1650:
1634:, tube waveguide, is a beam tube including at least two apertured cavity resonators. The beam of charged particles passes through the apertures of the resonators, often tunable wave reflection grids, in succession. A collector electrode is provided to intercept the beam after passing through the resonators. The first resonator causes bunching of the particles passing through it. The bunched particles travel in a field-free region where further bunching occurs, then the bunched particles enter the second resonator giving up their energy to excite it into oscillations. It is a
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path rather than moving directly to this anode. Spaced about the rim of the chamber are cylindrical cavities. The cavities are open along their length and so they connect with the common cavity space. As electrons sweep past these openings they induce a resonant high frequency radio field in the cavity, which in turn causes the electrons to bunch into groups. A portion of this field is extracted with a short antenna that is connected to a waveguide (a metal tube usually of rectangular cross section). The
654:
1704:(LGR) is made by cutting a narrow slit along the length of a conducting tube. The slit has an effective capacitance and the bore of the resonator has an effective inductance. Therefore, the LGR can be modeled as an RLC circuit and has a resonant frequency that is typically between 200 MHz and 2 GHz. In the absence of radiation losses, the effective resistance of the LGR is determined by the resistivity and electromagnetic skin depth of the conductor used to make the resonator.
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2045:, adds four sympathetic string resonators to the traditional classical guitar. By tuning these resonators in a very specific way (C, Bâ, Aâ, Gâ) and making use of their strongest partials (corresponding to the octaves and fifths of the strings' fundamental tones), the bass strings of the guitar now resonate equally with any of the 12 tones of the chromatic octave. The
1611:
is a vacuum tube with a filament in the center of an evacuated, lobed, circular cavity resonator. A perpendicular magnetic field is imposed by a permanent magnet. The magnetic field causes the electrons, attracted to the (relatively) positive outer part of the chamber, to spiral outward in a circular
1707:
One key advantage of the LGR is that, at its resonant frequency, its dimensions are small compared to the free-space wavelength of the electromagnetic fields. Therefore, it is possible to use LGRs to construct a compact and high-Q resonator that operates at relatively low frequencies where cavity
1645:
is a klystron utilizing only a single apertured cavity resonator through which the beam of charged particles passes, first in one direction. A repeller electrode is provided to repel (or redirect) the beam after passage through the resonator back through the resonator in the other direction and in
274:
is most often used for a homogeneous object in which vibrations travel as waves, at an approximately constant velocity, bouncing back and forth between the sides of the resonator. The material of the resonator, through which the waves flow, can be viewed as being made of millions of coupled moving
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transmission lines. Such planar transmission-line resonators can be very compact in size and are widely used elements in microwave circuitry. In cryogenic solid-state research, superconducting transmission-line resonators contribute to solid-state spectroscopy and quantum information science.
1734:
are structures that allow broadband transmission of electromagnetic waves, e.g. at radio or microwave frequencies. Abrupt change of impedance (e.g. open or short) in a transmission line causes reflection of the transmitted signal. Two such reflectors on a transmission line evoke standing waves
1682:(RF) radiation. The (charged) particles that are to be accelerated pass through these cavities in such a way that the microwave electric field transfers energy to the particles, thus increasing their kinetic energy and thus accelerating them. Several large accelerator facilities employ
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If a piece of material with large dielectric constant is surrounded by a material with much lower dielectric constant, then this abrupt change in dielectric constant can cause confinement of an electromagnetic wave, which leads to a resonator that acts similarly to a cavity resonator.
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resonant frequencies. As the number of coupled harmonic oscillators grows, the time it takes to transfer energy from one to the next becomes significant. The vibrations in them begin to travel through the coupled harmonic oscillators in waves, from one oscillator to the next.
613:. The above analysis assumes the medium inside the resonator is homogeneous, so the waves travel at a constant speed, and that the shape of the resonator is rectilinear. If the resonator is inhomogeneous or has a nonrectilinear shape, like a circular
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Mechanical resonators can also be used to induce a standing wave in other media. For example, a multiple degree of freedom system can be created by imposing a base excitation on a cantilever beam. In this case the
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is a device for driving guitar string harmonics by an electromagnetic field. This resonance effect is caused by a feedback loop and is applied to drive the fundamental tones, octaves, 5th, 3rd to an infinite
456:
1979:. The length of the tube varies according to the pitch of the note, with higher notes having shorter resonators. The tube is open at the top end and closed at the bottom end, creating a column of air that
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between them and thus act as a one-dimensional resonator, with the resonance frequencies determined by their distance and the effective dielectric constant of the transmission line. A common form is the
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1963:" systems designed for performance, the resonance of the exhaust pipes can also be used to remove combustion products from the combustion chamber at a particular engine speed or range of speeds.
