Religion in Turkey

2866:. Nevertheless, the Turkish state's interpretation of secularism has reportedly resulted in religious freedom violations for some of its non-Muslim citizens. The 2009 U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom report placed Turkey on its watchlist with countries such as Afghanistan, Cuba, the Russian Federation, and Venezuela. Nevertheless, according to this report, the situation for Jews in Turkey is better than in other majority Muslim countries. Jews report being able to worship freely and their places of worship having the protection of the government when required. Jews also operate their own schools, hospitals, two elderly homes, welfare institutions, as well as a newspaper. Despite this, concerns have arisen in recent years because of 1648: 1628: 1898: 1917: 2799: 2432: 341: 2628: 2903:, who has a government-recognized role), and there is no seminary in Turkey to educate its clerics since the closure of the last remaining seminar by the state, as only 65,000 Armenian Orthodox people live in Turkey. In 2006, the Armenian Patriarch submitted a proposal to the Minister of Education to enable his community to establish a faculty in the Armenian language at a state university with instruction by the Patriarch. Under current restrictions, only the Sunni Muslim community can legally operate institutions to train new clergy in Turkey for future leadership. 1640: 3496:, summarizes the question by talking of "a subtle Islamisation of society and politics in everyday life through the debates on the headscarf issue, Imam Hatip schools, faith communities and Alevism, the rise of an Islamic bourgeoisie with its roots in Anatolian culture, the emergence of consumerist lifestyles, not only among the secular segments of the Turkish society but also among Islamists, and, finally, the weakening of the legitimacy of the Turkish military as ‘the guardian of national unity and the laicist order’." 2888:. The government strongly condemned the killing. A 16-year-old boy was subsequently charged with the murder and sentenced to 19 years in prison. In December 2007, a 19-year-old stabbed a Catholic priest outside a church in İzmir; the priest was treated and released the following day. According to newspaper reports, the assailant, who was arrested soon afterward, admitted that he had been influenced by a recent television program that depicted Christian missionaries as "infiltrators" who took advantage of poor people. 1928: 2810: 3678:

anecdotes appear to point in this direction. Although some commentators claim the secularisation is merely a result of Western influence or even a "conspiracy", most commentators, even some pro-government ones, have come to conclude that "the real reason for the loss of faith in Islam is not the West but Turkey itself: It is a reaction to all the corruption, arrogance, narrow-mindedness, bigotry, cruelty and crudeness displayed in the name of Islam." Especially when the

9938: 9503: 9527: 28: 1943: 9948: 9491: 8381: 8170: 9539: 2609: 9515: 3686:, the authors, who say that "a significant portion of society, particularly younger individuals, believes in God but distances themselves from religious institutions and practices", conclude that despite deism having some attraction among university students in particular (highest of 15% among BA students), in the overall society "the prevalence of deism in Türkiye is estimated to be less than 2%." 3471:(AKP), has been discussed for the past several years. Many see Turkish society moving towards a more hardline Islamic identity and country, citing increasing religious criticisms against what is considered immoral behaviour and government policies seen as enforcing conservative Islamic morality, as well as the controversial 3649:

Christian, Jewish, Zoroastrian, Alawite, Shafi’i, religious and non-religious, atheist and agnostic backgrounds, all joined with a firm belief in secularism, find your recent remarks about raising a religious and conservative youth most alarming and dangerous" was signed by over 2,000 people. The pro-government newspaper

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allowing women to wear headscarves in Turkish universities while upholding the prohibition of symbols of other religions in that context. Further changes saw the ban eliminated in some government buildings including parliament the next year, followed by the police forces and, finally, the military in 2017.

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According to Pew in 2020, 89% of Turks say religion plays an important role in their life (71% very important, 18% somewhat important), and 8% say religion doesn't play an important role in their life (3% not at all important, 5% not too important), 75% of Turks also say it is necessary to believe in

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but involving Turkish academics from other institutions as well, the researchers, who insisted on their methodology so to have a nationally representative survey, found out that irreligiosity in the general population stood at 5.7% (including 1.5% for atheism) while it was 6% for those aged 25-34 and

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Another recent poll by OPTİMAR which interviewed 3,500 people in 26 cities, included a question about belief in God and found that 89.5% of the Turkish population believed in God, 4.5% believed in God but did not belong to an organized religion, 2.7% were agnostic, 1.7% were atheist, and 1.1% did not

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In a 2022 book chapter, Turkish political scientist S. Erdem Aytaç, while analyzing different nationally representative polls and surveys from 2002, when the AKP rule began, till 2018, when the latest data was available, noted "an increase in subjective religiosity during the AKP rule", as the share

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but involving Turkish academics from other institutions as well, the researchers, found that 94% of those who took part in the survey Identified as believing in God and 1.5% didn't believe in god, 2.5% were not sure god exists and 1.7% didn't believe in a personal god but believed in a higher power.

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Yılmaz Esmer, a Turkish professor, did a survey on radicalism and fundamentalism in the country in 2009, on subjects such as Darwinian evolution (7% believed in it back then), but he noted that the results weren't different from a similar survey done in 1990, thus noting that there has been no real

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by God. According to another poll made in 2019 by OPTİMAR, which interviewed 3,500 people across 26 cities that 89.5% of those who were interviewed declared they believe in God while 4.5% said they believe in a God but do not believe in a religion. Since there is stigma attached to being an atheist

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ran a story stating "no one has the right to convert this society into a religious one, or the opposite." Surveys of the Turkish people also show a great support for maintaining secular lifestyles. The Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation found that only 9% of Turks supported a religious

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passed legislation that bans all forms of advertising for alcoholic beverages and tightened restrictions on alcohol sales. This also includes the censoring of images on television, usually implemented by blurring, historically implemented by CNBC-e as flower placement. The law was sponsored by the

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saying that he hoped that the Patriarch's remarks had been a "slip of the tongue". In response to the government's criticism, Bartholomew's lawyer said when the patriarchate was criticizing government, he was referring to the state, not the AKP government in particular. Prime Minister Erdoğan said

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Subsequently, the issue formed a core of Recep Tayyip Erdogan's first campaign for the presidency in 2007, arguing that it was an issue of human rights and freedoms Following his victory, the ban was eliminated in a series of legislative acts starting with an amendment to the constitution in 2008

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According to a survey by the pollster KONDA, the percentage of atheists in Turkey has tripled in 10 years and rose from 1% in 2008 to 3% in 2018, the percentage of non-believers or agnostics rose from 1% to 2%, and that 90% of irreligious Turks were under 35 years old. The survey was conducted in

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noted the deist trend a year earlier, arguing that the "very archaic, dogmatic notion of religion" held by the majority of those claiming to represent Islam was causing "the new generations indifferent, even distant, to the Islamic worldview." Despite lacking reliable statistical data, numerous

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Many also see interest and support of secularism in Turkey as increasing, not decreasing. After Erdogan made a statement in January 2012 about his desire to "raise a religious youth," politicians of all parties condemned his statements as abandoning Turkish values. A petition reading "f Muslim,

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and similar theopolitical symbolic garments was prohibited in universities and other public contexts such as military or police service. As a specific incarnation of an otherwise abstract principle, it accrued symbolic importance among both proponents and opponents of secularism and became the

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Turkey doesn't conduct censuses about religious denominations. Although 99.8% of the population initially were registered as Muslims, academic research and polls give different results of the percentage of Muslims which are sometimes lower, most of which are above the 90% range. Traditionally

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for individuals, whereas the religious communities are placed under the protection and jurisdiction of the state and cannot become involved in the political process (e.g. by forming a religious party) or establish faith-based schools. No political party can claim that it represents a form of

1732:, are other sects that have significant population in Turkey. It's hard to estimate an exact number for religious minorities since Turkey doesn't conduct censuses about religious denominations. Although the Shia population of Turkey varies according to different sources from 4% to 10%. 387:. The extent to which other religions are covered depends on the school. These policies have been met with controversy and criticism by both the foreign media and the Turkish public. The high school curriculum, however, teaches religious studies through a philosophy ( 316:

to any religion, but they are officially classified as 'Muslim' in official records unless they make a contrary claim. These records can be changed or even blanked out on the request of the citizen (by filing an e-government application since May 2020) using a valid

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In 2022, Freedom House rated Turkey’s religious freedom as 2 out of 4, noting that apart from Sunni Islam, Judaism, Orthodox Christianity and Armenian Christianity are officially recognized, but there are regular disputes regarding property and training of clerics.

2194:, opened on 8 October 2023, is the first church built since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey. There is a small ethnic Turkish Protestant Christian community include about 4,000–5,000 adherents, most of them came from Muslim Turkish background. Around 18,000 5902: 4765: 2249:

The percentage of Christians in Turkey fell from 17.5% (three million followers) in a population of 16 million to 2.5% percent in 1927. The drop was the result of events that had a significant impact on the country's demographic structure, such as the

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According to a poll made by MAK, which interviewed 5,400 people in face-to-face through the country, 86% of the Turkish population declared they believe in God and 76% declared they believe the Quran and other holy books came through revelation by God.

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imams by paying taxes to the state, while their places of worship, which are not officially recognized, do not receive any state funding. The Presidency of Religious Affairs' budget rose from US$ 0.9 billion for the year 2006 to $ 2.5 billion in 2012.

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The government of Erdoğan and the AKP pursue the explicit policy agenda of Islamization of education to "raise a devout generation" against secular resistance, in the process causing lost jobs and school for many non-religious citizens of Turkey.

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survey conducted in 2017, which interviewed 17,180 adults across 22 countries polls showed that 82% of Turkey was Muslim and 7% of those who were interviewed from Turkey followed no religion whereas 6% identified as "Spiritual but not religious".

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that "When it comes to the question, 'Are you recognizing as ecumenical?', I wouldn't be annoyed by it . Since it did not annoy my ancestors, it will not annoy me, either. But it may annoy some in my country." The Greek Orthodox orphanage in

3604:, endowed by Sultan Mehmed, had designated the site a mosque; proponents of the decision argued the Hagia Sophia was the personal property of the sultan. This redesignation is controversial, invoking condemnation from the Turkish opposition, 2508:), whose purpose is stated by law "to execute the works concerning the beliefs, worship, and ethics of Islam, enlighten the public about their religion, and administer the sacred worshiping places". The institution, commonly known simply as 6597: 4302: 2307:

is also one of the small religious minorities in Turkey. The interest in Tengrism, which is the old Turkic religion, has been increasing in recent years and the number of people who consider themselves Tengrists has increased.

6066: 3627:, held a sword in his hand, symbolizing a tradition of conquest. This was perceived as a branding of the non-Muslim population of Turkey, especially the Greek Orthodox as "re-conquered subjects and second-class citizens". 7548: 5891: 4754: 7755: 2403:

11% for those aged 18-24. Looking more specifically at the "typologies of belief and religiosity", the same report shows that among the 18-24, 18.4% are "devout Muslims", 39.9% are "mainstream Muslims", 29.1% are "

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community of Turkey declined precipitously during the 20th century. Most of them have immigrated to Europe, particularly Germany; those who remain reside primarily in villages in their former heartland of

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to be converted into a mosque. Similar to the Hagia Sophia, it had earlier been converted from a Church to a Mosque in 1453, and then into a museum known as the Kariye Museum after the Second World War.

