584:
572:
451:
246:
774:
560:
548:
499:
630:
762:
2323:
645:
660:
675:
238:
87:
690:
8319:
5982:
743:
2021/2022 survey found that one in every seven enterprises in the
Central, Eastern and South Eastern regions (14%) may be classed as active innovators — that is, firms that spent heavily in research and development and developed a new product, process, or service — however this figure is lower than the EU average of 18%. In 2022, 67% of enterprises in the same region deployed at least one sophisticated digital technology, and 69% EU firms did the same.
8343:
8331:
6006:
123:
46:
5994:
2348:
536:
2012, 21% of which was destined to fund basic research. According to
National Science Foundation in U.S., in 2015, R&D expenditures performed by federal government and local governments are 54 and 0.6 billions of dollars. The federal research and development budget for fiscal year 2020 was $
287:
New product design and development is often a crucial factor in the survival of a company. In a global industrial landscape that is changing fast, firms must continually revise their design and range of products. This is necessary as well due to the fierce competition and the evolving preferences of
812:
by 2030. However, this undertaking has not spurred an increase in reporting of data. On the contrary, a total of 99 countries reported data on domestic investment in research in 2015 but only 69 countries in 2018. Similarly, 59 countries recorded the number of researchers (in full-time equivalents)
605:
Israel is the world leader in spending on R&D as a percentage of GDP as of 2022, spending 6.02%. According to CSIS, During the 1970s and 1980s Israel initially built up Israel's research infrastructure through various programs, often in the defence industry. In 1984, a law for
Encouragement of
742:
Firms that have embraced advanced digital technology devote a greater proportion of their investment efforts to R&D. Firms who engaged in digitisation during the pandemic report spending a big portion of their expenditure in 2020 on software, data, IT infrastructure, and website operations. A
489:
Business R&D is risky for at least two reasons. The first source of risks comes from R&D nature, where R&D project could fail without residual values. The second source of risks comes from takeover risks, which means R&D is appealing to bidders because they could gain technologies
480:
while low-tech firms experienced "vicious" Matthew effects, meaning that high-tech firms were awarded subsidies on merit while low-tech firms most often were given subsidies based on name recognition, even if not put to good use. While the strength of the correlation between R&D spending and
459:
share". Research is the most risky financing area because both the development of an invention and its successful realization carries uncertainty including the profitability of the invention. One way entrepreneurs can reduce these uncertainties is to buy the licence for a franchise, so that the
458:
Research and development are very difficult to manage, since the defining feature of research is that the researchers do not know in advance exactly how to accomplish the desired result. As a result, "higher R&D spending does not guarantee more creativity, higher profit or a greater market
475:
between the research and development and firm productivity across all sectors, but that this positive correlation is much stronger in high-tech firms than in low-tech firms. In research done by
Francesco Crespi and Cristiano Antonelli, high-tech firms were found to have "virtuous"
610:
In the 1980s to 1992, the Chief scientist of Israel significantly expanded R&D subsidies in the
Israeli industrial sector. Israel invested in the creation of clusters of startups in the high-tech sector as well as venture capital investments. In 1993, Israel initiated the
751:
As of 2024, the electronics sector leads in R&D investment, with 28% of its total investment dedicated to it. This is followed by textiles (19%), digital (18%), and aerospace (15%). Other sectors allocate less than 10% of their total investment to R&D.
615:, which led to the doubling of value of Israel's 10 new venture capital funds in 3 years. In the late 1990s, Israel was second only to the US in private equity as a share of the general economy. The high tech sector in Israel, known as
264:) is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products. R&D constitutes the first stage of development of a potential new service or the production process.
738:
strategy which will run from 2014 to 2020, a multidisciplinary effort to provide safe, economically feasible, environmentally sound and socially acceptable solutions along the entire value chain of human activities.
430:
will be as much as 90% of the sales cost, with manufacturing costing only 10% of the product price, because so many individual projects yield no exploitable product. Most industrial companies get 40% revenues only.
438:
the high overhead. They often reuse advanced manufacturing processes, expensive safety certifications, specialized embedded software, computer-aided design software, electronic designs and mechanical subsystems.
5660:
583:
5675:
481:
productivity in low-tech industries is less than in high-tech industries, studies have been done showing non-trivial carryover effects to other parts of the marketplace by low-tech R&D.
808:. Countries agreed in 2015 to monitor their progress in raising research intensity (SDG 9.5.1), as well as researcher density (SDG 9.5.2), as part of their commitment to reaching the
271:
and services. R&D differs from the vast majority of corporate activities in that it is not intended to yield immediate profit, and generally carries greater risk and an uncertain
748:
As of 2023, European enterprises account for 18% of the world's top 2 500 R&D corporations, but just 10% of new entrants, compared to 45% in the United States and 32% in China.
509:
is the discipline of designing and leading R&D processes globally, across cultural and lingual settings, and the transfer of knowledge across international corporate networks.
755:
While 17% of the world’s top R&D investors are based in the
European Union, they accounted for only 1% of acquisitions involving EU-based companies between 2013 and 2023.
5646:
571:
607:
2005:"European Commission – PRESS RELEASES – Press release – Horizon 2020: Commission proposes €80 billion investment in research and innovation, to boost growth and jobs"
490:
from acquisition targets. Therefore, firms may gain R&D profit that co-moves with takeover waves, causing risks to the company which engages in R&D activity.
4633:
1825:
17:
1499:
1151:
1146:
813:
in 2018, down from 90 countries in 2015. UNESCO Institute for
Statistics is the global custodian of these R&D data; data can be freely obtained from the
731:
559:
502:
Since the 1960s, private businesses in the U.S. have provided an increasing share of funding for research and development, as direct federal funding waned.
1156:
773:
410:
Generally such firms prosper only in markets whose customers have extreme high technology needs, like certain prescription drugs or special chemicals,
1650:
Crespi, Francesco; Antonelli, Cristiano (2011). "Matthew
Effects and R&D Subsidies: Knowledge Cumulability in High-Tech and Low-Tech Industries".
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612:
1452:
442:
Research from 2000 has shown that firms with a persistent R&D strategy outperform those with an irregular or no R&D investment program.
547:
371:
In the United States, a typical ratio of research and development for an industrial company is about 3.5% of revenues; this measure is called "
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665:
1893:
761:
3655:
2158:
1378:
1201:
6045:
391:
15.1%. Anything over 15% is remarkable, and usually gains a reputation for being a high technology company such as engineering company
1141:
689:
187:
2352:
338:, using similar techniques to scientific research but directed toward desired outcomes and with broad forecasts of commercial yield.
159:
140:
59:
311:
of a new product. If the development is technology driven, R&D is directed toward developing products to meet the unmet needs.
2497:
5685:
3595:
629:
94:
Parts of this article (those related to developments in (a) USA since Barack Obama and (b) elsewhere since that time) need to be
674:
314:
In general, research and development activities are conducted by specialized units or centers belonging to a company, or can be
166:
3650:
659:
644:
426:. The extreme needs justify the high risk of failure and consequently high gross margins from 60% to 90% of revenues. That is,
606:
Research and
Development in Industry encouraged the commercial sector to invest in R&D in Israel as well as empowered the
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2168:
2141:
2114:
2063:
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1922:
173:
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1481:
538:
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On a technical level, high tech organizations explore ways to re-purpose and repackage advanced technologies as a way of
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4445:
1202:"Policy for research and technological development | Fact Sheets on the European Union | European Parliament"
717:
2208:
1987:"European Commission – PRESS RELEASES – Press release – Horizon 2020 – the EU's new research and innovation programme"
1864:
8370:
8144:
5690:
3691:
1509:
1462:
1251:
224:
206:
155:
73:
3024:
6903:
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623:, was ranked the 4th leading startup ecosystem in the world by Startup genome with a value of $ 253billion in 2023.
600:
8132:
6038:
3136:
1771:
805:
794:
518:
450:
1354:
8107:
4673:
2028:
368:. Bank ratios are one of the best measures, because they are continuously maintained, public and reflect risk.
