252:), which contained the story of Tonpa Shenrab. He was not the first Bonpo tertön, but his terma became one of the definitive scriptures of Bon religion. It states that Shenrab established the Bon religion while searching for a horse stolen by a demon. Tradition also tells that he was born in the land of Tagzig Olmo Lung Ring (considered an axis mundi) which is traditionally identified as Mount Yung-drung Gu-tzeg ("Edifice of Nine Sauwastikas"), possibly Mount Kailash, in western Tibet. Due to the sacredness of Tagzig Olmo Lungting and Mount Kailash, the Bonpo regard both the swastika and the number nine as auspicious and as of great significance.
2661:
79:
2549:
304:
816:
3223:
662:
3233:
543:
280:
292:
186:
262:
and found people whose practice involved spiritual appeasement with animal sacrifice. He taught them to substitute offerings with symbolic animal forms made from barley flour. He only taught according to the student's capability with lower shamanic vehicles to prepare; until with prayer, diligence,
968:
Most ethnic
Tibetans practice Tibetan Buddhism, although a sizeable minority practices Bon, an indigenous religion, and very small minorities practice Islam, Catholicism, or Protestantism. Some scholars estimate that there are as many as 400,000 Bon followers across the Tibetan Plateau. Scholars
266:
Bon teachings feature Nine
Vehicles, which are pathway-teaching categories with distinct characteristics, views, practices and results. Medicine, astrology, and divination are in the lower vehicles; then sutra and tantra, with Dzogchen great perfection being the highest. Traditionally, the Nine
147:(who comprise 91% of the population of the Tibet Autonomous Region) are associated with Tibetan Buddhism, while a minority of 400,000 people (12.5% of the total population of the TAR) profess the native Bon religion. Other groups in Tibet practise folk religions which share the image of
2202:
Relação da Missão do Reino de Uçangue Cabeça dos do
Potente, Escrita pello P. JoĂŁo Cabral da Comp. de Jesu. fol. 1, quoted from Wu, Zaoqi Chuanjiaoshi jin Zang Huodongshi, pp. 294â297; Wang Yonghong, "Luelun Tianzhujiao zai Xizang di Zaoqi Huodong", Xizang Yanjiu, 1989, No. 3, pp.
267:
Vehicles are taught in three versions: as
Central, Northern and Southern treasures. The Central treasure is closest to Nyingma Nine YÄnas teaching and the Northern treasure is lost. Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche elaborated the Southern treasure with
1135:
The
Chinese Communist Party has launched a three-year drive to promote atheism in the Buddhist region of Tibet, saying it is the key to economic progress and a weapon against separatism as typified by the exiled Tibetan leader, the Dalai
2170:
Lettera del P. Antonio de
Andrade. Giovanni de Oliveira. Alano Dos Anjos al Provinciale di Goa, 29 Agosto, 1627, quoted from Wu, Zaoqi Chuanjiaoshi jin Zang Huodongshi, p. 196; Maclagan, The Jesuits and The Great Mogul, pp.
328:
Religion is extremely important to the
Tibetans and has a strong influence over all aspects of their lives. Bön is the ancient religion of Tibet, but nowadays the major influence is Tibetan Buddhism, a distinctive form of
4557:
4545:
3188:
1958:
3734:
710:
in 1624 and was welcomed by the royal family who allowed them to build a church later on. By 1627, there were about a hundred local converts in the Guge kingdom. Later on, Christianity was introduced to
3198:
4565:
397:
tradition. Tsongkhapa was renowned for both his scholasticism and his virtue. The Dalai Lama belongs to the
Gelugpa school, and is regarded as the embodiment of the Bodhisattva of Compassion.
2090:
Extensively using
Italian and Portuguese archival materials, Wu's work gives a detailed account of Cacella's activities in Tsang. See Zaoqi Chuanjiaoshi jin Zang Huodongshi, esp. chapter 5.
2081:
Lettera del P. Alano Dos Anjos al
Provinciale di Goa, 10 Novembre 1627, quoted from Wu Kunming, Zaoqi Chuanjiaoshi jin Zang Huodongshi (Beijing: Zhongguo Zangxue chubanshe, 1992), p. 163.
5105:
5125:
4620:
5165:
4584:
3699:
3694:
5227:
4349:
5182:
4928:
785:
to defend his thesis. Fr. Desideri was joined by Capuchins in 1707â1711, 1716â1733 and 1741â1745, Christianity was used by some Tibetan monarchs and their courts and the
5120:
4784:
3724:
5000:
4674:
433:. This is an oral tradition which is very much concerned with the experiential dimension of meditation. Its most famous exponent was Milarepa, an 11th-century mystic.
5212:
5088:
628:
3509:
497:
449:. Both the Nyingma and Kagyu maintained and developed instructions on the nature of mind, and on meditations cultivating recognition of that nature, known as the
345:, the Mongol rulers of the Yuan Dynasty made Tibetan Buddhism the state religion and from there it spread to the Mongolian region.), parts of northern India, the
5130:
4723:
4894:
1354:
The Oral Tradition from Zhang-Zhung: An Introduction to the Bonpo Dzogchen Teachings of the Oral Tradition from Zhang-zhung Known as the Zhang Zhung Snyan Rgyud
5177:
4706:
2059:
Graham Sanderg, The Exploration of Tibet: History and Particulars (Delhi: Cosmo Publications, 1973), pp. 23â26; Thomas Holdich, Tibet, The Mysterious (London:
4850:
2324:
5192:
5135:
4570:
1101:
2125:
242:(oral transmission) dictated by Loden Nyingpo, who lived in the fourteenth century. In the fourteenth century, Loden Nyingpo revealed a terma known as
337:, which was introduced into Tibet from the Sanskrit Buddhist tradition of northern India. Tibetan Buddhism is practiced not only in Tibet but also in
5298:
4945:
4762:
4049:
2403:
4796:
4735:
3955:
4828:
4468:
530:
named the "Heroes of Ling", which was founded in 1981 by a Tibetan called Sonam Phuntsog, who claimed to be an incarnation of the legendary hero
930:
Tantric school of Nepalese Hinduism and Buddhism reach to Tibetan region through Nepal route, buy very few in Nepal's border region with China.
5265:
4906:
4882:
167:
proportion of the Tibetan population. According to some reports, the government of China has been promoting the Bon religion, linking it with
3666:
1080:
4639:
4054:
835:
4589:
1258:. Welten SĂŒd- und Zentralasiens / Worlds of South and Inner Asia / Mondes de l'Asie du Sud et de l'Asie Centrale. De Gruyter. p. 35.
1192:. Welten SĂŒd- und Zentralasiens / Worlds of South and Inner Asia / Mondes de l'Asie du Sud et de l'Asie Centrale. De Gruyter. p. 31.