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In 2013, several books that were previously recommended for classroom use were found to be rewritten to include more Islamic themes, without the Ministry of Education's consent. Traditional stories of

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During his speech announcing the conversion of the monument, Erdoğan highlighted how the conversion would gratify the "spirit of conquest" of Mehmet II, and during the first sermon on 24 July 2020,

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and the observance of Islamic practices experienced a substantial revival. In the early 2000s (decade), Islamic groups challenged the concept of a secular state with increasing vigor after

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and the observance of Islamic practices experienced a substantial revival. In the early 2000s, Islamic groups challenged the concept of a secular state with increasing vigour after

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For most of the 20th century, Turkish law prohibited the wearing of headscarves and similar garments of religious symbolism in public governmental institutions. The law became a

7540: 5718: 4641:"Les minorités non musulmanes en Turquie : "certains rapports d'ONG parlent d'une logique d'attrition", observe Jean-Paul Burdy – Observatoire de la vie politique turque" 7751: 3654:

state in 2006. A more recent 2015 poll by Metropoll found that over 80% of Turkish people supported the continuation of Turkey as a secular state, with even the majority of

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Beginning in the 1980s, the role of religion in the state has been a divisive issue, as influential religious factions challenged the complete secularization called for by

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Beginning in the 1980s, the role of religion in the state has been a divisive issue, as influential religious factions challenged the complete secularization called for by

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As of today, there are thousands of historical mosques throughout the country which are still active. Notable mosques built in the Seljuk and Ottoman periods include the

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While the state is officially secular, all primary and secondary schools have been required to teach religious studies since 1982, and the curriculum focuses mainly on

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Another poll conducted by Gezici Araştırma in 2020 found that across 12 provinces and 18 districts in Turkey with the sample size of 1,062 people stated that 28.5% of

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Turkey through face-to-face interviews with 5,793 people in their households, in April, 2018 while in 2008 6,482 people were interviewed in face-to-face in Turkey.

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of "non-devout" respondents fell from 44% in 2002 to 28% in 2018 while the "devout" rose from 32% to 42% and the "very devout" from 24% to 30% during these years.

418:, the predecessor of today's Turkey, the Ottoman Empire, had 20% of the population as non-Muslims. The non-Muslim population significantly decreased following the 7237: 9383: 6088: 4880: 380:

some member states questioned whether a Muslim country would fit in. Turkish politicians have accused the country's EU opponents of favoring a "Christian club".

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were rewritten to include characters that wished each other a "God-blessed morning" and statements that included "in Allah's Name"; in one rewrite, one of the

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Islam arrived in the region that comprises present-day Turkey, particularly the eastern provinces of the country, as early as the 7th century. The mainstream

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In August 2020, just a month after the Hagia Sophia, the president of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ordered the ancient Orthodox Church, the 1,000 year old

2602:, are not recognized officially. In 2013, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Turkey had discriminated against the religious freedom of Alevis. 7849: 5419: 4089: 3665:

An early April 2018 report of the Turkish Ministry of Education, titled "The Youth is Sliding to Deism", observed that an increasing number of pupils in

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ordered the reclassification of Hagia Sophia as a mosque. The 1934 decree was ruled to be unlawful under both Ottoman and Turkish law as Hagia Sophia's

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in the traditional hierarchy of Orthodox Christianity, said that he felt "crucified" living in Turkey under a government that did not recognize the

8158: 8078: 7690: 7217: 6972: 6359: 6013: 4674: 4445: 4061: 3673:. The report's publication generated large-scale controversy amongst conservative Muslim groups in Turkish society. Progressive Islamic theologian 2880:

have also occasionally been subjected to violent societal attacks. In February 2006, an Italian Catholic priest was shot to death in his church in

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to sign the electronic application. According to the state, 99.8% of the population is initially registered as Muslim. The remaining 0.2% are

9046: 7998: 5751: 5235: 4828: 3705: 2885: 2255: 423: 6876: 2716:, based in Istanbul. These groups have also criticized the Presidency of Religious Affairs for only financially supporting Islam in Turkey. 2466:

religious belief; nevertheless, religious sensibilities are generally represented through conservative parties. For decades, the wearing of

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on the school's educational curricula; whereas the Turkish government wants the school to operate as a branch of the Faculty of Theology at

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that mandated that Turkey had no official state religion and that the government and the state were to be free of religious influence. The

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Aytaç, Selim Erdem (2022). "Religiosity and Political Attitudes in Turkey during the AKP Era". In Cammett, Melani; Jones, Pauline (eds.).

5326:"TURKEY: Protestant church closed down - Church In Chains - Ireland :: An Irish voice for suffering, persecuted Christians Worldwide" 6152: 5128: 4249: 3690:"recent Islamic resurgence encouraged by the rule of the AKP", just that religiosity was always there but now "has become more visible." 1157: 7777: 7187: 6690: 6649: 5567: 4552: 4141:["Faith and Religiosity in Turkey" research was published: Have we become religious or secularized?] (in Turkish). indyturk.com. 2297:. Baháʼís cannot register with the government officially, but there are probably 10 to 20 thousand Baháʼís, and around a hundred Baháʼí 9182: 8583: 8331: 6862: 5589: 5506: 5381: 4798: 3943: 309: 6716: 6461: 5728: 4227: 6900: 4692: 4446:"La Présidence des affaires religieuses (Diyanet): au carrefour de l'islam, de l'action étatique et de la politique étrangère turque" 3887: 3710: 2824: 2223: 2021: 1044: 1017: 8980: 3674: 2820: 6428: 6349:

Samim Akgönül – Religions de Turquie, religions des Turcs: nouveaux acteurs dans l'Europe élargie – L'Harmattan – 2005 – 196 pages

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Islamists are in power to enforce Islam upon society, this is making citizens turn their back on it. However, in the 2023 report

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According to a poll made by MAK in 2017, 86% of the Turkish population declared they believe in God. 76% declared they believe

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Karaveli, Halil (2013). "An Unfulfilled Promise: Kemalism and its Liberal Critics". In Rubin, Barry; Yesilada, Birol (eds.).

7932: 7269: 6519: 6400: 5632: 5302: 5106: 4395: 4106: 7668: 7638: 6545: 6272: 5983: 5847: 5532: 9827: 9577: 8492: 8347: 8151: 7909: 6209: 6122: 3944:"An alternative reading of religion and authoritarianism: the new logic between religion and state in the AKP's New Turkey" 3824: 3489:

and politics. Critics argue that Turkish public institutions, once staunchly secular, are shifting in favour of Islamists.

2699: 2567:(1923), recognizes the civil, political, and cultural rights of non-Muslim minorities. In practice, Turkey only recognizes 2124: 2078: 2040: 304:. Published data on the proportion of people in Turkey who follow Islam vary. Because the government registers everyone as 4448:[Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet): At the Crossroads of Islam, State action, and Turkish foreign policy] 10112: 8939: 8654: 8480: 7871: 4583: 2326:

starting from the late 19th century. There are additional communities in Russia and Germany due to recent migration. The

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This financing only covers the staff and permits. Electricity, water and other expenses are covered by citizen donations.

7234: 10042: 9872: 9430: 8970: 8960: 5667: 5155:"Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Nefret suçlarına göz yumanlar, farklı kültürlerin bir arada yaşama iradesini dinamitlemektedir" 3594:'s 1934 decision to establish the museum, revoking the monument's status, and a subsequent decree by Turkish president 2763: 2274:

of 6–7 September 1955), were other important events that contributed to the decline of Turkey's non-Muslim population.

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in Istanbul. There are also many historical churches which have been transformed into mosques or museums, such as the

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The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and Turkey is a party to the European Convention on Human Rights.

2482: 2191: 391:) course and incorporates more information about other religions. The country also has public Islamic schools called 5813: 3857: 2605:

With more than 100,000 employees, the Presidency of Religious Affairs has been described as state within the state.

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consists of various religious beliefs. While Turkey is officially a secular state, numerous surveys all show that

10387: 10382: 9088: 8536: 8144: 3760: 2656: 2622: 2497: 2458: 2163: 2098: 1801: 1183: 162: 7968: 1647: 414:(AKP) came into power in 2002. Turkey was historically a religiously diverse country in the past. On the eve of 10356: 10249: 10062: 9230: 8927: 8882: 8796: 8774: 8687: 5953: 5325: 4652: 4368: 3542: 2948: 2892: 2478: 2143: 1836: 225: 7841: 5411: 3730: 3541:

in the public discourse, culminating in an early effort to see the law overturned by the Grand Chamber of the

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in Myra, among many others. 20 existing churches have been repaired by the government since 2002, such as the

1888: 10315: 10087: 9662: 9319: 9036: 8757: 8230: 7386: 5877: 5009: 3755: 3725: 2787: 2426: 2063: 2002: 1884: 1627: 899: 8166: 7752:"Former Byzantine churches are being converted to mosques – this threatens Istanbul's cosmopolitan identity" 7293: 7261:

Civil Society, Religion, and the Nation: Modernization in Intercultural Context : Russia, Japan, Turkey

9908: 9531: 9403: 9098: 8729: 8709: 8086: 3800: 2486: 2449:, with no official state religion. Over the course of the 20th century, it developed a strong tradition of 2159: 2151: 361: 4192: 2266:

on non-Muslims in 1942, the emigration of a portion of Turkish Jews to Israel after 1948, and the ongoing

10377: 10330: 10282: 10174: 10169: 9970: 9867: 9772: 9358: 8985: 8965: 8887: 8811: 8556: 8362: 7541:"Turning Hagia Sophia into museum violated will of its endower, Mehmed the Conquerer, Turkish court says" 5078: 4714: 2516:, and approves all sermons given in mosques in Turkey. The Presidency of Religious Affairs finances only 2457:, with the main distinction being that the Turkish state "openly and publicly controls Islam through its 2195: 2183: 2082: 1632: 266: 8105:

Beyond Positivism: Building Turkish Laiklik in the Transition from the Empire to the Republic (1908–38).

6964: 6063:"Gezici Araştırma Merkezi Başkanı Murat Gezici SÖZCÜ'ye açıkladı: Türkiye'nin kaderi Z kuşağının elinde" 6009: 4453: 1665:

is the religion with the largest community of followers in the country, where most of the population is

9081: 9056: 8934: 8784: 8621: 8609: 8475: 8054: 6882:. European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication. October 2010. p. 204. Archived from 6738: 3765: 7933:"Türkiye'nin Nabzı: Din, Şiddet ve Özgürlük [Pulse of Turkey: Religion, Violence and Freedom]" 7235:

Ban on Head Scarves Voted Out in Turkey: Parliament Lifts 80-Year-Old Restriction on University Attire

5468: 1897: 10287: 10134: 9877: 9259: 8897: 8877: 8524: 4452:(in French). Observatory of Interdisciplinary Research on Contemporary Turkey (OBTIC). Archived from 3795: 3720: 3609: 3587: 2748: 1966: 1932: 1255: 971: 395:, which came to prominence in the 1950s. The schools vary in their curriculum and whether they teach 7600: 1916: 1758: 10292: 10254: 9822: 9787: 9742: 9594: 9570: 9457: 9123: 8821: 8750: 8519: 8262: 7419:"Presidential Decree on the opening of Hagia Sophia to worship promulgated on the Official Gazette" 4728: 2896: 2744: 2740: 2588: 2525: 1844: 1725: 805: 110: 4820: 3547: 2778:

exist in Turkey, as Anatolia was historically home to a large Christian population for centuries.

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that began in the late 19th century and gained pace in the first quarter of the 20th century. The

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Report, only 13% of all Turks believe laws should "strictly follow the teachings of the Qur'an."

2935: 2852: 2798: 2695: 2103: 2032: 1998: 1962: 1920: 1738:, which is the dominant sect of Shia Islam in Turkey, is mostly concentrated in the provinces of 994: 308:

at birth by default, the official statistics can be misleading. There are many people who follow

96: 8566: 5696: 4012:"The politics of population in a nation-building process: emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey" 3595: 3464: 2923: 2691: 2553: 2490: 2431: 1863:

in Divriği, among many others. Large mosques built in the Republic of Turkey period include the

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According to the KONDA Research and Consultancy survey carried out throughout Turkey in 2007:

2179: 2077:. There have been 85 individual patriarchs since establishment of the patriarchate. The first 1234:

In 2018 98.0% Identified as Muslims, while 1.2% Identified with no Religion and 0.8 as other.