144:
31:
5985:
3538:
2403:
2331:
2281:
1535:. Center for Strategic and International Studies, International Security Program. December 5, 2009. p. 1
1394:
809:
680:
245:
65:
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4787:
3608:
3601:
3573:
1665:
Mendonca, Sandro (2009). "Brave Old World: Accounting for 'High-Tech' Knowledge in 'Low-Tech' Industries".
267:
Although R&D activities may differ across businesses, the primary goal of an R&D department is to
8156:
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3998:
2053:
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180:
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8149:
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7272:
5505:
4956:
4506:
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4114:
3944:
2104:
1366:
1166:
3625:
2233:"The scale-up gap: Financial market constraints holding back innovative firms in the European Union"
2004:
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8080:
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5852:
4755:
4648:
4516:
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2373:
1176:
1126:
506:
2307:
UNESCO Institute for
Statistics, 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP
1826:"Research and Development: U.S. Trends and International Comparisons, National Science Foundation"
498:
8008:
7990:
7955:
7923:
7811:
7749:
7645:
6923:
6893:
6351:
5633:
5325:
4551:
4435:
4055:
3939:
3465:
2677:
712:
was meant to be reached by 2020, but the current amount is below this target. This also causes a
268:
133:
2322:
8073:
8040:
7931:
6812:
5956:
5936:
5847:
5842:
5260:
4876:
4802:
4308:
4303:
4048:
3578:
2984:
2862:
2857:
1972:
709:
708:
Europe is lagging behind in R&D investments from the past two decades. The target of 3% of
415:
380:
3861:
3635:
2994:
1525:
541:). DOD's total research, development, test, and evaluation budget was roughly $ 108.5 billion.
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8127:
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8013:
7794:
6617:
6410:
5792:
5707:
5441:
5318:
5032:
5010:
4961:
4511:
4269:
4133:
2907:
2730:
2544:
1298:
1181:
1131:
411:
4598:
4218:
3101:
8295:
8085:
8060:
7843:
7516:
7390:
6740:
6698:
6652:
5867:
5299:
5150:
4863:
4358:
4252:
3868:
3568:
3563:
2944:
2390:
1986:
345:
330:, "research and development" normally refers to future-oriented, longer-term activities in
272:
3662:
2712:
1635:(2011). "Productivity Gains from R&D Investment: Are High-Tech Sectors Still Ahead?".
8:
8375:
8322:
8120:
7593:
7262:
7257:
6871:
6844:
6009:
5951:
5926:
5809:
5583:
5540:
5500:
5466:
5195:
5162:
5020:
4834:
4814:
4546:
4374:
4353:
4155:
4109:
3841:
3264:
2795:
2366:
2256:
353:
3209:
403:, which tops the spending table with 43.4% investment. Such companies are often seen as
100:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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3168:
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1770:. National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics.
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289:
5205:
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2184:
2079:
1299:"Enhancing the Financial Returns of R&D Investments through Operations Management"
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is one that puts the customer needs first, and produces goods that are known to sell.
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Lin, Ji-Chai; Wang, Yanzhi (Andrew) (2016). "The R&D Premium and Takeover Risk".
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275:. R&D is crucial for acquiring larger shares of the market through new products.
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27:
General term for activities in connection with corporate or governmental innovation
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3642:
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3173:
2892:
2825:
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2512:
1692:
Bena, Jan; Kai, Li (2014). "Corporate innovations and mergers and acquisitions".
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Yiu, L. M. Daphne; Lam, Hugo K. S.; Yeung, Andy C. L.; Cheng, T. C. E. (2020).
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2800:
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2333:
UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development.
1406:
1355:
https://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/cases/220403/220403_758165_5_1.pdf
1332:
723:
Research and innovation in Europe are financially supported by the programme
4583:
3019:
2815:
1923:"Sustaining Israel's Innovation Economy | Perspectives on Innovation | CSIS"
1787:
Chiesa, V. (2001). R&D Strategy and Organisation, Imperial College Press
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2055:
Digitalisation in Europe 2021–2022: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey
1584:"R&D and productivity: testing sectoral peculiarities using micro data"
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is carried out, which establishes the needs of consumers and the potential
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3430:
3326:
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3237:
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2721:
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2450:
2232:
1768:"Federally Funded R&D Declines as a Share of GDP and Total R&D"
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1314:
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By 2018, research and development constituted an average 1.79% of the
589:
National Museum of the U.S. Air Force-Research and Development Gallery
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In 2015, research and development constituted an average 2.2% of the
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UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development
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Expenses for university R&D&I increase moderately in Spain
460:
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327:
1582:
Ortega-Argiles, Raquel; Potters, Lesley; Vivarelli, Marco (2011).
1526:"Aerospace and Defense: Inventing and Selling the Next Generation"
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https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-07/ucid-efu072221.php
344:
on organizations devoted to "R&D" may express the state of an
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5735:
5515:
5383:
5313:
5289:
5183:
4819:
4745:
4380:
4320:
4313:
4228:
4186:
4033:
4012:
3993:
3975:
3917:
3856:
3824:
3769:
3485:
3409:
3269:
3249:
3178:
2840:
2747:
2665:
2628:
2616:
2133:
EIB Investment Report 2023/2024: Transforming for competitiveness
532:
requested $ 147.696 billion for research and development in
396:
331:
8265:
8237:
8018:
7623:
7526:
7489:
7158:
7109:
6913:
6834:
6787:
6718:
6708:
6494:
6427:
6373:
6243:
6210:
6198:
6193:
6172:
6133:
5837:
5218:
5101:
4941:
4750:
4693:
4603:
4043:
3672:
3331:
3321:
3284:
3274:
3254:
3066:
2917:
2347:
2336:, Schneegans, S., T. Straza and J. Lewis (eds), UNESCO.
537:
156 billion, 41.4% of which was for the Department of Defense (
361:
357:
2330:
work. Licensed under C-BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from
1581:
1569:"Investor-partner business partner finder Business dictionary"
1555:"Investor-partner business partner finder Business dictionary"
814:
454:
Mercedes Benz Research Development North America (13896037060)
379:
company, such as a computer manufacturer, might spend 7% or a
7816:
7769:
7714:
7553:
7538:
7455:
7180:
7168:
7138:
7126:
6898:
6762:
6757:
6735:
6676:
6669:
6511:
6398:
6356:
6265:
6203:
6188:
6128:
5757:
5730:
5284:
5050:
4913:
4777:
4685:
4291:
3908:
2537:
2527:
2492:
2280:
Schneegans, S.; Straza, T.; Lewis, J., eds. (11 June 2021).
2209:"The 2023 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard | IRI"
1843:"Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021"
7531:
7467:
7339:
7217:
7002:
6930:
6886:
6794:
6777:
6647:
6555:
6422:
6368:
6316:
6299:
6275:
6179:
6143:
6123:
5436:
5248:
4936:
4839:
4792:
4211:
3922:
3289:
3279:
2954:
2477:
2160:
Post-COVID recovery and green transition: An ecosystem view
1630:
696:
288:
consumers. Without an R&D program, a firm must rely on
249:
Spending on research and development as share of GDP (2015)
2273:
695:
Israeli StemRad astronaut anti radiation suit, picture by
7863:
7784:
7764:
7759:
7650:
7371:
7346:
6405:
6321:
6294:
6215:
4593:
3912:
3834:
2682:
1221:"Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry"
2257:"Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) | Data"
1806:. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service.
471:
In general, it has been found that there is a positive
1498:
Dingwall, Robert; McDonnell, Mary Byrne (2015-06-26).
1377:
Research, Development and Innovation (R&D&I),
1152:
List of countries by research and development spending
1147:
List of companies by research and development spending
296:, and networks to tap into the innovations of others.
30:"R&D" redirects here. For the video game mod, see
2279:
1872:
Office of the Undersecretary of Defense (Comptroller)
1395:"Business Marketing: Understand What Customers Value"
732:
European environmental research and innovation policy
6053:
1157:
Neglected tropical disease research and development
565:
Learning Research and Development Center, Pittsburg
147:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1393:Anderson, James C.; Narus, James A. (1998-11-01).
