872:
4840:
4832:
4807:
4773:
4658:
4203:
4193:
4183:
4098:
4003:
3782:
3153:
3075:
2554:
2509:
2499:
2489:
2479:
2384:
2302:
2262:
2187:
2157:
2048:
2033:
2023:
1879:
1854:
1827:
1817:
1807:
1792:
1717:
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1622:
1607:
1587:
1577:
1552:
1492:
1220:
1026:
1011:
935:
824:
789:
760:
488:
460:
392:
382:
282:
101:
7734:
The Nation's Tortured Body: Violence, Representation, and the Formation of a Sikh "Diaspora"
6723:
5947:
3110:
The Great Stupa at Sanchi, located in Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh, is a Buddhist shrine in India.
726:
9116:
7282:
6639:
5125:
4966:
4904:
4868:
4644:
4621:
4151:
4135:
3862:
3778:
3632:
3065:
2986:), the divine unity and equality of all humankind, engaging in selfless service to others (
2713:
2649:
2579:
2459:
2354:
2013:
1988:
1983:
1849:
1760:
1727:
1637:
1527:
1046:
819:
746:
739:
649:
573:
378:
210:
6803:
8:
9466:
9436:
9413:
9381:
9212:
9149:
9012:
9002:
7166:
Gregory, Derek; Johnston, Ron; Pratt, Geraldine; Watts, Michael; Whatmore, Sarah (2011),
5408:
5373:
5359:
5328:
5320:
5170:
4989:(profession). These terms are not part of the sociological vocabulary in regions such as
4629:
3912:
3620:
3569:
3533:
3484:
3079:
2942:
2612:
1413:
1408:
1372:
1127:
1099:
1041:
986:
908:
657:
525:
506:
476:
468:
456:
358:
89:
52:
9331:
8405:
The Sacred in Twentieth-Century Politics: Essays in Honour of Professor Stanley G. Payne
8338:
8227:"Sangrur Bypoll Results Live: AAP loses Bhagwant Mann's seat, SAD-A wins by 6,800 votes"
6661:
Pew Research Center – Global Religious Landscape 2010 – religious composition by country
9259:
9144:
9066:
9046:
9007:
8587:
8425:
8326:
8318:
7982:
7551:
7441:
6117:
6013:
5928:"35 Brutal facts of Goa Inquisition (Christian Terrorism) - Portuguese Colonial period"
5909:
5376:. In early 2018, some militant groups were arrested by police in Punjab, India. Former
5362:. By the mid-1990s, the insurgency petered out, with the last major incident being the
5224:
5208:
4582:
4417:
4208:
4188:
3960:
3950:
3939:
3766:
3565:
3266:. Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four
3199:
3195:
2877:
2728:
2681:
1152:
1145:
1036:
1031:
1016:
901:
829:
718:
386:
335:
268:
123:
6449:
6447:
3722:
Zoroastrianism holds that within this cosmic dichotomy humans have the choice between
3383:
3157:
9431:
9354:
9076:
9061:
8836:
8816:
8796:
8778:
8758:
8738:
8718:
8698:
8658:
8638:
8617:
8594:
8569:
8538:
8520:
8499:
8481:
8461:
8432:
8409:
8389:
8360:
8356:
The Construction of Minorities: Cases for Comparison Across Time and Around the World
8330:
8288:
8268:
7986:
7974:
7823:
7780:
7738:
7671:
7631:
7627:
Globalization and Religious Nationalism in India: The Search for Ontological Security
7555:
7514:
7481:
7406:
7350:
7316:
7257:
7226:
7173:
7137:
7111:
7086:
7048:
7013:
7003:
6941:
6517:
6492:
6454:
6191:
6109:
6040:
6005:
5729:
5604:
5565:
5145:
5133:
5121:
5091:
4859:, early-modern, and modern India, especially in the aftermath of the collapse of the
4680:
4610:
4596:
4156:
4103:
4093:
4085:
4059:
4008:
3998:
3990:
3774:
3770:
3704:(the Holy or Bountiful Spirit), the source of life and goodness, which is opposed by
3695:
3603:, which formalized and institutionalized many of its tenets and rituals, through the
3600:
3501:. Among the world's oldest organized faiths, it is based on the teachings of Iranian
3321:
3315:
3061:
2974:
2970:
2934:
2805:
2767:
2709:
1377:
1347:
1327:
1260:
1210:
1138:
955:
814:
804:
714:
691:
533:
370:
366:
285:
has grown in the post-colonial era. Pakistan converted from a secular republic to an
6280:
4821:
were a category within the Hispanic sector but the social order was otherwise fluid.
3476:
8980:
8858:
8691:
8310:
8162:"Sikh Extremists in Canada, The UK And Italy Are Working With ISI Or Independently"
7966:
7579:
7543:
7433:
7396:
7386:
6484:
6444:
6101:
5685:
5421:
5293:
5277:
5219:
The proposed flag of Khalistan is often used as a symbol of the Khalistan movement.
5040:
4949:
4877:
4781:
4720:, with 99% of Sri Lankans saying religion is an important part of their daily life.
4021:
3498:
3454:
3421:
3405:
3361:
3263:
3215:
3211:
3118:
2763:
2732:
2724:
2680:. According to tradition, further eastward expansion occurred via the preaching of
1362:
1255:
1006:
878:
809:
565:
286:
256:
48:
8616:
The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.
8284:
Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age
8131:"Pro-Khalistan groups plan event in Canada to mark Operation Bluestar anniversary"
7816:
Bianchini, Stefano; Chaturvedi, Sanjay; Ivekovic, Rada; Samaddar, Ranabir (2004).
7624:
Kinnvall, Catarina (2007-01-24). "Situating Sikh and Hindu Nationalism in India".
7391:
7374:
6749:
5908:(2). Journal of the Statistical Society of London Vol. 39, No. 2: 413. June 1876.
2789:. In the 18th century, Catholicism developed more or less independently in Korea.
9189:
8953:
8941:
8830:
8810:
8752:
8712:
8652:
8632:
8611:
8607:
8563:
8514:
8475:
8455:
8403:
8383:
8354:
8282:
8262:
8231:
7625:
7575:
7508:
7475:
7344:
7310:
7253:
7131:
6781:
6667:
5559:
5532:
5380:
5243:
4753:
4396:
3698:
of the universe as well as the highest moral good. Emanating from Ahura Mazda is
3604:
3596:
3561:
3557:
3448:
3281:, whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third
2994:
2930:
2778:
2685:
2665:
1200:
1109:
706:
546:
438:
346:
252:
9321:
8552:
8053:
8031:"Punjab on edge over hanging of Beant Singh's killer Bhai Balwant Singh Rajoana"
7222:
Culture and Belonging in Divided Societies: Contestation and Symbolic Landscapes
4936:
arising from concepts other than "pure" and "impure", which are integral to the
709:
and died fighting for Ali. According to popular tradition, Islam was brought to
9326:
9316:
9086:
8992:
8750:
8582:
8350:
8314:
8020:. (New York edition). New York, N.Y.: 24 July 1992. Vol.XXII, Issue. 43; pg.20.
7718:
5396:
5174:
4856:
4812:
4708:
4271:
4108:
4013:
3592:
3510:
3494:
3469:
3372:
3310:
3207:
3169:
3053:
3022:
2949:
and among the largest in the world with about 25–30million adherents (known as
1246:
1205:
1185:
1056:
1021:
873:
794:
542:
484:
480:
472:
441:, followed by the classical "Golden Age" of India (), which coincides with the
408:
267:
Religious tensions increased with the independence of British India, as it was
248:
139:
37:
7970:
6453:
MacLean, Derryl N. (1989), Religion and Society in Arab Sind, pp. 126, BRILL,
3424:
is also home to a fast-growing community of converts. Major festivals include
2945:
around the end of the 15th century CE. It is one of the most recently founded
2744:
678:, Usman ibn Abu al-Aas, who sent his brother Hakam ibn Abu al-Aas to raid and
319:
9550:
9154:
8862:
8671:
7978:
7569:
7567:
7471:
7410:
7340:
6709:
Ahmadiyyas are considered a sect of Islam in India. Other minorities are 0.4
6488:
6113:
6044:
6009:
5343:
5312:
5273:
5236:
5115:
4994:
4860:
4757:
3700:
3689:
3616:
3537:
3417:
3370:(the function of souls is to help one another) is the faith's motto, and the
3296:
3145:
2748:
1159:
1066:
863:
858:
687:
569:
464:
331:
169:
80:
7547:
7017:
3607:, which revitalized the faith and standardized its teachings. Following the
3026:(uncut hair). Most religious Sikh men thus do not cut their hair but rather
9306:
9271:
8513:
Kugle, Scott A. (2004), "Islam in South Asia", in Richard C. Martin (ed.),
8016:
6802:. Kathmandu: Central Bureau of Statistics. 2013. p. 23. Archived from
5472:"Table: Religious Composition by Country, in Numbers | Pew Research Center"
5141:
5132:
in the classical sense", adhering to a concept of homogenised majority and
4961:), as well as the continuation of the Indian caste system by converts. Non-
4844:
4769:
3749:
3706:
3577:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3480:
3352:
3285:
3278:
3249:
3187:
3033:
2740:
2736:
2653:
1115:
888:
768:
589:
442:
404:
327:
324:
154:
in the medieval era began to change the religious character of the region.
51:(also known as Dharmic religions) are the religions that originated in the
41:
7564:
6774:
4802:
The paradigmatic ethnographic example of caste is the division of India's
640:, were built during the era of Malik Dinar, and they are among the oldest
8948:
8936:
8916:
8674:; Phillip B. Calkins. "North India under Muslim hegemony, c. 1200–1526".
8589:
Contours of the World Economy 1-2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History
7993:
6161:"The Rise of Hindu Nationalism and Its Regional and Global Ramifications"
5355:
5308:
5281:
4890:
4864:
4797:
4717:
4692:
4534:
4478:
4293:
4280:
3642:
The central beliefs and practices of Zoroastrianism are contained in the
3541:
3522:
3191:
3084:
2817:
2797:
2793:
2786:
1230:
1190:
1175:
1061:
1001:
945:
710:
679:
416:
396:
7860:"You can't get Khalistan through military movement: Jagat Singh Chouhan"
6313:
6311:
4940:. It developed as a result of relations among foreign conquerors, local
4887:, which may be regarded as different levels of analysis of this system.