10320: 10139: 9918: 9797: 9792: 9672: 9462: 9247: 9237: 9204: 8944: 8767: 8252: 8247: 8120: 6645: 5555: 5292: 4548: 4055: 2951:, the deed to the orphanage was returned to the Ecumenical Patriarchate on 29 November 2010. 2687: 2632: 2155: 2054:

remains closed since 1971 due to the Patriarchate's refusal to accept the supervision of the

663: 8377: 5691: 5657: 5601: 5502: 4790: 4139:""Türkiye'de İnanç ve Dindarlık" araştırması yayımlandı: Dindarlaştık mı, sekülerleştik mi?" 2997: 2356:

is the predominant faith. However, in recent years some secular officials have claimed that

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was amended in 1928. This was later strengthened and entrenched with the wider appliance of

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The rise of Islamic religiosity in Turkey in the last two decades, under the government of

2863: 2450: 2416: 2349: 2344: 2259: 357: 318: 256: 130: 37: 10310: 7346: 7323: 6911: 6671:

Hacaoğlu, Selcan (29 November 2010). "Turkey gives orphanage to Ecumenical Patriarchate".

5469:"'Editors' Introduction: Why a Special Issue?: Disappearing Christians of the Middle East" 4696: 3666: 2931: 2278: 721:), who comprise the non-Muslim religious population, make up more than 0.2% of the total. 392: 340: 8: 10244: 10194: 10154: 10107: 10102: 10092: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10052: 10037: 10032: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 9892: 9837: 9752: 9732: 9617: 9607: 9563: 9274: 9225: 9158: 9108: 9007: 8917: 8865: 8678: 8659: 8445: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8242: 8203: 7391: 6801: 5723: 5236:"Turkish Protestants still face "long path" to religious freedom – The Christian Century" 3770: 3659: 3150: 2731:), the city where "the disciples were first called Christians" according to the biblical 2496:

Despite its official secularism, the Turkish government includes the state agency of the

2462: 2231: 2067: 2059: 1393: 1231: 4549:"cemevi ibadethane kabul edildi Haberleri ve cemevi ibadethane kabul edildi Gelişmeleri" 27: 10335: 10277: 10229: 10209: 10199: 10184: 10179: 10159: 10129: 10097: 10082: 10057: 9993: 9882: 9782: 9717: 9697: 9687: 9647: 9632: 9627: 9445: 9388: 9368: 9281: 9113: 8909: 8831: 8497: 8418: 8413: 8072: 7058: 6416: 4098: 4031: 3974: 3916: 3790: 3785: 3481: 2911: 2756: 2564: 2399: 2175: 2128: 2120: 2036: 1639: 1246: 1195: 1168: 1106: 1056: 1029: 956: 884: 861: 710: 702: 245: 240: 7570: 6837: 6089:"Gezici Araştırma Merkezi Başkanı Murat Gezici: Türkiye'nin kaderi Z kuşağının elinde" 4918: 2939: 2312: 2115:. 75 patriarchs have ruled during the Ottoman period (1461–1908), 4 patriarchs in the 1852: 10224: 10149: 10119: 9947: 9923: 9842: 9802: 9777: 9757: 9692: 9667: 9657: 9642: 9543: 9490: 9452: 9415: 9301: 9286: 9103: 9041: 9028: 9002: 8870: 8801: 8745: 8664: 8457: 8432: 8393: 8257: 8058: 7265: 7211: 7085: 7062: 7050: 6856: 6396: 6181: 5663: 5638: 5628: 5298: 5003: 4668: 4102: 4035: 3978: 3966: 3780: 3591: 2675:

Muslims for not supporting their beliefs and instead favouring only the Sunni faith.

2323: 2251: 2135: 1978: 1829: 1821: 1809: 1743: 1275: 1259: 235: 185: 166: 135: 6739:"Is Belief in God Necessary for Good Values? Global Survey on Religion and Morality" 4731:[There are 5500 protestant Turks] (in Turkish). Hürriyet. 8 September 2014. 2793: 2435: 2263: 1868: 1754: 1712:

order of Islam that is indigenous to Turkey, but also has numerous followers in the

9762: 9727: 9682: 9677: 9586: 9373: 9341: 9163: 9118: 9061: 8714: 8637: 8452: 8272: 8208: 7040: 6328: 4850: 4644: 4023: 3958: 3526: 3233: 2844: 2767: 2671:

and pays the salaries of all Muslim clerics. The directorate is criticized by some

2660: 2627: 2501: 1770: 1746: 1739: 1713: 147: 6511: 6484:"Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom" 5092: 4990:. American Sephardi Federation. 2006. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013 4392: 3962: 2219: 2089:

allowed the establishment of the Patriarchate in 1461, just eight years after the

9507: 9440: 9420: 9351: 9346: 9291: 9264: 9175: 9148: 8826: 8791: 8220: 8193: 8104: 8093: 7660: 7630: 7241: 7045: 7029:"Islamisation of Turkey under the AKP Rule: Empowering Family, Faith and Charity" 7028: 6648:. United States Commission On Security And Cooperation In Europe. 16 March 2005. 6541: 6264: 5928:"Optimar'dan din-inanç anketi: Yüzde 89 Allah'ın varlığına ve birliğine inanıyor" 5839: 4399: 3740: 3735: 2877: 2595: 2404: 2271: 1974: 1864: 1774: 1762: 1721: 1618: 46: 7901: 6201: 6118: 4295:"Le gouvernement turc va restituer des biens saisis à des minorités religieuses" 3000:

in 2006, 98.3% of Turks revealed they were Muslim. Of that, 19% said they were "

9363: 9143: 9066: 8699: 8467: 8428: 8188: 6931: 6145:"EUI Working Papers : RSCAS 2008/20 : Mediterranean Programme Series" 5957: 5786: 3494:

Islamisation of Turkey under the AKP Rule: Empowering Family, Faith and Charity

2813: 2736: 2703: 2537: 2384:

in Turkey, many Turkish atheists communicate with each other via the Internet.

2294: 2286: 2267: 2051: 2017: 2016:, being one of the birthplaces of the latter. Since the 4th century, Istanbul ( 1856: 1786: 1766: 1750: 1267: 706: 377: 349: 158: 139: 7808:"Istanbul: Turkey is converting another former Byzantine church into a mosque" 4574: 4088:

Nişancı, Zübeyir (21 March 2023). Ayşe Betül Aydın; Hatice Nur Keskin (eds.).

4027: 2918:

status of Patriarch and which would like to see his Patriarchate die out. The

2043:. However, the Turkish government does not recognize the ecumenical status of 693:

presence in Turkey there is a small but considerable minority of Muslims with

662:

in 2006, 98.3% of Turks revealed they were Muslim. Most Muslims in Turkey are

10371: 9941: 9495: 9435: 9336: 9076: 9071: 8704: 8649: 8440: 8048: 7994: 7353: 7330: 7054: 5642: 4638: 4485: 3970: 3300: 2944: 2927: 2907: 2840: 2832: 2809: 2047: 1986: 1271: 1251: 334: 8087:

Spirituality and Religion: An Empirical Study Using a Turkish Muslim Sample.

6037:"Turkey's atheists get organized – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East" 3479:

for "insulting Islam" by retweeting a joke about the Islamic Friday prayer.

2211: 1848: 9467: 9425: 9051: 8502: 6646:"The Greek Orthodox Church In Turkey: A Victim Of Systematic Expropriation" 3636: 2938:

enjoyed their religious rights during the AKP's rule, and foreign minister

2732: 2708: 2592: 2568: 2454: 2446: 2388: 2171: 2167: 2013: 1958: 1927: 1179: 1153: 1090: 1067: 1040: 1013: 990: 967: 940: 917: 895: 845: 698: 365: 345: 6542:"Government Spokesman Criticizes Greek Patriarch Over Crucifixion Remarks" 4936: 3620: 3476: 655:

non-Muslim ethnic groups comprise about 0.2% of the country's population.

9951: 9331: 8642: 7450:"Erdogan Signs Decree Allowing Hagia Sophia to Be Used as a Mosque Again" 4535:

The World of the Alevis: Issues of Culture and Identity, Gloria L. Clarke

4479: 3538: 2775: 2713: 2652: 2599: 2116: 2029: 1825: 1797: 1670: 415: 384: 330: 53: 7161:"Turkey's 'devout generation' project means lost jobs, schools for many" 5531:. The Muslim Network for Baháʼí Rights. 13 December 2008. Archived from 4881:"The Bektashis: A Sufi community that still stands for tolerance despit" 3658:

voters supporting a secular state too. Furthermore, according to a 2016

2612:

Diyanet's Budget in 2013 - Source : TBMM, Turkish Parliament, 2013.

2215: 739:

Official recognition through the Constitution or international treaties

8003: 7294:"Recep Tayyip Erdogan: Turkey's elected sultan or an Islamic democrat?" 5097: 3750: 3522: 2915: 2443: 2380: 2270:, which damaged relations between Turks and Greeks (culminating in the 1681: 774: 680: 635: 313: 207: 202: 172: 100: 77: 68: 62: 8051:

Alien Citizens The State and Religious Minorities in Turkey and France

7511:"Turkey's Erdogan says Hagia Sophia becomes mosque after court ruling" 5655: 5181:"Türkiye's 1st Orthodox church built in post-republic era set to open" 1957:

The remainder of the population belongs to other faiths, particularly

1942: 1905: 689:

denominations in total form up to 10% of the Muslim population. Among

9962: 6010:"Atheists, the "Ultimate Other" in Turkey | Inter Press Service" 5659:

The Religion of the Peacock Angel: The Yezidis and Their Spirit World

3518: 3472: 2816: 2572: 2332: 2239: 2139: 2112: 2086: 2044: 1990: 1697: 435:

Muslim and non-Muslim population in Turkey, 1914–2005 (in thousands)

322: 197: 6417:"2013 Yılı Merkezı Yönetım Bütçe Kanunu Tasarısı ve bağlı cetveller" 5329: 4640: 4639:

par Lisa Deheurles-Montmayeur · 18 avril 2010 (18 April 2010).

4360: 3487:

polarization between secular and religious groups in Turkish society

2608: 1820:, and is officially the highest religious authority in the country. 9555: 9187: 8514: 7423:

Presidency of the Republic of Turkey: Directorate of Communications

6388:

La politique turque en question: entre imperfections et adaptations

5352:"Christen in der islamischen Welt – Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte" 4328:"KONDA Toplumsal Değişim Raporu: Türkiye'de inançsızlık yükselişte" 3775: 2802: 2771: 2735:, is located in modern Turkey, as are most of the areas visited by 2636: 2584: 2549: 2533: 2304: 2290: 2235: 2199: 2108: 1909: 1892: 1717: 1705: 1693: 1117: 827: 718: 684: 671: 403: 301: 230: 192: 153: 92: 9197: 5505:. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs. 5075:"The Patriarchate of Constantinople (The Ecumenical Patriarchate)" 4648: 4011: 4009: 3355:"I do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force" 2540:) participate in the financing of the mosques and the salaries of 1631:

Islam is the predominant religion in Turkey. Interior view of the

8100:(pp. 161–176). Leiden: Brill. doi: 10.1163/9789004290884_008 8049:

Ramazan Kılınç, University of Nebraska, Omaha (10 October 2019).

6620:"Greece, Turkey mark a fresh start aimed at eventual partnership" 6594:"Bartholomew crucified, Erdoğan suffers from Hellish torture!(1)" 6419:[2013 Central Government Budget Draft Law and its rules] 6393:

Turkish policy in question: between imperfections and adaptations

6229: 6227: 4473: 3745: 2947:

was closed by the government; however, following a ruling by the

2881: 2728: 2724: 2512:, operates 77,500 mosques, builds new ones, pays the salaries of 2493:

in the 1920s and 1930s further established secularism in Turkey.