1497:
8362:
1894:"R&D as a percentage of GDP by country 2022"
1800:Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2011
1759:
1296:
577:Mercedes Benz Research Development North America
1649:
1428:"Research and Development Employees by Country"
2029:"EUR-Lex – 02013R1291-20150704 – EN – EUR-Lex"
1533:Center for Strategic and International Studies
1267:
1265:
1263:
407:because their spending ratios are so unusual.
6039:
2374:
1765:
1654:(140). Università degli Studi Roma Tre: 1–24.
1631:Ortega-Argiles, Raquel; Piva, Mariacristina;
1392:
2326: This article incorporates text from a
1223:. US Congressional Budget Office. April 2021
727:, which is open to participation worldwide.
2106:EIB Investment Survey 2022 – CESEE overview
1260:
74:Learn how and when to remove these messages
6046:
6032:
2381:
2367:
1142:List of business and finance abbreviations
512:
2189:European Commission - European Commission
2084:European Commission – European Commission
1750:
1713:
1607:
1382:https://www.fct.pt/dsi/idi/index.phtml.en
1322:
767:Secop R&D Center in Gleisdorf Austria
553:The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
225:Learn how and when to remove this message
207:Learn how and when to remove this message
2157:Bank, European Investment (2024-05-08).
2130:Bank, European Investment (2024-02-07).
2103:Bank, European Investment (2023-01-11).
2052:Bank, European Investment (2022-05-05).
1971:Bank, European Investment (2023-02-28).
1664:
1501:The SAGE Handbook of Research Management
497:
463:is already incorporated in the licence.
449:
244:
236:
1796:
1728:
1691:
1246:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 223.
18:Research, development and demonstration
14:
8363:
6067:
5407:
779:IBM Germany Research & Development
8177:
7911:
6066:
6027:
5621:
5406:
4671:
3135:
3134:
2401:
2362:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1774:from the original on 3 October 2023.
1425:
1271:
1241:
1215:
1213:
1211:
619:, which earned Israel the nickname -
318:to a contract research organization,
8178:
5993:
2388:
2225:
2156:
2150:
2129:
2102:
2096:
2051:
1970:
1964:
1471:
1450:
1379:Fundação Para a Ciência e Tecnologia
1303:Production and Operations Management
1274:"Research And Development – R&D"
466:
279:represents R&D with innovation.
145:adding citations to reliable sources
116:
80:
39:
2045:
1401:. No. November–December 1998.
445:
24:
4672:
2402:
1945:
1910:
1272:Staff, Investopedia (2003-11-25).
1208:
821:Top countries by R&D spending
25:
8397:
8145:Social construction of technology
2340:
716:among countries since only a few
703:
241:Cycle of research and development
55:This article has multiple issues.
8341:
8329:
8318:
8317:
7912:
6004:
5992:
5981:
5980:
2346:
2321:
1797:Sargent, John F Jr, ed. (2011).
1766:Anderson, G.; Moris, F. (2023).
1451:Khan, Firdos Alam (2018-09-03).
772:
760:
688:
673:
658:
643:
628:
601:Science and technology in Israel
582:
570:
558:
546:
523:
356:. Some common measures include:
121:
85:
44:
8330:
8133:Timeline of historic inventions
6005:
3535:Outdoors & sports equipment
2300:
2249:
2201:
2177:
2123:
2072:
2021:
1997:
1979:
1939:
1886:
1857:
1835:
1818:
1790:
1781:
1722:
1685:
1658:
1643:
1624:
1575:
1561:
1547:
1518:
1491:
1444:
1419:
806:UNESCO Institute for Statistics
795:UNESCO Institute for Statistics
519:Public research and development
132:needs additional citations for
63:or discuss these issues on the
1386:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1290:
1235:
1194:
13:
1:
3539:Personal protective equipment
1187:
829:R&D as percentage of GDP
810:Sustainable Development Goals
364:or on rates of peer-reviewed
282:
2163:. European Investment Bank.
2136:. European Investment Bank.
2109:. European Investment Bank.
2058:. European Investment Bank.
1679:10.1016/j.respol.2008.10.018
784:
710:gross domestic product (GDP)
326:agencies. In the context of
7:
8157:Technology acceptance model
5622:
1115:
10:
8402:
2315:
1973:"Innovation overview 2023"
1865:"RDT&E Programs (R-1)"
1454:Biotechnology Fundamentals
668:, Computer Science faculty
598:
516:
156:"Research and development"
29:
8312:
8291:Technological convergence
8256:
8188:
8184:
8173:
8150:Technological determinism
8106:
8091:Technological singularity
8059:
8001:
7964:
7922:
7918:
7907:
7740:
7579:
7441:
7325:
7233:
7100:
6983:
6803:
6638:
6571:
6436:
6342:
6226:
6077:
6073:
6062:
5975:
5823:
5706:
5632:
5628:
5617:
5576:
5526:
5419:
5415:
5402:
5269:
5204:
5161:
5031:
4922:
4862:
4766:
4684:
4680:
4667:
4532:
4423:
4329:
3986:
3754:
3554:
3154:
3147:
3143:
3130:
2937:
2758:
2644:
2421:
2414:
2410:
2397:
1600:10.1007/s00181-010-0406-3
1167:Science of science policy
1099:
1085:
1071:
1057:
1043:
1029:
1015:
1001:
987:
973:
959:
945:
931:
917:
903:
889:
875:
861:
847:
833:
828:
825:
730:A notable example is the
608:Office of Chief Scientist
594:
507:Global R&D management
493:
8371:Research and development
8286:Research and development
8116:Diffusion of innovations
8081:Technological utopianism
7974:Environmental technology
5853:Mergers and acquisitions
5594:Research and development
3954:Chemical & hormonal
3609:Communications equipment
2353:Research and development
2237:European Investment Bank
1244:A Dictionary of Aviation
1242:Wragg, David W. (1973).
1177:Technological revolution
484:
381:pharmaceutical companies
254:Research and development
33:Research and Development
8009:Government by algorithm
7991:Sustainable engineering
7956:Precautionary principle
7750:Artificial intelligence
4639:Painting and decorating
3663:Medical imaging systems
3596:Parts & peripherals
1399:Harvard Business Review
720:have R&D spending.
513:Government expenditures
416:safety-critical systems
8074:Technology forecasting
8041:Strategy of Technology
7932:Appropriate technology
6813:Agricultural machinery
5957:State-owned enterprise
5937:Nonprofit organization
5848:Horizontal integration
3656:Scientific instruments
3619:Network infrastructure
1694:The Journal of Finance
503:
455:
412:scientific instruments
250:
242:
8046:Technology assessment
8031:Persuasive technology
8014:Intellectual property
8002:Policy & politics
6618:Interchangeable parts
5300:Private investigation
1731:The Accounting Review
1637:IZA Discussion Papers
1479:UK R&D Scoreboard
1182:Technology life cycle
1132:Industrial laboratory
683:, koffler accelerator
638:Israel R&D Center
517:Further information:
501:
453:
248:
240:
8296:Technology lifecycle
8086:Technocracy movement
7844:Programming language
7517:Particle accelerator
7391:Laboratory glassware
6057:and related concepts
5868:Vertical integration
3869:Speciality chemicals
3709:Electrical equipment
3626:Consumer electronics
2355:at Wikimedia Commons
2213:iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu
1353:EUROPEAN COMMISSION
273:return on investment
269:develop new products
141:improve this article
8381:Product development
8121:Technology transfer
7812:Client–server model
7263:CRISPR gene editing
7258:Genetic engineering
6845:Internal combustion
5952:Sole proprietorship
5927:Joint-stock company
5196:Veterinary medicine
5021:Property management
4815:Passenger transport
3842:Commodity chemicals
3668:Optical instruments
3636:Video game consoles
3529:Musical instruments
3370:Media reproduction
1588:Empirical Economics
822:
299:A system driven by
290:strategic alliances
7986:Sustainable design
7720:Integrated circuit
7544:Telecommunications
7500:Optical instrument
6596:Injection moulding
6283:Musical instrument
6068:Major technologies
5900:Putting-out system
5409:Information sector
5330:Personal services
4932:Financial services
4404:offshore platforms
4253:advanced materials
4234:Ready-mix concrete
3687:Laser construction
3647:Clocks and watches
3481:Injection moulding
3452:Other fabrication
3405:household hardware
2261:data.worldbank.org
1845:. 17 December 2020
1743:10.2308/accr-51270
1715:10.1111/jofi.12059
1706:10.1111/jofi.12059
1639:(5975). IZA: 1–22.