2704:(325). The first nations to adopt Christianity as a state religion were
9139:
9029:
8921:
8900:
8322:
7445:
7401:
6121:
6089:
6017:
5993:
5973:"How Christianity spread in British India: Crusade of the Clapham Sect"
5913:
5897:
5285:
5228:
5137:
4696:
4544:
4493:
3573:
3426:
3327:
3289:
3267:
3138:
3134:
3057:
2966:
2958:
2885:
2869:
2865:
2774:
2701:
1170:
702:
517:
400:
354:
17:
8377:(1st ed.), Tucson: University of Arizona PressB, pp. 107–123
7724:
6936:
6934:
5315:, the movement flourished in the Indian state of Punjab – which has a
2792:
At present, Christianity continues to be the majority religion in the
560:
even before the birth of Muhammad. Native legends say that a group of
8987:
8869:
8754:
The Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Ethnic Impacts on Diplomacy 1971–1994
8200:
7917:
7107:
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations
6308:
5193:
represented the Muslim nationalists. One such popular debate was the
5090:) is a political ideology encompassing the cultural justification of
4700:
4664:
4625:
3944:
3712:
3664:. Zoroaster's religious philosophy divided the early Iranian gods of
3506:
3387:
3379:
3181:
3177:
3165:
3161:
3011:
2881:
2853:
2849:
2841:
2759:
1463:
1332:
1195:
1165:
661:
633:
629:
621:
617:
529:
29:
8153:
8008:
7437:
6105:
6065:"Muqtedar Khan on Why Religious Nationalism Is Poisoning South Asia"
5215:
4738:
142:
came to South Asia because they were fleeing religious persecution.
9249:
8975:
8965:
7815:
6931:
5034:
5027:
5004:
4803:
4785:
4777:
4704:
4676:
4668:
3819:
3809:
3801:
3636:
3346:
3173:
3114:
3045:
2982:
2861:
2833:
1180:
1051:
725:
came to power. Since 1947, South Asia has been largely governed by
637:
585:
536:, as the Arab traders brought it to South Asia. South Asia has the
424:
412:
342:
290:
190:
158:
played a significant role in the spread of Islam during this time.
112:
64:
56:
28:, over 27 million Sikhs, 35 million Christians and over 25 million
7925:"India gives Trudeau list of suspected Sikh separatists in Canada"
9374:
9369:
7889:
7887:
7885:
6710:
6212:"10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050"
5625:"10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050"
5289:
5240:
5129:
4990:
4688:
4391:
3824:
3661:
3527:
3502:
3259:
3237:
3122:
3017:
2924:
2917:
2889:
2845:
2801:
2705:
2607:
1215:
940:
913:
675:
653:
600:
521:
420:
220:
159:
84:
68:
60:
33:
25:
8848:
8457:
The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics
8059:
7338:
5307:
The call for a separate Sikh state began during the 1930s, when
4883:
2988:
8926:
8613:
Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.
5388:
5301:
5297:
5269:
5261:
4944:
4929:
4772:
into which an individual is born within a particular system of
4684:
4276:
3624:
3564:, while scholars differ on whether it significantly influenced
3515:
3413:
3409:
3301:
3149:
3070:
3027:
3006:
3000:
2992:), striving for justice for the benefit and prosperity of all (
2938:
2901:
2873:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2782:
2697:
2669:
1367:
868:
683:
645:
625:
613:
609:
605:
561:
553:
403:, where they compiled and composed the Vedic corpus during the
362:
350:
155:
119:
21:
7882:
5849:"Mughal Power, the Sikhs and Other Local Groups in the Punjab"
5165:
From a historical perspective, Professor Ishtiaq Ahmed of the
2664:. Christianity then spread through the missionary work of his
644:
s in Indian Subcontinent. Historicaly, the Barwada Mosque in
8970:
8931:
8188:
7851:
6303:
Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.
5392:
5257:
5232:
5095:
4941:
4848:
4817:
4765:
4744:
4731:
3814:
3676:
3670:
3656:
3581:
3391:
3340:
3130:
3126:
3068:. The persecution of the Sikhs triggered the founding of the
3049:
2950:
2893:
2857:
2829:
2825:
2657:
883:
845:
695:
513:
492:
200:
165:
128:
72:
7185:
7159:
5403:
is currently the only pro-Khalistan party recognised by the
3137:, who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE and was deemed a "
2906:
As of 2021, there are nearly 383 million Christians in Asia.
8832:
A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas
8670:
7999:
Weisman, Steven R. "A Top Indian General is Assassinated",
7858:
Gupta, Shekhar; Subramanian, Nirupaman (15 December 1993).
7656:
7104:
Brown, Garrett W; McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2018),
6895:
6483:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 102–103.
6260:
5124:, the Hindutva movement has been described as a variant of
5067:
4985:
status is defined by descent from converts to Islam and by
3724:
3488:
2962:
2897:
2837:
698:
671:
7527:
7270:
5775:"Do you know how Islam spread in the Indian subcontinent?"
5383:
claimed that the recent extremism is backed by Pakistan's
5058:
4997:, and say little about the functioning of Muslim society.
2785:
missionaries. In the 16th century, Spain began to convert
8774:
The Making of the Raj: India Under the East India Company
8496:
India since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics
7595:"Khalistan flag installed on Gandhi Statue in Washington"
7165:
7024:
6685:
Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner
6295:
6177:
6137:"Bangladesh court upholds Islam as religion of the state"
5712:"The Surprisingly Early History of Christianity in India"
5046:
4793:
4789:
3796:
Religious population as a percentage of total population
3688:(the invisible spiritual and mental realm) through seven
7533:
7332:
7097:
6216:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
6204:
5629:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
5451:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
3074:
by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699 as an order to protect the
713:
islands, situated just to the west of Malabar Coast, by
7239:
6969:
6967:
6959:
and tribes, the lowest in the caste hierarchy, in 1950.
6907:
6885:
6883:
6472:
5873:"The Struggle Between Hindutva and Secularism in Nepal"
5114:(BJP) and other organisations, collectively called the
4875:. The caste system consists of two different concepts,
3710:(the Destructive or Opposing Spirit), who is born from
3611:
in the mid seventh century CE, Zoroastrianism declined
3556:, or a combination of all three. Zoroastrianism shaped
8516:
Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World: M-Z, index
8447:
Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy
8014:"The Vaidya Murder Case: Confirming Death Sentences",
7290:
6979:
6919:
6548:
6234:
4915:
3716:(evil thought). Angra Mainyu was further developed by
3152:, the Buddhist community split into two branches: the
2747:, Christianity was a small religious influence of the
7503:
5710:
Magazine, Smithsonian; Zacharia, Lynn Johnson, Paul.
5354:
took responsibility for the assassination of General
5094:
and the belief in establishing Hindu hegemony within
5049:
3497:(), also known as Mazdayasna () and Behdin (), is an
3056:
of India tortured and executed two of the Sikh gurus—
8385:
The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760
7719:
Mehtab Ali Shah, The Foreign Policy of Pakistan 1997
7497:
7249:
Hinduism in India: Modern and Contemporary Movements
6964:
6880:
6864:. Department of Census and Statistic. Archived from
6833:
Pakistan Burau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan
6320:
6090:"From Islamic Republic to Islamic State in Pakistan"
5064:
5061:
5055:
3756:
475:
significantly protected and revived Hinduism in the
90:
one-third of the world's Muslims are from South Asia
8554:
Debates on Muslim Caste in North India and Pakistan
8477:
Muslim Backward Classes: A Sociological Perspective
7302:
7103:
6317:
Kumar(Gujarati Magazine), Ahmadabad,July 2012,P 444
5052:
5043:
3299:, around 600 BCE. Jainism is considered an eternal
3121:, which arose in and around the ancient Kingdom of
670:The first incursion occurred through sea by Caliph
8690:
8586:
8424:
7212:
7192:
6673:
6511:
6401:"Top 11 Famous Muslim Religious Places in Gujarat"
5751:"Cheraman Juma Mosque: The oldest Masjid in India"
4855:, and was transformed by various ruling elites in
3623:as refugees and became the progenitors of today's
3277:), with the first in the current time cycle being
2957:Sikhism developed from the spiritual teachings of
2656:, which originated from the life and teachings of
8714:The Islamic World in the Age of Western Dominance
7417:
6184:Pechilis, Karen; Raj, Selva J. (1 January 2013).
5653:
5597:Pechilis, Karen; Raj, Selva J. (1 January 2013).
5342:were involved in the armed insurgency, including
111:South Asia was primarily Hindu in ancient times.
9548:
8711:Robinson, Francis (2010), "South Asia to 1919",
8631:Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2002),
7857:
7424:Prabhat Patnaik (1993). "Fascism of our times".
7308:
6279:. Malik Deenar Grand Juma Masjid. Archived from
5366:, who was killed in a bomb blast by a member of
5304:have been proposed as the capital of Khalistan.
365:being from South Asia. Hinduism is the dominant
7423:
7375:"Hindutva as a variant of right-wing extremism"
7366:
7123:
6681:"C −1 Population by religious community – 2011"
3668:into emanations of the natural world, known as
3190:. The last large state to support Buddhism—the
3040:The religion developed and evolved in times of
1286:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
686:region around 636 CE or 643 AD long before any
8630:
7464:
6370:"Oldest Indian mosque: Trail leads to Gujarat"
6340:"Oldest Indian mosque: Trail leads to Gujarat"
5686:"Buddhism - Definition, Founder & Origins"
572:and preached Islam. According to that legend,
8885:
8519:, Macmillan Reference USA, pp. 634–641,
8261:Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006),
8128:
7776:Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age
7470:
7312:Indigeneity: Construction and Re/presentation
7245:
5948:"RSS open to re-conversion of Goan Catholics"
5801:"Jews and Parsis: Pain, struggle and success"
5407:, however, as of now, it has no seats in the
4439:
3576:with other religions and traditions, such as
3505:Zarathustra—commonly known by his Greek name
3082:, with members expressing the qualities of a
2816:. It has significant minority populations in
2672:and taking roots in the major cities such as
2630:
1433:
576:was built by the mandate of the last King of
118:Christianity and Islam made an appearance in
5902:Journal of the Statistical Society of London
5734:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5709:
5557:
3720:into Ahriman (), Mazda's direct adversary.
3587:Originating from Zoroaster's reforms of the
3004:), which can be expressed musically through
247:Christianity grew to some extent during the
8808:
8408:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 178–200.
8260:
6183:
5825:"The Changing Face of Sufism in South Asia"
5596:
5364:assassination of Chief Minister Beant Singh
5247:
5189:represented nationalist Muslims, while the
5098:. The political ideology was formulated by
5075:
4847:instance of social classification based on
4748:weaving bamboo baskets in a 1916 book. The
3016:(). Baptised Sikhs are obliged to wear the
584:during the lifetime of the Islamic prophet
580:, who accepted Islam and received the name
8892:
8878:
8606:
8401:
7458:
7110:, Oxford University Press, pp. 381–,
6854:
6567:The Global Religious Landscape: Christians
6554:
6478:
6242:"World's second oldest mosque is in India"
6187:South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today
5600:South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today
5177:into two categories during the era of the
4446:
4432:
3288:, whom historians date to the 9th century
2637:
2623:
1440:
1426:
775:
427:. The Epic and Early Puranic period, from
8444:
7400:
7390:
7346:Fascism in India: Faces, Fangs, and Facts
6033:"The Mutual Genocide of Indian Partition"
6030:
5526:Classification of religions: Geographical
5136:. Some have also described Hindutva as a
3376:is its most common and strongest prayer.
