36:
22:
55:
3287:
3297:
330:
3276:
567:
shows a similar distribution, with 185 of their 500 ranked institutions in 2020 coming from Europe, 161 from the
Americas, 149 from Asia/Oceania and five from Africa. All regions except Africa are represented in the top 100, although the Americas are represented solely by universities from the United
568:
States and Canada. In 2024, the US has the most universities in the top 500 from a single country, 114, followed by China with 103, the UK with 35 and
Germany with 35. The top 200 shows the similar pattern: the US with 59 followed by China with 37 and the UK with 20.
1047:
558:(2015) identifies 115 US universities as "Doctoral Universities: Highest Research Activity" and a further 107 as "Doctoral Universities: Higher Research Activity", while Altbach estimated that there were around 220 research universities in the US in 2013.
486:
use metrics that primarily measure research to rank universities. Some also have criteria for inclusion based on the concept of a research university such as teaching at both undergraduate and postgraduate level and conducting work in multiple faculties
554:. By individual country, the US has the most institutions with 151, followed by the UK with 84, China with 51, and Germany with 45. The top 200 shows a similar pattern with the US having 45 universities, the UK 26 and Germany 12. By comparison, the
316:. The Americans' continued dominance into the early 21st century has forced their European counterparts to confront the urgent need for reform to avoid "declining into an advanced form of feeder colleges for the best American universities."
253:)." The American research university first emerged in the late 19th century, when these fifteen institutions began to graft graduate programs derived from the German model onto undergraduate programs derived from the British model.
966:
1717:
1039:
1960:
1807:
1007:
1758:
1301:
607:
Best Global
Universities Ranking 2021 gives numbers by country for the 1500 universities ranked from 86 countries: the U.S. is again top, with 255, followed by China with 176 and the UK with 87. The 2024
892:
1210:
162:
1340:
1130:
451:
report defined research universities, in the
American context, as having values of intellectual freedom, initiative and creativity, excellence, and openness, with such additional characteristics as:
1262:
2299:
1486:
799:
265:
by the end of the 20th century. Most importantly, Berkeley, Chicago, Columbia, and
Princeton (along with Birmingham and Cambridge in the UK) directly participated in the creation of the first
35:
135:, instead place more emphasis on student instruction or other aspects of tertiary education, whereas research university faculty members, in contrast, are under more pressure to
2102:
171:(the unity of teaching and research), as a means of producing an education that focused on the main areas of knowledge, including the natural sciences, social sciences, and
1953:
1025:
555:
448:
21:
493:), or teaching undergraduates, having a research output of more than 1000 research papers over 5 years, and no more than 80% of activity in a single subject area (
185:, "the leading historian of the American research university," has argued that "the model for the American research university was established by five of the nine
2132:
2072:
851:
2162:
670:
462:
Emphasizing the undergraduate residential experience (flagged specifically as distinguishing
American research universities from those in continental Europe)
2439:
2291:
2012:
633:
304:, have served as models for research universities around the world. Having one or more universities based on the American model (including the use of
807:
542:
with 7%. All regions except the Middle East and Africa were represented in the top 100. The largest number of new entrants to the rankings were from
731:
1088:
573:
495:
614:
includes 1,506 universities in the rankings from 65 countries: China tops the list, with 313, followed by the U.S. with 206, and the UK with 63.
112:
and may not prepare students for particular careers, but many employers value degrees from research universities because they teach fundamental
226:
2033:
628:
410:
Philip
Altbach defines a different, although similar, set of key characteristics for what research universities need to become successful:
1600:
1527:
1444:
2265:
1703:
The
American Research University from World War II to World Wide Web: Governments, the Private Sector, and the Emerging Meta-University
1675:
1405:
2184:
2094:
3194:
2834:
2746:
773:
756:
Altbach, Philip G. (2011). "The Past, Present, and Future of the
Research University". In Altbach, Philip G.; Salmi, Jamil (eds.).