2537:
409:. This contains one major subsect and one minor subsect. The first, the Dagpo Kagyu, encompasses those Kagyu schools that trace back to
4082:
3646:
2244:
2419:
389:. Successive Dalai Lamas ruled Tibet from the mid-17th to mid-20th centuries. This order was founded in the 14th to 15th centuries by
3930:
3514:
2515:
4649:
3631:
3315:
1977:
3372:
5095:
3137:
4312:
3423:
3269:
888:
746:(1716â1721) gained a particularly deep knowledge of Tibetan culture, language and Buddhism. In his many extant writings in the
809:
5260:
5140:
2476:
2355:
2301:
2268:
2213:
2004:
1861:
1784:
1751:
1692:
1659:
1626:
1593:
1560:
1461:
1428:
1395:
1362:
1329:
1296:
1263:
1230:
1197:
4975:
3994:
3112:
2862:
831:
and massacred ethnic Tibetan Catholics, including both recent converts and those whose ancestors converted to Catholicism.
4461:
3504:
1005:
BÞ and Bön: Ancient Shamanic Traditions of Siberia and Tibet in Their Relation to the Teachings of a Central Asian Buddha
2378:
4970:
4525:
3609:
3564:
3157:
877:
4625:
3636:
2802:
2579:
2506:
2072:
Sir Edward Maclagan, The Jesuits and The Great Mogul (London: Burns, Oates & Washbourne Ltd., 1932), pp. 344â345.
2048:
1509:
1047:
1013:
1743:
The Eastern Land and the Western Heaven: Qing Cosmopolitanism and its Translation in Tibet in the Eighteenth Century
675:, of whom various remains and inscriptions have been found in Tibet. They were also present at the imperial camp of
104:
since its outspread in the 8th century AD. As of 2022 the historical region of Tibet (the areas inhabited by ethnic
2829:
3689:
1931:
1525:
5250:
4426:
4307:
4141:
3589:
3549:
3282:
2660:
2530:
508:. The temple is built according to both Chinese and Tibetan architecture. It was first erected in 1792 under the
457:
1807:
Dingri, Tibet: Cornerstone Laying Ceremony being Grandly Held for the Reconstruction of Qomolangma Guandi Temple
5291:
5170:
5160:
5017:
4669:
4644:
4454:
3984:
3950:
3759:
3362:
2584:
1098:
695:
4679:
5187:
3999:
3800:
2947:
2190:
909:
4933:
4044:
2675:
2180:
Cornelius Wessels, Early Jesuit Travellers in Central Asia, 1603â1721 (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1924), pp. 80â85.
2129:
969:
also estimate that there are up to 5,000 ethnic Tibetan Muslims and 700 ethnic Tibetan Catholics in the TAR.
611:
who arrived in Tibet in the 14th to 17th centuries. There are approximately 5,000 Tibetan Muslims living in
4789:
4632:
4400:
4004:
3846:
3656:
3485:
3193:
2797:
2705:
2574:
2385:. Translated by Brian Quin sm (from âMissions Etrangeres de Parisâ No 478, December 2012. Marist Messenger
985:
5005:
3807:
3599:
3559:
3305:
3152:
3057:
2771:
1832:
793:
sect in the 17th century until in 1745 when all the missionaries were expelled at the lama's insistence.
5329:
4995:
4608:
4087:
4016:
4009:
3967:
3749:
3534:
3262:
2776:
2633:
2523:
2438:
2150:
5255:
5150:
2404:
Wine, prayer and song: China's tiny Catholic Tibetan community's uneasy truce with the Communist Party
1161:
4092:
4026:
3879:
3870:
3754:
3744:
3544:
3367:
3320:
3162:
2817:
2812:
2545:
2326:
Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842â1939
1255:
When Tibetan Meditation Goes Global: A Study of the Adaptation of Bon Religious Practices in the West
1189:
When Tibetan Meditation Goes Global: A Study of the Adaptation of Bon Religious Practices in the West
881:
734:
to Lhasa (where he spent a month), before heading on to Nepal. He was followed by others who built a
5304:
4603:
4505:
4216:
3729:
3435:
3405:
3377:
3107:
3072:
3027:
2879:
2855:
2424:
770:
735:
656:
4899:
1887:
1077:
827:
Tibetan Buddhist monks attacked, tortured and murdered French Catholic missionaries including Fr.
5202:
5052:
4818:
4711:
4383:
3942:
3795:
3790:
3310:
2997:
2992:
2887:
2823:
2730:
2638:
2126:"When Christianity and Lamaism Met: The Changing Fortunes of Early Western Missionaries in Tibet"
2100:
Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle to Tibet, and of the Journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa
1654:. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Rangjung Yeshe Publications.
450:
109:
963:
4855:
4691:
3714:
3673:
3117:
3092:
3007:
2987:
2937:
2907:
2897:
2628:
1222:
The Tradition of Everlasting Bön: Five Key Texts on Scripture, Tantra, and the Great Perfection
902:
824:
473:
1182â1251 CE was the great-grandson of Khon Konchog Gyalpo. This school emphasizes scholarship.
78:
2291:
2039:
1851:
1727:
1451:
1418:
1148:
4872:
4377:
4233:
4228:
4205:
3972:
3651:
3624:
3584:
3539:
3492:
3472:
3415:
3255:
3203:
3082:
3077:
2957:
2761:
2623:
2569:
2345:
2258:
1774:
1741:
1682:
1616:
1550:
1253:
1187:
493:
483:
255:
227:
160:
86:
49:
4686:
699:
5285:
5155:
4718:
3977:
3709:
3614:
3387:
3147:
3097:
3052:
3032:
3022:
2922:
1552:
Himalayan Nature and Tibetan Buddhist Culture in Arunachal Pradesh, India: A Study of Monpa
913:
855:
797:
672:
631:
the Tibetan Muslims as a distinct ethnic group; they are grouped with Tibetan adherents of
354:
698:
arrived from Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. Portuguese missionaries Jesuit Father
8:
4990:
4867:
4862:
4613:
4188:
4021:
3719:
3661:
3430:
3177:
3122:
3037:
3017:
2902:
2892:
2848:
2807:
2735:
2715:
1484:"Tibet | History, Map, Capital, Population, Language, & Facts | Britannica"
1122:
839:
624:
4918:
4845:
2102:, pp. 295â302. Clements R. Markham. (1876). Reprint Cosmo Publications, New Delhi. 1989.
1819:
1806:
1714:
898:
have a presence, although statistics for the latter are understandably hard to come by.
687:
order. Desideri, who reached Lhasa in 1716, encountered Armenian and Russian merchants.
314:, they are supposed to be some of the finest examples in the world. At Baiju Monastery,
5232:
5217:
4950:
4767:
4728:
4364:
4329:
4146:
4116:
3962:
3831:
3774:
3574:
3569:
3554:
3167:
3102:
3067:
3002:
2982:
2972:
2932:
2917:
2912:
2720:
2616:
895:
774:
758:
665:
546:
4801:
4740:
429:, traces its history back to the Indian master Niguma, sister of Kagyu lineage holder
5083:
5012:
4923:
4840:
4813:
4757:
4752:
4596:
4339:
4121:
3704:
3594:
3579:
3232:
3208:
3127:
3087:
3062:
3042:
2977:
2952:
2942:
2927:
2766:
2745:
2700:
2601:
2561:
2553:
2502:
2472:
2351:
2297:
2264:
2238:
2044:
2000:
1912:
1857:
1780:
1747:
1688:
1655:
1622:
1589:
1556:
1505:
1457:
1424:
1391:
1358:
1325:
1292:
1259:
1226:
1193:
1043:
1009:
944:
939:
873:
859:
828:
750:
747:
743:
469:, founded by Khon Konchog Gyalpo, a disciple of the great translator Drokmi Lotsawa.