3180:and East Asia. The Buddhist tradition of
701:of Sindh had come under the influence of
453:Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent
359:largest population of Hindus in the world
300:
293:has grown since the 2014 election of the
152:Islamic invasion and rule over South Asia
8770:
8710:
8581:
8550:
8449:(1st ed.), Sang-e-Meel Publications
8375:Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies
8300:
7623:
6913:
6889:
6742:
6604:
6590:"CIA – The World Factbook – Afghanistan"
5898:"The Census of British India of 1871–72"
5214:
5015:
4737:
4616:
3475:
3313:. The three main pillars of Jainism are
3243:
3105:
3032:
318:
8730:
8650:
8493:
8060:Van Dyke, The Khalistan Movement (2009)
7315:. Nova Science Publishers. p. 85.
7296:
6925:
6862:"Census of Population and Housing 2011"
6654:
6481:Non-Muslims in the Early Islamic Empire
6441:Al Baldiah wal nahaiyah vol: 7 page 141
6326:
5991:
5656:"How South Asia Will Save Global Islam"
5387:(ISI) and "Khalistani sympathisers" in
5181:: nationalist Muslims (individuals who
3613:amid persecution and forced conversions
3591:, Zoroastrianism may have roots in the
2652:has its roots in the very inception of
9549:
8899:
8828:
8809:Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009),
8795:(1st ed.), Blackwell Publishers,
8561:
8473:
8349:
8336:
8129:Bhattacharyya, Anirudh (5 June 2017).
7819:Partitions: Reshaping States and Minds
7687:
7372:
7172:, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 1–,
7129:
7030:
6730:from the original on 28 September 2007
6716:
6632:
6582:
6398:
6087:
4923:Caste system among South Asian Muslims
3660:, which forms the core of Zoroastrian
3262:( ), also known as Jain Dharma, is an
2684:, who established Christianity in the
532:, almost as soon as it started in the
407:(ca. 1500-500 BCE) across present-day
373:and is the second-largest religion in
20:had the world's largest population of
8873:
8790:
8731:Sathaye, Adheesh A. (17 April 2015),
8565:India and South Asia: A Short History
8532:
8512:
8453:
8422:
8381:
8372:
8280:
7772:
7737:. Duke University Press. p. 84.
7700:from the original on 10 February 2023
7593:Shah, Murtaza Ali (27 January 2022).
7573:
6997:
6985:
6973:
6901:
6756:from the original on 11 February 2013
6620:(in Bengali). US department of States
6350:from the original on 16 November 2016
6305:Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.
5970:
5503:from the original on 29 December 2016
5152:
4825:
463:began and continued until the end of
8688:
8445:Jalal, Ayesha; Bose, Sugata (1998),
8159:
8141:from the original on 4 February 2021
8110:from the original on 3 February 2021
7956:
7935:from the original on 3 February 2021
7870:from the original on 4 February 2021
7730:
7592:
7218:
6799:Statistical Yearbook of Nepal – 2013
6380:from the original on 9 December 2017
5748:
5666:from the original on 8 February 2017
5635:from the original on 7 February 2017
5520:
5518:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5338:started in the early 1980s. Several
5020:
694:. During the caliphate of Ali, many
172:and British Christian missionaries.
8071:
7047:. Permanent Black. pp. 38–39.
7043:Guha, Sumit. "The Birth of Caste".
6752:. Law.emory.edu. 21 February 1920.
6134:
5798:
5564:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 1–2, 7–10.
5201:
5169:and Professor Shamsul Islam of the
5003:system is social stratification in
4916:Social stratification among Muslims
3133:). It is based on the teachings of
2969:who succeeded him. The tenth guru,
1281:Members Church of God International
353:, forming just under two-thirds of
13:
8388:, University of California Press,
8337:Delage, Remy (29 September 2014),
7836:from the original on 30 March 2023
7793:from the original on 30 March 2023
7751:from the original on 30 March 2023
7644:from the original on 30 March 2023
7136:. Langham Monographs. p. 35.
6512:Jo Van Steenbergen (2020). "2.1".
6411:from the original on 24 April 2019
4957:) and local lower-caste converts (
4679:. As of the 2012 census, 70.2% of
3210:. There has also been a growth in
1462:
705:and some even participated in the
516:is the second-largest religion in
433:
357:'s population. South Asia has the
145:
14:
9568:
8239:from the original on 26 June 2022
8208:from the original on 27 June 2022
8172:from the original on 20 July 2019
7905:from the original on 4 March 2021
7605:from the original on 31 July 2022
7349:. Manak Publications. p. 4.
7169:The Dictionary of Human Geography
6713:and 0.23% irreligious population.
6244:. Bahrain tribune. Archived from
6031:Dalrymple, William (2015-06-22).
5578:from the original on 10 June 2016
5515:
5434:
5231:seeking to create a homeland for
3757:Religion in South Asian countries
3684:(the visible material realm) and
3462:
588:(c. 570–632). On a similar note,
106:
9028:
8359:, University of Michigan Press,
8219:
8122:
8092:
8080:from the original on 6 July 2020
8065:
8023:
7950:
7510:Gujarat, the Making of a Tragedy
7480:. Lexington Books. p. 133.
7246:Sweetman, W.; Malik, A. (2016).
7199:Oxford English Dictionary Online
7042:
5323:said that during his talks with
5207:This section is an excerpt from
5187:All India Azad Muslim Conference
5160:Muslim nationalism in South Asia
5158:This section is an excerpt from
5039:
5026:This section is an excerpt from
4921:This section is an excerpt from
4831:This section is an excerpt from
4730:This section is an excerpt from
4657:This section is an excerpt from
4643:This section is an excerpt from
4609:This section is an excerpt from
4595:This section is an excerpt from
4581:This section is an excerpt from
4567:This section is an excerpt from
4411:
4261:
4234:This section is an excerpt from
4176:
4128:
4078:
4035:
3983:
3932:
3882:
3838:
3619:. Many Zoroastrians fled to the
3468:This section is an excerpt from
3334:Jain monks take five main vows:
3309:guiding every time cycle of the
3236:This section is an excerpt from
3098:This section is an excerpt from
3066:they refused to convert to Islam
2916:This section is an excerpt from
2606:
2425:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1538:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1407:
745:This section is an excerpt from
505:This section is an excerpt from
311:This section is an excerpt from
241: Religion not known (0.22%)
102:Religion in India § History
9516:Indian Institutes of Technology
9498:Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes
9427:South Asian Football Federation
8654:Islam in South Asia in Practice
8382:Eaton, Richard Maxwell (1993),
8037:. 28 March 2012. Archived from
7959:Nationalism and Ethnic Politics
7809:
7766:
7681:
7617:
7586:
7452:
7373:Leidig, Eviane (17 July 2020).
7201:, Oxford University Press, 2011
7087:"What is India's caste system?"
7079:
7061:
7036:
6991:
6942:"What is India's caste system?"
6818:
6790:
6768:
6703:
6571:
6560:
6539:
6530:
6505:
6463:
6435:
6423:
6392:
6362:
6332:
6269:
6153:
6128:
6081:
6057:
6024:
5985:
5964:
5940:
5920:
5890:
5865:
5841:
5817:
5792:
5767:
5742:
5703:
5678:
4724:
4527:Religion in Afghanistan (2012)
4463:Religion in Afghanistan (2012)
2961:(1469–1539), the faith's first
733:
666:the first mosques in South Asia
648:, Gujarat built before 623 CE,
361:, with about 99% of all global
175:
8815:, Cambridge University Press,
8657:, Princeton University Press,
8637:, Cambridge University Press,
8431:, Cambridge University Press,
8287:, Cambridge University Press,
8267:, Cambridge University Press,
8253:
7688:Canton, Naomi (10 June 2022).
7574:Ahmed, Ishtiaq (27 May 2016).
7477:Gandhi, Freedom, and Self-rule
6399:Sharma, Indu (22 March 2018).
6218:. 2 April 2015. Archived from
5647:
5617:
5590:
5551:
5542:
5489:
5464:
5401:Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
5276:, while larger claims include
5183:opposed the partition of India
5011:(dynasty, family, or lineage).
4228:
3526:(). Opposed to Ahura Mazda is
1291:The New Church (Swedenborgian)
1236:Nondenominational Christianity
347:largest religion in South Asia
1:
7668:Pennsylvania State University
7513:. Penguin Books. p. 20.
7392:10.1080/0031322X.2020.1759861
6165:Association for Asian Studies
5427:
5336:militant insurgency in Punjab
4871:in India as enforced through
4869:affirmative action programmes
4863:and the establishment of the
4716:in the world according to a
4561:
3044:, gaining converts from both
520:, with more than 650 million
487:have significantly protected
457:spread of Islam in South Asia
428:
262:
135:soon after Muhammad's death.
8651:Metcalf, Barbara D. (2009),
8460:, Harvard University Press,
8427:The Muslims of British India
7002:. New Delhi: Penguin Books.
5877:Harvard International Review
5474:. 2016-12-09. Archived from
5405:Election Commission of India
5358:, in retaliation for 1984's
5179:Indian independence movement
4932:communities has a system of
4714:third most religious country
4651:
3100:History of Buddhism in India
2927:( ), also known as Sikhi ( '
2743:'s grandson, the great khan
1296:Unitarians and Universalists
7:
8737:, Oxford University Press,
8593:, Oxford University Press,
8537:(3rd ed.), Routledge,
8498:. Pearson Education India.
8494:Krishna, Ananth V. (2011).
8072:Ali, Haider (6 June 2018).
7130:Haokip, Jangkholam (2014).
5749:Khan, Sameer (2022-11-14).
5558:Balabanlilar, Lisa (2012).
5415:
5385:Inter-Services Intelligence
5104:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
5102:in 1922. It is used by the
4891:British colonial government
4867:. It is today the basis of
4683:were Buddhists, 12.6% were
4637:
4553: Other religion (0.3%)
3666:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
3224:Chinese occupation of Tibet
3220:Tibetan government in exile
3092:
305:
273:Pakistani terrorist attacks
10:
9573:
9521:Inventions and discoveries
9493:Sino-Indian border dispute
9240:Human rights in South Asia
9026:
8697:(1st ed.), Palgrave,
8634:A Concise History of India
8315:10.1177/000169930004300304
8002:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
7822:. Routledge. p. 121.
7731:Axel, Brian Keith (2001).
6998:Nehru, Jawaharlal (2004).
6640:"CIA – The World Factbook"
6479:Levy-Rubin, Milka (2011).
6266:Ibn Nadim, "Fihrist", 1037
5411:or the state legislatures.
5206:
5173:classified the Muslims of
5157:
5110:(VHP), the current ruling
5025:
4920:
4830:
4729:
4656:
4642:
4608:
4594:
4580:
4566:
4233:
3760:
3694:, which represent various
3566:ancient Western philosophy
3467:
3235:
3230:
3097:
2915:
2910:
2758:was held in Asian city of
744:
737:
664:, Tamil Nadu are three of
504:
310:
229: Christianity (0.47%)
99:
95:
9506:
9480:
9457:
9412:
9345:
9280:
9226:
9203:
9125:
9037:
8907:
8835:, Yale University Press,
8751:Shah, Mehtab Ali (1997),
8551:Levesque, Julien (2020),
7971:10.1080/13537110590927845
7779:. Routledge. p. 51.
7536:Ethnic and Racial Studies
7309:Patricia M. Sant (1999).
6088:Ziring, Lawrence (1984).
