Novgorod Republic - Knowledge

2253: 291: 263: 2908: 3252:. A great majority of the most important Eastern artwork of the period came from this city. Novgorodians produced large quantities of art, more specifically, religious icons. This high level of artistic production was due to the flourishing economy. Not only would prominent boyar families commission the creation of icons, but artists also had the backing of wealthy merchants and members of the strong artisan class. Icons became so prominent in Novgorod that by the end of the 13th century, a citizen did not have to be particularly rich to buy one; in fact, icons were often produced as exports as well as for churches and homes. However, scholars today have managed to find and preserve only a small, random assortment of icons made from the 12th century to the 14th century in Novgorod. 2466: 3230: 5551: 6346: 5560:, p. 67, The art of Novgorod and its vast northern territories will always be one of the most brilliant pages in the history of Russian art. With the fall of the city in 1478, not only did its political importance decrease, but so did its artistic authority. After having established a centralized Russian state, Moscow set out to suppress systematically all local traditions... The borders between the iconography from Moscow and that of Novgorod were slowly disappearing and, starting with the second half of the sixteenth century, it becomes more difficult to trace boundary lines between the two schools. 238: 3096: 277: 343: 2722: 2050: 2163:, though some Novgorodian clergy adopted a pro-Lithuanian policy for political reasons due to fears that embracing the grand prince of Moscow would eventually lead to the end of Novgorod's independence. Most Novgorodian boyars had hoped to maintain the republic's independence since if Novgorod were to be conquered, the boyars' wealth would flow to the grand prince and Muscovite boyars, and the Novgorodians would fall into decline; most of them also did not earn enough to pay for war. 2097:. In part, Tver's proximity (the Tver principality was contiguous with Novgorod Land) threatened Novgorod. It was feared that a Tverian prince would annex Novgorod's territory, and thus weaken the republic. At the time, though, Moscow did not border Novgorod, and since the Muscovite princes were further afield, they were more acceptable as princes of Novgorod. They could come to Novgorod's aid when needed but would be too far away to meddle too much in the republic's affairs. 3349:) roof. This style was standard throughout Russia during this period. The second style, the Novgorodian style, consisted of three apses and had roofs with arched gables. This second style was prominent in the early years of the Republic of Novgorod and also in the last years of the Republic, when this style was revitalized to make a statement against the rising power of Moscow. The inside of the churches contained icons, woodcarvings, and church plates. The first known 3046:

these were based on "class struggle" is unclear. Many were between various boyar factions or, if a revolt did involve the peasants or tradesmen against the boyars, it did not consist of the peasants wanting to overthrow the existing social order, but was more often than not a demand for better rule on the part of the ruling class. There did not seem to be a sense that the office of prince should be abolished or that the peasants should be allowed to run the city.

2561:. Posadniks were almost invariably boyars – the city's highest aristocracy. The precise makeup of the veche is also uncertain, although it appears to have comprised members of the urban population, as well as of the free rural population. Whether it was a democratic institution or one controlled by the boyars has been hotly debated. The posadniks, tysiatskys, and even the bishops and archbishops of Novgorod, were often elected or at least approved by the veche. 2209:) in order to shift the blame from him for his betrayal of the terms of the Treaty of Yazhelbitsy, which forbade Novgorod from conducting foreign affairs without grand princely approval. While the extent of Boretskaya's role in the Lithuanian party is probably exaggerated, Novgorod did indeed try to turn to the king of Poland. A draft treaty, allegedly found among the loot after the Battle of Shelon River, was drawn up between Casimir and the Novgorodians. 50: 2581:"Streets" and "ends" may have taken part in political decision-making in Novgorod in support of certain boyar factions or to protect their interests. Merchant "elders" are also noted in treaties and other charters, but only about a hundred of these charters exist. A half dozen date from the 12th century, while most are from after 1262. Thus it is difficult to determine Novgorod's political structure due to the paucity of sources. 2516:

Novgorod Republic, but in any case, he remained an important town official. In addition to overseeing the church in Novgorod, he headed embassies, oversaw certain court cases of a secular nature, and carried out other secular tasks. However, the archbishops appear to have worked with the boyars to reach a consensus and almost never acted alone. The archbishop was not appointed, but elected by Novgorodians, and approved by the

1835: 4403: 3363: 2535: 1449: 5588:...the Novgorod school gave way to the Moscow school which, in turn, was succeeded by the Stroganov school. As the Novgorod school derives directly from the Byzantine one, Novgorod painting was regarded as a variety of Greek painting rather than a school of its own. The Moscow school of icon painting was the first, and most famous, Russian one. It emerged in the sixteenth century during the reign of Ivan the Terrible. 2570:("ends" in Russian) – i.e., the boroughs of the city they lived in; each end was then organized by the streets in which they lived. The ends and streets often bore names indicating that certain trades were concentrated in certain parts of the city (there was a Carpenter's End and a Potters' End, for example). The merchants were organised into associations, of which the most famous were those of wax traders (called 2784: 2252: 2167: 3410:

business messages from all classes, and travelogues, especially of religious pilgrimages. The citizens of Novgorod wrote in a realistic and businesslike fashion. In addition to the birch-bark texts, archeologists also found the oldest surviving Russian manuscript in Novgorod: three wax tablets with Psalms 67, 75, and 76, dating from the first quarter of the 11th century.

2936: 2557:, co-chaired courts together with the prince, oversaw tax collection and managed current affairs of the city. Most of the prince's major decisions had to be approved by the posadnik. In the mid-14th century, instead of one posadnik, the veche began electing six. These six posadniks kept their status for their lifetimes, and each year elected among themselves a 3670: 2904:. Likewise, merchants from Gotland had their own St. Olaf church and trading house in Novgorod. However, the Hanseatic League disputed the right of Novgorodian merchants to carry out sea trade independently and to deliver cargoes to Western European ports by their own ships. Silver, cloth, wine and herring were imported from Western Europe. 4336: 290: 2916:

increased throughout the 14th century and was at its height in the beginning of the 15th century, but by the second half of the century, Novgorod suffered from the effects of exhaustion of its resources with hunting grounds moving considerably further north and Muscovite merchants accruing the main profit of the shift.

2194:, the wife of the posadnik Isak Boretsky, was the main proponent of an alliance with Poland–Lithuania to save the republic. According to this legend, Boretskaya invited the Lithuanian princeling Mikhailo Olelkovich and asked him to become her husband and the ruler of Novgorod. She also concluded an alliance with 2229:, thus ending the independence of Novgorod. After the takeover, Ivan took more than four-fifths of Novgorod's land: half for himself and the rest for his allies. The formal annexation of Novgorod marked a major step in the unification of Russia around Moscow, with Ivan III later adopting the title of 2242:

Thus did Great Prince Ivan advance with all his host against his domain of Novgorod because of the rebellious spirit of its people, their pride and conversion to Latinism. With a great and overwhelming force did he occupy the entire territory of Novgorod from frontier to frontier, inflicting on every

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During this period the so-called 'Russian-Scandinavian cultural symbiosis' prevalent since the establishment of Rus' as a political entity in the ninth century was overshadowed by rivalry and hostility in the wake of the Baltic crusades. Until the thirteenth century, the Russians were conventionally

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and the ancient kremlin rested on the other side of the river. The cathedral and kremlin were surrounded by a solid ring of city walls, which included a bell tower. Novgorod was filled with and surrounded by churches and monasteries. The city was overcrowded because of its large population of 30,000

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or lieutenant when he was personally absent from the city. The posadnik had always to be present in the court and no court decision could be made without his approval. Also, without the posadnik's approval the prince could neither give out Novgorod lands nor issue laws. Besides, the prince could not

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have called the proportions of Nevsky's victories as having been overblown; he also argued that there was no existence of a unified Western scheme of aggression against Russia and that Nevsky appeased the Mongols, while many Russian historians have argued that Nevsky was being wise, with cooperation

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comprised the territory of the important Oka region and lands along the vital Sheksna River. This river lay in the Northern Volga tributary region. Whoever controlled the river was able to block food supplies causing a famine in Novgorod. Perhaps due to these fears, Novgorod led a failed invasion of

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was the patron of carpenters and protected travelers and the suffering. Both Saint Nicholas and the Prophet Elijah also offer protection from fires. Fires were commonplace in the fields and on the streets of the city. Depictions of these saints retained popularity throughout the entire reign of the

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shared power until the prince's power was gradually restricted, while the archbishop of Novgorod increasingly played the role of head of state, particularly during times of feuds. Just before 1300, a series of reforms further curtailed the prince's powers within the local administration while those

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mentions Novgorodians traveling "beyond the portage" as early as 1079. They also traveled to Pomorye, the "summer coast" of the "Cold Sea" in search of furs as well as fish and salt. Historian George Lantzeff remarked that "in the beginning of Russian history, two Russian principalities, Novgorod

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style influenced the architecture of Novgorod. A number of rich families commissioned churches and monasteries in the city. About 83 churches, almost all of which were built in stone, operated during this period. Two prominent styles of churches existed in the Republic of Novgorod. The first style

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In spite of unfavorable natural conditions, Novgorod's rural population was dependent upon agriculture and stock-rearing, while hunting and fishing were also important. The agricultural basis was also insecure, as the land passed almost fully into the hands of ruling boyars and clergy, with only a

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The executives of Novgorod, at least nominally, were always the princes of Novgorod, invited by Novgorodians from neighboring states, even though their power waned in the 13th and early 14th centuries. It is unclear if the archbishop of Novgorod was the true head of state or chief executive of the

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and salt among others were of great economic importance to the Novgorodians, who fought a protracted series of wars with Moscow beginning in the late 14th century in order to keep these lands. Losing them meant economic and cultural decline for the city and its inhabitants. The ultimate failure of

4345:, p. 73, The first significant Russian prince to rule under the Mongols was Alexander Nevsky. When the Mongols conquered Rus, he was prince of Novgorod, and he soon led it to two important victories. For his first victory... in 1240, he received (two centuries later) the appellation 'Nevsky'. 4112:

In 862, the semilegendary Rurik – considered to be the founder of the Russian monarchy – became prince of Novgorod... Nevertheless, in 1136 Novgorod achieved formal independence from Kiev... and by the 14th century had grown into an important outpost of the Hanseatic

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Although Novgorod had originally 'invited' the Varangian princes to rule over Russia in 862, it had grown increasingly high-handed in its treatment of their descendents... Having been both the birthplace of Russian monarchy, and the stronghold of popular democracy, Novgorod became a touchstone in

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The amount of fur, especially squirrel and other relatively cheap furs, that Novgorod supplied to Hanseatic merchants was considerable. The Lübeck company of Wittenborg exported between 200,000 and 500,000 Lübeck marks from Novgorod to Livonia in the 1350s. Anna Khoroshkevich assumed that exports

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Like much of the rest of Novgorod's medieval history, the precise composition of these organizations is uncertain. It is quite possible that the "ends" and "streets" were simply neighborhood administrative groups rather than guilds or "unions". Street organizations were known to build churches in

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Novgorodian citizens from all class levels, from boyars to peasants and artisans to merchants, participated in writing these texts. Even women wrote a significant amount of the manuscripts. This collection of birch-bark texts consists of religious documents, writings from the city's archbishops,

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Marxist scholars such as Aleksandr Khoroshev often spoke of a class struggle in Novgorod. There were some 80 major uprisings in the republic, which often turned into armed rebellions. The most notable among these took place in 1136, 1207, 1228–1229, 1270, 1418, and 1446–1447. The extent to which

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was signed in 1456. The treaty marked the beginning of the fall of Novgorod's independence as it lost certain freedoms. Moscow began to gradually seize land in the northern territories that were formerly under Novgorod's control for the next decade and half due to a desire for luxury furs in the

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from the cities and collected revenues for administration in the territories it held. A charter from the 1130s mentioned 30 administrative posts in the territory of Novgorod, where revenues were collected regularly and sent as a tithe to the Novgorod bishop. Throughout the 12th century, Novgorod

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Scholars generally believe that the Republic of Novgorod had an unusually high level of literacy for the time period. Archeologists found over one thousand birch-bark texts, all dating from the 11th to the 15th centuries, in towns dating back to early Rus'. Roughly 950 of these texts were from

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in July 1471, which severely limited Novgorod's freedom to act thereafter, although the city maintained its formal independence. For the next six years, pro-Moscow and anti-Moscow factions in Novgorod competed with one another. Ivan III visited Novgorod several times during this period,

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There was, however, one city and one diocese, which, although a part of the metropolitanate, succeeded in maintaining a privileged status of relative independence: Novgorod. A commercial city, connected with the Hanseatic League of German states... succeeded in maintaining great political

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and Rostov-Suzdal, were engaged in exploring, conquering, exploiting, and colonizing the area west of the Ural Mountains". From the late 11th century, the Novgorodians asserted greater control over the determination of their rules and rejected a politically dependent relationship to Kiev.