311:
263:
devotion and application they could incarnate to achieve sutra, tantra and Dzogchen.
152:
143:
According to estimates from the International Religious Freedom Report of 2012, most
124:. Before the arrival of Buddhism, the main religion among Tibetans was an indigenous
1585:
Stages of the Path and the Oral Transmission: Selected Teachings of the Geluk School
163:, though in a different light. The statistics do not cover the government-sponsored
4877:
4833:
4419:
4319:
4270:
4253:
4136:
4070:
3910:
3739:
3641:
3619:
3290:
3047:
3012:
2967:
2962:
2871:
2740:
2710:
2611:
2606:
754:
707:
323:
296:
137:
29:
5222:
2220:
723:, where Andrade and his fellows established a Jesuit outpost at Shigatse in 1626.
5100:
5077:
4980:
4911:
4887:
4779:
4701:
4499:
4334:
4324:
4221:
3860:
3855:
3841:
3604:
3467:
3455:
3349:
3336:
2466:
1649:
1583:
1385:
1352:
1319:
1311:
1286:
1220:
1105:
1084:
1037:
1003:
558:
346:
1776:
An Atlas of the Himalayas by a 19th Century Tibetan Lama: A Journey of Discovery
762:
180:
5207:
4940:
4808:
4435:
4390:
4370:
4296:
4238:
3354:
2645:
2121:
843:
739:
727:
592:
568:
676:
504:
is identified with the cross-ethnic Chinese, Tibetan, Mongol and Manchu deity
5323:
5197:
5115:
5032:
4823:
4344:
3812:
3226:
2725:
2060:
925:
906:
885:
805:
766:
520:
516:
470:
446:
426:
422:
390:
350:
4696:
1820:
Wuhan, China: Yang Song Meets Cui Yujing to Discuss Qomolangma Guandi Temple
4774:
4747:
4477:
4302:
4258:
4248:
4200:
4195:
4178:
3826:
3497:
2591:
1936:
1497:
1039:
Tibetan Nation: A History Of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-tibetan Relations
680:
515:
Built or rebuilt between 2014 and 2015 is the Guandi Temple of Qomolangma (
509:
466:
382:
342:
168:
69:
1618:
The Extremely Secret Dakini of Naropa: Vajrayogini Practice and Commentary
303:
5145:
5110:
4283:
4278:
3236:
2443:
1483:
684:
644:
527:
489:
414:
4446:
4036:
1317:
982:
The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China
815:
421:, the Tsalpa Kagyu, the Barom Kagyu, and Pagtru Kagyu. The once-obscure
4395:
4183:
3989:
3480:
3344:
2650:
2501:, in Freedom, Progress, and Society (Editors: Balasubramanian et al.),
1555:. International Perspectives in Geography. Springer Japan. p. 59.
851:
640:
386:
307:
3905:
1453:
Unbounded Wholeness: Dzogchen, Bon, and the Logic of the Nonconceptual
1036:
Smith, Warren W. (31 July 2019) . "Foundations of the Tibetan State".
720:
661:
140:
and still attracts the allegiance of a sizeable minority of Tibetans.
4151:
3865:
3700:
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
3695:
13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
3445:
2695:
2680:
1390:. Public series A. Foundation for the Preservation of Yungdrung Bön.
862:
801:
600:
334:
268:
198:
148:
125:
2263:. The China Chronicles. William Carey Publishing. 2022. p. 58.
1621:. The Dechen Ling Practice Series. Wisdom Publications. p. 86.
1162:"Confucius ruled as a "divine king" in Tibet_Tibetan Buddhism_TIBET"
1064:
Bon was animistic in beliefs and shamanistic in its ritual aspects.
812:, Sichuan province, and "brought the Gospel to the Tibetan people."
5057:
4550:
3821:
3400:
2840:
2283:
2251:
892:
632:
604:
542:
338:
330:
315:
144:
105:
101:
90:
82:
3725:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
4985:
4577:
4289:
4243:
4158:
3450:
3247:
2685:
1377:
1318:
Bajracharya, S.M.; Loáčasa Risarca Seáčáčara (PÄtan, Nepal) (2008).
790:
786:
691:
608:
501:
437:
418:
413:. In turn, the Dagpo Kagyu consists of four major sub-sects: the
410:
394:
284:
194:
164:
129:
121:
117:
2040:
Lhasa in the Seventeenth Century: The Capital of the Dalai Lamas
880:, which has been without a Bishop since 1962. Meanwhile, in the
189:
Khyungpori Tsedruk Bon Monastery in the Tibet Autonomous Region.
4168:
3817:
3460:
2596:
866:
782:
778:
731:
716:
671:
The first Christians documented to have reached Tibet were the
534:, which was later banned as a disruptive and "splittist" sect.
430:
279:
259:
202:
1836:. Bod sjongs 'phrin deb 1982. Translation first published on:
247:
237:
231:
221:
215:
209:
4481:
4354:
4173:
4163:
3278:
2548:
1840:, part 2, London: Tibet Information Network, 1992, pp. 30â33.
1575:
847:
712:
620:
616:
612:
596:
550:
531:
505:
425:, which was famously represented by the 20th-century teacher
401:
369:
113:
59:
3900:
3895:
3395:
1843:
703:
185:
1443:
291:
4131:
2690:
636:
236:
rediscovered around the eleventh century and the last as
208:
According to Bon religious texts: three Bon scriptures â
133:
39:
2189:
Maclagan, The Jesuits and The Great Mogul, pp. 349â352;
2260:
Tibet: Inside the Greatest Christian Revival in History
1641:
1542:
1383:
753:, Fr. Desideri sought to demolish those foundations of
201:
belief system of Tibet, revolves around the worship of
3750:
Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
3735:
Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
2420:
Easter in China: rebirth in a Tibetan Catholic village
2037:
Françoise Pommaret, Françoise Pommaret-Imaeda (2003).
1913:"The Tibetan Muslims who have made Kashmir their home"
1833:
The Heroes of Ling: The Elimination of a Tibetan Sect
1779:. Brill's Tibetan Studies Library. Brill. p. 91.
1384:
Rinpoche, Y.L.T.N.; Ermakov, D.; Ermakova, C. (2016).
1288:
Bon - the Magic Word: The Indigenous Religion of Tibet
512:
and renovated around 2013 after decades of disrepair.
360:
Tibetan Buddhism has four main traditions (the suffix
2289:
1123:"China announces 'civilizing' atheism drive in Tibet"
2458:
2114:
1608:
1588:. Library of Tibetan Classics. Wisdom Publications.
1410:
1321:
Buddhist Heritage of Northern Nepal: An Introduction
1225:. Library of Tibetan Classics. Wisdom Publications.
445:. This is the oldest, the original order founded by
1581:
1278:
2468:Tantric Traditions in Transmission and Translation
1674:
1179:
789:sect lamas to counterbalance the influence of the
5299:Journal of the West China Border Research Society
2105:
1008:. Jyatha, Thamel, Kathmandu: Vajra Publications.