1484:2005-10-27 at the
1315:10.1111/poms.13186
820:
681:Weizmann Institute
504:
456:
251:
243:
8358:
8357:
8308:
8307:
8304:
8303:
8281:Mature technology
8169:
8168:
8165:
8164:
7903:
7902:
7899:
7898:
7869:Graphics software
7248:Blood transfusion
6909:Epicyclic gearing
6741:Archimedes' screw
6021:
6020:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5798:Natural resources
5643:Production-based
5613:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5551:Vocational school
5398:
5397:
5394:
5393:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4624:Electrical wiring
4610:Specialty trades
4564:Civil engineering
4419:
4418:
4093:Vulcanized rubber
3889:Cleaning products
3729:Electric lighting
3446:Surface finishing
3436:Powder metallurgy
3391:Metal fabrication
3137:Industrial sector
3126:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3025:Rare-earth metals
2933:
2932:
2351:Media related to
2293:978-92-3-100450-6
2286:. Paris: UNESCO.
2170:978-92-861-5617-5
2143:978-92-861-5648-9
2116:978-92-861-5435-5
2065:978-92-861-5233-7
2033:eur-lex.europa.eu
1946:Genome, Startup.
1113:
1112:
804:according to the
793:according to the
528:Former President
467:Benefit by sector
373:R&D intensity
235:
234:
227:
217:
216:
209:
191:
115:
114:
78:
16:(Redirected from
8393:
8345:
8333:
8332:
8321:
8320:
8186:
8185:
8179:Related concepts
8175:
8174:
7979:Clean technology
7920:
7919:
7909:
7908:
7874:Operating system
7480:Magnetic storage
7443:Electromagnetism
7073:Air conditioning
7022:Geothermal power
6768:Block and tackle
6714:Four-bar linkage
6601:Lost-wax casting
6478:Horseback riding
6075:
6074:
6064:
6063:
6048:
6041:
6034:
6025:
6024:
6008:
6007:
5996:
5995:
5984:
5983:
5880:Enforced breakup
5875:Decentralization
5803:Physical capital
5630:
5629:
5619:
5618:
5417:
5416:
5404:
5403:
5280:Customer service
5191:Residential care
5139:Public relations
4947:Financial advice
4924:Asset management
4719:Department store
4682:
4681:
4669:
4668:
4649:Site preparation
4497:Telecom networks
4465:Waste management
4441:Gas distribution
4125:Synthetic fibers
3852:Industrial gases
3591:Computer systems
3525:Medical supplies
3152:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3132:
3131:
2562:Animal husbandry
2533:Medicinal plants
2419:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2399:
2398:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2350:
2325:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1948:"Startup Genome"
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1919:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1869:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1805:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1700:(5): 1923–1960.
1689:
1683:
1682:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1633:Vivarelli, Marco
1628:
1622:
1621:
1611:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1530:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1495:
1489:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1390:
1384:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1326:
1309:(7): 1658–1678.
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1269:
1258:
1257:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1217:
1206:
1205:
1204:. 31 March 2023.
1198:
1108:
1107:
1094:
1093:
1080:
1079:
1066:
1065:
1052:
1051:
1038:
1037:
1024:
1023:
1010:
1009:
996:
995:
982:
981:
968:
967:
954:
953:
940:
939:
926:
925:
912:
911:
898:
897:
884:
883:
870:
869:
856:
855:
842:
841:
823:
819:
776:
764:
718:EU Member States
692:
677:
662:
647:
632:
586:
574:
562:
550:
446:Business R&D
424:military weapons
348:, the degree of
230:
223:
212:
205:
201:
198:
192:
190:
149:
125:
117:
110:
107:
101:
89:
88:
81:
70:
48:
47:
40:
21:
8401:
8400:
8396:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8391:
8390:
8361:
8360:
8359:
8354:
8353:
8300:
8252:
8190:Applied science
8180:
8161:
8102:
8069:Futures studies
8055:
7997:
7960:
7914:
7895:
7736:
7609:Electrical grid
7599:Circuit breaker
7575:
7437:
7321:
7285:Medical imaging
7268:Genetic testing
7229:
7096:
6979:
6867:Heavy equipment
6828:Washing machine
6799:
6724:Rack and pinion
6634:
6608:Mass production
6567:
6432:
6338:
6222:
6069:
6058:
6052:
6022:
6017:
6016:
5963:
5932:Nationalization
5819:
5789:Primary inputs
5710:
5702:
5635:
5634:Classification
5624:
5605:
5572:
5522:
5506:Social networks
5423:
5411:
5390:
5374:Business travel
5276:Administrative
5265:
5244:Amusement parks
5208:
5200:
5174:Dentist offices
5157:
5027:
4994:Pension funding
4967:Risk management
4952:Holding company
4918:
4858:
4770:
4762:
4734:Specialty store
4729:Online shopping
4676:
4655:
4528:
4415:
4325:
3982:
3940:Pharmaceuticals
3884:Aroma compounds
3820:Petroleum jelly
3750:
3739:Home appliances
3734:Electric motors
3682:spotting scopes
3643:Instrumentation
3556:
3550:
3532:Office supplies
3139:
3118:
3102:Dimension stone
3036:Other minerals
2981:Mining of ores
2929:
2754:
2640:
2587:Other livestock
2473:Permanent crops
2406:
2393:
2387:
2343:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2278:
2274:
2265:
2263:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2215:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2191:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2101:
2097:
2088:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2050:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2011:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1969:
1965:
1956:
1954:
1944:
1940:
1931:
1929:
1921:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1874:. February 2020
1867:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1823:
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1803:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1764:
1760:
1727:
1723:
1690:
1686:
1667:Research Policy
1663:
1659:
1648:
1644:
1629:
1625:
1580:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1538:
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1528:
1524:
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1519:
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1496:
1492:
1486:Wayback Machine
1476:
1472:
1465:
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867:
866:
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843:
839:
838:
787:
780:
777:
768:
765:
734:, based on the
706:
699:
693:
684:
678:
669:
663:
654:
653:R&D, Israel
648:
639:
633:
621:Start-up Nation
603:
597:
590:
587:
578:
575:
566:
563:
554:
551:
526:
521:
515:
496:
487:
478:Matthew effects
469:
448:
385:Merck & Co.