2491:

modernizing reforms undertaken by President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

2357: 2319: 2243: 2203: 2094: 2009: 1982: 1782: 1735: 1701: 1652: 1622: 1263: 872: 781: 714: 694: 326: 81: 8096:

In Z. Agilkaya-Sahin, H. Streib, A. Ayten & R. Hood (Eds.),

7691:"World reacts to Turkey reconverting Hagia Sophia into a mosque" 7185: 6295:"T.C. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı – İman – İbadet – Namaz – Ahlak" 3386:"a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations 2774:

Christians took place in the territory that is now Turkey. Many

1808:), which was established in 1924 following the abolition of the 762:

Yes through the Diyanet mentioned in the Constitution (art.136)

352:

in the 6th century by Emperor Justinian of the Byzantine Empire.

9192: 8385: 8380: 8169: 4010:İçduygu, Ahmet; Toktaş, Şule; Ali Soner, B. (1 February 2008). 3605: 3570: 3558: 2848: 2759:

are addressed to recipients in the territory of modern Turkey.

2668: 2648: 2640: 2576: 2529: 2327: 2315: 2207: 1951: 1936: 1813: 1793: 1674: 1666: 1655: 1135: 751: 676: 396: 325:

and adherents of other officially recognised religions such as

305: 104: 87: 58: 7778:"Turkey converts another former Istanbul church into a mosque" 7134:"Erdogan pens education plan for Turkey's 'devout generation'" 6233: 6224: 3107:"I think there is a Creator, but I am not religious." (Deist) 1773:

is the only province of Turkey with an Alevi majority. Ethnic

742:

Government Financing of places of worship and religious staff

348:. Now used as a mosque, this building was originally built in 6294: 5873: 5782:"Atheism grows in Turkey as Recep Tayyip Erdogan urges Islam" 5625:

The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion

5597: 5266:"Christians in eastern Turkey worried despite church opening" 3670: 3485:

published a report about Turkey in 2012, noting an increased

3016:". 3% of Turks declare themselves with no religious beliefs. 2672: 2580: 2541: 2521: 2517: 2467: 2376: 2368: 2361: 2353: 2227: 1947: 1817: 1778: 1692:

while a minority considers it to have different origins (see

1685: 1662: 770: 747: 645: 297: 73: 7107:"Turkish students up in arms over Islamization of education" 5206:"International Institute for Religious Freedom: Single Post" 3630: 3418:"a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" 6460:. U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 2007. 4476: 3600: 2513: 2119:

period (1908–1922) and 6 patriarchs in the current secular

2093:

in 1453. The Patriarch was recognized as the religious and

1709: 1689: 1677: 1095:

Union of the Armenian Evangelical Churches in the Near East

823: 801: 7369:

Turkish president approves amendment lifting headscarf ban

7257: 4214: 4212: 4210: 3492:

Turkish academic Ayhan Kaya, in his 2015 research article

2230:, As of 2019, an estimated 18,000 of the country's 25,000 7571:"Turkey's president formally makes Hagia Sophia a mosque" 6568:"Gül backs minister's criticism of Patriarch Bartholomew" 5382:"Assyrian community thrives again in southeastern Turkey" 5102: 3895: 2899:, also lacks the status of legal personality (unlike the 7347:

Turkey's Constitutional Changes: Much Ado About Nothing?

3825:"e-Devlet'te yeni hizmet: Din değişikliği yapılabilecek" 2966:

Religiosity among Turkish People (KONDA Research, 2021)

2702:

is the head of the Armenian Church in Turkey, while the

2131:(Սահակ Բ. Մաշալեան), who has been in office since 2019. 1688:

faith, thought by most of its adherents to be a form of

7481:"Turkey: Court strikes down Hagia Sophia museum decree" 5616: 5412:"Statistics and Church Facts | Total Church Membership" 5129:"Erdogan opens modern Turkish state's first new church" 4207: 3545:

failing in 2005 when the court deemed it legitimate in

3402:"a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" 7229: 7227: 6936:"Egypt, Turkey, and Tunisia Are All Slowly Islamizing" 5529:"For the first time, Turkish Baháʼí appointed as dean" 4935:. United Nations Population Fund. 2006. Archived from 4443: 3434:

someone who does not believe in religious obligations"

3340:"I believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" 2318:

population of Turkey fled the country for present-day

8130:"Survey shows majority of Turks are devout believers" 8085:

Altınlı-Macić, M., & Coleman, T. J. III, (2015).

6454:"Turkey: International Religious Freedom Report 2007" 5560:

Occasional Papers in Shaykhi, Babi and Baháʼí Studies

5503:"International Religious Freedom Report 2008: Turkey" 5500: 4713:. minorityrights.org. 5 February 2005. Archived from 3095:"I believe in God's existence and oneness." (Theist) 2285:'s, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, being exiled to 7258:

Steunebrink, Gerrit; van der Zweerde, Evert (2004).

7186:

SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany (2 November 2006).

6783: 6173: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 3858:"Nüfus Kaydındaki Din Bilgisi Değişikliği Başvurusu" 3458: 1680:. About 10% of the Muslim population belongs to the 1250:

According to the same study 62% Identified with the

7224: 7078:

The Oxford Handbook of Politics in Muslim Societies

6765:"Türkiye artık yüzde 99'u müslüman olan ülke değil" 6234:European Court of Human Rights (10 November 2005). 5984:"Turkey's Atheists Face Hostilities, Death Threats" 5892:"TÜRKİYE'DE TOPLUMUN DİNE VE DİNİ DEĞERLERE BAKIŞI" 4961:. Pew Research Center. 2 April 2015. Archived from 4755:"TÜRKİYE'DE TOPLUMUN DİNE VE DİNİ DEĞERLERE BAKIŞI" 4504:"Türkiye artık yüzde 99'u müslüman olan ülke değil" 344:Turkey's most recognizable religious building, the 7631:"Church body wants Hagia Sophia decision reversed" 6491:U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom 4985:"An Overview of the History of the Jews in Turkey" 4543: 4541: 2874:in some sectors of the Turkish media and society. 1993:community). There are between 120,000 and 320,000 1258:, 9.6% refused to give an answer, 9% followed the 8115:"The Legal Status of the Ecumenical Patriarchate" 7743: 6901:"Religion, Secularism and the Veil in daily life" 4068: 3711:Greek (Ecumenical) Patriarchate of Constantinople 3119:"I'm not sure if there is a Creator." (agnostic) 793:Only by local municipalities, not constutituonal 10369: 7104: 6137: 6112: 6110: 3880: 7661:"Pope 'pained' by Hagia Sophia mosque decision" 7188:"Turkey in Transition: Less Europe, More Islam" 5954:"Uneasy neighbors in Turkey: atheism and Islam" 5656:Garnik S. Asatrian, Victoria Arakelova (2014). 5649: 4538: 4393:http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/anayasa/anayasa_2011.pdf 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 2655:is largely organised by the state, through the 7131: 4703: 3614:International Association of Byzantine Studies 3131:"I don't think there is a Creator." (Atheist) 1800:is largely organized by the state through the 9978: 9571: 8363: 8152: 7999:"Why so many Turks are losing faith in Islam" 7993: 7387:"Turkey passes law restricting alcohol sales" 7359:. The Jamestown Foundation. 11 February 2008. 6926: 6924: 6395:] (in French). L'Harmattan. p. 220. 6360:"Turkey 'guilty of religious discrimination'" 6107: 5814:"The number of atheists increasing in Turkey" 5752:"Why so many Turks are losing faith in Islam" 4959:"Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050" 4159:, Central Intelligence Agency, 13 August 2024 4005: 4003: 3074:According to a poll made by OPTİMAR in 2019 2719: 2591:Muslims among other Muslim sects, as well as 2256:population exchange between Greece and Turkey 2062:. Other Eastern Orthodox denomination is the 1673:branch of Islam, predominantly following the 424:population exchange between Greece and Turkey 376:. When Turkey eventually applied to join the 274: 8077:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7601:"UNESCO statement on Hagia Sophia, Istanbul" 7216:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6910:. Milliyet. 9 September 2007. Archived from 4673:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4170: 4060:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3559:Restriction of alcohol sales and advertising 2886:caricatures of Muhammad in Danish newspapers 7872:"Turkey is becoming more secular, not less" 7842:"Secularism in Turkey: Stronger than Ever?" 7770: 7479:Dal, Aylin; Karadag, Kemal (10 July 2020). 6959: 6957: 6458:International Religious Freedom Report 2007 6409: 6259: 6257: 6116: 5501:U.S. State Department (19 September 2008). 5444:The refugees question in Greece (1821–1930) 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 2868:attacks by extremists on synagogues in 2003 2851:and did not allow it to operate inside the 2471:subject of various legal challenges before 1158:Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate 333:. Most Turkish Sunni Muslims belong to the 329:. As much as 90% of the population follows 9985: 9971: 9578: 9564: 8370: 8356: 8159: 8145: 7969:"Is Turkey an Islamic or Secular Country?" 7800: 7478: 6998:"The Region: Turkey trots toward Islamism" 6921: 6384: 6034: 5622: 5556:"Chapter Four: The Baháʼí Faith in Turkey" 5494: 5297:. Princeton University Press. p. 93. 4677:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4578:Kadın İslam dünyasında hep bir adım geride 4000: 3581: 2472: 2407:" while 12.6% are "secular non-believer." 1728:, which is the traditional sect of ethnic 281: 267: 8032:Islamization of Turkey Under the AKP Rule 7044: 6992: 6990: 5862: 5553: 5547: 5466: 5380:DHA, Daily Sabah with (10 January 2019). 5284: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4531: 4529: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 3631:Church of St. Saviour in Chora conversion 3020:God to be moral, compare to 84% in 2002. 2884:, reportedly by a youth angered over the 2862:Turkey has a democratic government and a 2825:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople 2616: 2073:Istanbul, since 1461, is the seat of the 2022:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople 1305:Report on Faith and Religiosity in Turkey 1045:Armenian Catholic Archeparchy of Istanbul 1018:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople 8029: 7839: 7653: 6954: 6670: 6254: 6167: 5077:. cnewa.org. 30 May 2008. Archived from 4468: 4466: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4268: 3951:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 3532: 2808: 2797: 2626: 2607: 2430: 2008:Turkey has numerous important sites for 1941: 1926: 1915: 1896: 1646: 1638: 1626: 339: 7683: 6378: 6362:. Al Jazeera English. 4 December 2014. 5719:"Fazil Say and Turkey's war on atheism" 5690:Allison, Christine (20 February 2004). 5689: 5683: 5268:. hurriyetdailynews.com. Archived from 5179:AA, Daily Sabah with (4 October 2023). 4911:"Basic Principles, Aims And Objectives" 4087: 3942:Öztürk, Ahmet Erdi (26 February 2019). 3706:Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople 3056:"Neither religious nor non-religious." 2990: Non-believers & Atheists (7%) 2837:Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople 2520:Muslim worship in Turkey. For example, 2475:of legislative acts from 2010 to 2017. 2391:in Turkey identified with no religion. 2075:Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople 1785:, although majority of them are ethnic 850:Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople 429: 426:and emigration of Jews and Christians. 10370: 9992: 9300: 8132:. Hürriyet Daily News. 10 August 2012. 7930: 7835: 7833: 7750:Ors, Ilay Romain (15 September 2020). 7158: 6987: 6877:"Special Eurobarometer, biotechnology" 6861:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 6544:. Turkishpress.com. 21 December 2009. 6366:from the original on 22 September 2020 6275:from the original on 24 September 2022 6119:"Headscarf row goes to Turkey's roots" 6095:from the original on 11 September 2022 6016:from the original on 15 September 2018 4597: 4576:Caferilik nedir? | Türkiye'de Şiiler: 4526: 4355: 4353: 3941: 3923:from the original on 29 September 2009 2901:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople 2847:used to regard the Armenian Church as 2805:text with Abrahamic religions symbols. 2680:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople 2459:State Directorate of Religious Affairs 796:Yes through some local municipalities 628:Religion in Turkey (TFRS study, 2023) 9966: 9559: 8351: 8140: 7912:from the original on 18 December 2008 7721:"Byzantine News, Issue 33, July 2020" 7671:from the original on 20 February 2022 7384: 7336:. Mehr News Agency. 16 February 2008. 7075: 6811:from the original on 26 December 2016 6705: 6687:"Freedom House, Retrieved 2023-04-25" 6574:from the original on 25 December 2009 6425:The Grand National Assembly of Turkey 6265:"Turkey lifts military headscarf ban" 6212:from the original on 22 February 2011 5908:from the original on 22 November 2020 5749: 5627:. London: I.B. Tauris & Company. 5290: 4891:from the original on 16 February 2022 4861:from the original on 29 November 2020 4831:from the original on 22 November 2020 4771:from the original on 22 November 2020 4655:from the original on 28 November 2017 4501: 4497: 4495: 4463: 4404: 4371:from the original on 22 November 2020 4322: 4320: 4136: 3988:from the original on 22 November 2020 3868:from the original on 22 November 2020 3835:from the original on 22 November 2020 3450:someone with no religious conviction" 2821:Greek Orthodox Patriarch Gennadios II 2481:was established in Turkey soon after 2198:lives in Turkey, they live mostly in 1874: 372:during the mid-1930s, as part of the 9585: 9526: 9514: 7949:from the original on 8 February 2015 7788:from the original on 10 October 2020 7758:from the original on 10 October 2020 7713: 7641:from the original on 29 January 2022 7623: 7447: 7399:from the original on 18 January 2016 7304:from the original on 18 January 2016 7198:from the original on 18 January 2016 7026: 7008:from the original on 18 January 2016 6930: 6626:from the original on 12 October 2012 6600:from the original on 12 October 2012 6522:from the original on 4 November 2013 6476: 6434:from the original on 23 January 2013 6301:from the original on 25 October 2015 6174:Çarkoglu, Ali; Rubin, Barry (2004). 6043:from the original on 8 December 2015 5509:from the original on 16 January 2021 5392:from the original on 10 January 2019 5294:Muslim Nationalism and the New Turks 5246:from the original on 17 October 2014 5109:from the original on 4 November 2013 5047: 4735:from the original on 16 January 2018 4586:from the original on 13 October 2022 4444:Cahiers de l'obtic (December 2012). 4305:from the original on 14 January 2021 4252:. Philtar.ucsm.ac.uk. Archived from 3911: 3909: 3852: 3850: 3819: 3817: 3023:According to the TFRS study in 2023 2781: 2142:throughout the country, such as the 2085:who ruled from 1461 to 1478. Sultan 2079:Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople 8034:. Taylor & Francis. p. 92. 8011:from the original on 15 August 2021 7830: 7818:from the original on 5 October 2020 7749: 7593: 7581:from the original on 19 August 2020 7551:from the original on 20 August 2020 7291: 7033:South European Society and Politics 6965:"In Turkey, Forging a New Identity" 6596:. Today's Zaman. 25 December 2009. 6570:. Today's Zaman. 22 December 2009. 6321:"Establishment and a Brief History" 6125:from the original on 28 August 2008 5964:from the original on 11 August 2018 5762:from the original on 15 August 2021 5521: 5379: 5328:. churchinchains.ie. Archived from 4951: 4350: 4338:from the original on 4 January 2019 2827:to remain active in the city after 2479:Separation between mosque and state 2461:". The constitution recognizes the 2364:are growing among Turkish people. 1720:, which is observed by some ethnic 1669:, of whom around 90% belong to the 13: 8042: 7902:"Secular rally targets Turkish PM" 7167:from the original on 17 March 2021 7140:from the original on 17 March 2021 7113:from the original on 17 March 2021 6942:from the original on 13 March 2016 6548:from the original on 14 March 2012 6446: 5934:from the original on 29 March 2020 5794:from the original on 19 April 2020 5452:"Topics from Modern Greek History" 5178: 4801:from the original on 19 March 2021 4783: 4747: 4693:"Dünyada ve Türkiye'de Nusayrilik" 4555:from the original on 11 March 2016 4492: 4361:"Konda | Araştırma ve Danışmanlık" 4317: 4242: 4118:from the original on 20 April 2023 4042:from the original on 25 March 2020 3917:"Muslims in Europe: Country guide" 3669:was abandoning Islam in favour of 3616:, and many international leaders. 2690:in Turkey, and also serves as the 2485:in 1923, with an amendment to the 2379:and other holy books came through 14: 10399: 7975:from the original on 15 June 2018 7882:from the original on 1 March 2021 7840:Kayaoğlu, Turan (10 April 2012). 7731:from the original on 25 July 2020 7701:from the original on 11 July 2020 7611:from the original on 26 July 2020 7521:from the original on 16 July 2020 7491:from the original on 10 July 2020 7460:from the original on 11 July 2020 7429:from the original on 5 April 2022 7233:Ayman, Zehra; Knickmeyer, Ellen. 7159:Hurtas, Sibel (13 October 2016). 7105:Sukru Kucuksahin (20 June 2016). 6975:from the original on 8 April 2018 6745:from the original on 22 July 2020 6719:from the original on 25 June 2022 6155:from the original on 4 March 2016 6069:from the original on 26 June 2020 5990:from the original on 27 June 2016 5850:from the original on 3 April 2019 5840:"The young Turks rejecting Islam" 5820:from the original on 6 April 2020 5570:from the original on 3 April 2007 5422:from the original on 28 June 2019 4230:from the original on 25 June 2022 3906: 3847: 3814: 3459:Claims of increasing Islamization 3357:. (neither theist nor spiritual) 2835:in 1453, he also established the 2823:. Mehmed II not only allowed the 2192:Mor Ephrem Syriac Orthodox church 1828:is the dominant jurisprudence in 1643:A modern mosque in Ankara, Turkey 725:Situation of religions in Turkey 9946: 9937: 9936: 9537: 9525: 9513: 9502: 9501: 9489: 8893:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes 8379: 8168: 8098:Psychology of Religion in Turkey 8023: 7987: 7961: 7924: 7894: 7864: 7852:from the original on 26 May 2022 7563: 7533: 7503: 7472: 7441: 7411: 7378: 7362: 7339: 7316: 7285: 7251: 7179: 7152: 7125: 7098: 7069: 7020: 6893: 6869: 6823: 6771:from the original on 23 May 2019 6652:from the original on 4 July 2010 6464:from the original on 8 July 2019 6202:"The Islamic veil across Europe" 6117:O'Toole, Pam (29 October 2003). 5750:Akyol, Mustafa (16 April 2018). 5482:from the original on 11 May 2013 5416:newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org 5216:from the original on 8 July 2015 5024:"Jewish Population of the World" 4514:from the original on 23 May 2019 4091:Faith and Religiosity in Türkiye 3684:Faith and Religiosity in Türkiye 3643: 3625:Directorate of Religious Affairs 2922:government under Prime Minister 2396:Faith and Religiosity in Türkiye 2028:), which is one of the fourteen 1243:Faith and Religiosity in Türkiye 945:Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch 756:more than 85% of the population 26: 9538: 7971:. Seeker Daily. 9 August 2016. 7448:Gall, Carlotta (10 July 2020). 7132:Zülfikar Doğan (29 June 2016). 6983:– via The New York Times. 6757: 6731: 6693:from the original on 3 May 2023 6679: 6664: 6638: 6612: 6586: 6560: 6534: 6504: 6352: 6343: 6313: 6287: 6194: 6177:Religion and Politics in Turkey 6081: 6055: 6028: 6002: 5976: 5946: 5920: 5884: 5870:"Religion, Ipsos Global Trends" 5832: 5806: 5774: 5743: 5711: 5582: 5467:Quarterly, Middle East (2001). 5460: 5434: 5404: 5373: 5361:from the original on 2 May 2014 5344: 5318: 5258: 5228: 5198: 5172: 5147: 5121: 5085: 5067: 5041: 5016: 4977: 4925: 4903: 4873: 4843: 4821:"WHAT HAS CHANGED IN 10 YEARS?" 4813: 4721: 4685: 4567: 4502:ÖZKÖK, Ertuğrul (21 May 2019). 4383: 4137:Çiçek, Nevzat (26 March 2023). 3761:Headscarf controversy in Turkey 3508: 3044:"Religious or very religious." 2912:most senior bishop among equals 2762:Additionally, all of the first 2657:Presidency of Religious Affairs 2623:Presidency of Religious Affairs 2560:(AKP) came into power in 2002. 