5350:, among others. In 1986,
4969:converts. The concept of
4575:
4515:
4507:
4502:
4492:
4487:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3718:Middle Persian literature
3609:Muslim conquest of Persia
3254:Kundalpur, Madhya Pradesh
3037:Prominent Sikh shrines:
2766:) and anti-Chalcedonian (
2756:Fourth Ecumenical Council
578:Chera Perumals of Makotai
574:the first mosque of India
556:state. Arabs traded with
122:during this time period;
115:appeared around 500 BCE.
9488:Indo-Pakistani conflicts
8863:10.1525/as.2009.49.6.975
8533:Kulke, Hermanne (1998),
8339:"Muslim Castes in India"
7662:Crenshaw, Martha, 1995,
6826:"POPULATION BY RELIGION"
6666:13 December 2016 at the
6612:
6489:10.1017/cbo9780511977435
5971:Hakam, Al (2022-03-25).
5531:14 December 2007 at the
5378:Chief Minister of Punjab
5352:Khalistan Commando Force
5348:Khalistan Commando Force
5325:Pakistani prime minister
5317:Sikh-majority population
5100:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
4851:. It has its origins in
4603:
4589:
3639:, and low birth rates.
3589:ancient Iranian religion
3367:Parasparopagraho jīvānām
3292:, and the twenty-fourth
3222:to India, following the
3144:During the reign of the
2721:First Council of Ephesus
2696:was held in the city of
2694:First Ecumenical Council
1523:Central African Republic
595:Qissat Shakarwati Farmad
549:in Sri Lanka and Nepal.
499:
9295:Archaeological cultures
8682:Encyclopedia Britannica
7773:Shani, Giorgio (2007).
7548:10.1080/014198700328935
6780:7 December 2010 at the
5805:blogs.timesofisrael.com
5654:Akhilesh Pillalamarri.
5537:Encyclopædia Britannica
5191:All-India Muslim League
5167:University of Stockholm
4901:positive discrimination
4712:2008 Sri Lanka was the
4255:Religion in Afghanistan
4236:Religion in Afghanistan
3204:Dalit Buddhist movement
2973:(1666–1708), named the
2937:that originated in the
2613:Christianity portal
1456:Christianity by country
437:, saw the onset of the
349:with about 1.2 billion
9557:Religion in South Asia
9508:Science and technology
8812:The Partition of India
8791:Stein, Burton (1998),
8771:St. John, Ian (2012),
8562:Ludden, David (2002),
8454:Jalal, Ayesha (2014),
7000:The discovery of India
6904:, pp. 25–27, 392.
5998:The Historical Journal
5447:"Region: Asia-Pacific"
5220:
5112:Bharatiya Janata Party
4761:
4756:found in the state of
4675:practice a variety of
4632:
4569:Religion in Bangladesh
4418:Afghanistan portal
3763:Religion in Bangladesh
3511:primary religious text
3491:
3443:Mahavir Janma Kalyanak
3325:(non-absolutism), and
3273:(supreme preachers of
3256:
3111:
3038:
3010:or internally through
2947:major religious groups
2729:Nestorian Christianity
2093:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1467:
545:religion in India and
339:
313:Hinduism in South Asia
301:South Asia by religion
295:Bharatiya Janata Party
9387:Religious persecution
9245:Religious nationalism
9105:European and Eurasian
8909:Countries and regions
8474:Khanam, Azra (2013),
8423:Hardy, Peter (1972),
8281:Bayly, Susan (2001),
7505:Siddharth Varadarajan
7379:Patterns of Prejudice
6616:[Bangladesh]
6301:Prange, Sebastian R.
5992:Copland, Ian (2006).
5799:Goswami, Arunansh B.
5309:British rule in India
5218:
5108:Vishva Hindu Parishad
5016:Religious nationalism
4938:caste system in India
4934:social stratification
4841:caste system in India
4833:Caste system in India
4808:caste system in India
4774:social stratification
4741:
4659:Religion in Sri Lanka
4620:
3783:Religion in Sri Lanka
3761:Further information:
3599:, beginning with the
3509:—as set forth in the
3479:
3247:
3109:
3076:freedom of conscience
3042:religious persecution
3036:
2751:in the 13th century.
2415:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1683:São Tomé and Príncipe
1543:Republic of the Congo
1466:
717:in 661 CE. After the
489:Hinduism in Sri Lanka
461:persecution of Hindus
393:Indo-Aryan migrations
322:
283:Religious nationalism
9536:Traditional medicine
8829:Talbot, Ian (2016),
8689:Robb, Peter (2002),
7931:. 22 February 2018.
7664:Terrorism in Context
6806:on 18 September 2016
5716:Smithsonian Magazine
5497:"Region: South Asia"
5126:right-wing extremism
4843:is the paradigmatic
4645:Religion in Pakistan
4622:Pashupatinath Temple
4387:Atheism and apostasy
3779:Religion in Pakistan
3214:with the arrival of
2714:Eastern Roman Empire
2650:Christianity in Asia
2044:United Arab Emirates
1133:Independent Catholic
747:Christianity in Asia
740:Christianity in Asia
650:Cheraman Juma Mosque
432: and 500
235: Others (2.68%)
211:Buddhism and Jainism
83:saw conquest by the
24:, about 510 million
9467:South Asian studies
8993:South Asian regions
8345:, College De France
8264:India Before Europe
8160:Majumdar, Ushinor.
8106:. 27 January 2018.
7339:Chaitanya Krishna,
7278:"The Hindutva road"
7219:Ross, M.H. (2012).
7033:, pp. 215–229.
6835:: 1. Archived from
6775:Maldives – Religion
6429:Prof.Mehboob Desai,
6405:Gujarat Travel Blog
6376:. 6 November 2016.
6346:. 5 November 2016.
5499:. 27 January 2011.
5374:Operation Blue Star
5360:Operation Blue Star
5329:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
5321:Jagjit Singh Chohan
5280:and other parts of
5235:by establishing an
5229:separatist movement
5195:Madani–Iqbal debate
5171:University of Delhi
5138:separatist ideology
4909:Indian constitution
4707:is declared as the
4630:World Heritage Site
3621:Indian subcontinent
3570:Abrahamic religions
3534:dualistic cosmology
3485:Fire Temple of Yazd
2943:Indian subcontinent
2430:Trinidad and Tobago
2325:Antigua and Barbuda
1414:Christianity portal
1271:Jehovah's Witnesses
951:History of theology
658:Palaiya Jumma Palli
526:Indian subcontinent
507:Islam in South Asia
477:Indian subcontinent
459:, an era featuring
79:, and parts of the
53:Indian subcontinent
8901:South Asian topics
8793:A History of India
8693:A History of India
8535:A History of India
8351:Dirks, Nicholas B.
8076:. Daily Pakistan.
7694:The Times of India
7286:. 4 December 2004.
6948:. 25 February 2016
6374:The Times of India
6344:The Times of India
6283:on 13 January 2012
6222:on 7 February 2017
5952:www.daijiworld.com
5246:called Khalistan (
5225:Khalistan movement
5221:
5209:Khalistan movement
5153:Muslim nationalism
4955:tabqa-i ashrafiyya
4947:convert to Islam (
4826:Hindu caste system
4762:
4633:
4583:Religion in Bhutan
4189:Theravada Buddhism
3767:Religion in Bhutan
3740:) and good deeds (
3492:
3257:
3200:Vipassana movement
3196:Maha Bodhi Society
3112:
3088:("saint-soldier").
3064:(1621–1675)—after
3039:
2929:, , from ), is an
2682:Thomas the Apostle
2365:Dominican Republic
1468:
1153:Church of the East
1017:Early Christianity
719:Rashidun Caliphate
538:largest population
340:
336:Narasimhavarman II
277:military conflicts
9544:
9543:
9447:Traditional games
9432:South Asian Games
9020:General geography
8842:978-0-300-21659-2
8822:978-0-521-85661-4
8802:978-0-631-20546-3
8784:978-1-84645-014-3
8764:978-1-86064-169-5
8744:978-0-19-027312-5
8724:978-1-316-17578-1
8704:978-0-333-69129-8
8664:978-1-4008-3138-8
8644:978-0-521-63974-3
8600:978-1-4008-3138-8
8575:978-1-85168-237-9
8544:978-0-415-15482-6
8526:978-0-02-865605-2
8487:978-81-321-1650-9
8467:978-0-674-05289-5
8438:978-0-521-09783-3
8415:978-0-230-24163-3
8395:978-0-520-08077-5
8366:978-0-472-06737-4
8343:Books & Ideas
8294:978-0-521-26434-1
8274:978-0-521-80904-7
8005:, 11 August 1986.
7829:978-1-134-27654-7
7786:978-1-134-10189-4
7744:978-0-8223-2615-1
7721:, pp. 24–25.
7676:978-0-271-01015-1
7637:978-1-13-413570-7
7520:978-0-14-302901-4
7487:978-0-7391-0137-7
7356:978-81-7827-067-8
7322:978-1-56072-674-6
7263:978-93-5150-231-9
7232:978-0-8122-0350-9
7179:978-1-4443-5995-4
7143:978-1-78368-981-1
7117:978-0-19-254584-8
7054:978-81-7824-513-3
6868:on 6 January 2020
6786:countrystudies.us
6691:on 25 August 2015
6141:www.aljazeera.com
5610:978-0-415-44851-2
5571:978-1-84885-726-1
5146:ethno-nationalism
5134:cultural hegemony
5128:, and as "almost
5092:Hindu nationalism
5021:Hindu nationalism
4611:Religion in Nepal
4597:Religion in India
4520:
4519:
4456:
4455:
4382:Religious freedom
4226:
4225:
3775:Religion in Nepal
3771:Religion in India
3601:Achaemenid Empire
3062:Guru Tegh Bahadur
2975:Guru Granth Sahib
2971:Guru Gobind Singh
2768:Oriental Orthodox
2647:
2646:
1950:
1558:Equatorial Guinea
1450:
1449:
1303:
1302:
1276:Latter Day Saints
1261:Iglesia ni Cristo
1226:United Protestant
1211:Plymouth Brethren
1146:Oriental Orthodox
692:Ali ibn Abu Talib
568:, arrived on the
534:Arabian Peninsula
367:religion in India
291:Hindu nationalism
275:on and Pakistani
255:committed by the
133:Umayyad invasions
9564:
9442:Physical culture
9337:Former countries
9332:Contemporary era
9032:
8894:
8887:
8880:
8871:
8870:
8865:
8845:
8825:
8805:
8787:
8767:
8747:
8727:
8707:
8696:
8685:
8667:
8647:
8627:
8608:Meyendorff, John
8603:
8592:
8578:
8558:
8547:
8529:
8509:
8490:
8470:
8450:
8441:
8430:
8419:
8398:
8378:
8369:
8346:
8333:
8303:Acta Sociologica
8297:
8277:
8247:
8246:
8245:
8244:
8223:
8217:
8216:
8215:
8213:
8204:, 27 June 2022,
8192:
8186:
8185:
8179:
8177:
8157:
8151:
8150:
8148:
8146:
8126:
8120:
8119:
8117:
8115:
8096:
8090:
8089:
8087:
8085:
8069:
8063:
8057:
8051:
8050:
8048:
8046:
8041:on 29 March 2012
8027:
8021:
8012:
8006:
7997:
7991:
7990:
7954:
7948:
7947:
7942:
7940:
7921:
7915:
7914:
7912:
7910:
7891:
7880:
7879:
7877:
7875:
7855:
7849:
7848:
7843:
7841:
7813:
7807:
7806:
7800:
7798:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7758:
7756:
7728:
7722:
7716:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7705:
7685:
7679:
7660:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7649:
7621:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7610:
7590:
7584:
7583:
7580:The Friday Times
7576:"The dissenters"
7571:
7562:
7559:
7531:
7525:
7524:
7501:
7495:
7494:
7468:
7462:
7456:
7450:
7449:
7426:Social Scientist
7421:
7415:
7414:
7404:
7394:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7336:
7330:
7329:
7306:
7300:
7294:
7288:
7287:
7274:
7268:
7267:
7243:
7237:
7236:
7216:
7210:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7196:
7189:
7183:
7182:
7163:
7157:
7156:
7151:
7150:
7127:
7121:
7120:
7101:
7095:
7094:
7083:
7077:
7076:
7065:
7059:
7058:
7040:
7034:
7028:
7022:
7021:
6995:
6989:
6983:
6977:
6971:
6962:
6961:
6955:
6953:
6938:
6929:
6923:
6917:
6911:
6905:
6899:
6893:
6887:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6873:
6858:
6852:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6842:on 29 March 2020
6841:
6830:
6822:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6811:
6794:
6788:
6772:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6746:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6720:
6714:
6707:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6687:. Archived from
6677:
6671:
6658:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6636:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6625:
6619:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6597:
6586:
6580:
6575:
6569:
6564:
6558:
6552:
6546:
6543:
6537:
6534:
6528:
6527:
6509:
6503:
6502:
6476:
6470:
6467:
6461:
6451:
6442:
6439:
6433:
6427:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6396:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6385:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6336:
6330:
6324:
6318:
6315:
6306:
6299:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6273:
6267:
6264:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6181:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6157:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6147:
6135:Bergman, David.