377:high technology
352:or the lure of
305:Market research
285:
231:
220:
219:
218:
213:
202:
196:
193:
150:
148:
138:
126:
111:
105:
102:
99:
90:
86:
49:
45:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8399:
8389:
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8327:
8314:
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8076:
8065:
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8057:
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8054:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8036:Science policy
8033:
8028:
8027:
8026:
8021:
8011:
8005:
8003:
7999:
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7968:
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7951:
7941:
7940:
7939:
7937:Low technology
7928:
7926:
7916:
7915:
7905:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7893:
7892:
7891:
7889:Word processor
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7846:
7841:
7840:
7839:
7837:World Wide Web
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7752:
7746:
7744:
7738:
7737:
7735:
7734:
7732:Superconductor
7729:
7728:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7691:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7660:
7659:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7636:Electric light
7633:
7632:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7585:
7583:
7577:
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7573:
7572:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7541:
7536:
7535:
7534:
7532:Motion picture
7529:
7519:
7514:
7513:
7512:
7507:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7485:Microwave oven
7482:
7477:
7476:
7475:
7465:
7464:
7463:
7453:
7447:
7445:
7439:
7438:
7436:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7424:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7411:Chromatography
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7376:
7375:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7349:
7344:
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7342:
7331:
7329:
7323:
7322:
7320:
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7314:
7309:
7304:
7303:
7302:
7297:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7239:
7237:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7227:
7226:
7225:
7223:Spinning wheel
7220:
7210:
7209:
7208:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7172:
7171:
7166:
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7141:
7136:
7131:
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7119:
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7081:
7080:
7075:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7053:
7052:
7051:
7046:
7036:
7035:
7034:
7027:Heat exchanger
7024:
7019:
7018:
7017:
7010:Energy storage
7007:
7006:
7005:
7000:
6989:
6987:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6977:
6976:
6975:
6970:
6960:
6959:
6958:
6953:
6948:
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6928:
6927:
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6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6869:
6864:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6840:Electric motor
6832:
6831:
6830:
6825:
6815:
6809:
6807:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6797:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6785:
6783:Potter's wheel
6780:
6775:
6770:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6743:
6733:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6696:
6695:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6674:
6673:
6672:
6662:
6661:
6660:
6650:
6644:
6642:
6640:Simple machine
6636:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6605:
6604:
6603:
6598:
6588:
6583:
6577:
6575:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6563:
6558:
6553:
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6531:
6521:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6504:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6442:
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6434:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6359:
6348:
6346:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6329:
6327:Printing press
6324:
6319:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6302:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6236:
6230:
6228:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6220:
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6218:
6208:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6170:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6148:
6147:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6112:Sewing machine
6104:
6103:
6102:
6100:Working animal
6097:
6092:
6081:
6079:
6071:
6070:
6060:
6059:
6051:
6050:
6043:
6036:
6028:
6019:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6002:
5990:
5977:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5910:Temporary work
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5833:Centralization
5829:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5787:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5755:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5717:
5715:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5649:
5640:
5638:
5626:
5625:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5599:Basic research
5591:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5543:
5538:
5532:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5430:
5428:
5413:
5412:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5368:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5328:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5261:Tabletop games
5258:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5233:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5215:
5213:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5167:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5126:
5124:Legal services
5121:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5095:system testing
5084:
5079:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5037:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4957:Money transfer
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4928:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4868:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4830:Passenger rail
4827:
4822:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4798:Moving company
4795:
4790:
4785:
4774:
4772:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4704:Consumer goods
4701:
4699:Car dealership
4690:
4688:
4678:
4677:
4674:Service sector
4665:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4538:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4494:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4429:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4397:
4392:
4377:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4335:
4333:
4331:Heavy industry
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4270:Metal refining
4267:
4266:
4265:
4263:Synthetic gems
4260:
4255:
4246:
4240:Other mineral
4238:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4130:Thermoplastics
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4010:
4005:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3956:contraceptives
3952:
3950:Blood products
3947:
3937:
3935:Fine chemicals
3932:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3815:Petrochemicals
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3760:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3716:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3675:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3598:
3593:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3579:Semiconductors
3576:
3574:Circuit boards
3571:
3560:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3441:Prefabrication
3438:
3433:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3398:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3374:Cassette tapes
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3210:Vegetable oils
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3184:
3183:Dairy products
3181:
3176:
3171:
3160:
3158:
3156:Light industry
3149:
3141:
3140:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2738:Wild mushrooms
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2715:
2713:Natural rubber
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2498:Tropical fruit
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2431:Arable farming
2427:
2425:
2416:
2408:
2407:
2404:Natural sector
2395:
2394:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2342:
2341:External links
2339:
2338:
2337:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2299:
2292:
2272:
2248:
2224:
2200:
2185:"Press corner"
2176:
2169:
2149:
2142:
2122:
2115:
2095:
2080:"Press corner"
2071:
2064:
2044:
2020:
1996:
1978:
1963:
1952:Startup Genome
1938:
1909:
1885:
1856:
1834:
1817:
1789:
1780:
1758:
1737:(3): 955–971.
1721:
1684:
1673:(3): 470–482.
1657:
1652:Working Papers
1642:
1623:
1594:(3): 817–839.
1574:
1560:
1546:
1517:
1510:
1490:
1470:
1463:
1443:
1418:
1385:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1289:
1259:
1252:
1234:
1207:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1172:Science policy
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1122:Basic research
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1005:
1003:
999:
998:
991:
989:
985:
984:
977:
975:
971:
970:
963:
961:
957:
956:
949:
947:
943:
942:
935:
933:
929:
928:
921:
919:
915:
914:
907:
905:
901:
900:
893:
891:
890:United States
887:
886:
879:
877:
873:
872:
865:
863:
859:
858:
851:
849:
845:
844:
837:
835:
831:
830:
827:
786:
783:
782:
781:
778:
771:
769:
766:
759:
714:digital divide
705:
704:European Union
702:
701:
700:
694:
687:
685:
679:
672:
670:
664:
657:
655:
651:General Motors
649:
642:
640:
634:
627:
596:
593:
592:
591:
588:
581:
579:
576:
569:
567:
564:
557:
555:
552:
545:
525:
522:
514:
511:
495:
492:
486:
483:
468:
465:
447:
444:
284:
281:
233:
232:
215:
214:
129:
127:
120:
113:
112:
93:
91:
84:
79:
53:
52:
50:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8398:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8350:
8349:
8344:
8340:
8338:
8337:
8328:
8326:
8325:
8316:
8315:
8311:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8263:
8261:
8259:
8255:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8195:
8193:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8176:
8172:
8158:
8155:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8142:
8141:
8138:
8134:
8131:
8130:
8129:
8126:
8122:
8119:
8118:
8117:
8114:
8113:
8111:
8109:
8105:
8097:
8096:Transhumanism
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8083:
8082:
8079:
8075:
8072:
8071:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8064:
8062:
8061:Progressivism
8058:
8052:
8051:Technorealism
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8016:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8006:
8004:
8000:
7992:
7989:
7988:
7987:
7984:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7969:
7967:
7966:Ecotechnology
7963:
7957:
7954:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7945:
7942:
7938:
7935:
7934:
7933:
7930:
7929:
7927:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7910:
7906:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7851:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7808:
7805:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7757:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7743:
7739:
7733:
7730:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7712:
7711:
7710:Semiconductor
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7695:Lightning rod
7693:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7673:Circuit board
7671:
7669:
7666:
7665:
7664:
7661:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7637:
7634:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7591:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7584:
7582:
7578:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7546:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7524:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7495:Optical fiber
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7469:
7466:
7462:
7459:
7458:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7451:Electromagnet
7449:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7440:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7385:
7384:Haber process
7382:
7381:
7380:
7377:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7354:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7336:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7328:
7324:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7292:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7260:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7243:Birth control
7241:
7240:
7238:
7236:
7235:Biotechnology
7232:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7211:
7207:
7206:Vulcanization
7204:
7203:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7176:Nanomaterials
7174:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7134:Chipped stone
7132:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7123:
7120:
7116:
7113:
7112:
7111:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7103:
7099:
7091:
7090:Photovoltaics
7088:
7087:
7086:
7083:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7070:
7069:
7068:Refrigeration
7066:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7057:
7054:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7037:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7011:
7008:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6982:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6965:
6964:
6961:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6892:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6833:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6806:
6802:
6796:
6793:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6765:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6700:
6697:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6675:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6666:
6663:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6631:
6628:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6613:Assembly line
6611:
6610:
6609:
6606:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6573:Manufacturing
6570:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6544:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6534:Space station
6532:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6502:Motor vehicle
6500:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6488:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6439:
6435:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6404:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6384:Fortification
6382:
6381:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6345:
6341:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6313:
6310:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6281:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6225:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6209:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6181:
6178:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6149:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6117:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6108:
6105:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6090:Domestication
6088:
6087:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6065:
6061:
6056:
6049:
6044:
6042:
6037:
6035:
6030:
6029:
6026:
6013:
6012:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5947:Privatization
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5873:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5721:Externalities
5719:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5709:
5705:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5682:Market-based
5681:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5631:
5627:
5620:
5616:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5453:Audio-visual
5452:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5405:
5401:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5207:
5206:Entertainment
5203:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4962:Payment cards
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4897:Food delivery
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4877:Drink service
4875:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:& Storage
4769:
4765:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4714:Grocery store
4712:
4710:
4709:General store
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4395:Rail vehicles
4393:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4368:wind turbines
4365:
4362:
4360:
4359:Machine tools
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4249:Carbon fibers
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3966:Illegal drugs
3964:
3962:
3961:Generic drugs
3959:
3957:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3879:Agrochemicals
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3862:Pure elements
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:Synthetic oil
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3692:Lens grinding
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:Mobile phones
3612:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3602:storage media
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:& optical
3553:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3384:Optical discs
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3227:Bottled water
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3148:Manufacturing
3146:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:Sea cucumbers
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:Dairy farming
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2478:Apples et al.