773:. Fr. Desideri also deftly used conventions from
287:, one of the most important monasteries of Tibet.
5321:
4558:Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Kangding
4546:Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Kangding
2337:
1766:
1733:
1344:
916:also have a presence in Tibet, mostly in Lhasa.
22:Religion in Tibet, China (estimates as of 2012)
1651:The Lotus-Born: The Life Story of Padmasambhava
1212:
796:In 1877, the Protestant James Cameron from the
719:and Tsang and was welcomed by the ruler of the
679:at Shira Ordo, where they debated in 1256 with
136:, which would later influence the formation of
2290:Beolens, B.; Watkins, M.; Grayson, M. (2013).
1849:
1825:
1647:
876:is concerned, Tibet officially belongs to the
4462:
3667:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
3263:
2856:
2531:
1449:
702:and Brother Manuel Marques first reached the
4640:Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Yerkalo
2379:"Missionary Audacity â the Mission to Tibet"
1582:Jinpa, T.; Patton, R.; Rinpoché, D. (2022).
1088:. èșçŁæ±äșææç 究ćžć 珏4ć·çŹŹ2æ(çžœçŹŹ8æ) 2007ćčŽ12æ é 169â207.
846:C.R.S.A., who was travelling in disguise to
625:government of the People's Republic of China
230:Miwoche. The Bonpos regard the first two as
2464:
2151:"BBC News Country Profiles Timeline: Tibet"
1838:Background Papers on Tibet â September 1992
1728:Tibet's largest Guandi Temple gets repaired
1715:Lhasa, Tibet: Guandi temple was inaugurated
1548:
1149:Confucius ruled as a "divine king" in Tibet
990:Study on Current Muslim Population in China
964:International Religious Freedom Report 2012
576:
477:
4469:
4455:
3270:
3256:
2863:
2849:
2538:
2524:
2439:"The only Catholic church in use in Tibet"
2383:Marist Messenger National Catholic Monthly
2347:Beyond Beauty: Hunting the Wild Blue Poppy
2120:
1856:. Columbia University Press. p. 160.
1526:"Tibetan Buddhism, the mongolian religion"
1284:
526:There is a Tibetan folk religious sect in
492:who reside in Tibet practice their native
4476:
2491:
2377:Filoni, Cardinal Fernando (May 1, 2013).
1951:
1881:
1879:
1614:
1078:The Image of Confucius in Tibetan Culture
974:
819:Fr. Maurice Tornay, Roman Catholic martyr
1456:. Oxford University Press. p. 331.
1416:
1350:
869:for the Catholic faith on May 16, 1993.
814:
660:
541:
302:
290:
278:
184:
77:
2322:
1994:
1930:Cabezon, Jose Ignacio (February 1998).
1929:
1680:
1251:
1218:
1185:
1001:
957:
765:, that prevented Tibetan belief in the
116:and partly in the Chinese provinces of
5322:
3424:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
2376:
2243:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2128:. Pacificrim.usfca.edu. Archived from
1975:
1969:
1885:
1876:
1684:Karmapa: The Politics of Reincarnation
889:Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association
5096:Seventh-day Adventist Tibetan Mission
4450:
3505:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
3251:
2844:
2519:
2343:
1772:
1739:
1496:
1423:. Taylor & Francis. p. 204.
1035:
858:to be granted to Tibetan Christians.
500:(æèšć
łćžćș) where the Chinese god of war
4566:Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, Bahang
3632:1938â1939 German expedition to Tibet
2870:
2193:ed., An Account of Tibet, pp. 13â17.
1746:. Taylor & Francis. p. 98.
1518:
1450:Klein, A.C.; Rinpoche, T.W. (2006).
1245:
834:In 1949, after driving him from his
639:. In contrast, the Chinese-speaking
2296:. Pelagic Publishing. p. 172.
2293:The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians
1687:. Wisdom Publications. p. 49.
1648:Tsogyal, Y.; Kunsang, E.P. (2004).
1154:
810:GarzĂȘ Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
563:Tibetan Muslims, also known as the
364:is comparable to "er" in English):
274:
13:
3610:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
3565:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
3277:
2465:Gray, D.B.; Overbey, R.R. (2016).
2350:. Touchwood Editions. p. 99.
1923:
878:Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding
838:, Tibetan Buddhist monks from the
393:, based on the foundations of the
14:
5341:
4490:
3647:Protests and uprisings since 1950
3637:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
2803:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)
1963:United States Department of State
1850:Gyatso, J.; Havnevik, H. (2005).
1357:. Vajra Publications. p. 6.
3755:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
3745:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
3231:
3222:
3221:
2830:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism
2659:
2547:
1932:"Islam on the Roof of the World"
1888:"The Tibetan Muslims of Kashmir"
1099:"The Tibetan Image of Confucius"
205:and claims to predate Buddhism.
5251:Bible translations into Tibetan
3730:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
2431:
2413:
2397:
2370:
2316:
2206:
2196:
2183:
2174:
2164:
2143:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2053:
2031:
2022:
2013:
1988:
1905:
1886:Zargar, Safwat (31 July 2019).
1812:
1799:
1720:
1707:
1490:
1476:
1285:Karmay, S.G.; Watt, J. (2007).
986:2010 Islam by province, page 29
650:
385:and whose temporal head is the
357:and some other parts of China.
5292:The West China Missionary News
5018:Luis Antonio Belluga y Moncada
4670:Paris Foreign Missions Society
4645:Sacred Heart Church, Zhongding
4621:Sacred Heart Church, Xiaoweixi
3985:Patron and priest relationship
3951:Central Tibetan Administration
3760:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
3189:British Indian Ocean Territory
2585:Chinese salvationist religions
2019:Kapstein 2006, pp. 31, 71, 113
1978:"A minority within a minority"
1976:Hennig, Clare (11 July 2014).
1549:Mizuno, K.; Tenpa, L. (2015).
1141:
1115:
1091:
1069:
1029:
995:
966:by the US government. p. 20: «
757:, especially the doctrines of
381:, whose spiritual head is the
1:
4350:Historical and cultural sites
3715:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
950:
910:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
108:) is mostly comprised in the
4585:Sacred Heart Church, Cizhong
3690:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
2798:Freedom of religion in China
2323:Coleman, William M. (2014),
1075:Te-Ming TSENG, Shen-Yu LIN.
7:
3710:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
3600:British expedition to Tibet
3590:Nepal-Tibet War (1855â1856)
3560:Battle of the Salween River
2471:. Oxford University Press.
1502:A Short History of Buddhism
1420:Encyclopedia of Monasticism
933:
919:
643:are distinguished from the
248:
238:
232:
222:
216:
210:
10:
5346:
4996:Catholic Church in Sichuan
4083:Postage and postal history
3535:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
988:. Data from: Yang Zongde,
923:
850:to appeal directly to the
842:ambushed and murdered Fr.