6132:
6126:
6125:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6075:
6061:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6004:(4): 1025–1054.
5989:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5979:
5968:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5869:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5853:academic.oup.com
5845:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5755:The Siasat Daily
5746:
5740:
5739:
5733:
5725:
5723:
5722:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5682:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5631:. 2 April 2015.
5621:
5615:
5614:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5555:
5549:
5546:
5540:
5522:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5443:
5422:Religion in Asia
5294:Himachal Pradesh
5278:Pakistani Punjab
5267:
5264:
5255:
5252:
5249:
5202:Sikh nationalism
5122:European fascism
5089:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5045:
4953:, also known as
4873:its constitution
4788:insects such as
4667:is officially a
4552:
4542:
4532:
4460:
4459:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4350:Historic/Extinct
4265:
4242:
4241:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4040:
4039:
4038:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3787:
3786:
3597:Iranian polities
3499:Iranian religion
3362:lacto-vegetarian
3356:(chastity), and
3350:(not stealing),
3338:(non-violence),
3319:(non-violence),
3216:Tibetan refugees
3212:Tibetan Buddhism
3060:(1563–1605) and
2770:) Christianity.
2764:Eastern Orthodox
2725:Nestorian Schism
2639:
2632:
2625:
2611:
2610:
2495:Papua New Guinea
2470:Marshall Islands
2293:Northern Ireland
1946:
1452:
1451:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1411:
1256:Christadelphians
1186:Free Evangelical
1139:Eastern Orthodox
1096:
1095:
1047:East–West Schism
779:
756:
755:
723:Muslim dynasties
604:at Kodungallur,
566:Malik Ibn Deenar
436:
435:
430:
297:(BJP) in India.
287:Islamic Republic
240:
234:
228:
218:
208:
198:
188:
49:Indian religions
9572:
9571:
9567:
9566:
9565:
9563:
9562:
9561:
9547:
9546:
9545:
9540:
9502:
9476:
9453:
9408:
9341:
9312:Middle kingdoms
9276:
9267:Stock exchanges
9222:
9199:
9155:Cultural sphere
9121:
9033:
9024:
8903:
8898:
8868:
8843:
8823:
8803:
8785:
8765:
8745:
8725:
8705:
8665:
8645:
8624:
8601:
8583:Maddison, Angus
8576:
8545:
8527:
8506:
8488:
8468:
8439:
8416:
8396:
8367:
8295:
8275:
8256:
8251:
8250:
8242:
8240:
8232:Hindustan Times
8225:
8224:
8220:
8211:
8209:
8194:
8193:
8189:
8175:
8173:
8158:
8154:
8144:
8142:
8135:Hindustan Times
8127:
8123:
8113:
8111:
8098:
8097:
8093:
8083:
8081:
8070:
8066:
8058:
8054:
8044:
8042:
8029:
8028:
8024:
8013:
8009:
7998:
7994:
7955:
7951:
7938:
7936:
7923:
7922:
7918:
7908:
7906:
7899:Hindustan Times
7893:
7892:
7883:
7873:
7871:
7856:
7852:
7839:
7837:
7830:
7814:
7810:
7796:
7794:
7787:
7771:
7767:
7754:
7752:
7745:
7729:
7725:
7717:
7713:
7703:
7701:
7686:
7682:
7661:
7657:
7647:
7645:
7638:
7622:
7618:
7608:
7606:
7591:
7587:
7572:
7565:
7532:
7528:
7521:
7502:
7498:
7488:
7469:
7465:
7459:Frykenberg 2008
7457:
7453:
7438:10.2307/3517631
7422:
7418:
7371:
7367:
7357:
7337:
7333:
7323:
7307:
7303:
7295:
7291:
7276:
7275:
7271:
7264:
7256:. p. 109.
7254:SAGE Publishing
7244:
7240:
7233:
7217:
7213:
7204:
7202:
7191:
7190:
7186:
7180:
7164:
7160:
7148:
7146:
7144:
7128:
7124:
7118:
7102:
7098:
7093:. 19 June 2019.
7085:
7084:
7080:
7075:. 27 June 2022.
7067:
7066:
7062:
7055:
7041:
7037:
7029:
7025:
7010:
6996:
6992:
6984:
6980:
6972:
6965:
6951:
6949:
6940:
6939:
6932:
6924:
6920:
6914:St. John (2012)
6912:
6908:
6900:
6896:
6890:de Zwart (2000)
6888:
6881:
6871:
6869:
6860:
6859:
6855:
6845:
6843:
6839:
6828:
6824:
6823:
6819:
6809:
6807:
6796:
6795:
6791:
6782:Wayback Machine
6773:
6769:
6759:
6757:
6748:
6747:
6743:
6733:
6731:
6722:
6721:
6717:
6708:
6704:
6694:
6692:
6679:
6678:
6674:
6668:Wayback Machine
6659:
6655:
6645:
6643:
6638:
6637:
6633:
6623:
6621:
6617:
6614:
6610:
6609:
6605:
6595:
6593:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6576:
6572:
6565:
6561:
6555:Meyendorff 1989
6553:
6549:
6544:
6540:
6535:
6531:
6524:
6510:
6506:
6499:
6477:
6473:
6468:
6464:
6452:
6445:
6440:
6436:
6428:
6424:
6414:
6412:
6397:
6393:
6383:
6381:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6353:
6351:
6338:
6337:
6333:
6325:
6321:
6316:
6309:
6300:
6296:
6286:
6284:
6275:
6274:
6270:
6265:
6261:
6251:
6249:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6225:
6223:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6198:
6182:
6178:
6169:
6167:
6159:
6158:
6154:
6145:
6143:
6133:
6129:
6106:10.2307/2644077
6086:
6082:
6073:
6071:
6069:thediplomat.com
6063:
6062:
6058:
6049:
6047:
6029:
6025:
5990:
5986:
5977:
5975:
5969:
5965:
5956:
5954:
5946:
5945:
5941:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5925:
5921:
5896:
5895:
5891:
5882:
5880:
5871:
5870:
5866:
5857:
5855:
5847:
5846:
5842:
5833:
5831:
5823:
5822:
5818:
5809:
5807:
5797:
5793:
5784:
5782:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5759:
5757:
5747:
5743:
5727:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5708:
5704:
5695:
5693:
5684:
5683:
5679:
5669:
5667:
5652:
5648:
5638:
5636:
5623:
5622:
5618:
5611:
5595:
5591:
5581:
5579:
5572:
5556:
5552:
5547:
5543:
5533:Wayback Machine
5523:
5516:
5506:
5504:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5481:
5479:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5456:
5454:
5445:
5444:
5435:
5430:
5418:
5413:
5412:
5381:Amarinder Singh
5340:militant groups
5334:The separatist
5265:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5244:sovereign state
5212:
5204:
5199:
5198:
5163:
5155:
5150:
5149:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5042:
5038:
5031:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5012:
4926:
4918:
4913:
4912:
4836:
4828:
4823:
4822:
4813:Spanish America
4754:Scheduled Caste
4735:
4727:
4722:
4721:
4671:country, while
4662:
4654:
4649:
4648:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4624:in the capital
4614:
4606:
4601:
4600:
4592:
4587:
4586:
4578:
4573:
4572:
4564:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4548:
4540:
4538:
4530:
4522:
4521:
4513:
4500:
4485:
4452:
4423:
4412:
4410:
4401:
4397:Afghan conflict
4368:
4345:
4283:
4274:
4239:
4231:
4177:
4175:
4129:
4127:
4079:
4077:
4036:
4034:
3984:
3982:
3933:
3931:
3883:
3881:
3839:
3837:
3793:State religion
3785:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3736:), good words (
3605:Sasanian Empire
3572:, or gradually
3558:Iranian culture
3473:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3449:Akshaya Tritiya
3264:Indian religion
3248:Statue of lord
3241:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3206:spearheaded by
3176:throughout the
3119:Indian religion
3103:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3054:Mughal emperors
2995:sarbat da bhala
2965:, and the nine
2931:Indian religion
2921:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2880:(including the
2723:in 431 and the
2686:Parthian Empire
2668:, first in the
2660:in 1st-century
2643:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2535:
2525:
2524:
2505:Solomon Islands
2450:
2440:
2439:
2320:
2310:
2309:
2213:North Macedonia
2063:
2053:
2052:
1955:
1935:
1934:
1763:
1753:
1752:
1478:
1446:
1383:
1382:
1353:Other religions
1313:
1305:
1304:
1093:
1092:
1072:
1071:
992:
991:
971:
970:
904:
894:
893:
854:
853:
835:
834:
800:
799:
753:
750:
742:
736:
731:
730:
707:Battle of Camel
674:'s governor of
510:
502:
497:
496:
439:Hindu synthesis
431:
316:
308:
303:
265:
253:Goa Inquisition
245:
244:
243:
242:
238:
236:
232:
230:
226:
224:
216:
214:
206:
204:
196:
194:
186:
178:
148:
146:Medieval period
109:
104:
98:
85:Arab caliphates
12:
11:
5:
9570:
9560:
9559:
9542:
9541:
9539:
9538:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9512:
9510:
9504:
9503:
9501:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9484:
9482:
9478:
9477:
9475:
9474:
9469:
9463:
9461:
9455:
9454:
9452:
9451:
9450:
9449:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9418:
9416:
9410:
9409:
9407:
9406:
9405:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9384:
9379:
9378:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9351:
9349:
9343:
9342:
9340:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9298:
9297:
9286:
9284:
9278:
9277:
9275:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9263:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9242:
9236:
9234:
9224:
9223:
9221:
9220:
9218:Climate change
9215:
9209:
9207:
9201:
9200:
9198:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9131:
9129:
9123:
9122:
9120:
9119:
9114:
9113:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9043:
9041:
9035:
9034:
9027:
9025:
9023:
9022:
9017:
9016:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8990:
8985:
8984:
8983:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8962:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8945:
8944:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8913:
8911:
8905:
8904:
8897:
8896:
8889:
8882:
8874:
8867:
8866:
8857:(6): 975–997,
8846:
8841:
8826:
8821:
8806:
8801:
8788:
8783:
8768:
8763:
8757:, I.B.Tauris,
8748:
8743:
8728:
8723:
8708:
8703:
8686:
8668:
8663:
8648:
8643:
8628:
8622:
8604:
8599:
8579:
8574:
8559:
8548:
8543:
8530:
8525:
8510:
8505:978-8131734650
8504:
8491:
8486:
8471:
8466:
8451:
8442:
8437:
8420:
8414:
8399:
8394:
8379:
8370:
8365:
8347:
8334:
8309:(3): 235–249,
8298:
8293:
8278:
8273:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8249:
8248:
8235:, 2022-06-26,
8218:
8187:
8152:
8121:
8091:
8064:
8062:, p. 990.