2476:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2308:
2303:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2276:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2099:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1974:
1967:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1873:
1866:
1860:
1844:
1838:
1827:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1784:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1570:
1564:
1556:
1550:
1534:
1527:
1521:
1513:
1511:9781473914452
1507:
1503:
1502:
1494:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1466:
1464:9781498723459
1460:
1457:. CRC Press.
1456:
1455:
1447:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1255:
1253:9780850451634
1249:
1245:
1238:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1127:Demonstration
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1014:
1004:
1000:
990:
986:
976:
972:
962:
958:
948:
944:
934:
930:
920:
916:
906:
902:
892:
888:
878:
874:
864:
860:
850:
846:
836:
832:
824:
818:
816:
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
775:
770:
763:
758:
757:
756:
753:
749:
746:
745:
740:
737:
733:
728:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
698:
691:
686:
682:
676:
671:
667:
661:
656:
652:
646:
641:
637:
631:
626:
625:
624:
622:
618:
614:
613:Yozma program
609:
602:
585:
580:
573:
568:
561:
556:
549:
544:
543:
542:
540:
535:
531:
524:United States
520:
510:
508:
500:
491:
482:
479:
474:
464:
462:
452:
443:
440:
437:
432:
429:
428:gross profits
425:
421:
418:in medicine,
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
360:, numbers of
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
280:
278:
277:R&D&I
274:
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
247:
239:
229:
226:
211:
208:
200:
189:
186:
182:
179:
175:
172:
168:
165:
161:
158: –
157:
153:
152:Find sources:
146:
142:
136:
135:
130:This article
128:
124:
119:
118:
109:
97:
92:
83:
82:
77:
75:
68:
67:
62:
61:
56:
51:
42:
41:
36:
34:
19:
8347:
8335:
8323:
8285:
8208:Construction
8203:Architecture
8024:Trade secret
7913:Perspectives
7832:Social media
7827:Peer-to-peer
7705:Oscilloscope
7646:Incandescent
7549:Mobile phone
7461:Optical disc
7428:Spectrometer
7416:Distillation
7191:Rammed earth
7078:Refrigerator
7056:Oil drilling
6904:Differential
6658:Ball bearing
6623:Machine tool
6418:Stonemasonry
6344:Construction
6261:Lock and key
6256:Cryptography
6151:Food storage
6010:
5998:
5986:
5905:Spinning-off
5890:Homesteading
5843:Conglomerate
5825:Organization
5778:Raw material
5773:Intermediate
5652:
5651:
5593:
5474:Broadcasting
5379:Cruise lines
5349:Maid service
5339:Dry cleaning
5310:Maintenance
5068:Architecture
5033:Professional
4852:Self storage
4756:Distribution
4534:Construction
4379:Other heavy
4304:Formed metal
4258:Mineral wool
4180:Safety glass
4151:Fused quartz
4146:Borosilicate
3810:Paraffin wax
3765:oil refining
3744:Transformers
3510:Other goods
3496:Stonemasonry
3476:Glassblowing
3461:Blow molding
3420:Locksmithing
3396:Boilermaking
2945:Fossil fuels
2743:Fungiculture
2698:Gutta-percha
2688:Frankincense
2683:Tree tapping
2654:Silviculture
2634:Fur trapping
2545:Horticulture
2493:Stone fruits
2332:
2328:free content
2302:
2282:
2275:
2264:. Retrieved
2260:
2251:
2240:. Retrieved
2236:
2227:
2216:. Retrieved
2212:
2203:
2192:. Retrieved
2188:
2179:
2159:
2152:
2132:
2125:
2105:
2098:
2087:. Retrieved
2083:
2074:
2054:
2047:
2036:. Retrieved
2032:
2023:
2012:. Retrieved
2008:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1966:
1955:. Retrieved
1951:
1941:
1930:. Retrieved
1927:www.csis.org
1926:
1901:. Retrieved
1897:
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1871:
1859:
1847:. Retrieved
1837:
1820:
1799:
1792:
1783:
1775:
1761:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1651:
1645:
1636:
1626:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1563:
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1532:
1520:
1500:
1493:
1477:All figures
1473:
1453:
1446:
1435:. Retrieved
1431:
1421:
1410:. Retrieved
1398:
1388:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1281:. Retrieved
1278:Investopedia
1277:
1243:
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1196:
1030:Netherlands
932:Switzerland
815:UIS database
799:
788:
754:
750:
747:
744:
741:
729:
725:Horizon 2020
722:
707:
617:Silicon Wadi
604:
530:Barack Obama
527:
505:
488:
470:
457:
441:
433:
409:
405:credit risks
370:
366:publications
340:
320:universities
313:
309:niche market
298:
294:acquisitions
286:
276:
266:
261:
257:
253:
252:
221:
203:
194:
184:
177:
170:
163:
151:
139:Please help
134:verification
131:
103:
95:
71:
64:
58:
57:Please help
54:
32:
8213:Engineering
7949:Neo-Luddism
7884:Web browser
7879:Spreadsheet
7800:Touchscreen
7775:Motherboard
7688:Vacuum tube
7663:Electronics
7641:Fluorescent
7629:Transformer
7581:Electricity
7522:Photography
7164:Ironworking
7085:Solar power
6956:Vacuum pump
6924:Whippletree
6581:3D printing
6394:Scaffolding
6239:Calculation
6085:Agriculture
6078:Necessities
5942:Partnership
5922:Cooperative
5895:Outsourcing
5885:Freelancing
5763:Commodities
5467:Video games
5442:Periodicals
5319:Landscaping
5249:Fairgrounds
5151:Advertising
5072:engineering
5056:Bookkeeping
5011:Real estate
5004:Reinsurance
4902:Restaurants
4872:Foodservice
4864:Hospitality
4847:Warehousing
4835:Ridesharing
4825:Car rentals
4557:Residential
4492:Remediation
4375:Automobiles
4197:Earthenware
4166:Glass fiber
4161:Float glass
3971:Supplements
3945:Antibiotics
3847:Fertilizers
3805:Mineral oil
3780:Diesel fuel
3763:Coal &
3723:fiber optic
3697:Microscopes
3651:GPS devices
3631:Televisions
3564:Electronics
3555:Electrical
3501:Woodworking
3456:3D printing
3415:Gunsmithing
3379:Phonographs
3364:Typesetting
3344:Bookbinding
3307:Dressmaking
3302:Accessories
3234:Soft drinks
3169:Animal feed
2960:Natural gas
2848:Aquaculture
2831:Sea urchins
2703:Maple syrup
2577:Fur farming
2567:Beef cattle
2503:Viticulture
2451:Fiber crops
2423:Agriculture
1878:20 February
1849:20 February
1752:10397/65000
1609:10419/35059
1488:as of 2006.
1426:ChartsBin.