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people. The wealthy (boyar families, artisans, and merchants) lived in large houses inside the city walls, and the poor used whatever space they could find. The streets were paved with wood and were accompanied by a wooden water-pipe system, a Byzantine invention to protect against fire.

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For these reasons, we find coexisting in the churches, in the monuments, and in the icons of what was one of the oldest and most important Orthodox religious centres, the Byzantine-influenced style of Kiev, European Romanesque and Gothic art, and the most original and authentic 'Russian

3038:(должники), were deprived of the right to leave their masters. The boyars and monasteries also tried to restrict other categories of peasants from switching their feudal lords. However, until the late 16th century peasants could leave their land in the weeks preceding and coming after 2885:

had so much fur that medieval travel accounts tell of furry animals raining from the sky. The Novgorodian merchants traded with Swedish, German, and Danish cities. In early years, the Novgorodians sailed the Baltic themselves (several incidents involving Novgorodian merchants in

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The prince, while his status in Novgorod was not inheritable and his power was much reduced, remained an important figure in Novgorodian life. Of around 100 princes of Novgorod, many, if not most, were invited in or dismissed by the Novgorodians. At least some of them signed a

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spread to Novgorod from Pskov in the middle of the 14th century, with its members renouncing ecclesiastic hierarchy, monasticism and sacraments of priesthood, communion, repentance and baptism, before they disappeared by the early 15th century. Another sect, known as the

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Suzdal in 1134. They tried again and succeeded in 1149. Alternatively, Novgorod, in a bid to appease Suzdal, accepted some Suzdalians as rulers of Novgorod. Despite these events, Suzdal still blocked off trade to Novgorod twice and intercepted Novgorod's tributes.

1895:, and over the next century and half, were able to invite in and dismiss a number of princes. However, these invitations or dismissals were often based on who was the dominant prince in Rus' at the time, and not on any independent thinking on the part of Novgorod. 4412:, p. 67, The popular image of Prince Aleksandr is above all that of a defender; later he achieved his patriotic image as the ideal defender of the whole Russian nation... at the time when the so-called 'Catholic expansion' was directed towards Russia... the 4379: 4785: 2860:

The real wealth of Novgorod, however, came from the fur trade. Hanseatic merchants were particularly attracted to the Russian trade due to its vast resources of furs and beeswax, with Novgorod being the leading supplier of furs. The city was the main

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by its opponents, appeared in Novgorod in the second half of the 15th century and subsequently enjoyed support at the court in Moscow, before ultimately they were persecuted and several councils of the Russian Church condemned them.

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tribes that were constantly at war with one another for supremacy. However, these tribes came together during the beginning of the 9th century to try to form a negotiated settlement to end military aggression amongst each other. The

3705: 3083:). While potentially all free Novgorodians could be mobilised, in reality the number of recruits depended on the level of danger faced by Novgorod. The professional formations included the retinues of the archbishop and prominent 1795:, a collection of writings depicting the history of Novgorod from 1016 to 1471, states that these tribes wanted to "seek a prince who may rule over us and judge us according to law". According to tradition, Novgorod was where the 2734:

The Novgorod Republic was the largest of the Russian states in terms of area until it was surpassed by Moscow following its annexation of other independent principalities in the 15th century. The Novgorod Republic occupied the

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of Novgorod had developed procedures of governance that held a large measure of democratic participation far in advance of the rest of Europe, but that share several similarities with the democratic traditions of Scandinavian

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In some ways the history of Russia in Siberia properly begins in the forested hinterlands of the Russian north, where the Novgorodian republic grew wealthy exploiting furs in its hinterlands and as far as the Urals...

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The Prince of Novgorod was usually the Grand Prince of Vladimir and later Moscow, but not always; there are cases of Lithuanian princes being called in, but it is not clear if these princes were considered Princes of

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retained the Gothic Court trading house well into the 12th century. Later, German merchantmen also established trading houses in Novgorod. Scandinavian royalty would intermarry with Russian princes and princesses.

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was built in Novgorod in 1390 to ward off a pandemic, several others were built in the city until the mid-16th century. As they were built in one day, they were made of wood, small in size and simple in design.

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style. The artists of Novgorod, and their audience, favored saints who provided protection mostly related to the economy. The Prophet Elijah was the lord of thunder who provided rain for the peasants' fields.

4388:, p. 220, the campaign against Izborsk and Pskov was a purely political undertaking... the co-operation between the exiled Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich of Pskov and the men from the bishopric of Dorpat. 4794:, p. 33, Just before 1300, a series of reforms consolidated the oligarchy's hold on Novgorod... In order to make the oligarchy's rule more stable and effective, its members formed the Council of Lords. 3836:Ушкуйники... вооруженные новгородские дружины (до неск. тыс. чел.), формировавшиеся боярами из людей без определенных занятий для захвата колоний на Севере и торг. разбойничьих экспедиций на Волге и Каме... 562: 501: 4373:

At first the lands around Pskov were occupied, but in 1242 Prince Alexander Nevsky drove the Germans back from his lands and defeated the Teutonic Knights on 5 April 1242 in the so-called 'battle on the

2520:. The archbishops were probably the richest single land-owners in Novgorod, and they also made money off court fees, fees for the use of weights and measures in the marketplace, and through other means. 1818:. Even though there is no definitive account of the precise timing of their arrival at the northern rivers that flowed into the Arctic, there are chronicles which mention that one expedition reached the 4391: 2237:

which had been critical of Ivan III before the fall of Novgorod thus described the conquest in its aftermath, justifying it on the grounds of purported conversion of Novgorodians to the Catholic faith:

3474: 2694: 2668: 2606: 2497: 2345: 1734: 1697: 1668: 1496: 2301:) or the lowest free class. The precise constitution of the medieval Novgorodian republic is uncertain, although traditional histories have created the image of a highly institutionalized network of 486: 4886:

From then on Novgorod was effectively a city republic, ruled by an oligarchy, a small group of boyar and rich merchant families, much like western and central European towns, but unique in Russia.

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written at least half a century after the conquest of Novgorod. Soviet-era Marxist scholarship frequently described the political system of Novgorod as a "feudal republic", placing it within the

1332: 1311: 1290: 1269: 1181: 1165: 4593:, p. 37, If we must choose a moment for the birth of Russia out of the Moscow principality, it is the final annexation of Novgorod by Grand Prince Ivan III (1462–1505) of Moscow in 1478. 2202:

and Grand Duchy of Lithuania caused a major commotion among the commoners. Janet Martin and Gail Lenhoff have recently argued that Boretskaya was scapegoated, probably by Archbishop Feofil (

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The year 1136, in which the Novgorodians deposed and imprisoned Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich, was the turning point... Princes of Novgorod now assumed the throne at the invitation of the

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of icon painting, derived from the Byzantine school, served as the basis for future Russian art with the Moscow school, which emerged in the 16th century and was later succeeded by the

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Novgorod lost not only its political authority after 1478 but also its artistic authority, resulting in a more uniform method for iconography being established throughout Russia. The

2151:; Novgorod was also dependent on the Russian lands to its southwest for important imports such as grain. Some Novgorodians were also attracted to Moscow due to it being the center of 3888: 6894: 2705:) in lands in the east and north that were being colonized or just paid tribute. The city of Novgorod and its vicinity, as well as a few other towns, were not part of any of those. 791: 4319:

This 'Second' Crusade to Finland was, according to Russian sources, immediately followed by the unsuccessful Swedish expedition to the Neva, which was thwarted by the Novgorodians

3809:, as the fur trappers and traders of Novgorod were called, raided and extorted furs from Samoyed and Vogul (and Komi) tribes in the far northern forests of Novgorod's hinterlands. 4749:

The unification of Russia around Moscow confronted the Russian government with the problem of integrating Novgorod with the other newly annexed territories into the state... The

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independence... Its spiritual head, the bishop, occupied the fourth prominent position in the city government. Since the twelfth century, he assumed the title of 'archbishop'.

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First and foremost among the prince's functions, he was a military leader. He also patronized churches in the city and held court, although it was often presided over by his

1757:) itself is a much later term, although the polity was described as a republic as early as in the beginning of the 16th century. Soviet historians frequently used the terms 1414: 3087:, as well as the garrisons of fortresses. Firearms were first mentioned in 1394, and in the 15th century, fortress artillery was used, and cannons were installed on ships. 2621:

that have been preserved in archives describe the relationship of Novgorod with twelve invited princes: five of them from Tver, four from Moscow, and three from Lithuania.

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More than half of all privately owned lands in Novgorod had been concentrated in the hands of some 30–40 noble boyar families by the 14th and 15th centuries. These vast

3166:, along with Danish and Swedish feudal lords, launched a series of uncoordinated attacks in 1240–1242. Russian sources mention that a Swedish army was defeated in the 3015:), whose number had been constantly decreasing. Along with the metayage, monetary payments also gained significant importance by the second half of the 15th century. 2221:

persecuting a number of pro-Lithuanian boyars and confiscating their lands. In 1478, Ivan III sent his army to take direct control of the city. He destroyed the

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small area belonging to merchants. The peasants of Novgorod also paid dues to their lords in the products of agriculture, fishing, forestry, and stock-rearing.

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Novgorod. Archeologists and scholars estimate that as much as 20,000 similar texts still remain in the ground and many more burned down during numerous fires.

2116:. These lands were crucial to Novgorod's well-being since much of the city's furs came from there. This territory was returned to Novgorod the following year. 7418: 3202:

as it was not conquered by the Mongols. In 1259, Mongol tax-collectors and census-takers arrived in the city, leading to political disturbances and forcing

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writer then goes on to describe a "town meeting" where these decisions would have been made, which included people from all social classes ranging from the

6117: 4333:, pp. 216–217, The Russian victory was later depicted as an event of great national importance and Prince Alexander was given the sobriquet "Nevskii". 3328:

divided the Republic of Novgorod into two-halves. The commercial side of the city, which contained the main market, rested on one side of the Volkhov. The

2397:, served as the legal code of the Novgorod Republic from 1440. The latest version was supplemented in 1471 under the auspices of Ivan III and his son 4400:, pp. 218, In the winter of 1240–41, a group of Latin Christians invaded Votia, the lands north-east of Lake Peipus which were tributary to Novgorod. 2108:, and other princes sought to limit Novgorod's independence. In 1397, a critical conflict took place between Moscow and Novgorod, when Moscow annexed the 7825: 7111: 2319:("thousandmen"; originally the head of the town militia, but later a judicial and commercial official), other members of aristocratic families, and the 2147:

were opposed to Moscow as a result, while others pursued a pro-Muscovite policy in the hopes that good relations with Moscow would reduce disruption in

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their neighborhoods and to have buried the dead of their neighborhoods during outbreaks of the plague, but beyond that their activities are uncertain.