8052:
8022:
8007:
7992:
7949:
7916:
7881:
7850:
7828:
7808:
7785:
7765:
7743:
7723:
7711:
7680:
7655:
7636:
7616:
7585:
7563:
7542:(3): 407–441.
7526:
7519:
7496:
7486:
7463:
7451:
7432:(3/4): 69–77.
7416:
7385:(3): 215–237.
7365:
7355:
7331:
7321:
7301:
7299:, p. 324.
7289:
7269:
7262:
7238:
7231:
7211:
7194:"Hindutva, n."
7184:
7178:
7158:
7142:
7122:
7116:
7096:
7078:
7060:
7053:
7035:
7023:
7008:
6990:
6978:
6976:, p. 392.
6963:
6930:
6928:, p. 214.
6926:Sathaye (2015)
6918:
6916:, p. 103.
6906:
6894:
6879:
6853:
6817:
6789:
6767:
6741:
6715:
6702:
6672:
6653:
6631:
6603:
6581:
6570:
6559:
6547:
6538:
6529:
6523:978-1000093070
6522:
6504:
6498:978-1108449618
6497:
6471:
6462:
6443:
6434:
6422:
6391:
6361:
6331:
6319:
6307:
6294:
6268:
6259:
6248:on 6 July 2006
6233:
6203:
6196:
6176:
6152:
6127:
6100:(9): 931–946.
6080:
6056:
6037:The New Yorker
6023:
5984:
5963:
5939:
5919:
5889:
5864:
5840:
5816:
5791:
5766:
5741:
5702:
5677:
5646:
5616:
5609:
5589:
5570:
5550:
5541:
5524:Adams, C. J.,
5514:
5488:
5463:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5417:
5414:
5213:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5175:Colonial India
5164:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5032:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
4967:backward-caste
4927:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4837:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4736:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4709:State religion
4663:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4615:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4579:
4577:
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4565:
4563:
4560:
4549:
4539:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4508:Other religion
4505:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4490:
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4486:
4483:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4471:
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4436:
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4422:
4421:
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4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
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4367:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4347:
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4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4272:Mazar-i-Sharif
4266:
4258:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4249:of articles on
4240:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
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4186:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4088:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4019:
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4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3993:
3979:
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3963:
3958:
3953:
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3928:
3927:
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3921:
3918:
3915:
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3900:
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3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3834:
3833:
3832:Year reported
3830:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3758:
3755:
3691:Amesha Spentas
3593:Avestan period
3495:Zoroastrianism
3474:
3470:Zoroastrianism
3466:
3464:
3463:Zoroastrianism
3461:
3373:Namokar Mantra
3331:(asceticism).
3242:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3208:B. R. Ambedkar
3170:Southeast Asia
3135:Gautama Buddha
3117:is an ancient
3104:
3096:
3094:
3091:
2941:region of the
2922:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2634:
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2619:
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2615:
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2316:
2315:
2312:
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2308:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2283:United Kingdom
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
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2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
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1897:
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1887:
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1404:
1403:
1398:
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1384:
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1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1312:Related topics
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1247:Restorationist
1243:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1022:Church Fathers
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
993:
990:
989:
984:
978:
977:
976:
973:
972:
969:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
932:
931:
926:
921:
911:
905:
900:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
855:
852:
851:
848:
842:
841:
840:
837:
836:
833:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
801:
798:
797:
792:
786:
785:
784:
781:
780:
772:
771:
765:
764:
751:
743:
735:
732:
543:second largest
511:
503:
501:
498:
485:Gorkha dynasty
481:Jaffna Kingdom
473:Maratha Empire
447:Following the
409:Northern India
317:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
264:
261:
237:
231:
225:
215:
205:
195:
185:
181:
180:
179:
177:
174:
147:
144:
138:Some Jews and
108:
107:Ancient period
105:
100:Main article:
97:
94:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9569:
9558:
9555:
9554:
9552:
9537:
9534:
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9529:
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9524:
9522:
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9517:
9514:
9513:
9511:
9509:
9505:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9485:
9483:
9479:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9464:
9462:
9460:
9456:
9448:
9445:
9444:
9443:
9440:
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9435:
9433:
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9423:
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9419:
9417:
9415:
9411:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9389:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9357:
9356:
9353:
9352:
9350:
9348:
9344:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9296:
9293:
9292:
9291:
9288:
9287:
9285:
9283:
9279:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9247:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9237:
9235:
9233:
9229:
9225:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9210:
9208:
9206:
9202:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9135:Architecture
9133:
9132:
9130:
9128:
9124:
9118:
9115:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9092:
9091:Other groups
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9082:Tibeto-Burman
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9052:Austroasiatic
9050:
9048:
9045:
9044:
9042:
9040:
9039:Ethnic groups
9036:
9031:
9021:
9018:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8995:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8982:
8979:
8978:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8943:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8935:
8934:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
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8918:
8915:
8914:
8912:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8895:
8890:
8888:
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8876:
8875:
8872:
8864:
8860:
8856:
8852:
8847:
8844:
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8833:
8827:
8824:
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8814:
8813:
8807:
8804:
8798:
8794:
8789:
8786:
8780:
8776:
8775:
8769:
8766:
8760:
8756:
8755:
8749:
8746:
8740:
8736:
8735:
8729:
8726:
8720:
8716:
8715:
8709:
8706:
8700:
8695:
8694:
8687:
8683:
8679:
8678:
8673:
8672:Muzaffar Alam
8669:
8666:
8660:
8656:
8655:
8649:
8646:
8640:
8636:
8635:
8629:
8625:
8623:9780881410556
8619:
8615:
8614:
8609:
8605:
8602:
8596:
8591:
8590:
8584:
8580:
8577:
8571:
8567:
8566:
8560:
8556:
8555:
8549:
8546:
8540:
8536:
8531:
8528:
8522:
8518:
8517:
8511:
8507:
8501:
8497:
8492:
8489:
8483:
8479:
8478:
8472:
8469:
8463:
8459:
8458:
8452:
8448:
8443:
8440:
8434:
8429:
8428:
8421:
8417:
8411:
8407:
8406:
8400:
8397:
8391:
8387:
8386:
8380:
8376:
8371:
8368:
8362:
8358:
8357:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8335:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8299:
8296:
8290:
8286:
8285:
8279:
8276:
8270:
8266:
8265:
8259:
8258:
8238:
8234:
8233:
8228:
8222:
8207:
8203:
8202:
8197:
8191:
8184:
8171:
8167:
8166:Outlook India
8163:
8156:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8125:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8095:
8079:
8075:
8068:
8061:
8056:
8040:
8036:
8032:
8026:
8019:
8018:
8011:
8004:
8003:
7996:
7988:
7984:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7960:
7953:
7946:
7934:
7930:
7926:
7920:
7904:
7900:
7896:
7890:
7888:
7886:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7854:
7847:
7835:
7831:
7825:
7821:
7820:
7812:
7805:
7792:
7788:
7782:
7778:
7777:
7769:
7762:
7750:
7746:
7740:
7736:
7735:
7727:
7720:
7715:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7684:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7659:
7643:
7639:
7633:
7630:. Routledge.
7629:
7628:
7620:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7589:
7581:
7577:
7570:
7568:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7537:
7530:
7522:
7516:
7512:
7511:
7506:
7500:
7493:
7489:
7483:
7479:
7478:
7473:
7472:Anthony Parel
7467:
7460:
7455:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7420:
7412:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7369:
7362:
7358:
7352:
7348:
7347:
7342:
7341:A. G. Noorani
7335:
7328:
7324:
7318:
7314:
7313:
7305:
7298:
7293:
7285:
7284:
7279:
7273:
7265:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7250:
7242:
7234:
7228:
7224:
7223:
7215:
7200:
7195:
7188:
7181:
7175:
7171:
7170:
7162:
7155:
7145:
7139:
7135:
7134:
7126:
7119:
7113:
7109:
7108:
7100:
7092:
7088:
7082:
7074:
7070:
7064:
7056:
7050:
7046:
7039:
7032:
7031:Dirks (2001b)
7027:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7009:0-670-05801-7
7005:
7001:
6994:
6987:
6982:
6975:
6970:
6968:
6960:
6947:
6943:
6937:
6935:
6927:
6922:
6915:
6910:
6903:
6898:
6891:
6886:
6884:
6867:
6863:
6857:
6838:
6834:
6827:
6821:
6805:
6801:
6800:
6793:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6776:
6771:
6755:
6751:
6745:
6729:
6725:
6719:
6712:
6706:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6676:
6669:
6665:
6662:
6657:
6641:
6635:
6615:
6607:
6591:
6585:
6579:
6574:
6568:
6563:
6556:
6551:
6542:
6533:
6525:
6519:
6516:. Routledge.
6515:
6508:
6500:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6475:
6466:
6460:
6459:90-04-08551-3
6456:
6450:
6448:
6438:
6432:
6426:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6395:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6365:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6335:
6328:
6323:
6314:
6312:
6304:
6298:
6282:
6278:
6272:
6263:
6247:
6243:
6237:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6207:
6199:
6197:9780415448512
6193:
6190:. Routledge.
6189:
6188:
6180:
6166:
6162:
6156:
6142:
6138:
6131:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6084:
6070:
6066:
6060:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6027:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5988:
5974:
5967:
5953:
5949:
5943:
5929:
5923:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5893:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5854:
5850:
5844:
5830:
5826:
5820:
5806:
5802:
5795:
5780:
5776:
5770:
5756:
5752:
5745:
5737:
5731:
5717:
5713:
5706:
5691:
5687:
5681:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5650:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5620:
5612:
5606:
5603:. Routledge.