3321:
483:
563:
1930:
2782:
2006:
1891:
1639:
1334:
767:
234:
175:, rather than on the previous goals of the university education, which was to develop an understanding of truth, beauty, and
29:
3145:
290:
1040:"Between 'Bildung' and 'Wissenschaft': The 19th-Century German Ideal of Scientific Education German Education and Science"
50:
and as of fiscal year 2020 had been the national leader in annual research and development spending for over four decades.
2787:
1897:
218:
59:
577:
only gives a breakdown by country and only for its top 200; this again has the U.S. at the top with 56, followed by the
230:
423:
Little competition from non-university research institutions, unless these have strong connections to the universities
2365:
2124:
2064:
1801:
1752:
1711:
1669:
1594:
1560:
1521:
1480:
1438:
1399:
1295:
1256:
1204:
1169:
1124:
1082:
1001:
960:
926:
886:
834:
803:
54:
2154:
3300:
3209:
623:
1287:
Brotherhood of the Bomb: The
Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller
654:
414:
At the top of the academic hierarchy in a differentiated higher education system and receiving appropriate support
131:
Institutions of higher education that are not research universities or do not aspire to that designation, such as
278:
873:
Powell, Justin J. W.; Fernandez, Frank; Crist, John T.; Dusdal, Jennifer; Zhang, Liang; Baker, David P. (2017).
2792:
426:
More funding than other universities to attract the best staff and students and support research infrastructure
3204:
2551:
693:
510:
489:
1236:
723:
603:
274:
3085:
2480:
305:
202:
86:
2490:
2393:
2812:
2728:
2500:
301:
242:
39:
3260:
2880:
2847:
2626:
590:
376:
296:
Since the 1960s, American research universities, especially the leading American public research
282:
222:
2041:
3090:
2668:
2621:
1430:
The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford
466:
214:
1781:
1740:
1584:
1470:
1324:
1114:
989:
950:
916:
3290:
2927:
2764:
2673:
2661:
2358:
1586:
The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1
1550:
1509:
1428:
1285:
1240:
1159:
1021:
397:
351:
250:
109:
1701:
1659:
1389:
1194:
1070:
874:
3100:
3095:
2954:
2939:
2907:
2892:
2875:
2754:
2741:
2636:
2495:
2485:
2192:
1986:
206:
157:
132:
125:
94:
25:
1987:"No Organizations for Today's Einsteins: Organizational Impacts on Scientific Discoveries"
918:
The College Solution: A Guide for Everyone Looking for the Right School at the Right Price
835:"Managing the Unmanageable: The Management of Research in Research-Intensive Universities"
233:); and five private institutions conceived from their inception as research universities (
8:
3172:
3115:
2646:
2578:
2462:
1920:
1362:
610:
390:
246:
210:
190:
121:
875:"Introduction: The Worldwide Triumph of the Research University and Globalizing Science"
757:
273:). Besides that, Columbia and Harvard were instrumental in the early development of the
3185:
3155:
3120:
3054:
2870:
2802:
2693:
2566:
2541:
2510:
1854:
238:
194:
102:
90:
63:
3125:
3105:
2959:
2949:
2912:
2807:
2616:
2588:
2470:
2421:
2384:
2002:
1887:
1858:
1797:
1748:
1707:
1665:
1661:
The Rise of American Research Universities: Elites and Challengers in the Postwar Era
1655:
1635:
1590:
1556:
1517:
1476:
1466:
1434:
1395:
1330:
1291:
1252:
1241:"'El central volumen de la fuerza': Global Hegemony in Higher Education and Research"
1200:
1165:
1120:
1078:
997:
956:
922:
882:
763:
662:
514:
for 2021 included 1002 research universities. The region with the highest number was
418:
297:
289:. The "most prestigious group of research universities" in the United States is the
270:
186:
136:
117:
98:
2240:
1508:
Scott, W. Richard; Lara, Bernardo; Biag, Manuelito; Ris, Ethan; Liang, Judy (2017).
3235:
3167:
3150:
3110:
3064:
3010:
2995:
2973:
2944:
2819:
2598:
2583:
2535:
2406:
2351:
1998:
1994:
1993:, Handbooks in Philosophy, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–23,
1925:
1879:
1846:
1838:
1789:
1788:(2018 softcover reprint ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 109–125.