3571:. Frank and Virginia Williams Collection of Lincolniana (Mississippi State University. Libraries). New York: New York University Press. p. 149. 3105: 2657: 2636:, the prince could not extradite or prosecute a Novgorodian outside of Novgorod Land. The princes had two residences, one on the Marketplace (called 2564:

Tradespeople and craftsmen also participated in the political affairs of Novgorod. Traditional scholarship argues that they were organized into five

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It consisted exclusively of members of the great merchant families who dominated city office and gave city government the character of an oligarchy.

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system. A vast array of goods were transported along these routes and exchanged with local Novgorod merchants and other traders. The merchants of

2869:. From Novgorod's northeastern lands ("The Lands Beyond the Portages" as they were called in the chronicles), the area stretching north of Lakes 1161: 7835: 7727: 1248: 1145: 3897:, p. 687, Under Ivan III's reign, the uniting of separate Russian principalities into a centralized state made great and rapid progress. 3122: 1153: 1135: 4852:

In the commercial cities of Novgorod and Pskov a merchant oligarchy dominated political life through the operation of the popular assembly (

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Many birch-bark documents have been found in Novgorod attesting to a high level of literacy among Novgorodians of different social classes

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beginning to hold office for only one year. As feuds continued to grow, the structure was again changed so that each district had its own

1630:) was usually the prince of Novgorod as well. As Moscow grew in power in the 15th century, Novgorod began to lose its autonomy. In a 1471 6608: 2482: 1477: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 2491:

of the government, although it is difficult to determine the exact competence of the various officials. It is possible that there was a

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own land in Novgorod and could not himself collect taxes from the territory of Novgorod. He lived from money given to him by the city.

2171: 757: 1989:) reigned in Pskov without any deference to, or consultation with, the prince or other officials in Novgorod. The independence of the 3977:

texts Notes upon Russia : Being a translation of the earliest account of that country, entitled Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii

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for trade between Rus' and northwestern Europe as it was located at the eastern end of the Baltic trade network established by the

7030: 6935: 6850: 6377: 1107: 918: 1638:, Novgorod pledged allegiance to Moscow, with its system of government temporarily left intact. The end of the republic and the 7734: 7151: 2225:, tore down the veche bell, the ancient symbol of participatory governance, civil society, and legal rights, and destroyed the 7246: 6909: 6588: 6086: 6037: 6014: 5991: 5945: 5922: 5878: 5855: 5809: 5581: 5514: 5461: 5434: 5301: 5274: 5235: 5127: 4960: 4879: 4845: 4815: 4742: 4614: 4366: 4312: 4244: 4144: 4105: 4074: 3879: 3829: 3797: 3755: 3638: 3611: 2004:

In the 12th to 15th centuries, the Novgorod Republic expanded east and northeast. The Novgorodians explored the areas around

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Michael C. Paul, "The Iaroslavichi and the Novgorodian Veche 1230–1270: A Case Study on Princely Relations with the Veche,"

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increasing to 24 in 1423, though this failed to achieve stability, and feuds continued until the last days of independence.

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in 1348. Several other towns had special status as they were owned jointly by Novgorod and one of the neighbouring states.

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The bringing together of the Russian lands under his rule and the recognition of his claim to be sovereign of all Russia (

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Gail Lenhoff and Janet Martin. "Marfa Boretskaia, Posadnitsa of Novgorod: A Reconsideration of Her Legend and Her Life."

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political system parallel to that of the medieval West. Historians have also described Novgorod's political system as an

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were also widespread. In most of the regions of the republic, these different "industries" were combined with farming.

2796: 2148: 1099: 1089: 3146:, Novgorod struggled from the beginning of the 13th century against Swedish, Danish, and German crusaders. During the 2465: 2330:

tradition convinced Novgorodians that they had the right to be consulted on important issues, though in practice, the

7458: 7347: 7282: 6583: 6442: 5968: 5899: 5832: 5614: 5055: 4269: 4038: 4000: 3576: 3551: 3526: 3394:– traditional Russian oral epic poems – take place in Novgorod. Their protagonists include a merchant and adventurer 3329: 2958: 2470: 2199: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 516: 4131:. Crossing Boundaries: Turku Medieval and Early Modern Studies. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 331. 3770:(the Byzantine chiliarch, a military commander), originally appointees of the prince, but subsequently elected, the 7206: 7189: 6855: 6210: 2273:. The people had the power to elect city officials and they even had the power to elect and remove the prince. The 2001:

continued to head the church in Pskov and kept the title of archbishop of Novgorod the Great and Pskov until 1589.

1346: 892: 880: 781: 3679:, p. 159, During the first decades of the 12th century, it gradually appropriated the right to elect its own 3447:

From 1165, the bishop of Novgorod became known as the archbishop of Novgorod. The archbishop was confirmed by the

2617:), which protected the interests of Novgorodian boyars and laid out the prince's rights and responsibilities. The 7000: 6538: 6300: 6170: 5847:

A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649

2901: 1948: 1470: 1085: 1807:. The "Russian–Scandinavian cultural symbiosis" became prevalent following the establishment of the Rus' state. 7605: 7231: 6664: 5743: 4688: 3159: 3151: 2662:

The administrative division of Novgorod Republic is not definitely known; the country was divided into several

2320: 816: 731: 2198:, the king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania. The prospects of changing allegiance in favor of the allied 1850:

by 1113. Some time after this, the administration of the principality seemed to have matured. The Novgorodian

1842:

from the late 15th century. The Kokui tower (left) dates from the 17th century; its name is of Swedish origin.

7401: 7116: 6940: 6900: 6654: 6578: 6573: 6477: 5683:

Zguta, Russell (1981). "The One-Day Votive Church: A Religious Response to the Black Death in Early Russia".

2093:. A series of disagreements with Mikhail pushed Novgorod towards closer ties with Moscow during the reign of 1039: 869: 584: 3248:

The Republic of Novgorod was famous for its high level of culture in relation to other Russian duchies like

1937:, a tributary of Novgorod. This later led to him being depicted as an ideal ruler in chronicles such as the 7840: 7687: 7667: 7570: 7221: 7171: 7035: 6880: 6845: 6528: 4236:

Feeding the Russian Fur Trade: Provisionment of the Okhotsk Seaboard and the Kamchatka Peninsula, 1639–1856

3229: 3147: 2987:

and some other privileged monasteries are known to have been big landowners. There were also the so-called

1283: 1262: 753: 2131:. After Vasily II returned to throne, a war between Moscow and Novgorod took place, which ended after the 7585: 7322: 7194: 7101: 7055: 7045: 7010: 6890: 6765: 6750: 6404: 6370: 6215: 3975: 2896: 2756: 2426: 2128: 1394: 1241: 1157: 907: 630: 614: 3376:

Chronicles are the earliest kind of literature known to originate in Novgorod, the oldest one being the

7820: 7645: 7478: 7260: 7241: 7141: 7131: 7126: 6718: 6598: 6335: 6280: 3234: 2421: 1647: 1463: 1049: 984: 622: 322: 7845: 7697: 7677: 7650: 7406: 7166: 6925: 6804: 6733: 6613: 6330: 6220: 6180: 6155: 6150: 3199: 3095: 3039: 2416: 2388: 1944: 1177: 1169: 694: 464: 49: 5393:Шмелев К.В. (2001). "О применении судовой артиллерии на северо-западе России в допетровское время". 7211: 7050: 7020: 6885: 6799: 6708: 6671: 6320: 6295: 6290: 6265: 3378: 3207: 2183: 2082: 2078: 1939: 1804: 1791: 1627: 826: 4952:

Byzantium and the Rise of Russia: A Study of Byzantino-Russian Relations in the Fourteenth Century

3683:, who was originally an official appointed by the prince to rule during the latter's absence. The 3293:

republic. But in the beginning of the 14th century another icon became prominent in the city: the

3077:

Like other Russian states, the military of Novgorod consisted of a levy and the prince's retinue (

7717: 7692: 7528: 7377: 7337: 7040: 6985: 6870: 6738: 6345: 6310: 6225: 6165: 5208: 4766: 3487: 3350: 3341: 3280:

all provided some manner of protection over the fields or the animals and herds of the peasants.

3065: 2945: 2517: 2358: 2230: 2081:

fought over control of Novgorod and its enormous wealth from the 14th century. Upon becoming the

1747: 1710: 1681: 1580: 1509: 1141: 1123: 1103: 990: 962: 454: 5119:

International and National Law in Russia and Eastern Europe: Essays in honor of George Ginsburgs

4979:

Michael C. Paul, "Secular Power and the Archbishops of Novgorod Before the Muscovite Conquest."

4082:

eighteenth- and nineteenth-century debate on the form of government proper to the Russian state.

3747:

International and National Law in Russia and Eastern Europe: Essays in honor of George Ginsburgs

2100:

As Moscow grew in strength, however, the Muscovite princes became a serious threat to Novgorod.

356: 7655: 7513: 7483: 7438: 7389: 7384: 7317: 7201: 7161: 7121: 6955: 6865: 6860: 6681: 6593: 6460: 6363: 6260: 6250: 6230: 6160: 5348: 4416:

of Aleksandr depicts an ideal ruler whose Christian valour was demonstrated by miraculous acts.

3337: 3000: 2402: 2368:) was also formed, and boyar families from each district were represented, typically by former 2217: 2074: 1998: 672: 550: 360: 2755:

and to the west, it was bordered by Lithuania as well as various Baltic powers, including the

7682: 7423: 7396: 7357: 7297: 7096: 7065: 6975: 6723: 6659: 6200: 6195: 4461:

Paul, "Secular Power and the Archbishops of Novgorod Before the Muscovite Conquest," 258–259.

3382:. Other genres appear in the 14th and 15th centuries: travel diaries (such as the account of 3371: 3171: 3158:

since the late 12th century. Novgorod went to war 26 times with Sweden and 11 times with the

2809:(e.g., the archbishops of Novgorod and others raised horses for the Novgorodian army), while 2764: 2213: 2132: 1631: 972: 270: 3187: 7712: 7620: 7615: 7367: 7302: 7060: 6995: 6990: 6980: 6950: 6945: 6905: 6412: 6185: 3853:. University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh. 2004. p. 41. 3285: 3281: 3143: 2788: 2752: 2709:

achieved autonomy from Novgorod in the 13th century; its independence was confirmed by the

2334:

came from a few rich merchant families. In the early years of the republic, the prince and

2195: 2070: 1963:

independent as early as the 13th century after opening a trading post for merchants of the

1952:

with the Mongols being the only sensible option at the time which averted further tragedy.

1847: 946: 749: 84: 2857:, flax, and hops, were sold on the market and exported to other Russian cities or abroad. 2182:

questioned Ivan's sovereignty over Novgorod as their prince. Novgorod negotiated with the

8: 7707: 7463: 7413: 7332: 7236: 7070: 7015: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6915: 6875: 6840: 6782: 6696: 6627: 6489: 6095: 5170:

Paul, "Secular Power and the Archbishops of Novgorod Before the Muscovite Conquest," 258.