1324:10397/89881
736:Europe 2020
473:correlation
420:aeronautics
350:competition
316:out-sourced
8376:Innovation
8365:Categories
8258:Innovation
8243:Navigation
8140:Philosophy
7807:Networking
7725:Transistor
7700:Multimeter
7569:Television
7505:Microscope
7473:Eyeglasses
7421:Filtration
7406:Separation
7379:Fertilizer
7307:Prosthesis
7300:Antibiotic
7295:Anesthesia
7290:Medication
7149:Metallurgy
6946:Jackhammer
6941:Compressor
6936:Pneumatics
6872:Hydraulics
6855:Waterwheel
6823:Dishwasher
6546:Watercraft
6539:Space suit
6524:Spacecraft
6490:Jet engine
6389:Foundation
6362:Irrigation
6332:Typewriter
6305:Video game
6288:Phonograph
6234:Accounting
6163:Sanitation
6055:Technology
5815:Technology
5785:Innovation
5746:Well-being
5556:University
5489:Television
5426:Mass media
5421:Publishing
5254:Nightclubs
5163:Healthcare
5134:Consulting
5129:Management
5077:Inspection
5061:Tax advice
5041:Accounting
4972:Securities
4788:Intermodal
4724:Mail order
4619:Demolition
4552:Industrial
4547:Commercial
4470:Collection
4321:Cast metal
4207:Refractory
4175:fiberglass
4171:Glass wool
4134:thermosets
4110:Engineered
4039:Engineered
4034:Sawmilling
3928:Toiletries
3899:Explosives
3719:Electrical
3702:Telescopes
3569:Components
3327:Shoemaking
3045:Phosphorus
2938:Geological
2888:Microalgae
2731:Pine resin
2718:Palm sugar
2693:Gum arabic
2607:Beekeeping
2446:Vegetables
2391:industries
2266:2017-12-12
2242:2024-07-30
2218:2024-08-29
2194:2024-05-31
2089:2022-05-31
2038:2017-03-16
2014:2017-12-12
1957:2024-07-02
1932:2024-07-02
1903:2024-07-02
1812:1097445714
1776:NSF 23-339
1437:2019-02-06
1412:2019-02-06
1283:2017-12-12
1188:References
1137:Innovation
1100:Australia
1086:Singapore
802:global GDP
791:global GDP
599:See also:
436:amortizing
395:24.9%, or
342:Statistics
336:technology
283:Background
197:March 2020
167:newspapers
60:improve it
8276:Invention
8271:High tech
8248:Surveying
8228:Logistics
8218:Forensics
7924:Criticism
7668:Capacitor
7619:Generator
7564:Telephone
7559:Telegraph
7510:Telescope
7433:Synthesis
7396:Pesticide
7367:Gunpowder
7362:Fireworks
7352:Explosive
7335:Detergent
7253:Dentistry
7196:Recycling
7032:Heat pump
6951:Rivet gun
6919:Gyroscope
6894:Mechanism
6818:Appliance
6805:Machinery
6746:Propeller
6586:Carpentry
6561:Submarine
6529:Satellite
6519:Scuba set
6438:Transport
6184:Equipment
5917:Ownership
5863:Monopsony
5741:Pollution
5726:Community
5636:standards
5541:Secondary
5528:Education
5511:Streaming
5179:Hospitals
5170:Medicine
5146:Marketing
5082:Surveying
5046:Assurance
5016:Brokerage
4979:Insurance
4907:Teahouses
4892:Fast food
4783:Air cargo
4768:Transport
4751:Brokerage
4741:Wholesale
4629:Elevators
4614:Cabinetry
4542:Buildings
4522:Telephone
4517:Satellite
4485:Recycling
4480:Hazardous
4446:Renewable
4425:Utilities
4386:Aerospace
4354:Hydraulic
4344:Conveyors
4339:Machinery
4244:Abrasives
4202:Porcelain
4156:Soda-lime
4115:Specialty
4105:Commodity
4066:Cardboard
4049:Composite
3987:Materials
3904:Fireworks
3894:Cosmetics
3874:Adhesives
3756:Chemicals
3714:Batteries
3586:Computers
3521:Jewellery
3507:Furniture
3491:Sintering
3471:Extrusion
3425:Machining
3401:Builders'
3354:Engraving
3349:Embossing
3332:Tailoring
3317:Hatmaking
3217:Beverages
3200:Preserved
3097:Limestone
3067:Quarrying
3040:Gemstones
3010:Palladium
2975:Tar sands
2970:Petroleum
2965:Oil shale
2811:Swordfish
2771:Anchovies
2612:Cochineal
2009:europa.eu
1991:europa.eu
1432:ChartsBin
1407:0017-8012
1341:216529963
1333:1937-5956
1227:29 August
1162:Prototype
1058:Slovenia
785:Worldwide
636:Microsoft
387:14.1% or
301:marketing
106:June 2021
66:talk page
8386:Research
8324:Category
8233:Medicine
8223:Forestry
8198:Agronomy
7859:Database
7854:Compiler
7849:Software
7822:Internet
7755:Hardware
7742:Computer
7683:Inductor
7678:Resistor
7357:Dynamite
7327:Chemical
7280:Hospital
7154:Aluminum
7115:Concrete
7102:Material
7061:Fracking
6998:Charcoal
6963:Robotics
6882:Manifold
6877:Cylinder
6860:Windmill
6773:Flywheel
6731:Pendulum
6682:Catapult
6507:Railroad
6473:Elevator
6461:Seaplane
6456:Airplane
6451:Aerostat
6446:Aircraft
6379:Building
6352:Aqueduct
6271:Banknote
6249:Calendar
6168:Plumbing
6107:Clothing
6095:Grafting
5987:Category
5858:Monopoly
5810:Services
5589:Language
5584:Creative
5568:Tutoring
5546:Tertiary
5516:Websites
5496:Internet
5447:Software
5433:Written
5354:Pet care
5314:Janitors
5304:security
5295:Staffing
5219:Gambling
5112:Interior
5093:, &
5087:Physical
4999:Property
4887:Catering
4820:Airlines
4808:Trucking
4644:Plumbing
4599:Dredging
4574:Railways
4507:Internet
4502:Cable TV
4436:Electric
4381:vehicles
4280:Aluminum
4187:Ceramics
4100:Plastics
4013:Currying
4003:deliming
3976:Vaccines
3918:Perfumes
3857:Pigments
3800:Kerosene
3795:Jet fuel
3790:Gasoline
3785:Fuel oil
3517:Bicycles
3431:smithing
3339:Printing
3297:Clothing
3265:Spinning
3245:Textiles
3195:Prepared
3015:Platinum
2985:Aluminum
2913:Scallops
2826:Lobsters
2801:Mackerel
2781:Sardines
2748:Truffles
2724:, &
2671:Firewood
2646:Forestry
2456:Oilseeds
1898:Statista
1772:Archived
1618:59130979
1539:6 August
1504:. SAGE.