1627:
1110:
441:
108:
Undergraduate courses at many research universities are often academic rather than
3162:
3044:
3000:
2990:
2824:
2703:
2322:
1842:
1829:
Philip G. Altbach (2013). "Advancing the national and global knowledge economy".
1697:
1624:
The Dream Is Over: The Crisis of Clark Kerr's California Idea of Higher Education
1232:
1155:
551:
198:
182:
2214:
1793:
759:
The Road to Academic Excellence: The Making of World-Class Research Universities
3280:
3199:
3069:
2885:
2777:
2759:
2736:
2631:
2530:
2505:
2451:
1850:
1199:(2004 ed.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 3.
578:
547:
286:
266:
97:, and continue to be "the very center of scientific productivity". They can be
1873:
1782:"The Legacy of Wilhelm von Humboldt and the Future of the European University"
1020:
This source refers to research universities as R1, a common shorthand for the
3315:
3230:
3059:
2985:
2897:
2698:
2546:
2475:
2446:
2434:
2215:"ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities 2024 Press Release"
1244:
1196:
To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities, 1900–1940
795:
666:
598:
531:
523:
124:, while some countries like the United States and Japan also have well-known
47:
1743:. In Hyvönen, Mats; Peters, Michael A.; Rider, Sharon; Besley, Tina (eds.).
3225:
2917:
2902:
2842:
2708:
2556:
2525:
2429:
2411:
594:
432:
Potential for income generation from student fees and intellectual property
355:
313:
1183:
The quoted sentence is Crow and Dabars' paraphrasing of Geiger's analysis.
379:, defines the key characteristics of successful research universities as:
2829:
2515:
535:
152:
The concept of the research university first arose in early 19th-century
113:
285:, and Berkeley and Stanford played a central role in the development of
3049:
2656:
1631:
921:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education. pp. 132–136.
456:
172:
78:
992:. In Davis, Stephen F.; Giordano, Peter J.; Licht, Carolyn A. (eds.).
800:"The Research University of the 21st Century: What Will it Look Like?"
261:
Research universities were essential to the establishment of American
46:, founded in 1876, is considered the first research university in the
2772:
2401:
1985:
Agafonow, Alejandro; Perez, Marybel (2021), Neesham, Cristina (ed.),
879:
The Century of Science: The Global Triumph of the Research University
877:. In Powell, Justin J. W.; Fernandez, Frank; Baker, David P. (eds.).
543:
344:
309:
43:
277:(Hollywood), MIT and Stanford were leaders in building the American
3255:
3005:
2651:
1883:
952:
Navigating the Research University: A Guide for First-Year Students
340:
262:
82:
3020:
3015:
2611:
2606:
582:
153:
16:
University committed to research as a central part of its mission
1249:
Knowledge Matters: The Public Mission of the Research University
93:
and the certification of new knowledge" through the awarding of
2520:
2374:
2343:
1391:
Hollywood and the Culture Elite: How the Movies Became American
994:
Your Career in Psychology: Putting Your Graduate Degree to Work
539:
527:
515:
589:
with 13. The top 200 features one university from Africa, the
1514:
Higher Education and Silicon Valley: Connected But Conflicted
1164:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 17–18.
990:"Chapter 9: Preparing for a Career at a Teaching Institution"
586:
375:
John Taylor, Professor of Higher Education Management at the
85:
as a central part of its mission. They are "the key sites of
1626:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 51–55.
1116:
The Poor Relation: A History of Social Sciences in Australia
2159:
Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education
1786:
The European Research University: A Historical Parenthesis?
1026:
Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education
847:
724:"The role of research universities in developing countries"
556:
Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education
519:
176:
2292:"U.S. News Unveils 2021 Best Global Universities Rankings"
2241:"ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities"
1784:. In BlĂĽckert, Kjell; Neave, Guy; Nybom, Thorsten (eds.).
1747:. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. pp. 123–137.
872:
1589:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 413.
1516:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 65.
1472:
Mind as Machine: A History of Cognitive Science, Volume 2
449:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
1664:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 9.