3383: 3206:

to punish a number of town officials (by cutting off their noses) for defying him as the

3050: 2980: 2923:

Foreign coins and silver were used as a currency before Novgorod started minting its own

2760: 2681: 2641: 2637: 2478: 2187: 2124: 1926: 1576: 914: 859: 727: 512: 342: 143: 4160:

seen by the Scandinavians – and indeed understood themselves – as a part of the unified

7635: 7610: 7600: 7590: 7575: 7560: 7518: 7448: 7433: 7372: 7352: 7342: 7312: 7287: 7272: 7216: 7156: 7146: 7005: 6828: 6814: 6809: 6755: 6691: 6501: 5716: 5700: 5423: 4676: 4210: 4150: 3167: 2984: 2710: 2590: 1994: 1979: 1914: 1643: 1555: 1228: 1192: 1131: 1119: 1027: 980: 720: 618: 606: 520: 508: 428: 237: 155: 124: 276: 7753: 7505: 7473: 7468: 7453: 7428: 7277: 7226: 7176: 7106: 7084: 6929: 6713: 6649: 6639: 6603: 6506: 6472: 6395: 6082: 6033: 6010: 5987: 5964: 5941: 5918: 5895: 5874: 5851: 5828: 5805: 5739: 5708: 5610: 5577: 5510: 5457: 5430: 5297: 5270: 5231: 5159:

Treasure of the Land of Darkness: the Fur Trade and its Significance for Medieval Rus

5123: 5051: 4956: 4875: 4841: 4811: 4738: 4734:

State Service in Sixteenth Century Novgorod: The First Century of the Pomestie System

4684: 4610: 4362: 4308: 4265: 4240: 4202: 4140: 4101: 4070: 4034: 3996: 3932: 3875: 3825: 3793: 3751: 3634: 3607: 3582: 3572: 3547: 3522: 3277: 3118: 3100: 2940: 2845:

cultivation were also of significant importance. Countryside products, such as furs,

2571: 2509: 2508:) that was headed by the archbishop and met in the archiepiscopal palace (and in the 2216:, and went to war against the city. The army of Moscow won a decisive victory in the 2152: 1968: 1922: 1906: 1892: 1839: 1779: 1115: 1079: 1075: 968: 795: 777: 765: 640: 626: 610: 577: 383: 331: 94: 4284:

Michael C. Paul, "Was the Prince of Novgorod a 'Third-rate bureaucrat' after 1136?"

3451:(later based in Vladimir then Moscow) and, after the Russian Orthodox Church became 1615:, who contributed to the expansion of Novgorod's trade and colonies in the north of 7702: 7640: 7595: 7538: 7443: 7362: 7327: 7136: 6787: 6686: 6494: 5914:

Cambridge Economic History of Europe: Vol. 2: Trade and Industry in the Middle Ages

5720: 5692: 4194: 4132: 3949: 3944: 3663:, p. 159, The major showdown took place in 1136... From then on, the Novgorod 3478: 3313: 3203: 2976: 2957:

served as material resources, which secured political supremacy of the boyars. The

2866: 2806: 2736: 2698: 2672: 2610: 2542: 2501: 2488: 2406: 2349: 2270: 2191: 2105: 2101: 2054: 1964: 1910: 1800: 1738: 1701: 1672: 1635: 1623: 1540: 1536: 1500: 1071: 930: 848: 805: 598: 588: 114: 7762: 7722: 7625: 7565: 7555: 7543: 7488: 7307: 6701: 6676: 6455: 6315: 6275: 6245: 6076: 6063: 6050: 6027: 6004: 5981: 5958: 5935: 5912: 5868: 5845: 5822: 5799: 5571: 5504: 5451: 5291: 5264: 5225: 5117: 5106:

Paul, "Was the Prince of Novgorod a 'Third-rate bureaucrat' after 1136?" 100–107.

4950: 4869: 4835: 4805: 4732: 4604: 4356: 4302: 4234: 4095: 4064: 3869: 3848: 3787: 3745: 3628: 3601: 3600:

Birnbaum, Henrik; Eekman, Thomas; McLean, Hugh; Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. (2023).

3399: 3325: 3309: 3302: 3294: 2826: 2744: 2393: 2156: 2120: 2086: 2063: 2041:

the Novgorodians to win these wars led to the downfall of the Novgorod Republic.

2037: 1819: 1616: 1544: 1532: 1524: 1211: 745: 683: 661: 540: 433: 79: 69: 4939:

Paul, "Was the Prince of Novgorod a 'Third-rate bureaucrat' after 1136?" passim.

4128:

Imagined Communities on the Baltic Rim: From the Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries

3438:

Considered to be a dialect of (Old) Russian which dispersed in the 15th century.

7660: 7533: 6794: 6760: 6484: 6437: 6127: 5094: 5082: 5043: 5005: 4927: 3289: 3260: 3114: 3054: 2882: 2721: 2529: 2398: 2222: 2113: 2094: 2058: 2009: 1990: 1559: 1528: 769: 761: 705: 650: 417: 403: 372: 256: 243: 169: 2975:

were located in the most economically developed regions of Novgorod Land. The

1879:

trade route, not only for trading but also for bringing food from the fertile

7814: 7796: 7783: 7767: 7672: 7181: 6920: 6511: 6255: 4206: 3256: 3224: 3175: 3155: 2966: 2954: 2830: 2740: 2049: 1898: 1609:

remained in the hands of boyar families. The boyars also gave funding to the

1548: 1520: 1453: 1149: 837: 787: 474: 444: 4154: 4126: 3586: 3544:

The Indo-European controversy: facts and fallacies in historical linguistics

7548: 6533: 6523: 5712: 3273: 3269: 2962: 2492: 2449:). Many scholars today, however, question whether Russia ever really had a 2340: 2226: 2160: 2017: 1811: 1554:

Novgorod won its independence in 1136 after the Novgorodians deposed their

1016: 1005: 922: 594: 173: 3630:

Companion to Russian Studies: Volume 1: An Introduction to Russian History

3210:(soon to be the khan's tax-collector in Russia) and his Mongol overlords. 3022:

to their land. Certain categories of feudally dependent peasants, such as

2991:(житьи люди), who owned less land than the boyars, and unprivileged small 2212:

The Muscovite authorities saw Novgorod's behavior as a repudiation of the

6743: 6550: 6427: 4136: 3298: 3059: 2870: 2178:

By 1470, with the pro-Lithuanian faction being dominant, the Novgorodian

2021: 1925:

in 1242, after the forces of the exiled prince of Pskov and men from the

1880: 1876: 1093: 994: 976: 954: 942: 364: 4837:

Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States. (SPD-9)

3255:

The icons that do remain show a mixture of a traditional Russian style,

3057:

population of Novgorod Land underwent Christianization. The sect of the

3018:

Some scholars argue that the feudal lords tried to legally tie down the

2862: 6772: 6432: 6422: 6285: 6235: 5704: 5116:

Feldbrugge, Ferdinand J. M.; Clark, Roger; Pomorski, Stanislaw (2021).

4214: 4182: 3744:

Feldbrugge, Ferdinand J. M.; Clark, Roger; Pomorski, Stanislaw (2021).

3264: 2874: 2814: 2645: 2438: 2265: 2109: 2005: 1930: 1868: 1815: 1796: 1785: 1611: 1519:) was a medieval state that existed from the 12th to 15th centuries in 735: 284: 4753:

issued by Ivan III in 1497 was Russia's first 'national' code of laws.

4606:

Northern Europe in the Early Modern Period: The Baltic World 1492–1772

3007:– was typical for the afore-mentioned categories of landowners. Their 2016:. At the beginning of the 14th century, the Novgorodians explored the 6417: 4901:(Moscow: Ladomir 1994), 172–206; Idem., Sochinenii, vol. 2, pp. 68–69 4675: 3386:'s travel to Constantinople for trade purposes), legends about local 3008: 2878: 2834: 2625: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2434: 2315: 2137: 2013: 1852: 1585: 1206: 926: 741: 5937:

The Image of Aleksandr Nevskiy in Medieval Russia: Warrior and Saint

5696: 5346: 4198: 3150:, the Swedes invaded lands where some of the population had earlier 6325: 6270: 5573:

The History of the Discovery and Study of Russian Medieval Painting

4066:

Russian Subjects: Empire, Nation, and the Culture of the Golden Age

3387: 3079: 3004: 2971: 2597: 2550: 2309: 2090: 2029: 2025: 1858: 1571: 1223: 1127: 950: 773: 393: 117: 6355: 5734:

Zelenin, Dmitry (1994). "Обыденные" полотенца и обыденные храмы".

3362: 2534: 1834: 6895:

Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine

6777: 6190: 5487: 5485: 5196:(in Russian). Издательство Государственного Эрмитажа. p. 27. 3183: 3130: 3126: 3019: 2891: 2887: 2846: 2818: 2810: 2802: 2772: 2748: 2430: 1947:

after Alexander Nevsky agreed to pay tribute. Historians such as

1921:("of the Neva"). Alexander then defeated German crusaders at the 1810:

The Novgorodians were the first to reach the regions between the

958: 101: 4904: 3912: 3170:

in 1240. The Baltic German campaigns ended in failure after the

2783: 2190:, a cousin of Ivan III, to be accepted. According to tradition, 2170:

The removal of the veche bell from Novgorod, miniature from the

1535:. The republic prospered as the easternmost trading post of the 6386: 6305: 6240: 6175: 3599: 3391: 3390:, saints and Novgorod's wars and victories. The events of many 3249: 3179: 3163: 3012: 2688: 2566: 2166: 2140:, and thus, an economic rivalry for fur, land and trade ports. 1822:

in 1032, and trading was established as early as 1096 with the

309: 5539: 5527: 5482: 5470: 4264:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 112–115. 3762:

Actual power in Novgorod rested with its chief officials, the

3722:(chiliarch, 'thousandman'), originally the military commander. 3198:

The Novgorod Republic was saved from the direct impact of the

2965:

establishment of Novgorod – was their chief rival in terms of

1575:, who was the chief executive of the city, and from 1156, the 6052:

A History of Russia: Russia at the dawn of the modern age. IV

5758: 5319:Древний Новгород. Очерки из истории русской культуры XI–XV вв 5017:

Starting from 1156, elevated to archiepiscopal status in 1165

4097:

Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present

3546:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 97–98. 3395: 3084: 2850: 2706: 2554: 2412:

which served as the legal code for the entire Russian state.

2303: 2179: 2144: 1956: 1934: 1872: 1863: 1823: 1594: 938: 424: 5349:"К вопросу о вестернизации военного дела Северо-Запада Руси" 3695: 3693: 3519:

Proto-Slavic inflectional morphology: a comparative handbook

2999:(своеземцы, or private landowners). The most common form of 2487:

Some scholars argue that the archbishop was the head of the

2457:

due to the dominance of rich merchant families in politics.

1539:, and its people were much influenced by the culture of the 6078:

The Russian Icon: From Its Origins to the Sixteenth Century

5321:(in Russian). Издательство Академии Наук СССР. p. 122. 5207:Зварич В.В., ed. (1980). "Новгородская денга, новгородка". 4810:(5th ed.). Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 53–54. 4543:

Paul, "Secular Power and the Archbishops of Novgorod," 262.

4125:

Jezierski, Wojtek; Hermanson, Lars; Peikola, Matti (2016).

3117:, Novgorod was a trade hub at the northern end of both the 2854: 2842: 2838: 2822: 2768: 2686:'thousands') in the core lands of the country, and 2136:

area. This led to a struggle with Novgorod for the Russian

1943:. Novgorod was also spared by the Mongol armies during the 1846:

Chronicles state that the Novgorodians paid tribute to the

6125: 5827:. Longman History of Russia. London; New York: Routledge. 5141: 5139: 5785:

Riasanovsky and Steinberg, "Lord Novgorod the Great," 80.

5736:Избранные труды. Статьи по духовной культуре 1901–1913 гг 5649:

The Cambridge History of Russia: From Early Rus' to 1689.

4780:

Kievskaia Rus; ocherki sotsialʼno-ekonomicheskoĭ istorii.

4712: 4124: 4017:

Kievskaia Rus; ocherki sotsialʼno-ekonomicheskoĭ istorii.

3725: 3690: 2935: 2900:). Orthodox churches for Novgorodian merchants have been 2033: 5194:Русская монетная система: историко-нумизматический очерк 4702: 4700: 3154:

to Novgorod. The Germans had been trying to conquer the

2911:

Hunting and beekeeping in the forests of Novgorod (1360)

1565:

began to elect and dismiss princes at its own will. The

5173: 5136: 5115: 4992:

Idem, "Episcopal Election in Novgorod, Rus 1156–1478."