654:
599:. Many are descendants of
556:
481:
321:
178:
16:Religious beliefs in Tibet
5276:
5241:
5068:
5041:
5030:
4961:
4785:Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau
4660:
4534:
4516:
4497:
4488:
4413:
4269:
4112:
4105:
4078:
4069:
4035:
3938:
3929:
3888:
3786:
3782:
3773:
3682:
3545:Mongol invasions of Tibet
3525:
3329:
3298:
3289:
3217:
3176:
3136:
2878:
2818:Ghosts in Chinese culture
2813:Regional Religious System
2790:
2754:
2668:
2657:
2560:
2028:Stein 1972, pp. 36, 77â78
1324:. Lotus Research Centre.
1110:Revue dâEtudes TibĂ©taines
882:Tibetan Autonomous Region
683:(1204/6-83), head of the
572:
377:, also known casually as
5305:Protestantism in Sichuan
5001:John Baptist Wang Ruohan
4675:Jesuit missions in Tibet
4604:Catholic Church of Lhasa
3943:Tibet Autonomous Region
3705:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
3657:1987â1989 Tibetan unrest
2938:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2562:Major religions in China
2425:South China Morning Post
1818:World Guangong Culture:
1805:World Guangong Culture:
1713:World Guangong Culture:
1615:Pabongkha, D.N. (2020).
1219:Jardins, J.F.M. (2023).
1002:Ermakov, Dmitry (2008).
992:, Jinan Muslim, 2, 2010.
771:Catholic Church in Tibet
726:In 1661 another Jesuit,
657:Catholic Church in Tibet
537:
519:), on Ganggar Mount, in
478:Chinese Ethnic Religions
310:candles in front of the
5256:Heinrich August JĂ€schke
5213:William Wallace Simpson
5203:Susanna Carson Rijnhart
5151:Heinrich August JĂ€schke
5089:Tibetan Pioneer Mission
5053:Gospel Church, Kangding
4929:LĂ©on Thomine Desmazures
4609:St. Anne's Church, Moxi
4050:TAR People's Government
4010:Serfs' Emancipation Day
3550:TibetâLadakhâMughal war
3199:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2824:Three Persian religions
2731:Mongolian folk religion
2497:Huang Xinchuan (1986),
1417:Johnston, W.M. (2013).
1351:Reynolds, J.M. (2005).
1042:. New York: Routledge.
451:mind teachings of Tibet
226:â relate the mythos of
110:Tibet Autonomous Region
5261:August Hermann Francke
5141:August Hermann Francke
4692:Giuseppe Maria Bernini
3720:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
3674:Special Frontier Force
2580:Folk ritual ministries
1387:The Four Wheels of BĆĄn
1252:Arizaga, M.L. (2022).
1186:Arizaga, M.L. (2022).
1125:. BBC. 12 January 1999
825:1905 Tibetan Rebellion
820:
777:and passages from the
769:and conversion to the
742:Jesuit missionary Fr.
668:
554:
498:Guandi Temple of Lhasa
319:
300:
288:
190:
174:
157:Kongtse Trulgyi Gyalpo
93:
5131:Marion Herbert Duncan
4976:Diocese of Darjeeling
4873:Francesco della Penna
4846:Jean-Théodore Monbeig
4724:Joseph-Marie Chauveau
4093:QinghaiâTibet railway
4088:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
4055:TAR People's Congress
4027:IndiaâTibet relations
4000:Independence movement
3652:1959 Tibetan uprising
3540:Battle of Dafei River
3388:Era of Fragmentation
2570:Chinese folk religion
2332:, Columbia University
914:House Church Movement
886:Government-controlled
818:
730:, crossed Tibet from
664:
545:
494:Chinese folk religion
484:Chinese folk religion
306:
294:
282:
256:Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche
188:
161:Chinese folk religion
87:Tashilhunpo Monastery
81:
50:Chinese folk religion
5286:Dorris Shelton Still
5178:James Clarence Ogden
5156:Zenas Sanford Loftis
5084:China Inland Mission
4707:Jean-Baptiste Brieux
4401:Traditional medicine
3615:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
3436:Relations with Ming
3406:Relations with Song
3378:Relations with Tang
3316:European exploration
3113:United Arab Emirates
1726:China-Tibet Online:
1681:Terhune, L. (2004).
1147:China-Tibet Online:
912:and the independent
856:religious toleration
798:China Inland Mission
619:, and 300 to 400 in
355:Republic of Kalmykia
193:Bön, the indigenous
5106:John Nevins Andrews
4971:Archdiocese of Agra
4863:Odoric of Pordenone
4851:Pascual Nadal Oltra
4526:Diocese of Kangding
4045:Regional Government
4022:CIA Tibetan program
4005:Serfdom controversy
3889:Traditional regions
3740:Simla Accord (1914)
3662:2008 Tibetan unrest
3486:List of Qing ambans
3431:Phagmodrupa dynasty
3140:limited recognition
2808:Irreligion in China
2736:Qiang folk religion
2575:Ancestor veneration
2410:, 18 December 2021.
840:Karma Gon Monastery
5233:Annie Royle Taylor
5218:Sadhu Sundar Singh
5193:Victor Guy Plymire
5136:James Huston Edgar
4895:Charles-René Renou
4819:Ăvariste RĂ©gis Huc
4687:AntĂłnio de Andrade
4359:(ceremonial scarf)
4330:Dzong architecture
4147:Imperial Preceptor
4017:Sovereignty debate
3963:Etymology of Tibet
3575:Lhasa riot of 1750
3570:Jinchuan campaigns
3555:Battle of Dartsedo
3473:Qing dynasty rule
3416:Yuan dynasty rule
3390:(9thâ13th century)
2721:Miao folk religion
2617:Theravada Buddhism
2499:Hinduism and China
2344:Terry, B. (2012).
2191:Filippo De Filippi
1919:. 1 December 2017.
1773:Lange, D. (2020).
1740:Zhang, F. (2023).
1291:. Bloomsbury USA.
1104:2017-09-13 at the
1083:2016-03-04 at the
896:Underground Church
821:
775:Tibetan literature
700:AntĂłnio de Andrade
669:
666:Antonio de Andrade
555:
320:
301:
289:
191:
94:
52:and others (8.58%)
5330:Religion in Tibet
5317:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5126:Robert Cunningham
5026:
5025:
5013:Cornelius Wessels
4924:Jean-André Soulié
4841:Marco della Tomba
4814:Matthias Hermanns
4758:Ippolito Desideri
4753:Auguste Desgodins
4444:
4443:
4409:
4408:
4101:
4100:
4065:
4064:
3968:Foreign relations
3925:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3769:
3768:
3625:QinghaiâTibet War
3595:Sikkim expedition
3585:DograâTibetan War
3580:Sino-Nepalese War
3515:political leaders
3493:Post-Qing to 1950
3446:Rinpungpa dynasty
3357:(7thâ9th century)
3245:
3244:
3182:other territories
2872:Religion in Asia
2838:
2837:
2746:Yao folk religion
2554:Religion in China
2478:978-0-19-061378-5
2422:by Chris Helali,
2357:978-1-927129-37-1
2303:978-1-907807-44-2
2270:978-1-64508-434-1
2111:Stein 1972, p. 85
2006:978-7-222-09611-0
1863:978-0-231-13098-1
1786:978-90-04-41688-8
1753:978-1-003-84575-1
1694:978-0-86171-180-2
1661:978-962-7341-55-0
1628:978-1-61429-560-0
1595:978-0-86171-445-2
1562:978-4-431-55492-9
1530:Welcome to CentOS
1486:. 19 August 2023.