1251:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 67–129.
1706:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 7.
1433:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 11–12.
2065:"This is why we publish the World University Rankings"
1394:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 6–11.
1119:. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. p. 333.
1077:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 2–3.
1954:"International university rankings: For good or ill?"
655:"Johns Hopkins Reveals That Its Founder Owned Slaves"
120:. Globally, research universities are overwhelmingly
1510:"The Regional Economy of the San Francisco Bay Area"
1069:
Menand, Louis; Reitter, Paul; Wellmon, Chad (2017).
1068:
762:. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. pp. 11–32.
2321:Studies (CWTS), Centre for Science and Technology.
1512:. In Scott, W. Richard; Kirst, Michael W. (eds.).
1329:. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. p. 122.
1103:
833:
634:List of research universities in the United States
472:Having faculty engaged in research and scholarship
1951:
1918:
1828:
1231:
1225:
1075:The Rise of the Research University: A Sourcebook
996:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 117–132.
914:
3313:
2266:"World University Rankings 2024 digital edition"
1732:
1507:
1290:. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 48.
955:(3rd ed.). Boston: Wadsworth. p. 136.
496:Times Higher Education World University Rankings
1875:Research Universities and the Future of America
1555:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 78.
1022:highest level of American research universities
2095:"QS World University Rankings 2021 Supplement"
1878:. National Academies Press. 2012. p. 40.
1459:
1277:
908:
881:. Bingley: Emerald Publishing. pp. 1–36.
2359:
2191:. ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. Archived from
1984:
1745:World Class Universities: A Contested Concept
1738:
1654:
1576:
1542:
1475:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 734–736.
1316:
1186:
794:
1739:Stevens, Mitchell L.; Giebel, Sonia (2020).
988:Irons, Jessica G.; Buskist, William (2009).
987:
629:List of research universities in South Korea
166:
2189:Academic Ranking of World Universities 2020
1690:
1326:Manhattan Project: The Story of the Century
831:
2366:
2352:
2320:
1154:
652:
2062:
1621:
1615:
1387:
1381:
1109:
948:
942:
751:
749:
692:June, Audrey Williams (11 January 2022).
624:History of European research universities
503:
105:, and often have well-known brand names.
1912:
1779:
1773:
827:
825:
694:"Where Research Spending Keeps Going Up"
653:Schuessler, Jennifer (9 December 2020).
53:
34:
20:
1150:
1148:
755:
383:"Presence of pure and applied research"
3314:
2105:from the original on 22 September 2020
1952:Bahram Bekhradnia (15 December 2016).
1919:Philip G. Altbach (11 November 2010).
1741:"The Paradox of the Global University"
1648:
1426:
1283:
1192:
1062:
1037:
840:Higher Education Management and Policy
746:
718:
716:
714:
564:Academic Ranking of World Universities
478:Having enlightened and bold leadership
2347:
1966:from the original on 15 February 2017
1959:. Higher Education Policy Institute.
1900:from the original on 20 February 2022
1548:
1465:
1161:Designing the New American University
1091:from the original on 15 February 2017
1010:from the original on 13 November 2020
981:
866:
822:
734:from the original on 5 September 2017
673:from the original on 14 December 2020
308:) is a badge of "social progress and
30:Humboldtian model of higher education
3296:
3146:Ancient higher-learning institutions
2302:from the original on 20 October 2020
1991:Handbook of Philosophy of Management
1945:
1933:from the original on 26 January 2013
1696:
1582:
1322:
1145:
1038:Bommel, Bas van (14 December 2015).