4183:"Russian Eastward Expansion before the Mongol Invasion" 3792:(78th ed.). Cornell University Press. p. 78. 3789:

The Merchants of Siberia: Trade in Early Modern Eurasia

3743: 5506:

World Heritage: Archaeological Sites and Urban Centres

4062: 1646:

once again invaded and seized the city as part of his

5605:

Riasanovsky, Nicholas V.; Steinberg, Mark D. (2019).

4981:

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

4899:

Boiarskaia Duma drevnei Rus; Dobrye liudi Drevnei Rus

4697: 4512: 4500: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4431: 3900: 3714:, p. 159, The most important official after the 3492: 3186:. On August 12, 1323, Sweden and Novgorod signed the 3053:

was the head of the Orthodox church in the city. The

2363: 1752: 1715: 1686: 1514: 6075:

Vzdornov, Gerolʹd Ivanovich; McDarby, Nancy (1997).

5604: 3305:. During this appearance, Mary prays for humankind. 2159:

was dominant and its culture was being increasingly

1728:

usually referred to the land belonging to Novgorod.

5983:

Seafarers, Merchants and Pirates in the Middle Ages

5244: 4994:

Church History: Studies in Christianity and Culture

1917:in July 1240, from which he received the sobriquet 6048: 5889: 5422: 4683:(in Russian). ОЛМА Медиа Групп. pp. 195–196. 4546: 4464: 4419: 4397: 4385: 4330: 4063:Greenleaf, Monika; Moeller-Sally, Stephen (1998). 3918: 2574:) and of the merchants engaged in overseas trade. 2243:part of it the dread powers of his fire and sword. 5772: 5770: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5347:Подвальнов Е.Д.; Несин М.А.; Шиндлер О.В (2019). 2658:Administrative divisions of the Novgorod Republic 1891:In 1136, the Novgorodians dismissed their prince 7812: 5651:Vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008), 208–209. 4923: 4921: 4919: 4304:Kingship and State Formation in Sweden 1130–1290 2401:. The Novgorod Judicial Charter, along with the 2032:. The lands to the north of the city, rich with 1344: 1037: 6074: 5557: 5545: 5533: 5491: 5476: 5353:История военного дела: исследования и источники 4664:Russia: A 1,000 Year Chronicle of the Wild East 4651:Russia: A 1,000 Year Chronicle of the Wild East 4638:Russia: A 1,000 Year Chronicle of the Wild East 4566:Russia: A 1,000 Year Chronicle of the Wild East 4031:Russia: a 1,000-Year Chronicle of the Wild East 3319: 3297:. This icon commemorates the appearance of the 3103:against the Livonian Order, miniature from the 2644:(Рюриково городище) several miles south of the 6049:Vernadsky, George; Karpovich, Michael (1959). 5767: 5593: 5453:Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages 5425:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire 5161:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). 4782:(Leningrad: Leningrad State University, 1974). 4019:(Leningrad: Leningrad State University, 1974). 3969: 3967: 3190:, regulating their border for the first time. 2801:The economy of the Novgorod Republic included 2186:for a new prince to be sent over. This led to 1784:The area of Novgorod was populated by various 7831:States and territories disestablished in 1478 6371: 6111: 5380:Новгородское войско XI–XV веков (диссертация) 5334:Новгородское войско XI–XV веков (диссертация) 4916: 4867: 4239:. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 3–4. 3626: 1471: 5892:The popes and the Baltic crusades, 1147–1254 5450:Magill, Frank Northen; Aves, Alison (1998). 5269:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 93–95. 4737:. University Press of America. p. 247. 3420:List of wars involving the Novgorod Republic 3137: 5867:Feldbrugge, Ferdinand Joseph Maria (2009). 5797: 5392: 5223: 5217: 5206: 5050:(in Russian). Нестор-История. p. 456. 5048:Великий Новгород. Энциклопедический словарь 5038: 5036: 4840:. Princeton University Press. p. 355. 4590: 3973: 3964: 3822:Советская историческая энциклопедия. Том 14 3541: 3345:consisted of a single apse with a slanted ( 2651: 2483:List of bishops and archbishops of Novgorod 2286: 7826:States and territories established in 1136 6378: 6364: 6118: 6104: 5866: 5843: 5449: 5395:Вестник молодых ученых: Исторические науки 5316: 5296:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 320. 4955:. Cambridge University Press. p. 83. 4948: 4803: 4718: 4666:. New York: Overlook Pr., 2012. 20. Print. 4653:. New York: Overlook Pr., 2012. 19. Print. 4640:. New York: Overlook Pr., 2012. 40. Print. 4568:. New York: Overlook Pr., 2012. 41. Print. 3731: 3711: 3699: 3676: 3660: 3633:. Cambridge University Press. p. 74. 3357: 3259:style (prominent previously in Kiev), and 3011:economies were mostly serviced by slaves ( 2833:and other localities were known for their 2172:Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible 1959:, initially part of Novgorod Land, became 1478: 1464: 48: 6061: 4930:"Outline of history of medieval Novgorod. 4910: 4296: 4294: 4228: 4226: 4224: 3948: 3627:Auty, Robert; Obolensky, Dimitri (1976). 3566: 2787:The marketplace in Novgorod, painting by 1905:According to Russian sources, during the 1531:in the east. Its capital was the city of 5910: 5763:(in Russian). Высшая школа. p. 162. 5738:(in Russian). Индрик. pp. 208–213. 5569: 5289: 5266:Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia 5191: 5179: 5145: 5033: 4804:Wren, Melvin C.; Stults, Taylor (2009). 4187:American Slavic and East European Review 4180: 4028: 3606:. Univ of California Press. p. 28. 3361: 3228: 3182:in 1293 the Swedes gained a foothold in 3094: 2934: 2906: 2782: 2720: 2533: 2464: 2307:(public assemblies) and a government of 2251: 2165: 2048: 1833: 1799:were "invited" to rule over what is now 7031:Collective Security Treaty Organization 6025: 5820: 5733: 5609:. Oxford University Press. p. 58. 5497: 5411:Frank McLynn, Genghis Khan (2015), 441. 5230:. Oxford University Press. p. 53. 5227:Russian Identities: A Historical Survey 4791: 4730: 4706: 4669: 4518: 4358:The Routledge Companion to the Crusades 4093: 4087: 3990: 3906: 3874:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 24–26. 3785: 3516: 3340:style (famous for large domes) and the 3123:route from the Varangians to the Greeks 2044: 1720:) becoming common in the 15th century. 14: 7813: 5956: 5933: 5759:Кусков, Владимир Владимирович (1989). 5420: 5262: 5030:31, no. 1–2 (Spring–Summer, 2004): 41. 4506: 4409: 4291: 4259: 4232: 4221: 4033:. London: Random House. pp. 3–4. 3894: 3218: 3049:Throughout the republican period, the 2751:. To the east, it was bordered by the 2405:, were later used for Ivan III's 7836:Trading posts of the Hanseatic League 6589:Judicial system of the Russian Empire 6359: 6099: 6006:A History of Russia Volume 1: To 1917 5979: 5682: 5377: 5331: 4677:Ключевский В. О. (Vasily Klyuchevsky) 4602: 4176: 4174: 4172: 3930: 3774:, dominated by the Novgorod boyars... 3603:California Slavic Studies, Volume XIV 3174:in 1242. After the foundation of the 2939:13th-century Novgorod as depicted in 2539:The Veche in the Republic of Novgorod 2523: 2427:Marxist historiographic periodization 7728:Unified Sports Classification System 6029:Russia's Wars of Emergence 1460–1730 6002: 5844:Feldbrugge, Ferdinand J. M. (2017). 5647:V. L. Ianin, "Medieval Novgorod" in 5250: 5085:Novgorod acts of 12th–15th centuries 5042: 4833: 4552: 4481: 4437: 4425: 4354: 4342: 4300: 4286:Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 4100:. Infobase Publishing. p. 254. 3867: 3687:thus became the elected burgomaster. 3288:both protected trade and merchants. 3090: 2549:Another important executive was the 1886: 6385: 5072:Gramoty Velikogo Novgoroda i Pskova 4681:Русская история: полный курс лекций 2767:as well as the Hanseatic cities of 2729: The Novgorod Republic in 1237 1650:to annex all other Russian states. 24: 7026:Commonwealth of Independent States 5824:The Formation of Muscovy 1300–1613 5669:V. K. Laurina and V. A. Puškarev, 5421:Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004). 5192:Спасский, Иван Георгиевич (1962). 4169: 3667:appointed and expelled the prince. 3649:, which could also dismiss them... 2797:Foreign trade of medieval Novgorod 2415:Novgorod was called a republic by 2260:depicting the Kuzmin boyars (1467) 2119:Novgorod supported the rebellious 1717:Gosudar' Gospodin Velikiy Novgorod 1706:Государь Господин Великий Новгород 1351: 25: 7857: 6139:East Slavic / Rus' principalities 5963:. New York: Macmillan Reference. 5890:Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben (2007). 5671:Novgorod Icons: 12th–17th Century 5660:Ianin, "Medieval Novgorod ," 209. 5224:Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. (2005). 4778:See, for example, Igor Froianov, 4069:. Northwestern University Press. 3974:Herberstein, Sigmund von (1851). 3521:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 25–26. 2747:, as well as the eastern part of 1803:in 862 and the birthplace of its 1693:Sovereign Lord Novgorod the Great 1365: 6344: 5779: 5776:Ianin, "Medieval Novgorod," 206. 5761:История древнерусской литературы 5752: 5727: 5676: 5663: 5654: 5641: 5632: 5623: 5563: 5443: 5414: 5405: 5386: 4764:Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, 4451:Treasure of the Land of Darkness 4288:56, No. 1 (Spring 2008): 72–113. 3993:Все град людии, изволеша собе... 1447: 341: 289: 275: 261: 236: 5960:Encyclopedia of Russian History 5791: 5371: 5340: 5325: 5310: 5283: 5256: 5200: 5185: 5164: 5151: 5109: 5100: 5097:"Sources of Novgorod statehood. 5088: 5076: 5064: 5028:Russian History/ Histoire Russe 5020: 5011: 4999: 4996:72, no. 2 (June 2003): 251–275. 4986: 4983:8, no. 2 (Spring 2007): 231–270 4973: 4942: 4933: 4891: 4861: 4827: 4797: 4772: 4758: 4724: 4662:Sixsmith, Martin. "Chapter 3." 4656: 4649:Sixsmith, Martin. "Chapter 3." 4643: 4636:Sixsmith, Martin. "Chapter 3." 4630: 4625:) was Ivan's primary objective. 4596: 4571: 4564:Sixsmith, Martin. "Chapter 3." 4558: 4537: 4524: 4487: 4455: 4443: 4348: 4278: 4253: 4118: 4056: 4047: 4022: 4009: 3984: 3924: 3861: 3841: 3814: 3779: 3737: 3462: 3193: 2204: 2155:as opposed to Lithuania, where 1359:Not internationally recognized. 5917:. Cambridge University Press. 5804:. Cambridge University Press. 5673:(Leningrad: Aurora, 1980), 21. 5336:(in Russian). pp. 83–109. 3995:(in Russian). pp. 12–13. 3980:. Hakluyt Society. p. 25. 3950:10.31168/2305-6754.2018.7.2.15 3919:Vernadsky & Karpovich 1959 3620: 3593: 3560: 3535: 3510: 3441: 3432: 3160:Livonian Brothers of the Sword 2825:was mined on the coast of the 1353: 817:General Secretariat of Ukraine 27:Russian city-state (1136–1478) 13: 1: 6936:Political abuse of psychiatry 6142: 5570:Vzdornov, Gerol'd I. (2017). 5509:. Unesco. 2002. p. 138. 5429:. Facts On File. p. 48. 5293:Christianity: A Brief History 5290:Robinson, Michael D. (2019). 4868:Koenigsberger, H. G. (2014). 4807:The Course of Russian History 3766:(mayor, or governor) and the 3567:Treadgold, Donald W. (1990). 3504: 3239: 2553:of Novgorod, who chaired the 2518:metropolitan bishop of Russia 2460: 2391:, inherited from the earlier 2247: 1993:was acknowledged in the 1348 1579:, subject to approval by the 1367: 585:Great Stand on the Ugra River 55: 7581:Traditions and superstitions 5263:Langer, Lawrence N. (2021). 4731:Hammond, Vincent E. (2009). 4181:Lantzeff, George V. (1947). 