1463:978-0-19-803968-6
1430:978-1-136-78716-4
1397:978-1-5262-0035-8
1364:978-99946-644-4-3
1331:978-9937-2-1395-0
1298:978-0-85667-649-9
1265:978-3-11-075887-0
1232:978-0-86171-448-3
1199:978-3-11-075896-2
945:Religion in China
940:Buddhism in China
874:Roman Catholicism
860:Pope John Paul II
836:parish in Yerkalo
751:literary language
748:Classical Tibetan
744:Ippolito Desideri
312:Shakyamuni Buddha
98:religion in Tibet
85:Buddha statue of
5337:
5198:Cecil H. Polhill
5188:George Patterson
5174:
5061:
5039:
5038:
5009:
4954:
4937:
4919:Dominik Schröder
4915:
4903:
4891:
4878:Ignatius Persico
4868:Albert d'Orville
4859:
4837:
4805:
4793:
4771:
4744:
4732:
4715:
4683:
4653:
4636:
4629:
4617:
4600:
4593:
4581:
4574:
4562:
4561:(within Sichuan)
4554:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4448:
4447:
4429:
4422:
4360:
4137:Tibetan Buddhism
4110:
4109:
4076:
4075:
3946:
3936:
3935:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3642:Battle of Chamdo
3620:Sino-Tibetan War
3476:
3439:
3419:
3409:
3391:
3381:
3368:List of emperors
3358:
3340:
3321:Historical money
3296:
3295:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3235:
3225:
3224:
3194:Christmas Island
2880:Sovereign states
2865:
2858:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2711:Manchu shamanism
2663:
2612:Tibetan Buddhism
2607:Chinese Buddhism
2552:
2551:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2435:
2429:
2417:
2411:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2219:. Archived from
2218:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:on June 26, 2010
2118:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2057:
2051:
2043:. BRILL. p.159.
2035:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1997:èżȘćșć·æ°ææćäżæ€äŒ æżäžćŒćç 究
1995:é柶éȘ„ïŒèŸčæ瀟 (2012).
1992:
1986:
1985:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1847:
1841:
1829:
1823:
1816:
1810:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1737:
1731:
1724:
1718:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1158:
1152:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1119:
1113:
1095:
1089:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1058:
1056:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
999:
993:
978:
972:
961:
865:Fr. Tornay as a
755:Tibetan Buddhism
615:, over 1,500 in
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
574:
465:, headed by the
443:The Ancient Ones
324:Tibetan Buddhism
297:Ganden Monastery
275:Tibetan Buddhism
251:
241:
235:
225:
219:
213:
138:Tibetan Buddhism
67:
57:
47:
37:
30:Tibetan Buddhism
27:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5309:
5279:
5272:
5244:
5237:
5168:
5166:Roderick McLeod
5101:Edvard Amundsen
5078:Moravian Church
5071:
5064:
5055:
5046:
5044:
5035:
5022:
5003:
4986:Dimaluo Village
4981:Batang uprising
4964:
4957:
4948:
4946:Pierre Valentin
4931:
4909:
4897:
4885:
4853:
4831:
4799:
4787:
4780:Annet Genestier
4765:
4763:Jules Dubernard
4738:
4726:
4719:EstĂȘvĂŁo Cacella
4709:
4702:Augustin Bourry
4677:
4663:
4656:
4647:
4630:
4623:
4611:
4594:
4587:
4575:
4568:
4560:
4548:
4539:
4537:
4530:
4519:
4510:
4503:
4502:
4493:
4484:
4475:
4445:
4440:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4405:
4358:
4265:
4097:
4061:
4031:
3944:
3917:
3884:
3861:Tibetan Plateau
3856:Rongbuk Glacier
3842:Yarlung Tsangpo
3765:
3678:
3605:Batang uprising
3527:
3521:
3474:
3468:Khoshut Khanate
3456:Ganden Phodrang
3451:Tsangpa dynasty
3437:
3417:
3407:
3389:
3379:
3356:
3350:Yarlung dynasty
3338:
3325:
3285:
3276:
3246:
3241:
3213:
3181:
3172:
3153:Northern Cyprus
3139:
3132:
2874:
2869:
2839:
2834:
2786:
2750:
2669:Other religions
2664:
2655:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2514:
2513:
2496:
2492:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2463:
2459:
2450:
2448:
2447:. 11 March 2014
2437:
2436:
2432:
2418:
2414:
2406:by Sophie Yan,
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2375:
2371:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2342:
2338:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2288:
2284:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2214:"Archived copy"
2212:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2133:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:, 1906), p. 70.
2058:
2054:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2007:
1999:. äșćäșșæ°ćșç瀟: ææ.
1993:
1989:
1974:
1970:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1928:
1924:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1884:
1877:
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1096:
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1085:Wayback Machine
1074:
1070:
1054:
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1034:
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1018:
1016:
1000:
996:
979:
975:
962:
958:
953:
936:
928:
922:
901:With regard to
736:church in Lhasa
704:kingdom of Guge
690:Roman Catholic
659:
653:
588:
585:
582:
579:
561:
559:Tibetan Muslims
540:
486:
480:
347:Buryat Republic
326:
277:
183:
177:
76:
75:
74:
73:
65:
63:
55:
53:
45:
43:
35:
33:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5343:
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5247:
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5242:
5239:
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5230:
5228:Dorothy Spicer
5225:
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5210:
5208:Albert Shelton
5205:
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5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5163:
5158:
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5148:
5143:
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5118:
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5098:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5081:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5058:within Sichuan
5049:
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5036:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5010:
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4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4943:
4941:Maurice Tornay
4938:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4904:
4892:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4809:Johann Grueber
4806:
4794:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
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4716:
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4672:
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4637:
4618:
4614:within Sichuan
4606:
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4582:
4563:
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4551:within Sichuan
4542:
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4362:
4352:
4347:
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4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4316:
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4310:
4308:wall paintings
4305:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4275:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4239:Tibetan people
4236:
4234:Social classes
4231:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4198:
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3877:
3876:
3875:
3874:
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3871:Nature Reserve
3858:
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3542:
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3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3510:PRC annexation
3502:
3501:
3500:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3470:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3453:
3448:
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3428:
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3398:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3311:List of rulers
3308:
3302:
3300:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3275:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3243:
3242:
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3229:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3185:
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3174:
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3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
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3095:
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3085:
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3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
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3040:
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3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
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2965:
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2884:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2777:Inner Mongolia
2774:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2634:Roman Catholic
2631:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2566:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2543:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2511:
2490:
2477:
2457:
2430:
2428:, 5 Apr. 2015.
2412:
2396:
2369:
2356:
2336:
2334:pages 247â248.