776:from the original on 15 October 2022
691:
323:
291:Association of American Universities
2125:"QS World University Rankings 2021"
2075:from the original on 10 August 2018
1050:from the original on 10 August 2018
711:
685:
386:"Delivery of research-led teaching"
13:
2015:from the original on 14 March 2023
1810:from the original on 14 March 2023
1761:from the original on 14 March 2023
1720:from the original on 14 March 2023
1678:from the original on 14 March 2023
1603:from the original on 14 March 2023
1530:from the original on 14 March 2023
1489:from the original on 14 March 2023
1447:from the original on 14 March 2023
1408:from the original on 14 March 2023
1343:from the original on 14 March 2023
1304:from the original on 14 March 2023
1265:from the original on 14 March 2023
1213:from the original on 14 March 2023
1133:from the original on 14 March 2023
969:from the original on 14 March 2023
895:from the original on 14 March 2023
854:from the original on 23 March 2021
475:Conducting research at high levels
319:
14:
3333:
2165:from the original on 30 July 2018
804:University of Southern California
698:The Chronicle of Higher Education
89:", along with "intergenerational
3295:
3286:
3285:
3274:
2373:
2135:from the original on 9 June 2020
1552:Managing the Research University
455:Being large and comprehensive –
403:"High levels of external income"
328:
2314:
2284:
2258:
2233:
2207:
2177:
2147:
2117:
2087:
2056:
2026:
1978:
1865:
1822:
1501:
1420:
1367:Voices of the Manhattan Project
1355:
1031:
256:
168:Einheit von Lehre und Forschung
147:
60:University of Wisconsin–Madison
3322:Types of university or college
1999:10.1007/978-3-319-48352-8_69-2
788:
646:
429:Adequate and sustained budgets
406:"An international perspective"
343:format but may read better as
1:
2063:Phil Baty (16 January 2018).
1158:; Dabars, William B. (2015).
1044:Europäische Geschichte Online
639:
75:research-intensive university
2552:University technical college
2296:U.S. News & World Report
1843:10.1080/03075079.2013.773222
1369:. Atomic Heritage Foundation
1323:Reed, Bruce Cameron (2020).
915:O'Shaughnessy, Lynn (2012).
832:John Taylor (21 June 2006).
604:U.S. News & World Report
490:QS World University Rankings
213:); five state universities (
62:, a research university, in
7:
1921:"The State of the Rankings"
1831:Studies in Higher Education
1794:10.1007/978-1-137-10079-5_9
617:
511:QS World University Ranking
279:military–industrial complex
10:
3338:
2481:College-preparatory school
1427:Leslie, Stuart W. (1993).
518:, with 39.8%, followed by
306:English as a lingua franca
142:
3269:
3248:
3218:
3181:
3141:
3134:
3078:
3037:
2981:
2972:
2935:
2926:
2866:
2859:
2721:
2686:
2597:
2574:
2565:
2491:Comprehensive high school
2461:
2420:
2392:
2382:
2161:. University of Indiana.
1658:; Diamond, Nancy (1997).
1622:Marginson, Simon (2016).
1388:Decherney, Peter (2017).
1193:Geiger, Roger L. (1986).
949:Andreatta, Britt (2011).
522:/Pacific with 26.7%, the
160:championed his vision of
2848:State-integrated school
2722:By funding / eligibility
2501:Continuation high school
2101:. Quacquarelli Symonds.
1780:Wittrock, Björn (2006).
1247:; Rhoten, Diana (eds.).
302:University of California
58:Nuclear research at the
40:Johns Hopkins University
3261:Educational institution
2881:Anarchistic free school
2627:Institute of technology
2245:www.shanghairanking.com
2219:www.shanghairanking.com
2034:"Inclusion in Rankings"
1549:Smith, Dean O. (2011).
591:University of Cape Town
377:University of Liverpool
352:converting this article
312:" for the contemporary
283:artificial intelligence
128:research institutions.
3091:Compensatory education
2843:State or public school
2669:Upper division college
2270:Times Higher Education
2069:Times Higher Education
1284:Herken, Gregg (2003).
1071:"General Introduction"
574:Times Higher Education
504:Worldwide distribution
275:American film industry
167:
66:
51:
32:
28:, responsible for the
2747:Comprehensive school
2674:Vocational university
2323:"CWTS Leiden Ranking"
728:University World News
398:postgraduate research
189:chartered before the
133:liberal arts colleges
81:that is committed to
57:
38:
24:
3210:in the United States
3101:Continuing education
3096:Compulsory education
2940:Free school movement
2908:Single-sex education
2893:International school
2876:Democratic education
2755:For-profit education
2742:Community day school
2637:Liberal arts college
2496:Comprehensive school
2486:Collegiate institute
2038:QS Intelligence Unit
1583:Kerr, Clark (2001).