3991:Малышев, С. И., ed. (2012). 3320:Architecture and city layout 2959:Cathedral of St. Sophia 2716: 2471:Cathedral of St. Sophia 2339:of the archbishop rose. The 1984: 1973: 1780:Novgorod Land § History 1527:in the west to the northern 7: 7247:Water supply and sanitation 5821:Crummey, Robert O. (2013). 5801:A Concise History of Russia 5638:Anonymous, "Novgorod," 183. 5629:Anonymous, "Novgorod," 143. 5558:Vzdornov & McDarby 1997 5546:Vzdornov & McDarby 1997 5534:Vzdornov & McDarby 1997 5492:Vzdornov & McDarby 1997 5477:Vzdornov & McDarby 1997 4579:Russia Under the Old Regime 4495:Russia Under the Old Regime 3493: 3413: 3072: 2897:Novgorodian First Chronicle 2473:, built in the 11th century 2364: 2129:Muscovite War of Succession 2087:Mikhail Yaroslavich of Tver 1913:defeated the Swedes at the 1753: 1716: 1687: 1626:(who was almost always the 1551:producing many fine works. 1515: 881:Provisional Priamurye Govt. 37:Господинъ Великiй Новгородъ 10: 7862: 6211:Novgorod-Seversk (Severia) 6141:of the pre-Mongol period ( 6062:Vernadsky, George (1948). 5798:Bushkovitch, Paul (2011). 5382:(in Russian). p. 212. 4874:. Routledge. p. 177. 4534:59, no. 2 (2000): 343–368. 4361:. Routledge. p. 221. 4094:Borrero, Mauricio (2009). 3542:Pereltsvaig, Asya (2015). 3369: 3235:The Angel with Golden Hair 3222: 3213: 2930: 2794: 2778: 2655: 2588: 2527: 2476: 2422:Notes on Muscovite Affairs 2057:at the Destruction of the 1967:. Several princes such as 1777: 1773: 1768: 1634:with Moscow following the 285:Principality of Great Perm 7747: 7504: 7268: 7259: 7092: 7083: 6836: 6827: 6635: 6626: 6561: 6403: 6394: 6342: 6134: 5957:Millar, James R. (2004). 5456:. Routledge. p. 53. 5317:Порфиридов, Н.Г. (1947). 4949:Meyendorff, John (2010). 4609:. Routledge. p. 53. 4262:Medieval Russia, 980–1584 4233:Gibson, James R. (2011). 4029:Sixsmith, Martin (2011). 3871:A Brief History of Russia 3494:Gospodin Velikiy Novgorod 3483:Господин Великий Новгород 3482: 3455:independent in 1448, the 3282:Saint Paraskeva Pyatnitsa 3138:Livonian Order and Sweden 2702: 2676: 2614: 2584: 2505: 2417:Sigismund von Herberstein 2389:Novgorod Judicial Charter 2353: 1909:, the Novgorodian prince 1742: 1705: 1676: 1622:By the 14th century, the 1504: 1323: 1302: 1284:Luhansk People's Republic 1281: 1263:Donetsk People's Republic 1260: 1239: 1222: 1205: 1026: 1015: 879: 858: 847: 836: 815: 704: 693: 682: 671: 660: 465:Principality of Chernigov 305: 215: 211: 201: 191: 187: 179: 165: 161: 149: 139:• 1136–1138 (first) 137: 133: 123: 110: 100: 90: 75: 65: 47: 42: 32: 7021:Prime Minister of Russia 6068:. Yale University Press. 6055:. Yale University Press. 6003:Moss, Walter G. (2003). 5911:Habakkuk, H. J. (1987). 4871:Medieval Europe 400–1500 3931:Lukin, Pavel V. (2018). 3517:Olander, Thomas (2015). 3425: 3379:Novgorod First Chronicle 3208:grand prince of Vladimir 3148:Swedish–Novgorodian Wars 3106:Life of Alexander Nevsky 2652:Administrative divisions 2184:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 2112:along the course of the 2083:grand prince of Vladimir 2028:, and the West-Siberian 2012:, and coastlines of the 1940:Life of Alexander Nevsky 1792:Novgorod First Chronicle 1759:Novgorod Feudal Republic 1754:Novgorodskaya respublika 1628:grand prince of Vladimir 1589:was also elected by the 1516:Novgorodskaya respublika 890: 560: 484: 402: 392: 382: 151:• 1462–1478 (last) 7459:Social entrepreneurship 7348:Forced public apologies 7283:Anti-American sentiment 6026:Stevens, Carol (2013). 5210:Нумизматический словарь 4913:, pp. 98, 197–201. 4767:The Communist Manifesto 4398:Fonnesberg-Schmidt 2007 4386:Fonnesberg-Schmidt 2007 4331:Fonnesberg-Schmidt 2007 3786:Monahan, Erika (2016). 3470:Lord Novgorod the Great 3358:Literature and literacy 3330:Cathedral of St. Sophia 3066:Heresy of the Judaizers 2321:archbishops of Novgorod 2256:A fragment of the icon 2231:sovereign of all Russia 1763:Novgorod Boyar Republic 1743:Новгородская республика 1653: 1505:Новгородская республика 1142:Eurasian Economic Union 991:Parade of sovereignties 455:Principality of Polotsk 34:Lord Novgorod the Great 7207:Social security system 7190:Science and technology 6856:Classified information 6682:Central Russian Upland 5870:Law in Medieval Russia 5576:(61 ed.). Brill. 5213:. Львов: Высшая школа. 5122:. Brill. p. 178. 4834:Grew, Raymond (2015). 4260:Martin, Janet (2007). 3868:Kort, Michael (2008). 3750:. Brill. p. 178. 3457:metropolitan of Moscow 3367: 3245: 3110: 3051:archbishop of Novgorod 3040:George's Day in Autumn 2950: 2912: 2792: 2759:and the bishoprics of 2731: 2546: 2474: 2403:Pskov Judicial Charter 2281:(burgomaster), to the 2261: 2245: 2218:Battle of Shelon River 2175: 2089:sent his governors to 2067: 1999:archbishop of Novgorod 1883:region to their city. 1843: 1838:Medieval walls of the 1577:archbishop of Novgorod 1523:, stretching from the 732:Provisional Government 673:Grand Duchy of Finland 551:Principality of Moscow 203:• Disestablished 54:The Novgorod Republic 7668:Russian tsars regalia 7001:Intelligence agencies 6724:Great Russian Regions 6468:Expansion (1500-1800) 5934:Isoaho, Mari (2006). 5378:Быков, А. В. (2006). 5332:Быков, А. В. (2006). 4603:Kirby, David (2014). 4301:Line, Philip (2007). 3372:Birch bark manuscript 3365: 3351:one-day votive church 3257:Palaeologus-Byzantine 3232: 3098: 2938: 2910: 2786: 2724: 2632:According to several 2537: 2468: 2380:, with the number of 2255: 2240: 2214:Treaty of Yazhelbitsy 2169: 2133:Treaty of Yazhelbitsy 2052: 1911:Alexander Yaroslavich 1837: 1658:The state was called 1601:, and the offices of 1373:Not fully controlled. 1207:Republic of Tatarstan 1100:Constitutional crisis 271:Grand Duchy of Moscow 76:Common languages 7735:World Heritage sites 7112:Droughts and famines 6665:Environmental issues 6413:Proto-Indo-Europeans 6181:Izyaslavl (Zaslawye) 6081:. Liturgical Press. 5980:Meier, Dirk (2006). 4897:V. O. Kliuchevskii, 4355:Lock, Peter (2013). 4137:10.2307/j.ctt1zxsk8q 3933:"Novgorod the Great" 3449:metropolitan of Kiev 2902:excavated on Gotland 2894:are reported in the 2789:Apollinary Vasnetsov 2753:Principality of Tver 2258:Praying Novgorodians 2227:library and archives 2045:Fall of the republic 1969:Vsevolod Mstislavich 1893:Vsevolod Mstislavich 1848:grand prince of Kiev 1581:Russian metropolitan 1146:Annexation of Crimea 754:Constituent Assembly 631:Second Patriotic War 85:Old Novgorod dialect 18:Republic of Novgorod 7841:Russian city-states 7793: / 7586:Forms of addressing 7195:Academy of Sciences 7152:Financial districts 7016:President of Russia 6941:Political divisions 6901:Freedom of assembly 6783:West Siberian Plain 6529:Great Patriotic War 6490:February Revolution 6316:Vladimir (Suzdalia) 6206:Novgorod (Republic) 5607:A History Of Russia 4623:gosudar' vseya Rusi 3384:Stephen of Novgorod 3342:European Romanesque 3261:European Romanesque 3219:Art and iconography 2981:Arkazhsky Monastery 2642:Rurikovo Gorodische 2479:Diocese of Novgorod 2188:Mikhailo Olelkovich 2055:Martha the Mayoress 1927:Bishopric of Dorpat 1801:northwestern Russia 1326:Zaporizhzhia Oblast 1158:Invasion of Ukraine 947:Great Patriotic War 919:Cultural revolution 860:Transcaucasian SFSR 728:February Revolution 615:Emancipation reform 513:Council of Uvetichi 363: • 359: • 193:• Established 144:Sviatoslav Olgovich 7636:Russian given name 7222:Telecommunications 7172:Petroleum industry 7036:State of emergency 6881:Far-right politics 6846:Capital punishment 6692:Meshchera Lowlands 6546:Russian Federation 6502:October Revolution 6126:Principalities of 5008:Novgorod posadniks 4162:gens Christianorum 3569:Freedom, a history 3368: 3246: 3188:Treaty of Nöteborg 3168:Battle of the Neva 3113:During the era of 3111: 3001:labor exploitation 2985:Antoniev Monastery 2951: 2913: 2793: 2732: 2711:Treaty of Bolotovo 2640:), and another in 2591:Prince of Novgorod 2559:stepennoy posadnik 2547: 2524:Veche and posadnik 2475: 2262: 2235:Novgorod Chronicle 2176: 2068: 1995:Treaty of Bolotovo 1915:Battle of the Neva 1844: 1642:came in 1478 when 1242:Republic of Crimea 1193:Russian Federation 1136:Presidential terms 1028:Karelo-Finnish SSR 981:Chernobyl disaster 721:Russian Revolution 619:Russo-Japanese War 607:1812 Patriotic War 521:Battle of Kulikovo 509:Council of Liubech 7821:Novgorod Republic 7797:58.550°N 31.267°E 7776: 7775: 7743: 7742: 7323:Domestic violence 7255: 7254: 7177:Russian oligarchs 7102:Aircraft industry 7079: 7078: 7056:Mass surveillance 7046:Search and rescue 7011:Political parties 6891:Foreign relations 6823: 6822: 6622: 6621: 6614:Historical cities 6473:Tsardom of Russia 6353: 6352: 6088:978-0-8146-2452-4 6039:978-1-317-89330-1 6016:978-0-85728-752-6 5993:978-1-84383-237-9 5986:. Boydell Press. 5947:978-90-474-0949-6 5924:978-0-521-08709-4 5880:978-90-04-16985-2 5857:978-90-04-35214-8 5811:978-1-139-50444-7 5583:978-90-04-30527-4 5516:978-88-8491-393-7 5463:978-1-57958-041-4 5436:978-0-8160-4671-3 5303:978-1-5326-1831-4 5276:978-1-5381-1942-6 5237:978-0-19-534814-9 5129:978-90-04-48076-6 4962:978-0-521-13533-7 4881:978-1-317-87089-0 4847:978-1-4008-6843-8 4817:978-1-7252-2440-7 4744:978-0-7618-4386-3 4616:978-1-317-90215-7 4440:, pp. 73–75. 4368:978-1-135-13137-1 4314:978-90-474-1983-9 4246:978-0-299-05233-1 4146:978-90-8964-983-6 4107:978-0-8160-7475-4 4076:978-0-8101-1525-5 4053:Primary Chronicle 3881:978-1-4381-0829-2 3831:978-5-458-23391-0 3799:978-1-5017-0396-6 3757:978-90-04-48076-6 3640:978-0-521-28038-9 3613:978-0-520-34307-8 3491: 3278:Florus and Laurus 3172:Battle on the Ice 3119:Volga trade route 3101:Battle on the Ice 3091:Foreign relations 3034:(поручники), and 2941:Sergei Eisenstein 2685: 2510:Chamber of Facets 2362: 2271:peasant republics 2200:Kingdom of Poland 2153:Russian Orthodoxy 2143:Some Novgorodian 1923:Battle on the Ice 1907:Northern Crusades 1887:Republican period 1840:Novgorod Detinets 1751: 1730:Novgorod Republic 1714: 1685: 1569:also elected the 1513: 1492:Novgorod Republic 1488: 1487: 1454:Russia portal 1382: 1381: 1076:Belavezha Accords 1058: 1057: 969:Era of Stagnation 935:Industrialization 901: 900: 778:Soviet-Polish War 714: 713: 695:Russian Manchuria 641:Tsardom of Russia 627:October Manifesto 611:Decembrist Revolt 603:Petrovian reforms 571: 570: 531:Novgorod Republic 495: 494: 411: 410: 315: 314: 301: 300: 297: 296: 249: 248: 95:Russian Orthodoxy 16:(Redirected from 7853: 7846:Former republics 7808: 7807: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7798: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7789: 7786: 7756: 7703:Russian language 7646:National symbols 7266: 7265: 7185: 7142:Fishing industry 7132:Economic regions 7127:Defence industry 7090: 7089: 6834: 6833: 6788:Russian Far East 6687:Northwest Russia 6645:Cities and towns 6633: 6632: 6495:Russian Republic 6401: 6400: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6357: 6356: 6348: 6321:Volhynia (Volyn) 6176:Goroden (Grodno) 6171:Galicia–Volhynia 6166:Galicia (Halych) 6144: 6120: 6113: 6106: 6097: 6096: 6092: 6069: 6056: 6043: 6020: 6009:. Anthem Press. 