2498:Presidency of Religious Affairs 2453:similar to the French model of 2099:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 2026:Fener Rum Ortodoks Patrikhanesi 1802:Presidency of Religious Affairs 1781:make up a significant share of 1209: 1184:Greek Byzantine Catholic Church 9904:British Indian Ocean Territory 8332:Cities and towns by population 7385:Ahren, Raphael (24 May 2013). 7027:Kaya, Ayhan (2 January 2015). 7002:The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com 6908:KONDA Research and Consultancy 6622:. Today's Zaman. 17 May 2010. 6518:. CBS News. 20 December 2009. 6240:European Court of Human Rights 5600:. 9 April 2018. Archived from 5590:"Tengrism is also on the rise" 5554:Walbridge, John (March 2002). 4729:"5 bin 500 protestan Türk var" 4334:(in Turkish). 3 January 2019. 4145: 4130: 3935: 3637:Church of St. Saviour in Chora 3543:European Court of Human Rights 2958: 2949:European Court of Human Rights 2864:strong tradition of secularism 1: 7931:Sencar, Özer (January 2015). 7248:. 10 February 2008. Page A17. 6012:. Ipsnews.net. 24 June 2014. 4551:. Milliyet. 31 January 2013. 3963:10.1080/14683857.2019.1576370 3807: 3726:Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate 3499: 3469:Justice and Development Party 2930:, with deputy prime minister 2788:Freedom of religion in Turkey 2766:that define Christianity for 2558:Justice and Development Party 2427:Freedom of religion in Turkey 2410: 2338: 2242:. Also, there are around 500 2064:Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate 2056:Turkish Ministry of Education 1885:History of the Jews in Turkey 1651:Şahkulu Sultan Dergahı is an 1299:Other religions and no reply 412:Justice and Development Party 300:is the country's most common 9384:Intangible cultural heritage 8730:Southeastern Anatolia Region 8562:Proclamation of the republic 8337:Provinces by life expectancy 7264:. Rodopi. pp. 175–184. 7046:10.1080/13608746.2014.979031 6969:International Herald Tribune 6791:"Religion is very important" 6035:Semih Idiz (22 April 2014). 5448:Θέματα Νεοελληνικής Ιστορίας 5028:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 3801:List of synagogues in Turkey 2473:being dismantled in a series 2352:is uncommon among Turks, as 2152:Cathedral of the Holy Spirit 2123:(1923–present). The current 2066:with strong influences from 2039:(first among equals) in the 1586:Government official numbers 7: 8655:Ancient peoples of Anatolia 6512:"The Patriarch Bartholomew" 5623:Açikyildiz, Birgül (2014). 5093:"The Patriarch Bartholomew" 3831:(in Turkish). 23 May 2020. 3693: 3569:In 2013, the parliament of 3008:", and 33% said they were " 2978: Fully Religious (50%) 2817:Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror 2196:Antiochian Greek Christians 2184:St. Giragos Armenian Church 2148:St. Anthony of Padua Church 2101:, and carried the title of 2020:) has been the seat of the 1902:St. Anthony of Padua Church 1724:in southern provinces, and 1491:Pew Research Center (2016) 1262:, 3.1% Identified with the 356:Turkey has officially been 10: 10404: 8486:Conquest of Constantinople 8055:Cambridge University Press 6493:. May 2009. Archived from 5456:, Nikolaos Andriotis, 2008 4933:"Turkey – A Brief Profile" 3766:Mersin Interfaith Cemetery 3562: 3475:conviction of the pianist 3388:" (Practicing religious). 3325:"I believe there is a God" 2791: 2785: 2720:Historical Christian sites 2698:throughout the world. The 2620: 2420: 2414: 2342: 2299:Local Spiritual Assemblies 2226:, and the seaside town of 2041:Eastern Orthodox communion 1878: 1783:Alevi population of Turkey 1616: 1557:Sabancı University (2006) 1282:Data from various surveys 697:heritage and affiliation. 10349: 10301: 10263: 10000: 9932: 9891: 9851: 9593: 9485: 9218: 9134: 9027: 8993:The constitutional system 8953: 8908: 8853: 8844: 8738: 8686: 8677: 8630: 8597: 8547: 8525:Second Constitutional Era 8510:Decline and modernization 8466: 8427: 8401: 8392: 8319: 8271: 8181: 7725:us17.campaign-archive.com 6385:Parlar Dal, Emel (2012). 5478:. Editors' Introduction. 5008:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4795:www.worldvaluessurvey.org 4711:"Rum Orthodox Christians" 4643:. Ovipot.hypotheses.org. 4185:"Ankette Mezhep Soruları" 4028:10.1080/01419870701491937 4016:Ethnic and Racial Studies 3796:List of mosques in Turkey 3721:Catholic Church in Turkey 3610:World Council of Churches 3404:(Religious in the name). 2984: Not Religious (33%) 2764:Seven Ecumenical Councils 2749:Epistle to the Colossians 2739:during his missions. The 2665:Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı 2506:Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı 2238:, while the rest live in 2218:, and in the villages of 1933:Grand Synagogue of Edirne 1708:community belonging to a 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1276:Ja'fari school of thought 1268:Hanbali school of thought 1260:Shafi'i school of thought 1256:Non-denominational Muslim 1230:According to a survey by 1178: 1152: 1134: 1116: 1089: 1066: 1039: 1012: 989: 966: 939: 916: 894: 871: 844: 822: 800: 780: 769: 764: 761: 758: 755: 746: 9653:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 8976:Ministry of the Interior 8961:Administrative divisions 8520:First Constitutional Era 8263:Demographics of Istanbul 6798:Global Attitudes Project 5048:Congress, World Jewish. 3586:In early July 2020, the 3275:"not a religious person" 2972: Fully Devout (10%) 2897:Armenian Orthodox Church 2839:in 1461, as part of the 2745:Epistle to the Ephesians 2741:Epistle to the Galatians 2260:emigration of Christians 2188:Vortvots Vorodman Church 2001:, and less than 15,000 1612: 1272:Maliki school of thought 1252:Hanafi school of thought 765:Yes through the Diyanet 111:Nondenominational Muslim 9914:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 8923:Parliamentary elections 8725:Eastern Anatolia Region 8720:Central Anatolia Region 8402:Ancient and Middle Ages 8327:Provinces by population 7322:Derakhshandeh, Mehran. 7240:19 October 2017 at the 7082:Oxford University Press 6236:"Leyla Şahin v. Turkey" 5050:"World Jewish Congress" 4825:interaktif.konda.com.tr 4398:8 December 2014 at the 4224:interaktif.konda.com.tr 3716:Protestantism in Turkey 3582:Hagia Sophia conversion 3448:defined themselves as " 3432:defined themselves as " 3004:", 45% said they were " 2996:In a poll conducted by 2936:Eastern Orthodox Church 2853:Walls of Constantinople 2311:A sizeable part of the 2281:in Turkey has roots in 1999:Christian denominations 1921:Hemdat Israel Synagogue 1804:(known colloquially as 1254:, 15.1% said they were 995:Protestantism in Turkey 736:Expropriation measures 666:forming about 90%, and 658:In a poll conducted by 10388:Religious demographics 10383:Demographics of Turkey 10043:Bosnia and Herzegovina 9094:Science and technology 8928:Presidential elections 8409:Prehistory of Anatolia 8175:Demographics of Turkey 8109:Social Science History 5899:www.makdanismanlik.org 5876:. 2017. Archived from 4762:www.makdanismanlik.org 3898:. 2007. Archived from 3731:Baháʼí Faith in Turkey 3701:Christianity in Turkey 3565:Alcohol laws of Turkey 3416:defined themselves as 3400:defined themselves as 3384:defined themselves as 3289:defined themselves as 3273:defined themselves as 3257:defined themselves as 3224:"not at all important" 2856: 2806: 2753:First Epistle of Peter 2667:), which controls all 2664: 2644: 2617:Religious organization 2613: 2579:religious minorities. 2505: 2439: 2423:Human rights in Turkey 2186:in Diyarbakır and the 2180:Church of St. Nicholas 2091:Fall of Constantinople 1997:who belong to various 1954: 1939: 1924: 1913: 1889:Baháʼí Faith in Turkey 1881:Christianity in Turkey 1700:). Closely related to 1659: 1644: 1636: 1633:Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque 1072:Syriac Catholic Church 922:Syriac Orthodox Church 601:Percentage non-Muslim 420:late Ottoman genocides 353: 226:Bahá'í Faith in Turkey 124:Christianity in Turkey 9089:Free trade agreements 8971:Intelligence Services 8768:North Anatolian Fault 8121:University of Joensuu 7846:Brookings Institution 7357:Eurasia Daily Monitor 5476:Middle East Quarterly 5291:White, Jenny (2014). 5240:The Christian Century 5054:World Jewish Congress 4582:, 24 September 2021, 4472:Not recognized as an 3548:Leyla Şahin v. Turkey 3533:Headscarf controversy 3291:"a convinced atheist" 2872:growing anti-Semitism 2812: 2801: 2688:Greek Orthodox Church 2686:) is the head of the 2630: 2611: 2434: 2156:Neve Shalom Synagogue 1945: 1930: 1919: 1900: 1684:sects, mostly to the 1650: 1642: 1630: 1278:and 0.6% said other. 733:Estimated population 343: 9828:United Arab Emirates 9473:World heritage sites 8998:Turkish Armed Forces 8883:Constitutional Court 8797:Flora and vegetation 8775:Environmental issues 8763:East Anatolian Fault 8710:Mediterranean Region 7754:. The Conversation. 7329:4 September 2012 at 6889:on 15 December 2010. 6427:(in Turkish). 2013. 6271:. 22 February 2017. 6208:. 17 November 2006. 5880:on 5 September 2017. 5697:Encyclopædia Iranica 5692:"Yazidis i: General" 5454:). 8th edition (PDF) 5105:. 20 December 2009. 4921:on 19 December 2011. 4699:on 17 December 2011. 3596:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 3529:converted to Islam. 3465:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 3192:"somewhat important" 3014:no religious beliefs 2924:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 2563:Turkey, through the 2554:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 2487:Turkish constitution 2417:Secularism in Turkey 2350:Irreligion in Turkey 2345:Irreligion in Turkey 2246:who live in Turkey. 2178:in Antakya, and the 2144:Church of St. George 1266:sect, 0.2% with the 972:Chaldean Catholicism 430:Religious statistics 408:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 319:electronic signature 257:Irreligion in Turkey 38:Secularism in Turkey 10264:States with limited 9994:Religion in Europe 9855:limited recognition 9042:Banking and Finance 8660:History of Anatolia 8557:War of Independence 8549:Republic of Türkiye 8446:Battle of Manzikert 8092:4 June 2018 at the 7392:The Times of Israel 7375:. 23 February 2008. 7246:The Washington Post 6971:. 1 December 2012. 6802:Pew Research Center 6673:The Washington Post 5724:The Daily Telegraph 5535:on 27 December 2008 4717:on 16 January 2015. 4508:www.hurriyet.com.tr 3902:on 10 January 2021. 3771:Religion by country 3660:Pew Research Center 3623:, head of Turkey's 3259:"a religious person 3208:"not too important" 3151:Pew Research Center 3002:extremely religious 2878:Catholic Christians 2556:'s Islamist-rooted 2468:religious headcover 2463:freedom of religion 2295:Ottoman authorities 2176:Church of St. Peter 2164:Ashkenazi Synagogue 2068:Turkish nationalist 2060:Istanbul University 1837:Sultan Ahmed Mosque 1394:World Values Survey 1283: 1232:World Values Survey 726: 436: 410:'s Islamist-rooted 10378:Religion in Turkey 9099:Telecommunications 8888:Court of Cassation 8589:Multi-party period 8498:Ottoman Old Regime 8419:Byzantine Anatolia 8414:Classical Anatolia 7814:. 22 August 2020. 7784:. 21 August 2020. 7454:The New York Times 7373:The Times of India 6843:on 21 October 2013 6331:on 18 January 2016 6180:. Routledge (UK). 5081:on 9 January 2010. 4459:on 2 October 2013. 4301:. 29 August 2011. 4256:on 10 January 2011 4195:on 2 February 2013 4157:The World Factbook 4153:"Turkey (Turkiye)" 4099:Marmara University 3862:www.turkiye.gov.tr 3791:Hinduism in Turkey 3786:Buddhism in Turkey 3667:İmam Hatip schools 3482:The New York Times 3301:Eurobarometer Poll 3010:not very religious 3006:somewhat religious 2998:Sabancı University 2893:Armenian Patriarch 2857: 2807: 2757:Book of Revelation 2700:Armenian Patriarch 2645: 2614: 2565:Treaty of Lausanne 2440: 2400:Marmara University 2398:, released by the 2394:In a 2023 report, 2129:Sahak II Mashalian 2125:Armenian Patriarch 2121:Republic of Turkey 2037:primus inter pares 2035:churches, and the 1967:Armenian Apostolic 1955: 1940: 1925: 1914: 1875:Minority religions 1867:in Ankara and the 1859:in Konya, and the 1841:Süleymaniye Mosque 1660: 1645: 1637: 1281: 1247:Marmara University 1245:, released by the 1241:In a 2023 report, 1196:Treaty of Lausanne 1169:Treaty of Lausanne 1107:Treaty of Lausanne 1057:Treaty of Lausanne 1030:Treaty of Lausanne 957:Treaty of Lausanne 885:Treaty of Lausanne 862:Treaty of Lausanne 724: 711:Armenian Apostolic 703:Oriental Orthodoxy 660:Sabancı University 434: 393:İmam Hatip schools 374:Republican reforms 354: 294:Religion in Turkey 246:Buddhism in Turkey 241:Hinduism in Turkey 22:Religion in Turkey 10365: 10364: 9960: 9959: 9897:other territories 9587:Religion in Asia 9553: 9552: 9481: 9480: 9023: 9022: 8966:Foreign relations 8940:Political parties 8840: 8839: 8673: 8672: 8665:History of Thrace 8567:Atatürk's reforms 8458:Anatolian beyliks 8345: 8344: 8103:Peker, E. 2020. " 7997:(16 April 2018). 7908:. 14 April 2007. 7345:Jenkins, Gareth. 7324:Just a headscarf? 7271:978-90-420-1665-1 6917:on 25 March 2009. 6402:978-2-336-00305-4 5634:978-1-784-53216-1 5604:on 15 August 2019 5332:on 22 August 2016 5304:978-1-4008-5125-6 4108:978-1-64205-906-9 3781:Yazidis in Turkey 3756:Judaism in Turkey 3456: 3455: 3361: 3360: 3299:According to the 3297: 3296: 3232:According to the 3230: 3229: 3149:According to the 3147: 3146: 3072: 3071: 3068:"Not religious." 2782:Religious freedom 2696:Orthodox churches 2252:Armenian genocide 2232:Turkish Assyrians 2174:in Istanbul, the 2160:Italian Synagogue 1946:Yazidi temple in 1843:in Istanbul, the 1830:Turkish Kurdistan 1812:and controls all 1810:Ottoman Caliphate 1610: 1609: 1205: 1204: 900:Latin Catholicism 623: 622: 362:1924 constitution 358:a secular country 337:of jurisprudence. 291: 290: 236:Yazidis in Turkey 186:Judaism in Turkey 167:Chaldean Catholic 136:Armenian Orthodox 10395: 10302:Dependencies and 10001:Sovereign states 9987: 9980: 9973: 9964: 9963: 9950: 9940: 9939: 9909:Christmas Island 9595:Sovereign states 9580: 9573: 9566: 9557: 9556: 9541: 9540: 9529: 9528: 9517: 9516: 9505: 9504: 9493: 9298: 9297: 9183:Cities and towns 9164:Turkish language 9119:Turkish Airlines 8935:Electoral system 8898:Council of State 8851: 8850: 8785:Waste management 8715:Black Sea Region 8693: 8684: 8683: 8638:Turkic migration 8584:One-party period 8453:Sultanate of Rum 8399: 8398: 8384: 8383: 8372: 8365: 8358: 8349: 8348: 8273:Census in Turkey 8209:Turkish language 8173: 8172: 8161: 8154: 8147: 8138: 8137: 8133: 8125: 8124:. Ortodoksi.net. 8082: 8076: 8068: 8036: 8035: 8027: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8016: 7991: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7980: 7965: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7948: 7937: 7928: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7898: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7878:. 2 March 2015. 7868: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7837: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7804: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7774: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7747: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7697:. 10 July 2020. 7687: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7667:. 12 July 2020. 7657: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7637:. 