1482:Archived
1116:See also
1072:Czechia
988:Iceland
974:Finland
960:Denmark
946:Germany
918:Austria
876:Belgium
826:Country
666:Technion
461:know-how
401:Allergan
399:company
393:Ericsson
389:Novartis
383:such as
354:progress
346:industry
328:commerce
8336:Outline
8128:History
8108:Studies
7944:Luddite
7795:Storage
7589:Circuit
7401:Pigment
7317:Vaccine
7312:Surgery
7213:Textile
7186:Plastic
7144:Masonry
7122:Ceramic
7039:Nuclear
7015:Battery
6850:Turbine
6699:Linkage
6692:Shadoof
6653:Bearing
6630:Welding
6591:Casting
6551:Sailing
6483:Stirrup
6468:Compass
6411:Caisson
6312:Writing
6156:Pottery
6139:Milling
6119:Cooking
6011:Outline
5999:Commons
5753:Funding
5736:Culture
5713:outputs
5623:Related
5563:Testing
5536:Primary
5501:Hosting
5384:Tourism
5370:Travel
5366:Poverty
5344:Funeral
5326:Repairs
5290:Renting
5285:Leasing
5239:Arcades
5235:Venues
5211:leisure
5184:Nursing
5117:Product
5107:Fashion
5091:product
4937:Banking
4746:Auction
4604:Harbors
4584:Tunnels
4569:Bridges
4475:Dumping
4411:Weapons
4229:Plaster
4120:Pellets
4008:Tanning
3994:Leather
3825:Propane
3770:Bitumen
3673:Cameras
3513:Baggage
3486:Pottery
3466:Drawing
3410:Cutlery
3275:Carpets
3270:Weaving
3250:Carding
3179:Canning
3107:Granite
3030:Uranium
3020:Lithium
2893:Seaweed
2878:Oysters
2873:Mussels
2868:Abalone
2863:Tilapia
2858:Catfish
2841:Whaling
2796:Pollock
2791:Haddock
2776:Herring
2766:Fishing
2759:Aquatic
2666:Logging
2629:Hunting
2617:Shellac
2602:Poultry
2550:Flowers
2483:Berries
2466:Tobacco
2441:Legumes
2436:Cereals
2316:Sources
1044:Norway
1016:France
862:Sweden
834:Israel
397:biotech
362:patents
358:budgets
332:science
258:R&D
181:scholar
96:updated
8348:Portal
8266:Design
8238:Mining
8019:Patent
7790:Router
7624:Switch
7527:Camera
7490:Mirror
7201:Rubber
7159:Bronze
7110:Cement
7049:Weapon
6985:Energy
6914:Gimbal
6835:Engine
6788:Pulley
6753:Spring
6719:Piston
6709:Clutch
6495:Rocket
6428:Tunnel
6374:Bridge
6244:Abacus
6227:Social
6211:Weapon
6199:Plough
6194:Hammer
6173:Toilet
6134:Cheese
5838:Cartel
5711:&
5708:Inputs
5647:ANZSIC
5424:&
5334:Beauty
5302:&
5224:Online
5209:&
5102:Design
5070:&
4984:Health
4942:Credit
4914:Hotels
4694:Retail
4589:Canals
4512:Mobile
4458:Sewage
4432:Power
4402:&
4388:&
4366:&
4314:Forged
4309:Rolled
4292:Alloys
4285:Copper
4251:&
4224:Mortar
4219:Cement
4173:&
4132:&
4083:Rubber
4076:Tissue
4061:Sizing
4044:Lumber
4029:Drying
4017:oiling
4015:&
4001:&
3999:Liming
3911:&
3909:Paints
3725:cables
3721:&
3680:&
3600:Blank
3429:Other
3403:&
3359:Secure
3322:Sewing
3285:Linens
3260:Prints
3255:Dyeing
3231:Liquor
3205:Sweets
3174:Baking
3112:Marble
3092:Gypsum
3072:Gravel
3060:Sulfur
3050:Potash
3005:Silver
2990:Copper
2923:Shrimp
2918:Salmon
2883:Pearls
2708:Mastic
2678:Rattan
2659:Bamboo
2582:Horses
2538:Spices
2528:Olives
2513:Coffee
2488:Citrus
2415:Biotic
2389:Major
2290:
2167:
2140:
2113:
2062:
1810:
1616:
1508:
1461:
1405:
1339:
1331:
1250:
1002:China
904:Japan
848:Korea
595:Israel
494:Global
414:, and
183:
176:
169:
162:
154:
7817:Email
7780:Mouse
7770:Modem
7715:Diode
7554:Radio
7539:Radar
7456:Laser
7181:Paper
7169:Steel
7139:Glass
7127:Brick
7044:Power
6899:Clock
6763:Wheel
6758:Valve
6736:Screw
6687:Crane
6677:Lever
6670:Chain
6512:Train
6399:Tower
6357:Canal
6266:Money
6204:Wedge
6189:Blade
6129:Bread
5793:Labor
5768:Final
5758:Goods
5731:Crime
5676:UKSIC
5666:NAICS
5577:Other
5484:Radio
5462:Music
5437:Books
5270:Other
5231:Sport
5051:Audit
4882:Cafés
4840:Taxis
4778:Cargo
4686:Sales
4579:Roads
4453:Water
4400:Ships
4390:space
4364:Power
4349:Heavy
4297:Steel
4192:Brick
4141:Glass
4088:Tires
4056:Paper
3186:Flour
3082:Chalk
2903:Clams
2899:Both
2836:Squid
2821:Crabs
2806:Shark
2722:syrup
2555:Seeds
2508:Cocoa
2461:Sugar
1868:(PDF)
1829:(PDF)
1804:(PDF)
1614:S2CID
1529:(PDF)
1337:S2CID
485:Risks
375:". A
324:state
322:, or
188:JSTOR
174:books
35:(mod)
7656:Neon
7614:Fuse
7468:Lens
7340:Soap
7218:Loom
7003:Oven
6993:Fire
6931:MEMS
6887:Pump
6795:Wing
6778:Gear
6665:Belt
6648:Axle
6556:Ship
6423:Road
6369:Arch
6317:Book
6300:Game
6276:Coin
6180:Tool
6144:Wine
6124:Beer
5696:TRBC
5686:GICS
5661:NACE
5654:ISIC
5479:News
5457:Film
4989:Life
4803:Rail
4793:Mail
4634:HVAC
4594:Dams
4275:Iron
4212:Tile
4071:Pulp
4024:Wood
3923:Soap
3913:inks
3775:Coke
3544:Toys
3312:Furs
3290:Rope
3280:Lace
3238:Wine
3222:Beer
3190:Meat
3164:Food
3087:Clay
3077:Sand
3055:Salt
3000:Gold
2995:Iron
2955:Peat
2950:Coal
2853:Carp
2816:Tuna
2726:wine
2622:Silk
2597:Wool
2523:Nuts
2288:ISBN
2165:ISBN
2138:ISBN
2111:ISBN
2060:ISBN
1880:2021
1851:2021
1808:OCLC
1541:2017
1506:ISBN
1459:ISBN
1403:ISSN
1329:ISSN
1248:ISBN
1229:2024
1106:1.83
1092:1.89
1078:1.99
1064:2.15
1050:2.28
1036:2.29
1022:2.35
1008:2.40
994:2.47
980:2.94
966:2.96
952:3.14
938:3.15
924:3.20
910:3.26
896:3.45
882:3.48
868:3.53
854:4.81
840:5.44
697:NASA
160:news
7864:GUI
7785:RAM
7765:GPU
7760:CPU
7651:LED
7372:TNT
7347:Dye
7273:PCR
6973:Leg
6968:Arm
6704:Cam
6406:Dam
6322:Map
6295:Toy
6216:Gun
5691:ICB
5671:SIC
5359:Sex
3835:Tar
3678:Gun
2786:Cod
2592:Pig
2518:Tea
1747:hdl
1739:doi
1710:hdl
1702:doi
1675:doi
1604:hdl
1596:doi
1319:hdl
1311:doi
539:DOD
422:or
334:or
262:R+D
260:or
143:by
8367::
7604:DC
7594:AC
6182:/
5089:,
2720:,
2259:.
2235:.
2211:.
2187:.
2082:.
2031:.
2007:.
1989:.
1950:.
1925:.
1912:^
1896:.
1870:.
1745:.
1735:91
1733:.
1708:.
1698:69
1696:.
1671:38
1669:.
1612:.
1602:.
1592:41
1590:.
1586:.
1531:.
1430:.
1397:.
1335:.
1327:.
1317:.
1307:29
1305:.
1301:.
1276:.
1262:^
1210:^
817:.
797:.
534:FY
292:,
69:.
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2382:e
2375:t
2368:v
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2269:.
2245:.
2221:.
2197:.
2173:.
2146:.
2119:.
2092:.
2068:.
2041:.
2017:.
1993:.
1975:.
1960:.
1935:.
1906:.
1882:.
1853:.
1831:.
1814:.
1755:.
1749::
1741::
1718:.
1712::
1704::
1681:.
1677::
1620:.
1606::
1598::
1571:.
1557:.
1543:.
1514:.
1467:.
1440:.
1415:.
1343:.
1321::
1313::
1286:.
1256:.
1231:.
256:(
228:)
222:(
210:)
204:(
199:)
195:(
185:·
178:·
171:·
164:·
137:.
108:)
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98:.
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20:)
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