5997: 5974: 5951: 5928: 5905: 5884: 5861: 5838: 5815: 5786: 5783: 5777: 5774: 5765: 5764: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5680: 5674: 5667: 5661: 5658: 5652: 5645: 5639: 5636: 5630: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5602: 5591: 5590: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5428: 5418: 5412: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5168: 5162: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5134: 5133: 5113: 5107: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5040: 5031: 5024: 5018: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4990: 4984: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4776: 4770: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4695: 4694: 4673: 4667: 4660: 4654: 4647: 4641: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4600: 4594: 4591:Bushkovitch 2011 4588: 4582: 4575: 4569: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4541: 4535: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4462: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4298: 4289: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4230: 4219: 4218: 4178: 4167: 4166: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4060: 4054: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4026: 4020: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3971: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3952: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3688: 3674: 3668: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3514: 3498: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3477: 3466: 3460: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3314:Stroganov school 3244: 3241: 3204:Alexander Nevsky 3200:Mongol invasions 3144:East–West Schism 3003:– the system of 2977:Yuriev Monastery 2946:Alexander Nevsky 2881:and east to the 2867:Hanseatic League 2807:animal husbandry 2728: 2704: 2697: 2680: 2678: 2671: 2638:Yaroslav's Court 2616: 2609: 2543:Vasily Khudyakov 2507: 2500: 2493:Council of Lords 2489:executive branch 2367: 2357: 2355: 2348: 2341:Council of Lords 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2208: 2207: 1470–1480 2206: 2192:Marfa Boretskaya 2149:Novgorod's trade 1988: 1986: 1977: 1975: 1965:Hanseatic League 1949:J. L. I. Fennell 1945:Mongol invasions 1756: 1746: 1744: 1737: 1719: 1709: 1707: 1700: 1691:) with the form 1690: 1688:Velikiy Novgorod 1680: 1678: 1677:Великий Новгород 1671: 1636:Battle of Shelon 1624:prince of Moscow 1537:Hanseatic League 1518: 1508: 1506: 1499: 1480: 1473: 1466: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1438: 1376: 1375: 1362: 1361: 1338: 1317: 1296: 1275: 1254: 1234: 1224:Chechen Republic 1217: 1200: 1189: 1188: 1086:USSR dissolution 1002: 1001: 931:Collectivization 849:Byelorussian SSR 806:Russian Republic 802: 801: 637: 636: 599:Treaty of Nystad 527: 526: 441: 440: 369: 368: 367: 345: 335: 317: 316: 293: 279: 265: 253: 252: 240: 233: 232: 217: 216: 174:Council of Lords 60: 57: 52: 30: 29: 21: 7861: 7860: 7856: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7811: 7810: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7792: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7772: 7759: 7752: 7739: 7698:Public holidays 7693:Political jokes 7678:Personification 7631:Names of Russia 7500: 7419:Life expectancy 7251: 7183: 7075: 6926:Law enforcement 6819: 6805:Protected areas 6702:Smolensk Upland 6697:Oka–Don Lowland 6677:European Russia 6618: 6557: 6443:Mongol invasion 6390: 6384: 6354: 6349: 6340: 6130: 6124: 6089: 6040: 6017: 5994: 5971: 5948: 5925: 5902: 5881: 5858: 5835: 5812: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5768: 5757: 5753: 5746: 5732: 5728: 5697:10.2307/2496195 5681: 5677: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5655: 5646: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5617: 5603: 5594: 5584: 5568: 5564: 5556: 5552: 5544: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5517: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5490: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5464: 5448: 5444: 5437: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5391: 5387: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5345: 5341: 5330: 5326: 5315: 5311: 5304: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5261: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5222: 5218: 5205: 5201: 5190: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5156: 5152: 5144: 5137: 5130: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5041: 5034: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4991: 4987: 4978: 4974: 4963: 4947: 4943: 4938: 4934: 4926: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4896: 4892: 4882: 4866: 4862: 4848: 4832: 4828: 4818: 4802: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4777: 4773: 4763: 4759: 4745: 4729: 4725: 4719:Feldbrugge 2017 4717: 4713: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4674: 4670: 4661: 4657: 4648: 4644: 4635: 4631: 4617: 4601: 4597: 4589: 4585: 4577:Richard Pipes, 4576: 4572: 4563: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4529: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4505: 4501: 4493:Richard Pipes, 4492: 4488: 4480: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4369: 4353: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4315: 4299: 4292: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4231: 4222: 4199:10.2307/2491696 4179: 4170: 4147: 4123: 4119: 4108: 4092: 4088: 4077: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4027: 4023: 4015:Igor Froianov, 4014: 4010: 4003: 3989: 3985: 3972: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3929: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3866: 3862: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3824:. p. 923. 3820: 3819: 3815: 3800: 3784: 3780: 3758: 3742: 3738: 3732:Feldbrugge 2017 3730: 3726: 3712:Feldbrugge 2009 3710: 3706: 3700:Feldbrugge 2009 3698: 3691: 3677:Feldbrugge 2009 3675: 3671: 3661:Feldbrugge 2009 3659: 3655: 3641: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3598: 3594: 3579: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3501: 3473: 3467: 3463: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3416: 3400:Vasily Buslayev 3374: 3360: 3322: 3310:Novgorod school 3303:Andrew the Fool 3295:Virgin of Mercy 3286:Saint Anastasia 3242: 3227: 3221: 3216: 3196: 3140: 3093: 3075: 3026:(давние люди), 2933: 2927:coins in 1420. 2827:Gulf of Finland 2799: 2781: 2745:European Russia 2730: 2726: 2719: 2693: 2667: 2660: 2654: 2605: 2593: 2587: 2532: 2526: 2496: 2485: 2463: 2394:Russkaya Pravda 2344: 2313:(burgomaster), 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2250: 2203: 2121:Dmitry Shemyaka 2064:Klavdiy Lebedev 2047: 1997:. However, the 1983: 1972: 1889: 1782: 1776: 1771: 1733: 1726:Novgorod volost 1696: 1667: 1656: 1617:European Russia 1545:Novgorod school 1525:Gulf of Finland 1521:northern Russia 1495: 1484: 1448: 1446: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1429: 1417: 1405: 1392: 1384: 1383: 1364: 1363: 1350: 1336: 1315: 1294: 1273: 1252: 1232: 1215: 1198: 1187: 1182:2022 annexation 1166:Mass emigration 1154:2020 amendments 1137: 1095: 1081: 1068: 1067: 1059: 1000: 986: 964: 911: 910: 902: 800: 783: 746:Kornilov affair 724: 723: 715: 684:Congress Poland 662:Russian America 635: 623:1905 Revolution 590: 581: 580: 572: 541:Vladimir-Suzdal 525: 517:Mongol conquest 505: 504: 496: 439: 434:Russkaya Pravda 429:Baptism of Rus' 421: 420: 412: 377:pre-9th century 355: 353: 333: 326: 204: 194: 172: 152: 140: 83: 80:Church Slavonic 61: 58: 38: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7859: 7849: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7802:58.550; 31.267 7774: 7773: 7771: 7770: 7765: 7758: 7757: 7749: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7732: 7731: 7730: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7510: 7508: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7496: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7410: 7409: 7404: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7269: 7263: 7257: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7212:Space industry 7209: 7204: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7187: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7093: 7087: 7081: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7051:Urban planning 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6903: 6898: 6888: 6886:Federal budget 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6795:North Caucasus 6792: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6736: 6731: 6729:Highest points 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6674: 6672:Extreme points 6669: 6668: 6667: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6504: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6487: 6485:Russian Empire 6482: 6481: 6480: 6470: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6409: 6407: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6389: articles 6383: 6382: 6375: 6368: 6360: 6351: 6350: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6123: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6087: 6071: 6070: 6058: 6057: 6045: 6044: 6038: 6022: 6021: 6015: 5999: 5998: 5992: 5976: 5975: 5969: 5953: 5952: 5946: 5930: 5929: 5923: 5907: 5906: 5900: 5886: 5885: 5879: 5863: 5862: 5856: 5840: 5839: 5833: 5817: 5816: 5810: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5778: 5766: 5751: 5744: 5726: 5691:(3): 423–432. 5675: 5662: 5653: 5640: 5631: 5622: 5615: 5592: 5582: 5562: 5550: 5538: 5526: 5515: 5496: 5481: 5469: 5462: 5442: 5435: 5413: 5404: 5397:(in Russian). 5385: 5370: 5355:(in Russian). 5339: 5324: 5309: 5302: 5282: 5275: 5255: 5253:, p. 115. 5243: 5236: 5216: 5199: 5184: 5182:, p. 596. 5172: 5163: 5157:Janet Martin, 5150: 5148:, p. 593. 5135: 5128: 5108: 5099: 5095:Valentin Yanin 5087: 5083:Valentin Yanin 5075: 5063: 5056: 5046:, ed. (2007). 5032: 5019: 5010: 5006:Valentin Yanin 4998: 4985: 4972: 4961: 4941: 4932: 4928:Valentin Yanin 4915: 4911:Vernadsky 1948 4903: 4890: 4880: 4860: 4846: 4826: 4816: 4796: 4784: 4771: 4757: 4743: 4723: 4721:, p. 185. 4711: 4696: 4689: 4668: 4655: 4642: 4629: 4615: 4595: 4583: 4570: 4557: 4545: 4536: 4523: 4511: 4509:, p. 687. 4499: 4486: 4463: 4454: 4442: 4430: 4418: 4402: 4390: 4378: 4367: 4347: 4335: 4323: 4313: 4290: 4277: 4270: 4252: 4245: 4220: 4168: 4145: 4117: 4106: 4086: 4075: 4055: 4046: 4039: 4021: 4008: 4001: 3983: 3963: 3943:(2): 383–413. 3939:(in Russian). 3923: 3911: 3899: 3887: 3880: 3860: 3850:Histoire Russe 3840: 3830: 3813: 3798: 3778: 3756: 3736: 3734:, p. 487. 3724: 3704: 3702:, p. 159. 