396:"High proportion of
391:academic disciplines
158:Wilhelm von Humboldt
87:knowledge production
26:Wilhelm von Humboldt
3219:Informal or illegal
3173:Medieval university
3116:Inclusive education
3086:College preparatory
2647:Residential college
2642:Research university
2579:Professional school
2454:/ Elementary school
2327:CWTS Leiden Ranking
2298:. 20 October 2020.
2272:. 27 September 2023
2155:"Standard Listings"
810:on 23 February 2021
798:(2 December 2002).
611:CWTS Leiden Ranking
534:with 10.8% and the
484:university rankings
435:Suitable facilities
419:public institutions
191:American Revolution
122:public institutions
71:research university
44:Baltimore, Maryland
3281:Schools portal
3186:indigenous peoples
3183:Schools imposed on
3121:Remedial education
3055:Distance education
2871:Alternative school
2860:By style / purpose
2835:Specialist school
2694:All-through school
2542:Sixth form college
1656:Graham, Hugh Davis
1632:10.1525/luminos.17
1467:Boden, Margaret A.
1024:recognized by the
730:. 11 August 2013.
659:The New York Times
467:graduate education
354:, if appropriate.
156:in Germany, where
91:knowledge transfer
67:
64:Madison, Wisconsin
52:
33:
3309:
3308:
3244:
3243:
3126:Special education
3106:Further education
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
2968:
2967:
2955:Montessori school
2950:Laboratory school
2913:Specialist school
2851:
2838:
2783:UK private school
2768:
2750:
2732:
2717:
2716:
2682:
2681:
2617:Community college
2589:Vocational school
2471:Adult high school
2385:educational stage
2008:978-3-319-48352-8
1893:978-0-309-25639-1
1851:2345/bc-ir:103804
1641:978-0-520-29284-0
1336:978-3-030-45733-4
1245:Calhoun, Craig J.
1111:Macintyre, Stuart
769:978-0-8213-8806-8
459:'s "multiversity"
373:
372:
298:university system
271:Manhattan Project
187:colonial colleges
137:publish or perish
118:critical thinking
3329:
3299:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3168:Cathedral school
3151:Platonic Academy
3139:
3138:
3111:Gifted education
3065:Prison education
3011:Parochial school
2996:Christian school
2979:
2978:
2945:Folk high school
2933:
2932:
2864:
2863:
2849:
2837:(United Kingdom)
2836:
2820:Selective school
2766:
2748:
2730:
2584:Technical school
2572:
2571:
2536:Secondary school
2440:Global influence
2407:Pre-kindergarten
2390:
2389:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2221:. 15 August 2024
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2195:on 16 April 2021
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2129:Top Universities
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2099:Top Universities
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2044:on 7 August 2018
2040:. Archived from
2030:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2020:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1958:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1926:Inside Higher Ed
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1698:Vest, Charles M.
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1237:Ordorika, Imanol
1233:Marginson, Simon
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1156:Crow, Michael M.
1152:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1035:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1015:
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
946:
940:
939:
937:
935:
912:
906:
904:
902:
900:
870:
864:
863:
861:
859:
837:
829:
820:
819:
817:
815:
806:. Archived from
792:
786:
785:
783:
781:
753:
744:
743:
741:
739:
720:
709:
708:
706:
704:
689:
683:
682:
680:
678:
650:
597:, but none from
442:Academic freedom
368:
365:
359:
350:You can help by
332:
331:
324:
170:
165:
95:doctoral degrees
3337:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3275:
3273:
3265:
3240:
3214:
3205:in South Africa
3188:
3184:
3177:
3163:Monastic school
3130:
3074:
3045:Boarding school
3025:
3001:Female seminary
2991:Catholic school
2964:
2922:
2855:
2825:Separate school
2713:
2704:One-room school
2678:
2622:Graduate school
2593:
2561:
2457:
2416:
2394:Early childhood
2378:
2372:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2131:. 28 May 2020.