11 July 2020. 7627: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7607:. 10 July 2020. 7597: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7577:. 10 July 2020. 7567: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7547:. 11 July 2020. 7537: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7517:. 10 July 2020. 7507: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7496: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7425:. 10 July 2020. 7415: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7382: 7376: 7366: 7360: 7352:25 June 2007 at 7343: 7337: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7292:Tisdall, Simon. 7289: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7255: 7249: 7231: 7222: 7221: 7215: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7183: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7048: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7013: 7004:. 17 June 2012. 6994: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6961: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6938:. The Atlantic. 6928: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6905: 6897: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6881: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6860: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6842: 6836:. Archived from 6835: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6810: 6795: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6761: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6741:. 20 July 2020. 6735: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6488: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6433: 6422: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6356: 6350: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6327:. Archived from 6317: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6261: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6231: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6114: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6091:. 11 June 2020. 6085: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6065:. 11 June 2020. 6059: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5907: 5896: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5731:on 26 April 2012 5727:. Archived from 5715: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5473: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5356: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5135:. 8 October 2023 5125: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5007: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4989: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4917:. Archived from 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4887:. 11 June 2018. 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4770: 4759: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4672: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4636: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4545: 4536: 4533: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4499: 4490: 4470: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4451: 4441: 4402: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4357: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4324: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4291: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4216: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4191:. Archived from 4181: 4168: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4117: 4096: 4085: 4066: 4065: 4059: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4007: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3987: 3948: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3913: 3904: 3903: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3854: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3821: 3588:Council of State 3527:Three Musketeers 3436:(Non-believer). 3420:(Fully devout). 3366: 3365: 3306: 3305: 3239: 3238: 3226:to their lives. 3210:to their lives. 3194:to their lives. 3178:to their lives. 3176:"very important" 3156: 3155: 3077: 3076: 3026: 3025: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2934:saying that the 2768:Eastern Orthodox 2704:Jewish community 2692:spiritual leader 2536:Muslims (mostly 2190:in Kumkapı. The 2033:Eastern Orthodox 1989:, and a smaller 1963:Eastern Orthodox 1931:Interior of the 1714:Balkan peninsula 1284: 1280: 1274:, 0.2% with the 1270:, 0.2% with the 1216: 1213: 1194:Yes through the 1167:Yes through the 1105:Yes through the 1055:Yes through the 1028:Yes through the 955:Yes through the 883:Yes through the 860:Yes through the 727: 723: 643: 633: 437: 433: 283: 276: 269: 148:Turkish Orthodox 30: 18: 17: 10403: 10402: 10398: 10397: 10396: 10394: 10393: 10392: 10368: 10367: 10366: 10361: 10345: 10303: 10297: 10283:Northern Cyprus 10265: 10259: 10175:North Macedonia 9996: 9991: 9961: 9956: 9928: 9896: 9887: 9868:Northern Cyprus 9854: 9847: 9589: 9584: 9554: 9549: 9477: 9296: 9292:Women in Turkey 9260:Law enforcement 9214: 9210:Life expectancy 9176:Islam in Turkey 9130: 9019: 8981:National Police 8949: 8904: 8836: 8827:Turkish Riviera 8734: 8691: 8690: 8669: 8626: 8593: 8572:Language reform 8543: 8462: 8423: 8388: 8378: 8376: 8346: 8341: 8315: 8267: 8177: 8167: 8165: 8128: 8113: 8094:Wayback Machine 8070: 8069: 8065: 8045: 8043:Further reading 8040: 8039: 8028: 8024: 8014: 8012: 7992: 7988: 7978: 7976: 7967: 7966: 7962: 7952: 7950: 7946: 7935: 7929: 7925: 7915: 7913: 7900: 7899: 7895: 7885: 7883: 7870: 7869: 7865: 7855: 7853: 7838: 7831: 7821: 7819: 7806: 7805: 7801: 7791: 7789: 7776: 7775: 7771: 7761: 7759: 7748: 7744: 7734: 7732: 7719: 7718: 7714: 7704: 7702: 7689: 7688: 7684: 7674: 7672: 7659: 7658: 7654: 7644: 7642: 7629: 7628: 7624: 7614: 7612: 7599: 7598: 7594: 7584: 7582: 7569: 7568: 7564: 7554: 7552: 7539: 7538: 7534: 7524: 7522: 7509: 7508: 7504: 7494: 7492: 7477: 7473: 7463: 7461: 7446: 7442: 7432: 7430: 7417: 7416: 7412: 7402: 7400: 7383: 7379: 7367: 7363: 7344: 7340: 7321: 7317: 7307: 7305: 7290: 7286: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7256: 7252: 7242:Wayback Machine 7232: 7225: 7209: 7208: 7201: 7199: 7184: 7180: 7170: 7168: 7157: 7153: 7143: 7141: 7130: 7126: 7116: 7114: 7103: 7099: 7092: 7084:. p. 342. 7074: 7070: 7025: 7021: 7011: 7009: 6996: 6995: 6988: 6978: 6976: 6963: 6962: 6955: 6945: 6943: 6934:(13 May 2013). 6932:Cook, Steven A. 6929: 6922: 6914: 6903: 6899: 6898: 6894: 6886: 6879: 6875: 6874: 6870: 6854: 6853: 6846: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6831:"Archived copy" 6829: 6828: 6824: 6814: 6812: 6808: 6804:. Spring 2015. 6793: 6789: 6788: 6784: 6774: 6772: 6767:. 21 May 2019. 6763: 6762: 6758: 6748: 6746: 6737: 6736: 6732: 6722: 6720: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6696: 6694: 6685: 6684: 6680: 6669: 6665: 6655: 6653: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6629: 6627: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6603: 6601: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6577: 6575: 6566: 6565: 6561: 6551: 6549: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6525: 6523: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6497: 6486: 6482: 6481: 6477: 6467: 6465: 6452: 6451: 6447: 6437: 6435: 6431: 6420: 6415: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6383: 6379: 6369: 6367: 6358: 6357: 6353: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6332: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6304: 6302: 6293: 6292: 6288: 6278: 6276: 6263: 6262: 6255: 6245: 6243: 6232: 6225: 6215: 6213: 6200: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6172: 6168: 6158: 6156: 6143: 6142: 6138: 6128: 6126: 6115: 6108: 6098: 6096: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6072: 6070: 6061: 6060: 6056: 6046: 6044: 6033: 6029: 6019: 6017: 6008: 6007: 6003: 5993: 5991: 5982: 5981: 5977: 5967: 5965: 5952: 5951: 5947: 5937: 5935: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5894: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5853: 5851: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5823: 5821: 5812: 5811: 5807: 5797: 5795: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5765: 5763: 5748: 5744: 5734: 5732: 5717: 5716: 5712: 5702: 5700: 5688: 5684: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5654: 5650: 5635: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5605: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5573: 5571: 5552: 5548: 5538: 5536: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5512: 5510: 5499: 5495: 5485: 5483: 5471: 5465: 5461: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5425: 5423: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5335: 5333: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5289: 5285: 5275: 5273: 5272:on 20 June 2017 5264: 5263: 5259: 5249: 5247: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5219: 5217: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5177: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5112: 5110: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5058: 5056: 5046: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5022: 5021: 5017: 5001: 5000: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4965:on 15 June 2020 4957: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4939:on 19 July 2007 4931: 4930: 4926: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4736: 4727: 4726: 4722: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4666: 4665: 4658: 4656: 4637: 4598: 4589: 4587: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4556: 4547: 4546: 4539: 4534: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4500: 4493: 4471: 4464: 4456: 4449: 4442: 4405: 4400:Wayback Machine 4389: 4388: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4359: 4358: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4326: 4325: 4318: 4308: 4306: 4293: 4292: 4269: 4259: 4257: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4218: 4217: 4208: 4198: 4196: 4189:www.selendi.com 4183: 4182: 4171: 4162: 4160: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4094: 4086: 4069: 4053: 4052: 4045: 4043: 4008: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3946: 3940: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3915: 3914: 3907: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3856: 3855: 3848: 3838: 3836: 3823: 3822: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3741:Islam in Turkey 3736:Cultural Muslim 3696: 3646: 3633: 3584: 3567: 3561: 3535: 3511: 3502: 3461: 3452:(Irreligious). 3445: 3444: 3429: 3428: 3413: 3412: 3397: 3396: 3381: 3380: 3351: 3350: 3336: 3335: 3321: 3320: 3286: 3285: 3270: 3269: 3254: 3253: 3219: 3218: 3203: 3202: 3187: 3186: 3171: 3170: 3140: 3139: 3128: 3127: 3116: 3115: 3104: 3103: 3092: 3091: 3065: 3064: 3053: 3052: 3041: 3040: 3012:" and 3% had " 2994: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2722: 2647:The mainstream 2625: 2619: 2429: 2419: 2413: 2405:secular Muslims 2367:According to a 2347: 2341: 2272:Istanbul pogrom 2134:There are many 1971:Syriac Orthodox 1961:denominations ( 1952:Midyat District 1895: 1879:Main articles: 1877: 1865:Kocatepe Mosque 1853:Alâeddin Mosque 1847:in Edirne, the 1845:Selimiye Mosque 1625: 1619:Islam in Turkey 1617:Main articles: 1615: 1603: 1602: 1593: 1592: 1578: 1577: 1571: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1552: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1519: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1505: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1486: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1453: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1420: 1419: 1410: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1388: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1374: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1360:Optimar (2019) 1355: 1354: 1345: 1344: 1338: 1337: 1320: 1319: 1313: 1312: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1210: 652: 651: 650: 649: 641: 639: 631: 432: 310:other religions 287: 251: 250: 221: 220:Minor religions 213: 212: 188: 178: 177: 156: 144:Syriac Orthodox 133: 126: 116: 115: 90: 71: 56: 49: 47:Islam in Turkey 32: 31: 25: 24: 12: 11: 5: 10401: 10391: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10363: 10362: 10360: 10359: 10357:European Union 10353: 10351: 10350:Other entities 10347: 10346: 10344: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10307: 10305: 10304:other entities 10299: 10298: 10296: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10269: 10267: 10261: 10260: 10258: 10257: 10252: 10250:United Kingdom 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10063:Czech Republic 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10004: 10002: 9998: 9997: 9990: 9989: 9982: 9975: 9967: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9954: 9944: 9933: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9900: 9898: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9859: 9857: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9599: 9597: 9591: 9590: 9583: 9582: 9575: 9568: 9560: 9551: 9550: 9548: 9547: 9535: 9523: 9511: 9499: 9486: 9483: 9482: 9479: 9478: 9476: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9412: 9411: 9409:Radio stations 9406: 9401: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9355: 9354: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9328: 9327: 9322: 9312: 9306: 9304: 9295: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9278: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9257: 9252: 9251: 9250: 9240: 9235: 9234: 9233: 9222: 9220: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9201: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9168: 9167: 9166: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9144:Turkish people 9140: 9138: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9127: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9109:Transportation 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9085: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9033: 9031: 9025: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9017: 9016: 9015: 9010: 9005: 8995: 8990: 8989: 8988: 8983: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8957: 8955: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8931: 8930: 8925: 8914: 8912: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8902: 8901: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8875: 8874: 8873: 8863: 8857: 8855: 8848: 8842: 8841: 8838: 8837: 8835: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8817:National parks 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8788: 8787: 8782: 8772: 8771: 8770: 8765: 8755: 8754: 8753: 8751:Climate change 8742: 8740: 8736: 8735: 8733: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8700:Marmara Region 8696: 8694: 8692:(west to east) 8681: 8675: 8674: 8671: 8670: 8668: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8646: 8645: 8634: 8632: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8624: 8619: 8618: 8617: 8607: 8605:Constitutional 8601: 8599: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8580: 8579: 8574: 8564: 8559: 8553: 8551: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8541: 8540: 8539: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8507: 8506: 8505: 8495: 8493:Transformation 8490: 8489: 8488: 8478: 8472: 8470: 8468:Ottoman Empire 8464: 8463: 8461: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8449: 8448: 8437: 8435: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8405: 8403: 8396: 8390: 8389: 8375: 8374: 8367: 8360: 8352: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8323: 8321: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8277: 8275: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8239: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8213: 8212: 8211: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8189:Turkish people 8185: 8183: 8179: 8178: 8164: 8163: 8156: 8149: 8141: 8135: 8134: 8126: 8111: 8101: 8083: 8063: 8044: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8022: 7986: 7960: 7942:. p. 34. 