3689: 3669: 3653: 3639: 3619: 3612: 3592: 3577: 3559: 3552: 3534: 3527: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3461: 3440: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3422: 3415: 3412: 3398:and daredevil 3359: 3356: 3321: 3318: 3290:Saint Nicholas 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3195: 3192: 3139: 3136: 3109:(16th century) 3092: 3089: 3074: 3071: 2995:owners called 2932: 2929: 2883:Ural Mountains 2780: 2777: 2757:Teutonic Order 2725: 2718: 2715: 2656:Main article: 2653: 2650: 2589:Main article: 2586: 2583: 2572:Ivan's Hundred 2541:, painting by 2530:Novgorod veche 2528:Main article: 2525: 2522: 2462: 2459: 2399:Ivan Ivanovich 2249: 2246: 2174:(16th century) 2114:Northern Dvina 2062:, painting by 2059:Novgorod Veche 2046: 2043: 2010:Northern Dvina 1991:Pskov Republic 1888: 1885: 1778:Main article: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1664:Great Novgorod 1655: 1652: 1597:dominated the 1529:Ural Mountains 1486: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1475: 1468: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1443: 1442: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1379: 1377: 1341: 1340: 1329: 1320: 1319: 1308: 1305:Kherson Oblast 1299: 1298: 1287: 1278: 1277: 1266: 1257: 1256: 1245: 1236: 1235: 1226: 1219: 1218: 1209: 1202: 1201: 1195: 1186: 1185: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1043: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1012: 1011: 1008: 999: 998: 905: 904: 903: 899: 898: 896: 887: 886: 883: 876: 875: 872: 866: 865: 862: 855: 854: 851: 844: 843: 840: 833: 832: 829: 823: 822: 819: 812: 811: 808: 799: 798: 762:Bolshevik Coup 718: 717: 716: 712: 711: 708: 706:Uryankhay Krai 701: 700: 697: 690: 689: 686: 679: 678: 675: 668: 667: 664: 657: 656: 653: 651:Russian Empire 647: 646: 643: 634: 633: 578:Tsarist Russia 575: 574: 573: 569: 568: 566: 557: 556: 553: 547: 546: 543: 537: 536: 533: 524: 523: 499: 498: 497: 493: 492: 490: 481: 480: 477: 471: 470: 467: 461: 460: 457: 451: 450: 447: 438: 437: 415: 414: 413: 409: 408: 406: 399: 398: 396: 389: 388: 386: 384:Rus' Khaganate 379: 378: 375: 354: 351: 350: 347: 346: 338: 337: 328: 327: 320: 313: 312: 307: 303: 302: 299: 298: 295: 294: 287: 281: 280: 273: 267: 266: 259: 257:Pskov Republic 250: 247: 246: 241: 229: 228: 223: 213: 212: 209: 208: 205: 202: 199: 198: 195: 192: 189: 188: 185: 184: 181: 177: 176: 167: 163: 162: 159: 158: 153: 150: 147: 146: 141: 138: 135: 134: 131: 130: 127: 121: 120: 112: 108: 107: 104: 98: 97: 92: 88: 87: 77: 73: 72: 67: 63: 62: 53: 45: 44: 40: 39: 36: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7858: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7809: 7806: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7755: 7751: 7750: 7746: 7736: 7733: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7718:Seven Wonders 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7683:Playing cards 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7507: 7503: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 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6634: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6544: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6512:Russian state 6510: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6388: 6381: 6376: 6374: 6369: 6367: 6362: 6361: 6358: 6347: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 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Routledge. 6031: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6018: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5970:9780028656939 5966: 5962: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5920: 5916: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5901:9789004155022 5897: 5893: 5888: 5887: 5882: 5876: 5872: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5853: 5849: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5834:9780582491533 5830: 5826: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5782: 5773: 5771: 5762: 5755: 5747: 5741: 5737: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5685:Slavic Review 5679: 5672: 5666: 5657: 5650: 5644: 5635: 5626: 5618: 5616:9780190645601 5612: 5608: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5566: 5559: 5554: 5548:, p. 56. 5547: 5542: 5536:, p. 53. 5535: 5530: 5523: 5518: 5512: 5508: 5507: 5500: 5494:, p. 48. 5493: 5488: 5486: 5479:, p. 47. 5478: 5473: 5465: 5459: 5455: 5454: 5446: 5438: 5432: 5427: 5426: 5417: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5389: 5381: 5374: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5343: 5335: 5328: 5320: 5313: 5305: 5299: 5295: 5294: 5286: 5278: 5272: 5268: 5267: 5259: 5252: 5247: 5239: 5233: 5229: 5228: 5220: 5212: 5211: 5203: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5180:Habakkuk 1987 5176: 5167: 5160: 5154: 5147: 5146:Habakkuk 1987 5142: 5140: 5131: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5112: 5103: 5096: 5091: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5059: 5057:9785981872365 5053: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5037: 5029: 5023: 5014: 5007: 5002: 4995: 4989: 4982: 4976: 4969: 4964: 4958: 4954: 4953: 4945: 4936: 4929: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4912: 4907: 4900: 4894: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4873: 4872: 4864: 4857: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4830: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4800: 4793: 4788: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4727: 4720: 4715: 4709:, p. 33. 4708: 4703: 4701: 4692: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4665: 4659: 4652: 4646: 4639: 4633: 4626: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4599: 4592: 4587: 4580: 4574: 4567: 4561: 4555:, p. 91. 4554: 4549: 4540: 4533: 4532:Slavic Review 4527: 4521:, p. 88. 4520: 4515: 4508: 4503: 4496: 4490: 4484:, p. 90. 4483: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4439: 4434: 4428:, p. 73. 4427: 4422: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4399: 4394: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4370: 4364: 4360: 4359: 4351: 4344: 4339: 4332: 4327: 4320: 4316: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4297: 4295: 4287: 4281: 4273: 4271:9780521859165 4267: 4263: 4256: 4248: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4165: 4163: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4121: 4114: 4109: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4090: 4083: 4078: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4059: 4050: 4042: 4040:9781446416884 4036: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4012: 4004: 4002:9785904062361 3998: 3994: 3987: 3979: 3978: 3970: 3968: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3921:, p. 37. 3920: 3915: 3909:, p. 28. 3908: 3903: 3896: 3891: 3883: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3864: 3857: 3852: 3851: 3844: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3823: 3817: 3810: 3808: 3801: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3782: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3740: 3733: 3728: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3701: 3696: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3650: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3623: 3615: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3578:9780814781906 3574: 3570: 3563: 3555: 3553:9781107054530 3549: 3545: 3538: 3530: 3528:9789004270503 3524: 3520: 3513: 3509: 3495: 3489: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3465: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3373: 3364: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3326:Volkhov River 3317: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3276:, and Saints 3275: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3251: 3237: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3225:Russian icons 3211: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3162:. The German 3161: 3157: 3156:Baltic region 3153: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3127:Dnieper River 3124: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3081: 3070: 3067: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3030:(половники), 3029: 3025: 3024:davniye lyudi 3021: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2967:landownership 2964: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2928: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2831:Staraya Russa 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2790: 2785: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2723: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2690: 2683: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2659: 2649: 2648:of the city. 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2521: 2519: 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The 1812:Arctic Ocean 1809: 1790: 1783: 1762: 1758: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1692: 1663: 1659: 1657: 1639: 1632:peace treaty 1621: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1590: 1584: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1553: 1491: 1489: 1372: 1366: 1358: 1352: 1347:full list... 1345: 1331: 1324: 1310: 1303: 1289: 1282: 1268: 1261: 1247: 1240: 1178:Mobilization 1170:Debt default 1112:Chechen wars 1063:since 1991: 1040:full list... 1038: 1017:Russian SFSR 1006:Soviet Union 923:Korenization 893:full list... 891: 827:Russian SFSR 736: 595:Zemsky Sobor 563:full list... 561: 530: 487:full list... 485: 432: 418:Ancient Rus' 226:Succeeded by 225: 220: 7800: / 7708:tea culture 7561:Fairy tales 7424:Open access 7397:Immigration 7358:Gun control 7097:Agriculture 7066:Term limits 6976:Martial law 6971:Nationalism 6966:Irredentism 6961:Imperialism 6744:Caspian Sea 6660:Environment 6655:Earthquakes 6551:Union State 6539:Dissolution 6438:Kievan Rus' 6428:Early Slavs 6301:Turov-Pinsk 6216:Pereyaslavl 6128:Kievan Rus' 5044:Янин, В. Л. 4507:Millar 2004 4410:Isoaho 2006 3956:23 December 3895:Millar 2004 3856:Novgorod... 3299:Virgin Mary 3243: 1200 3115:Kievan Rus' 3060:strigolniki 2997:svoyezemtsy 2961:– the main 2791:(1908–1909) 2296:black folks 2157:Catholicism 2110:Dvina Lands 2022:Barents Sea 1987: 1299 1976: 1138 1786:East Slavic 1543:, with the 1072:August Coup 995:War of Laws 977:Perestroika 955:Warsaw Pact 943:Great Purge 906:1923–1991: 770:White Guard 750:Directorate 719:1917–1923: 576:1480–1917: 502:Feudal Rus' 500:1240–1480: 373:Rus' people 365:Early Slavs 332:History of 244:Kievan Rus' 221:Preceded by 166:Legislature 106:Novgorodian 59: 1400 7815:Categories 7713:Television 7688:Philosophy 7621:Mass media 7611:Literature 7606:Inventions 7368:Healthcare 7303:Corruption 7293:Censorship 7184:(currency) 7061:Separatism 7006:Opposition 6991:Neo-Nazism 6981:Monarchism 6951:Liberalism 6946:Propaganda 6906:Government 6773:North Asia 6574:Journalism 6433:East Slavs 6423:Sarmatians 6336:Zvenyhorod 6286:Tmutarakan 6281:Terebovlia 5745:5857590078 5070:Valk, ed. 4690:5948495647 3807:Ushkuiniki 3768:tysiatskii 3720:tysiatskii 3505:References 3370:See also: 3223:See also: 3142:After the 3125:along the 3032:poruchniki 2925:novgorodka 2877:up to the 2815:beekeeping 2795:See also: 2646:Trade Side 2477:See also: 2461:Archbishop 2439:capitalism 2316:tysyatskys 2266:city-state 2248:Government 2006:Lake Onega 1931:Pskov Land 1862:appointed 1816:Lake Onega 1797:Varangians 1612:ushkuyniki 1541:Byzantines 1138:amendments 1050:Tannu Tuva 973:Afghan War 908:Soviet Era 416:879–1240: 357:Prehistory 111:Government 102:Demonym(s) 82:(literary) 7571:Festivals 7464:Sociology 7414:Languages 7333:Education 7237:Transport 7071:Terrorism 6916:Judiciary 6910:Apparatus 6876:Elections 6841:Anarchism 6815:Far North 6766:Volcanoes 6751:Mountains 6628:Geography 6507:Civil war 6418:Scythians 6331:Yaroslavl 6221:Peremyshl 6156:Chernigov 6151:Beloozero 6145:880–1240) 5940:. 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