2123:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2009:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1894:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1804:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1755:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1714:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1672:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1597:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1524:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1483:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1441:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1402:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1337:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1298:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1259:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1207:
1191:
1187:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1153:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1127:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1085:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1036:
1032:
1013:
1011:
1004:
986:
982:
972:
970:
963:
947:
943:
933:
931:
929:
913:
909:
898:
896:
889:
871:
867:
857:
855:
830:
823:
813:
811:
793:
789:
779:
777:
770:
754:
747:
737:
735:
722:
721:
712:
702:
700:
690:
686:
676:
674:
651:
647:
642:
620:
552:Southern Europe
506:
417:Overwhelmingly
369:
363:
360:
349:
333:
329:
322:
320:Characteristics
281:and developing
267:nuclear weapons
259:
183:Roger L. Geiger
161:
150:
145:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3335:
3325:
3324:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3293:
3283:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3249:Related topics
3246:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3236:in South Tyrol
3233:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3200:in New Zealand
3197:
3191:
3189:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3070:Virtual school
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2960:Waldorf school
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2886:Sudbury school
2883:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2845:
2840:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2780:
2778:Private school
2775:
2770:
2762:
2760:Free education
2757:
2752:
2744:
2739:
2737:Charter school
2734:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2632:Junior college
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:Minor seminary
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2506:Grammar school
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2452:Primary school
2449:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2387:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2339:
2313:
2283:
2257:
2232:
2206:
2176:
2146:
2116:
2086:
2055:
2025:
2007:
1977:
1944:
1911:
1892:
1884:10.17226/13396
1864:
1837:(3): 316–330.
1821:
1802:
1772:
1753:
1731:
1712:
1689:
1670:
1647:
1640:
1614:
1595:
1575:
1561:
1541:
1522:
1500:
1481:
1458:
1439:
1419:
1400:
1380:
1354:
1335:
1315:
1296:
1276:
1257:
1224:
1205:
1185:
1170:
1144:
1125:
1102:
1083:
1061:
1030:
1002:
980:
961:
941:
927:
907:
887:
865:
821:
787:
768:
745:
710:
684:
644:
643:
641:
638:
637:
636:
631:
626:
619:
616:
550:, followed by
548:Eastern Europe
505:
502:
480:
479:
476:
473:
470:
463:
460:
445:
444:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
415:
408:
407:
404:
401:
394:
387:
384:
371:
370:
336:
334:
327:
321:
318:
287:Silicon Valley
258:
255:
149:
146:
144:
141:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3334:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3302:
3294:
3292:
3284:
3282:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:Homeschooling
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2986:Bible college
2984:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2898:Magnet school
2896:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2850:(New Zealand)
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2813:international
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2699:Middle school
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2547:Studio school
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:/ High school
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2476:Cadet college
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:Junior school
2445:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2435:Infant school
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1809:
1805:
1803:9781403970145
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1760:
1756:
1754:9789811575983
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1719:
1715:
1713:9780520934047
1709:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1677:
1673:
1671:9780801880636
1667:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1602:
1598:
1596:9780520223677
1592:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1564:
1562:9780199793259
1558:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1529:
1525:
1523:9781421423081
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1488:
1484:
1482:9780199292387
1478:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1446:
1442:
1440:9780231079587
1436:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1407:
1403:
1401:9780231133760
1397:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1303:
1299:
1297:0-8050-6589-X
1293:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1264:
1260:
1258:9780231151146
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1212:
1208:
1206:9781412840088
1202:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1173:
1171:9781421417233
1167:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1132:
1128:
1126:9780522857757
1122:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1090:
1086:
1084:9780226414850
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1023:
1009:
1005:
1003:9781405179423
999:
995:
991:
984:
968:
964:
962:9780495913788
958:
954:
953:
945:
930:
928:9780132944694
924:
920:
919:
911:
894:
890:
888:9781787144699
884:
880:
876:
869:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
828:
826:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:Steven Sample
791:
775:
771:
765:
761:
760:
752:
750:
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