2315:
2302:
2282:
2269:
2250:
2205:
2195:
2182:
2173:
2163:
2142:
2122:Lin Hsiao-ting
2113:
2104:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2052:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2005:
1987:
1968:
1950:
1922:
1904:
1875:
1862:
1853:Women in Tibet
1842:
1824:
1811:
1798:
1785:
1765:
1752:
1732:
1719:
1706:
1693:
1673:
1660:
1640:
1627:
1607:
1594:
1574:
1561:
1541:
1517:
1510:
1489:
1475:
1462:
1442:
1429:
1409:
1396:
1376:
1363:
1343:
1330:
1310:
1297:
1277:
1264:
1244:
1231:
1211:
1198:
1178:
1153:
1140:
1114:
1090:
1068:
1048:
1028:
1014:
994:
973:
955:
954:
952:
949:
948:
947:
942:
935:
932:
921:
918:
844:Maurice Tornay
728:Johann Grueber
652:
649:
595:who adhere to
557:Main article:
539:
536:
482:Main article:
479:
476:
475:
474:
454:
434:
417:, headed by a
398:
322:Main article:
276:
273:
244:The Brilliance
179:Main article:
176:
173:
64:
54:
44:
34:
24:
20:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5342:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5275:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5243:Tibetan Bible
5240:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5223:Theo SĂžrensen
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5183:George Parker
5181:
5179:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5121:James Cameron
5119:
5117:
5116:Geoffrey Bull
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5067:
5059:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5029:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4960:
4952:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4835:
4830:
4829:Angelin Lovey
4827:
4825:
4824:Nicolas Krick
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4803:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4713:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4659:
4651:
4650:within Yunnan
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4633:within Yunnan
4627:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4597:within Yunnan
4591:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4578:within Yunnan
4572:
4567:
4564:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4533:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4507:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4472:
4467:
4465:
4460:
4458:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4424:
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4417:
4416:
4412:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
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4389:
4385:
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4380:
4379:
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4368:
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4353:
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4341:
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4321:
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4309:
4306:
4304:
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4299:
4298:
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4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4260:
4257:
4255:
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4250:
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4245:
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4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
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4227:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4207:
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4202:
4199:
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4190:
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4186:
4185:
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4180:
4177:
4176:
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4157:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4123:
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4115:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3979:
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3974:
3971:
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3524:
3516:
3513:
3511:
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3163:South Ossetia
3161:
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2559:
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2534:
2529:
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2522:
2521:
2518:
2509:, pp. 125â138
2508:
2507:81-208-0262-4
2504:
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2461:
2446:
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2409:
2408:The Telegraph
2405:
2400:
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2246:
2240:
2226:on 2016-02-03
2222:
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2101:
2096:
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2069:
2062:
2061:Alston Rivers
2056:
2050:
2049:90-04-12866-2
2046:
2042:
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2034:
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2016:
2008:
2002:
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1991:
1983:
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1511:1-85168-066-7
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:Conze, Edward
1493:
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1065:
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1051:
1049:9781000612288
1045:
1041:
1040:
1032:
1017:
1015:9789937506113
1011:
1007:
1006:
998:
991:
987:
984:. JISMOR, 8.
983:
980:Min Junqing.
977:
970:
965:
960:
956:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
931:
927:
926:Mount Kailash
917:
915:
911:
908:
907:Caesaropapism
904:
903:Protestantism
899:
897:
894:
890:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
861:
857:
853:
849:
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813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
767:Christian God
764:
760:
759:reincarnation
756:
752:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
721:Tsang kingdom
718:
714:
709:
708:western Tibet
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
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544:
535:
533:
529:
524:
522:
521:Tingri County
518:
517:Mount Everest
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
496:. There is a
495:
491:
485:
472:
471:Sakya Pandita
468:
464:
460:
459:
455:
452:
448:
447:Padmasambhava
444:
440:
439:
435:
432:
428:
427:Kalu Rinpoche
424:
423:Shangpa Kagyu
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:
399:
396:
392:
391:Je Tsongkhapa
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:Way of Virtue
372:
371:
367:
366:
365:
363:
358:
356:
353:, and in the
352:
351:Tuva Republic
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
325:
317:
313:
309:
305:
298:
293:
286:
281:
272:
270:
264:
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257:
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250:
245:
240:
234:
229:
228:Tonpa Shenrab
224:
218:
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206:
204:
200:
196:
187:
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158:
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107:
103:
99:
92:
88:
84:
80:
71:
61:
51:
41:
31:
23:
5297:
5290:
5266:Yoseb Gergan
5070:Missionaries
4907:Louis Schram
4883:Julien Rabin
4797:Francis Goré
4775:Joseph Gabet
4748:Armand David
4736:Nuño Coresma
4662:Missionaries
4506:Main article
4491:Main article
4478:Christianity
4376:
4369:
4355:
4303:sand mandala
4295:
4288:
4229:Sinicization
4201:Panchen Lama
4196:Lhamo La-tso
4179:Ganden Tripa
4126:
3973:Human rights
3847:Grand Canyon
3827:Namcha Barwa
3820: /
3498:Tibetan Army
3396:Guge kingdom
3178:Dependencies
3108:Turkmenistan
3073:Saudi Arabia
2822:
2781:
2676:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
2624:Christianity
2592:Confucianism
2498:
2493:
2482:. Retrieved
2467:
2460:
2449:. Retrieved
2442:
2433:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2387:. Retrieved
2382:
2372:
2361:. Retrieved
2346:
2339:
2325:
2318:
2307:. Retrieved
2292:
2285:
2274:. Retrieved
2259:
2253:
2228:. Retrieved
2221:the original
2208:
2198:
2185:
2176:
2166:
2155:. Retrieved
2153:. 2009-11-05
2145:
2134:. Retrieved
2130:the original
2116:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2055:
2038:
2033:
2024:
2015:
1996:
1990:
1982:Nepali Times
1981:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1941:. Retrieved
1937:Aramco World
1935:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1895:. Retrieved
1892:The Diplomat
1891:
1867:. Retrieved
1852:
1845:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1814:
1801:
1790:. Retrieved
1775:
1768:
1757:. Retrieved
1742:
1735:
1730:. 2013-03-13
1722:
1709:
1698:. Retrieved
1683:
1676:
1665:. Retrieved
1650:
1643:
1632:. Retrieved
1617:
1610:
1599:. Retrieved
1584:
1577:
1566:. Retrieved
1551:
1544:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:
1520:
1504:. Oneworld.
1501:
1492:
1478:
1467:. Retrieved
1452:
1445:
1434:. Retrieved
1419:
1412:
1401:. Retrieved
1386:
1379:
1368:. Retrieved
1353:
1346:
1335:. Retrieved
1320:
1313:
1302:. Retrieved
1287:
1280:
1269:. Retrieved
1254:
1247:
1236:. Retrieved
1221:
1214:
1203:. Retrieved
1188:
1181:
1170:. Retrieved
1168:. 2015-12-03
1165:
1156:
1151:. 2014-11-04
1143:
1134:
1127:. Retrieved
1117:
1109:
1097:Shenyu Lin.