5602:
5601:
5593:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5554:
5545:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5521:
5519:
5502:
5498:
5492:
5478:on 2016-12-09
5477:
5473:
5467:
5452:
5448:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5433:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5369:
5368:Babbar Khalsa
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5344:Babbar Khalsa
5341:
5337:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5313:Sikh diaspora
5310:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5270:Punjab region
5263:
5259:
5245:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5217:
5210:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5161:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5117:
5116:Sangh Parivar
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5072:
5036:
5029:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4996:
4995:Uttar Pradesh
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4924:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4861:Mughal Empire
4858:
4854:
4853:ancient India
4850:
4846:
4842:
4834:
4820:
4819:
4815:, mixed-race
4814:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4759:
4758:Uttar Pradesh
4755:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4740:
4733:
4719:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4695:), 7.4% were
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4646:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4598:
4584:
4570:
4546:
4536:
4528:
4510:
4506:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4449:
4444:
4442:
4437:
4435:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4237:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:Christianity
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3701:Spenta Mainyu
3697:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3617:early Muslims
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3538:good and evil
3535:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3418:United States
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3390:supported by
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3239:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3108:
3101:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3028:wear a turban
3025:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2919:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2749:Mongol Empire
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2628:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:South America
2529:
2528:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2435:United States
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2318:North America
2314:
2313:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:Liechtenstein
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:Guinea-Bissau
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1083:Denominations
1081:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
988:
985:
983:
980:
979:
975:
974:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
903:
898:
897:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
864:New Testament
862:
860:
859:Old Testament
857:
856:
849:
847:
844:
843:
839:
838:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
783:
782:
778:
774:
773:
770:
767:
766:
762:
758:
757:
754:
748:
741:
728:
727:modern states
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
667:
663:
659:
656:, Kerala and
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:
597:
596:
591:
590:Tamil Muslims
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:Malabar Coast
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
547:third largest
544:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
508:
495:respectively.
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:Mughal Empire
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
444:
440:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
337:
334:was built by
333:
332:Mahabalipuram
329:
326:
321:
314:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
278:
274:
270:
260:
258:
254:
250:
222:
212:
202:
192:
184:
173:
171:
170:Mughal Empire
167:
163:
161:
157:
153:
150:Centuries of
143:
141:
136:
134:
130:
125:
121:
116:
114:
103:
93:
91:
86:
82:
81:Punjab region
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
43:
40:, Sikhs, and
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
9437:Martial arts
9346:
9327:Colonial era
9322:Early modern
9272:Caste system
9057:Austronesian
8998:Northwestern
8854:
8851:Asian Survey
8850:
8831:
8811:
8792:
8777:, ABC-CLIO,
8773:
8753:
8733:
8713:
8692:
8681:
8676:
8653:
8633:
8612:
8588:
8568:, Oneworld,
8564:
8553:
8534:
8515:
8495:
8476:
8456:
8446:
8426:
8404:
8384:
8374:
8355:
8342:
8306:
8302:
8283:
8263:
8241:, retrieved
8230:
8221:
8210:, retrieved
8199:
8190:
8181:
8174:. Retrieved
8165:
8155:
8143:. Retrieved
8134:
8124:
8112:. Retrieved
8103:
8094:
8082:. Retrieved
8067:
8055:
8043:. Retrieved
8039:the original
8034:
8025:
8017:India Abroad
8015:
8010:
8000:
7995:
7962:
7958:
7952:
7944:
7937:. Retrieved
7928:
7919:
7907:. Retrieved
7898:
7872:. Retrieved
7863:
7853:
7845:
7838:. Retrieved
7818:
7811:
7802:
7795:. Retrieved
7775:
7768:
7760:
7753:. Retrieved
7733:
7726:
7714:
7702:. Retrieved
7693:
7683:
7663:
7658:
7646:. Retrieved
7626:
7619:
7607:. Retrieved
7598:
7588:
7539:
7535:
7529:
7509:
7499:
7491:
7476:
7466:
7454:
7429:
7425:
7419:
7382:
7378:
7368:
7360:
7345:
7334:
7326:
7311:
7304:
7297:Krishna 2011
7292:
7281:
7272:
7248:
7241:
7221:
7214:
7203:, retrieved
7198:
7187:
7168:
7161:
7153:
7147:. Retrieved
7132:
7125:
7106:
7099:
7090:
7081:
7072:
7063:
7045:Beyond Caste
7044:
7038:
7026:
6999:
6993:
6986:Bayly (2001)
6981:
6974:Bayly (2001)
6957:
6950:. Retrieved
6945:
6921:
6909:
6902:Bayly (2001)
6897:
6870:. Retrieved
6866:the original
6856:
6844:. Retrieved
6837:the original
6832:
6820:
6808:. Retrieved
6804:the original
6798:
6792:
6785:
6770:
6758:. Retrieved
6744:
6732:. Retrieved
6726:. Maldives.
6718:
6705:
6693:. Retrieved
6689:the original
6675:
6656:
6644:. Retrieved
6634:
6622:. Retrieved
6606:
6594:. Retrieved
6584:
6573:
6562:
6550:
6541:
6532:
6513:
6507:
6480:
6474:
6465:
6437:
6430:
6425:
6413:. Retrieved
6404:
6394:
6382:. Retrieved
6373:
6364:
6352:. Retrieved
6343:
6334:
6329:, p. 1.
6327:Metcalf 2009
6322:
6302:
6297:
6285:. Retrieved
6281:the original
6271:
6262:
6250:. Retrieved
6246:the original
6236:
6224:. Retrieved
6220:the original
6215:
6206:
6186:
6179:
6168:. Retrieved
6164:
6155:
6144:. Retrieved
6140:
6130:
6097:
6094:Asian Survey
6093:
6083:
6072:. Retrieved
6068:
6059:
6048:. Retrieved
6036:
6026:
6001:
5997:
5987:
5976:. Retrieved
5966:
5955:. Retrieved
5951:
5942:
5931:. Retrieved
5922:
5905:
5901:
5892:
5881:. Retrieved
5879:. 2021-09-01
5876:
5867:
5856:. Retrieved
5852:
5843:
5832:. Retrieved
5828:
5819:
5808:. Retrieved
5804:
5794:
5783:. Retrieved
5781:. 2017-05-29
5778:
5769:
5758:. Retrieved
5754:
5744:
5719:. Retrieved
5715:
5705:
5694:. Retrieved
5692:. 2023-09-05
5689:
5680:
5668:. Retrieved
5660:The Diplomat
5659:
5649:
5637:. Retrieved
5628:
5619:
5599:
5592:
5580:. Retrieved
5560:
5553:
5544:
5505:. Retrieved
5491:
5480:. Retrieved
5476:the original
5466:
5455:. Retrieved
5453:. 2011-01-27
5450:
5333:
5306:
5222:
5142:conservatism
5120:Inspired by
5033:
5008:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4948:
4928:
4882:
4876:
4845:ethnographic
4838:
4816:
4770:social group
4763:
4749:
4743:
4725:Caste system
4687:, 9.7% were
4526:
4479:Sunni Islam
4409:
4334:Christianity
4314:Zoroastrians
4275:The largest
4047:Sunni Islam
3750:Fire Temples
3746:Ahura Mazda,
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3711:
3707:Angra Mainyu
3705:
3699:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3586:
3578:Christianity
3554:henotheistic
3550:polytheistic
3546:monotheistic
3529:Angra Mainyu
3528:
3521:
3514:
3493:
3481:Atash Behram
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3432:Das Lakshana
3431:
3425:
3401:
3395:
3371:
3365:
3357:
3353:brahmacharya
3351:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3326:
3322:anekāntavāda
3320:
3314:
3307:tirthankaras
3306:
3300:
3293:
3286:Parshvanatha
3282:
3279:Rishabhadeva
3274:
3268:
3258:
3250:Rishabhadeva
3188:Gupta Empire
3158:Sthaviravāda
3154:Mahāsāṃghika
3143:
3113:
3083:
3069:
3021:
3012:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2956:
2928:
2923:
2791:
2772:
2753:
2741:Genghis Khan
2737:Tang dynasty
2718:
2654:Christianity
2648:
2029:Saudi Arabia
1920:Turkmenistan
1708:South Africa
1698:Sierra Leone
1503:Burkina Faso
1318:Civilization
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1128:Old Catholic
1108:
966:Universalism
889:New Covenant
825:Resurrection
769:Christianity
752:
734:Christianity
660:(630 CE) in
652:(629 CE) in
641:
634:Panthalayini
599:
593:
581:
551:
512:
479:, while the
469:Vijayanagara
443:Gupta Empire
405:Vedic period
395:brought the
391:
341:
328:Shore Temple
281:
279:with India.
266:
249:colonial era
246:
182:
176:Colonial era
164:
149:
140:Zoroastrians
137:
124:Saint Thomas
117:
110:
47:
38:Zoroastrians
15:
9290:Archaeology
9205:Environment
9095:Afro-Asians
8917:Afghanistan
8254:Works cited
8035:India Today
7965:: 125–156.
7874:29 November
7864:India Today
7804:Resolution.
7402:10852/84144
7205:17 November
6287:18 November
5582:27 December
5356:Arun Vaidya
5282:North India
5106:(RSS), the
4942:upper-caste
4865:British Raj
4768:is a fixed
4718:Gallup poll
4681:Sri Lankans
4673:Sri Lankans
4535:Sunni Islam
4494:Shia Islam
4373:Controversy
4339:Catholicism
4294:Sunni Islam
4281:Afghanistan
4268:Blue Mosque
4229:Afghanistan
3846:Afghanistan
3654:called the
3542:eschatology
3523:Ahura Mazda
3513:called the
3384:Śvētāmbaras
3364:lifestyle.
3294:tirthankara
3283:tirthankara
3269:tirthankara
3192:Pala Empire
3085:sant-sipāhī
2818:South Korea
2794:Philippines
2731:developed.