7923: 7893: 7863: 7829: 7799: 7769: 7742: 7712: 7682: 7652: 7622: 7592: 7562: 7532: 7502: 7485:Anadolu Agency 7471: 7440: 7410: 7377: 7361: 7338: 7315: 7284: 7270: 7250: 7223: 7192:SPIEGEL ONLINE 7178: 7163:. Al-Monitor. 7151: 7136:. Al-Monitor. 7124: 7109:. Al-Monitor. 7097: 7090: 7068: 7019: 6986: 6953: 6920: 6892: 6868: 6822: 6782: 6756: 6730: 6704: 6678: 6663: 6637: 6611: 6585: 6559: 6533: 6503: 6500:on 9 May 2009. 6475: 6445: 6408: 6401: 6377: 6351: 6342: 6325:Diyanet.gov.tr 6312: 6286: 6253: 6223: 6193: 6186: 6166: 6136: 6106: 6080: 6054: 6039:. Al-Monitor. 6027: 6001: 5975: 5958:Deutsche Welle 5945: 5930:. T24.com.tr. 5919: 5883: 5861: 5846:. 9 May 2018. 5831: 5805: 5787:Deutsche Welle 5773: 5742: 5710: 5682: 5669:978-1317544289 5668: 5648: 5633: 5615: 5581: 5546: 5520: 5493: 5459: 5433: 5403: 5372: 5343: 5317: 5303: 5283: 5257: 5227: 5197: 5171: 5146: 5120: 5084: 5066: 5040: 5015: 4976: 4950: 4924: 4915:diyanet.gov.tr 4902: 4872: 4842: 4812: 4791:"WVS Database" 4782: 4746: 4720: 4702: 4684: 4596: 4566: 4537: 4525: 4510:(in Turkish). 4491: 4462: 4403: 4382: 4349: 4316: 4267: 4241: 4206: 4169: 4144: 4129: 4107: 4067: 4022:(2): 358–389. 3999: 3934: 3905: 3892:World Factbook 3879: 3864:(in Turkish). 3846: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3675:Mustafa Öztürk 3645: 3642: 3632: 3629: 3583: 3580: 3563:Main article: 3560: 3557: 3534: 3531: 3510: 3507: 3501: 3498: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3398: 3394: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3382: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3370: 3359: 3358: 3352: 3348: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3342:. (spiritual) 3337: 3333: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3295: 3294: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3243: 3228: 3227: 3220: 3216: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3188: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3172: 3168: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3160: 3145: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3101: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3081: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3030: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2895:, head of the 2794:Varlık Vergisi 2786:Main article: 2783: 2780: 2721: 2718: 2706:is led by the 2621:Main article: 2618: 2615: 2436:Ortaköy Mosque 2415:Main article: 2412: 2409: 2343:Main article: 2340: 2337: 2289:, current-day 2287:Constantinople 2268:Cyprus dispute 2097:leader of all 2052:Halki seminary 2024:(unofficially 2018:Constantinople 2003:Jews in Turkey 1876: 1873: 1869:Sabancı Mosque 1857:Mevlana Mosque 1851:in Bursa, the 1818:Muslim clerics 1614: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1397: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1218: 1217: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 987: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 964: 963: 960: 953: 950: 947: 937: 936: 933: 930: 927: 924: 914: 913: 910: 907: 905: 902: 892: 891: 888: 881: 878: 875: 869: 868: 865: 858: 855: 852: 842: 841: 838: 835: 833: 832:<1 Million 830: 820: 819: 816: 813: 811: 810:<1 Million 808: 798: 797: 794: 791: 788: 785: 778: 777: 767: 766: 763: 760: 757: 754: 744: 743: 740: 737: 734: 731: 707:Greek Orthodox 640: 630: 626: 625: 624: 621: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 598: 597: 594: 591: 588: 585: 582: 579: 575: 574: 571: 568: 565: 562: 559: 556: 552: 551: 548: 545: 542: 539: 536: 533: 529: 528: 525: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 506: 505: 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 487: 483: 482: 479: 476: 473: 470: 467: 464: 460: 459: 456: 453: 450: 447: 444: 441: 431: 428: 378:European Union 350:Constantinople 289: 288: 286: 285: 278: 271: 263: 260: 259: 253: 252: 249: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 222: 219: 218: 215: 214: 211: 210: 205: 200: 195: 189: 184: 183: 180: 179: 176: 175: 170: 163:Greek Catholic 159:Latin Catholic 151: 140:Greek Orthodox 127: 122: 121: 118: 117: 114: 113: 108: 85: 66: 50: 45: 44: 41: 40: 34: 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10400: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10375: 10373: 10358: 10355: 10354: 10352: 10348: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10316:Faroe Islands 10314: 10312: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10300: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10288:South Ossetia 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10262: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10135:Liechtenstein 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10005: 10003: 9999: 9995: 9988: 9983: 9981: 9976: 9974: 9969: 9968: 9965: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9943: 9935: 9934: 9931: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9901: 9899: 9894: 9890: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9878:South Ossetia 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9860: 9858: 9856: 9850: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9581: 9576: 9574: 9569: 9567: 9562: 9561: 9558: 9546: 9545: 9536: 9534: 9533: 9524: 9522: 9521: 9512: 9510: 9509: 9500: 9498: 9497: 9492: 9488: 9487: 9484: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9396: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9353: 9350: 9349: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9317: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9307: 9305: 9303: 9299: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9262: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9249: 9246: 9245: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9232: 9229: 9228: 9227: 9224: 9223: 9221: 9217: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9181: 9177: 9174: 9173: 9172: 9169: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9133: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9111: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9026: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 9000: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8952: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8919: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8911: 8907: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8879: 8876: 8872: 8869: 8868: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8843: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8780:Air pollution 8778: 8777: 8776: 8773: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8759: 8756: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8747: 8744: 8743: 8741: 8737: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8705:Aegean Region 8703: 8701: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8689: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8676: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8650:Turkification 8648: 8644: 8641: 8640: 8639: 8636: 8635: 8633: 8629: 8623: 8620: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8596: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8550: 8546: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8533: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8508: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8487: 8484: 8483: 8482: 8481:Classical Age 8479: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8469: 8465: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8447: 8444: 8443: 8442: 8441:Seljuk Empire 8439: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8382: 8373: 8368: 8366: 8361: 8359: 8354: 8353: 8350: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8278: 8276: 8274: 8270: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8217: 8214: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8171: 8162: 8157: 8155: 8150: 8148: 8143: 8142: 8139: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8122: 8119:Jaakko Husa, 8116: 8112: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8074: 8066: 8064:9781108476942 8060: 8056: 8052: 8047: 8046: 8033: 8026: 8010: 8006: 8005: 8000: 7996: 7995:Mustafa Akyol 7990: 7974: 7970: 7964: 7945: 7941: 7934: 7927: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7897: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7867: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7836: 7834: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7803: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7773: 7757: 7753: 7746: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7716: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7686: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7656: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7596: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7566: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7536: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7506: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7475: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7444: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7414: 7398: 7394: 7393: 7388: 7381: 7374: 7370: 7365: 7358: 7355: 7354:archive.today 7351: 7348: 7342: 7335: 7332: 7331:archive.today 7328: 7325: 7319: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7288: 7273: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7254: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7230: 7228: 7219: 7213: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7182: 7166: 7162: 7155: 7139: 7135: 7128: 7112: 7108: 7101: 7093: 7091:9780190931056 7087: 7083: 7079: 7072: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7023: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6993: 6991: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6958: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6925: 6913: 6909: 6902: 6896: 6885: 6878: 6872: 6864: 6858: 6839: 6832: 6826: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6792: 6786: 6770: 6766: 6760: 6744: 6740: 6734: 6718: 6714: 6708: 6692: 6688: 6682: 6674: 6667: 6651: 6647: 6641: 6625: 6621: 6615: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6573: 6569: 6563: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6507: 6496: 6492: 6485: 6479: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6449: 6430: 6426: 6418: 6412: 6404: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6389: 6381: 6365: 6361: 6355: 6346: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6316: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6260: 6258: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6228: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6189: 6187:0-415-34831-5 6183: 6179: 6178: 6170: 6154: 6150: 6149:Cadmus.eui.eu 6146: 6140: 6124: 6121:. bbc.co.uk. 6120: 6113: 6111: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6042: 6038: 6031: 6015: 6011: 6005: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5949: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5904: 5900: 5893: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5777: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5746: 5730: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5686: 5671: 5665: 5662:. Routledge. 5661: 5660: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5626: 5619: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5585: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5550: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5481: 5477: 5470: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5407: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5376: 5360: 5353: 5347: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5306: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5287: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5186: 5182: 5175: 5160: 5159:www.aa.com.tr 5156: 5150: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5088: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5055: 5051: 5044: 5029: 5025: 5019: 5011: 5005: 4986: 4980: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4750: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4654: 4650: 4649:10.58079/smk9 4646: 4642: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4570: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4496: 4489: 4487: 4486:Amman Message 4481: 4478: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4455: 4447: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4386: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4354: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4321: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4140: 4133: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4092: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4063: 4057: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4006: 4004: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3938: 3922: 3919:. BBC.co.uk. 3918: 3912: 3910: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3851: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3818: 3813: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3691: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3644:Counterclaims 3641: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3590:annulled the 3589: 3579: 3577: 3572: 3566: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3521:, Heidi, and 3520: 3515: 3506: 3497: 3495: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3364: 3356: 3353: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3338: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3323: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3154: 3153:report 2015: 3152: 3142: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3067: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2967: 2956: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2928:Bartholomew I 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2908:Bartholomew I 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2873: 2870:, as well as 2869: 2865: 2860: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2841:Millet system 2838: 2834: 2833:Ottoman Turks 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2789: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2674: 2670: 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