1093:
1076:
1071:
1061:
1060:
1053:. Retrieved
1038:
1031:
1019:. Retrieved
1004:
997:
989:
981:
976:
967:
959:
929:
900:
891:and the pro-
871:
833:
829:André Soulié
822:
800:walked from
795:
725:
689:
681:Karma Pakshi
670:
651:Christianity
564:
562:
547:Great Mosque
525:
514:
510:Qing dynasty
488:Most of the
487:
467:Sakya Trizin
462:
456:
442:
436:
407:Oral Lineage
406:
400:
383:Ganden Tripa
378:
374:
368:
361:
359:
343:Yuan Dynasty
341:(During the
327:
295:Interior of
265:
254:
243:
207:
192:
181:Bön in Tibet
169:Confucianism
156:
142:
97:
95:
70:Christianity
21:
5169: [
5146:Maria Heyde
5111:H. A. Baker
5004: [
4949: [
4932: [
4910: [
4898: [
4886: [
4854: [
4832: [
4800: [
4788: [
4766: [
4739: [
4727: [
4710: [
4678: [
4624: [
4588: [
4569: [
4313:wall murals
4217:Catholicism
3801:Environment
3475:(1720â1912)
3438:(1368â1644)
3418:(1270â1350)
3339:(Neolithic)
3337:Prehistory
3237:Asia portal
3138:States with
3058:Philippines
2998:South Korea
2993:North Korea
2888:Afghanistan
2716:Manichaeism
2444:China Daily
905:, both the
884:, both the
823:During the
685:Karma Kagyu
677:Möngke Khan
645:Han Chinese
641:Hui Muslims
528:Amdo County
490:Han Chinese
438:Nyingma(pa)
415:Karma Kagyu
239:nyan brgyud
5033:Protestant
4697:FĂ©lix Biet
4396:Tibetology
4365:Literature
4184:Dalai Lama
4037:Government
3995:Tibet Area
3990:Golden Urn
3956:Parliament
3481:Lifan Yuan
3408:(960â1279)
3345:Zhangzhung
3330:Chronology
3118:Uzbekistan
3093:Tajikistan
3008:Kyrgyzstan
2988:Kazakhstan
2908:Bangladesh
2898:Azerbaijan
2651:Falun Gong
2629:Protestant
2484:2024-03-14
2451:2022-01-16
2363:2024-03-14
2309:2024-03-14
2276:2024-03-14
2230:2016-01-28
2157:2009-03-11
2136:2010-03-26
1897:1 December
1869:2024-03-14
1792:2024-03-14
1759:2024-03-14
1700:2024-03-14
1667:2024-03-14
1634:2024-03-14
1601:2024-03-14
1568:2024-03-14
1535:2024-05-10
1469:2024-03-14
1436:2024-03-14
1403:2024-03-14
1370:2024-03-14
1337:2024-03-14
1304:2024-03-14
1271:2024-05-10
1238:2024-03-14
1205:2024-03-14
1172:2024-05-10
1129:7 November
1055:7 November
1021:7 November
951:References
924:See also:
872:As far as
852:Dalai Lama
673:Nestorians
655:See also:
647:majority.
463:Grey Earth
387:Dalai Lama
379:Yellow Hat
308:Yak butter
132:religion,
5161:Karl Marx
5045:buildings
4991:Moxi Town
4538:buildings
4378:Chronicle
4340:Festivals
4152:Dpon-chen
4122:Languages
4117:Education
3866:Changtang
3808:Mountains
3775:Geography
3683:Documents
3528:conflicts
3380:(618â907)
3299:Overviews
3204:Hong Kong
3158:Palestine
3083:Sri Lanka
3078:Singapore
2958:Indonesia
2772:Northeast
2762:Hong Kong
2755:By region
2696:Dongbaism
2681:Benzhuism
1943:8 January
863:beatified
802:Chongqing
763:emptiness
696:Capuchins
629:recognize
627:does not
601:Kashmiris
586:Kashmiris
458:Sakya(pa)
402:Kagyu(pa)
370:Gelug(pa)
335:Vajrayana
269:shamanism
249:gzi brjid
223:gzi brjid
149:Confucius
130:animistic
112:(TAR) of
100:has been
96:The main
5324:Category
4500:Catholic
4436:Category
4320:Calendar
4254:Diaspora
4127:Religion
3931:Politics
3832:Tanggula
3822:Changtse
3526:Wars and
3401:Tsongkha
3363:Timeline
3306:Timeline
3283:articles
3227:Category
3148:Abkhazia
3098:Thailand
3053:Pakistan
3033:Mongolia
3028:Maldives
3023:Malaysia
2923:Cambodia
2701:Hinduism
2639:Orthodox
2602:Buddhism
2389:24 April
2239:cite web
2171:347â348.
1917:BBC News
1500:(1993).
1102:Archived
1081:Archived
934:See also
920:Hinduism
633:Buddhism
605:Ladakhis
593:Tibetans
339:Mongolia
331:Mahayana
316:Gyangtse
283:View of
258:visited
246:(Wylie:
217:gzer mig
211:mdo 'dus
199:shamanic
145:Tibetans
126:shamanic
106:Tibetans
102:Buddhism
91:Shigatse
83:Maitreya
5278:Related
5080:mission
4963:Related
4518:Diocese
4420:Outline
4384:writers
4325:Cuisine
4290:thangka
4271:Culture
4244:Changpa
4159:Nyingma
4106:Society
4071:Economy
3906:Ă-Tsang
3880:Valleys
3838:Rivers
3813:Kailash
3373:Lönchen
3355:Empire
3291:History
3123:Vietnam
3038:Myanmar
3018:Lebanon
2948:Georgia
2903:Bahrain
2893:Armenia
2791:Related
2741:Sikhism
2706:Judaism
2686:Bimoism
1959:"Tibet"
1166:ææșäžćœè„żèçœ
893:Vatican
791:Gelugpa
787:Karmapa
740:Italian
692:Jesuits
609:Nepalis
591:), are
580:
569:Tibetan
419:Karmapa
411:Gampopa
395:Kadampa
285:Jokhang
233:gter ma
195:animist
165:atheist
159:) with
153:Tibetan
122:Sichuan
118:Qinghai
72:(0.02%)
42:(12.5%)
32:(78.5%)
5043:Church
4536:Church
4371:Annals
4335:Emblem
4297:tsakli
4169:Jonang
3818:Lhotse
3762:(2008)
3461:Kashag
3281:
3168:Taiwan
3103:Turkey
3068:Russia
3003:Kuwait
2983:Jordan
2973:Israel
2933:Cyprus
2918:Brunei
2913:Bhutan
2597:Taoism
2505:
2475:
2354:
2300:
2267:
2203:62â63.
2047:
2003:
1860:
1783:
1750:
1691:
1658:
1625:
1592:
1559:
1508:
1460:
1427:
1394:
1361:
1328:
1295:
1262:
1229:
1196:
1046:
1012:
867:martyr
806:Batang
783:vinaya
779:dharma
732:Sining
717:Ladakh
623:. The
607:, and
565:Khache
502:Guandi
431:Naropa
349:, the
260:Kongpo
220:, and
203:nature
68:
66:
62:(0.4%)
58:
56:
48:
46:
38:
36:
28:
26:
5173:]
5008:]
4953:]
4936:]
4914:]
4902:]
4890:]
4858:]
4836:]
4804:]
4792:]
4770:]
4743:]
4731:]
4714:]
4682:]
4628:]
4592:]
4573:]
4482:Tibet
4427:Index
4391:Music
4356:Khata
4259:Names
4249:Yolmo
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