2708:in 301 and
2692:. The very
2688:(Iran) and
2662:Roman Judea
2485:New Zealand
2420:Saint Lucia
2370:El Salvador
2273:Switzerland
2208:Netherlands
1948:Middle East
1890:Philippines
1838:South Korea
1833:North Korea
1768:Afghanistan
1713:South Sudan
1603:Ivory Coast
1206:Pentecostal
1088:(full list)
1062:Reformation
1027:Constantine
946:Christology
936:Apologetics
929:Holy Spirit
850:Foundations
820:Crucifixion
711:Lakshadweep
680:reconnoitre
417:Afghanistan
397:Indo-Aryans
269:partitioned
77:Balochistan
9392:Bangladesh
9302:Bronze Age
9185:Philosophy
9170:Literature
9067:Indo-Aryan
9047:Andamanese
8922:Bangladesh
8243:2022-06-26
7149:2023-05-03
6872:16 October
6810:16 October
6750:"Maldives"
6724:"religion"
6624:16 October
6226:7 February
6170:2023-09-07
6146:2023-09-07
6074:2023-09-07
6050:2023-09-07
5978:2023-09-07
5957:2023-09-07
5933:2023-09-07
5883:2023-09-07
5858:2023-09-07
5834:2023-09-07
5810:2023-09-07
5785:2023-09-07
5779:EgyptToday
5760:2023-09-07
5721:2023-09-07
5696:2023-09-07
5670:7 February
5639:7 February
5482:2023-09-07
5457:2023-09-07
5428:References
5409:Parliament
5395:, and the
5286:Chandigarh
5085:Hindu-ness
4971:"pasmanda"
4896:Christians
4697:Christians
4562:Bangladesh
4545:Shia Islam
4309:Shia Islam
3890:Bangladesh
3633:conversion
3574:reconciled
3427:Paryushana
3416:, and the
3392:laypersons
3388:mendicants
3380:Digambaras
3358:aparigraha
3328:aparigraha
3202:, and the
3172:, and the
3058:Guru Arjan
3013:naam japna
2967:Sikh gurus
2959:Guru Nanak
2935:philosophy
2886:Gaza Strip
2870:Kyrgyzstan
2866:Kazakhstan
2798:East Timor
2775:Franciscan
2733:Nestorians
2719:After the
2702:Asia Minor
2475:Micronesia
2350:Costa Rica
2243:San Marino
2203:Montenegro
2183:Luxembourg
1964:Azerbaijan
1925:Uzbekistan
1910:Tajikistan
1845:Kyrgyzstan
1823:Kazakhstan
1798:East Timor
1773:Bangladesh
1693:Seychelles
1658:Mozambique
1643:Mauritania
1628:Madagascar
1518:Cape Verde
1266:Irvingians
1231:Waldensian
1171:Anabaptist
1160:Protestant
738:See also:
715:Ubaidullah
518:South Asia
401:South Asia
375:Bangladesh
355:South Asia
263:Modern era
257:Portuguese
42:Christians
18:South Asia
9459:Education
9180:Mythology
9165:Languages
9077:Nuristani
9062:Dravidian
8988:Sri Lanka
8954:Northeast
8942:Northwest
8331:220432103
8201:Firstpost
8183:Minister)
7987:145552863
7979:1353-7113
7648:14 August
7556:143287533
7411:0031-322X
7283:Frontline
6846:3 October
6760:23 August
6734:23 August
6695:25 August
6277:"History"
6114:0004-4687
6045:0028-792X
6010:0018-246X
5507:1 January
5268:) in the
5241:religious
4981:Muslims;
4973:includes
4905:reserving
4811:colonial
4782:exclusion
4760:in India.
4701:Catholics
4677:religions
4665:Sri Lanka
4652:Sri Lanka
4626:Kathmandu
4184:Sri Lanka
4090:Hinduism
3995:Hinduism
3947:Buddhism
3945:Vajrayana
3713:Aka Manah
3635:, strict
3629:estimated
3507:Zoroaster
3437:Ashtanika
3344:(truth),
3311:cosmology
3305:with the
3182:Vajrayana
3178:Himalayas
3166:Sri Lanka
3162:Theravada
2882:West Bank
2878:Palestine
2854:Hong Kong
2850:Singapore
2842:Indonesia
2787:Filipinos
2779:Dominican
2760:Chalcedon
2674:Jerusalem
2595:Venezuela
2540:Argentina
2455:Australia
2405:Nicaragua
2380:Guatemala
2178:Lithuania
2019:Palestine
1900:Sri Lanka
1895:Singapore
1813:Indonesia
1803:Hong Kong
1648:Mauritius
1373:Symbolism
1333:Ecumenism
1323:Criticism
1201:Moravian
1196:Methodist
1166:Adventist
1037:Augustine
987:Tradition
961:Salvation
830:Ascension
688:Arab army
662:Kilakarai
630:Dharmadam
622:Kasaragod
618:Mangalore
582:Tajudheen
530:Sri Lanka
383:Sri Lanka
55:; namely
30:Buddhists
16:In 2010,
9551:Category
9481:Military
9402:Pakistan
9365:Hinduism
9360:Buddhism
9347:Religion
9317:Medieval
9307:Iron Age
9232:Politics
9195:Surnames
9117:Diaspora
9013:Southern
9003:Northern
8976:Pakistan
8966:Maldives
8610:(1989).
8585:(2007),
8480:, SAGE,
8237:archived
8206:archived
8170:Archived
8139:Archived
8108:Archived
8078:Archived
8045:28 March
7933:Archived
7909:27 April
7903:Archived
7868:Archived
7840:19 March
7834:Archived
7797:19 March
7791:Archived
7755:19 March
7749:Archived
7704:26 March
7698:Archived
7642:Archived
7603:Archived
7599:Geo News
7507:(2002).
7474:(2000).
7343:(2003).
7091:BBC News
7073:ABC News
7018:57764885
6946:BBC News
6778:Archived
6754:Archived
6728:Archived
6664:Archived
6646:27 March
6596:27 March
6409:Archived
6378:Archived
6348:Archived
6252:9 August
5829:The Wire
5730:cite web
5664:Archived
5633:Archived
5576:Archived
5529:Archived
5501:Archived
5416:See also
5284:such as
5035:Hindutva
5028:Hindutva
5005:Pakistan
5001:Biradari
4857:medieval
4798:termites
4786:eusocial
4778:endogamy
4705:Buddhism
4699:(mostly
4691:(mainly
4669:Buddhist
4638:Pakistan
4468:religion
4359:Buddhism
4324:Hinduism
4300:Minority
4288:Majority
4247:a series
4245:Part of
4136:Pakistan
4043:Maldives
3820:Kiratism
3810:Hinduism
3802:Buddhism
3790:Country
3742:hvarshta
3637:endogamy
3568:and the
3540:with an
3455:Dipawali
3402:śrāvikas
3397:śrāvakas
3297:Mahavira
3218:and the
3174:Mahayana
3156:and the
3148:Emperor
3125:(now in
3115:Buddhism
3093:Buddhism
3080:religion
3046:Hinduism
2983:Ik Onkar
2884:and the
2862:Malaysia
2834:Pakistan
2666:apostles
2585:Suriname
2575:Paraguay
2560:Colombia
2465:Kiribati
2390:Honduras
2360:Dominica
2335:Barbados
2298:Scotland
2258:Slovenia
2253:Slovakia
2228:Portugal
2098:Bulgaria
1915:Thailand
1885:Pakistan
1870:Mongolia
1865:Maldives
1860:Malaysia
1788:Cambodia
1748:Zimbabwe
1723:Tanzania
1573:Ethiopia
1568:Eswatini
1548:Djibouti
1513:Cameroon
1498:Botswana
1391:Glossary
1338:Glossary
1221:Reformed
1191:Lutheran
1176:Anglican
1110:Catholic
1052:Crusades
1042:Ignatius
1032:Councils
997:Apostles
902:Theology
815:Ministry
805:Nativity
761:a series
759:Part of
638:Chaliyam
586:Muhammad
564:, under
449:conquest
425:Buddhism
413:Pakistan
379:Pakistan
343:Hinduism
306:Hinduism
203:(21.45%)
193:(73.07%)
191:Hinduism
113:Buddhism
65:Buddhism
57:Hinduism
9526:History
9472:History
9422:Cricket
9375:Sikhism
9370:Jainism
9355:Dharmic
9282:History
9228:Economy
9213:Monsoon
9190:Scripts
9160:Fashion
9150:Cuisine
9127:Culture
9110:Semitic
9100:Chinese
9008:Eastern
8959:Islands
8323:4201209
8212:27 June
8114:29 June
8084:25 June
7929:Reuters
7609:31 July
7446:3517631
6415:28 July
6354:28 July
6122:2644077
6018:4140149
5914:2339124
5690:HISTORY
5290:Haryana
5258:land of
5251:
5130:fascist
5079:
5009:khandan
4991:Kashmir
4963:ashrafs
4689:Muslims
4512:
4499:
4484:
4473:percent
4392:Taliban
4364:Judaism
4319:Sikhism
3829:Others
3825:Sikhism
3696:aspects
3662:liturgy
3615:by the
3562:history
3503:prophet
3483:at the
3260:Jainism
3238:Jainism
3231:Jainism
3146:Mauryan
3123:Magadha
3018:five Ks
2925:Sikhism
2918:Sikhism
2911:Sikhism
2890:Lebanon
2846:Vietnam
2806:Georgia
2802:Armenia
2710:Georgia
2706:Armenia
2678:Antioch
2590:Uruguay
2565:Ecuador
2545:Bolivia
2520:Vanuatu
2448:Oceania
2395:Jamaica
2375:Grenada
2330:Bahamas
2288:England
2278:Ukraine
2233:Romania
2193:Moldova
2153:Ireland
2148:Iceland
2143:Hungary
2133:Germany
2123:Finland
2118:Estonia
2113:Denmark
2108:Czechia
2103:Croatia
2088:Belgium
2083:Belarus
2078:Austria
2073:Andorra
2068:Albania
2009:Lebanon
1979:Georgia
1969:Bahrain
1959:Armenia
1930:Vietnam
1875:Myanmar
1733:Tunisia
1703:Somalia
1688:Senegal
1673:Nigeria
1663:Namibia
1653:Morocco
1618:Liberia
1613:Lesotho
1563:Eritrea
1533:Comoros
1508:Burundi
1483:Algeria
1401:Outline
1378:Worship
1358:Outline
1348:Liturgy
1328:Culture
1181:Baptist
1121:Eastern
1057:Aquinas
982:History
956:Mission
941:Baptism
914:Trinity
810:Baptism
703:Shi'ism
676:Bahrain
654:Methala
601:Masjids
558:Malabar
522:Muslims
421:Jainism
345:is the
223:(0.62%)
221:Sikhism
213:(1.49%)
160:Sikhism
131:due to
96:History
69:Sikhism
61:Jainism
26:Muslims
9531:Swords
9414:Sports
9255:Muslim
9145:Cinema
9087:Turkic
9072:Iranic
8981:Punjab
8927:Bhutan
8839:
8819:
8799:
8781:
8761:
8741:
8721:
8701:
8661:
8641:
8620:
8597:
8572:
8541:
8523:
8502:
8484:
8464:
8435:
8412:
8392:
8363:
8329:
8321:
8291:
8271:
8176:8 June
8145:6 July
8104:Scroll
7985:
7977:
7939:22 May
7826:
7783:
7741:
7678:p. 364
7674:
7634:
7554:
7517:
7484:
7444:
7409:
7353:
7319:
7260:
7229:
7176:
7140:
7114:
7051:
7016:
7006:
6952:27 May
6520:
6495:
6457:
6384:17 May
6194:
6120:
6112:
6043:
6016:
6008:
5912:
5607:
5568:
5389:Canada
5302:Lahore
5298:Shimla
5292:, and
5274:Punjab
5262:Khalsa
4950:ashraf
4945:Hindus
4930:Muslim
4849:castes
4818:castas
4796:, and
4752:are a
4685:Hindus
4576:Bhutan
4551:
4547:(9.7%)
4543:
4541:
4533:
4531:
4329:Bahá'í
4277:mosque
4182:
4167:0.07%
4157:96.28%
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