1821:, are used as frequency references. Common designs consist of electrodes attached to a piece of quartz, in the shape of a rectangular plate for high frequency applications, or in the shape of a
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Since the cavity's lowest resonant frequency, the fundamental frequency, is that at which the width of the cavity is equal to a half-wavelength (λ/2), cavity resonators are only used at
1955:
to reduce noise, by making sound waves "cancel each other out". The "exhaust note" is an important feature for some vehicle owners, so both the original manufacturers and the
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for low frequency applications. The high dimensional stability and low temperature coefficient of quartz helps keeps resonant frequency constant. In addition, the quartz's
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resonator has capacitance, inductance, and resistance that cannot be isolated into separate lumped capacitors, inductors, or resistors. An example of this, much used in
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parts (such as atoms). Therefore, they can have millions of resonant frequencies, although only a few may be used in practical resonators. The oppositely moving waves
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wave after a round trip must be equal to the initial phase so the waves self-reinforce. The condition for resonance in a resonator is that the round trip distance,
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M.B. Bauza; R.J Hocken; S.T Smith; S.C Woody (2005), "The development of a virtual probe tip with application to high aspect ratio microscale features",
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which are used at lower frequencies. Acoustic cavity resonators, in which sound is produced by air vibrating in a cavity with one opening, are known as
2450:
1196:
171:). Resonators are used to either generate waves of specific frequencies or to select specific frequencies from a signal. Musical instruments use
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directs the extracted RF energy to the load, which may be a cooking chamber in a microwave oven or a high gain antenna in the case of radar.
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consisting of hollow metal boxes are used in microwave transmitters, receivers and test equipment to control frequency, in place of the
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when the note is struck. This adds depth and volume to the note. In string instruments, the body of the instrument is a resonator. The
1447:
1216:
391:
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L. Frunzio; et al. (2005). "Fabrication and
Characterization of Superconducting Circuit QED Devices for Quantum Computation".
2018:
may also have resonators. Many five-string banjos have removable resonators, so players can use the instrument with a resonator in
1577:, the range of frequencies around the resonant frequency at which they will resonate, is very narrow. Thus they can act as narrow
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629:. There may be several such series of resonant frequencies in a single resonator, corresponding to different modes of vibration.
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1551:(radio waves) reflecting back and forth between the cavity's walls. When a source of radio waves at one of the cavity's
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D. Hafner; et al. (2014). "Surface-resistance measurements using superconducting stripline resonators".
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1895:. Every musical instrument has resonators. Some generate the sound directly, such as the wooden bars in a
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frequencies and above, where wavelengths are short enough that the cavity is conveniently small in size.
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An illustration of the electric and magnetic field of one of the possible modes in a cavity resonator.
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M. Göppl; et al. (2008). "Coplanar waveguide resonators for circuit quantum electrodynamics".
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that works in conjunction with a specifically tuned cavity by the configuration of the structures.
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is a hollow closed conductor such as a metal box or a cavity within a metal block, containing
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are included. Oscillations are limited by the inclusion of resistance, either via a specific
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is one in which waves exist in a hollow space inside the device. In electronics and radio,
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An electrical circuit composed of discrete components can act as a resonator when both an
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in RF circuits. The self-resonance of inductors is used in a few circuits, such as the
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Due to the low resistance of their conductive walls, cavity resonators have very high
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of an accelerator system, there are specific sections that are cavity resonators for
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or open circuit, connected in series or parallel with a main transmission line.
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consisting of a coil of wire, is self-resonant at a certain frequency due to the
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A sport motorcycle, equipped with exhaust resonator, designed for performance
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1911:. Some modify the sound by enhancing particular frequencies, such as the
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have one resonant frequency. Systems with two degrees of freedom, such as
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resonators that produce sound waves of specific tones. Another example is
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591:{\displaystyle f={\frac {Nc}{2d}}\qquad \qquad N\in \{1,2,3,\dots \}}
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proper phase to reinforce the oscillations set up in the resonator.
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between its turns. This is often an unwanted effect that can cause
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2335:"Precision Engineering and Manufacturing Solutions - IST Precision"
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instruments, below the centre of each note is a tube, which is an
234:. Systems with one degree of freedom, such as a mass on a spring,
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is achieved via a mechanism that opens and shuts the resonators.
1984:
1952:
1830:
1777:, also known as a resonator, is a cavity with walls that reflect
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for improved performance compared to metallic (copper) cavities.
1665:; the linac is the tube passing through the middle of the cavity.
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1829:
property converts the mechanical vibrations into an oscillating
451:{\displaystyle 2d=N\lambda ,\qquad \qquad N\in \{1,2,3,\dots \}}
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of the fiber. One application is as a measurement device for
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is imposed on the beam. This type of system can be used as a
1785:). This allows standing wave modes to exist with little loss.
1746:
Planar transmission-line resonators are commonly employed for
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2004:
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that runs computers, and to stabilize the output signal from
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The most familiar examples of acoustic resonators are in
2307:(9), Rev. Sci Instrum, 76 (9) 095112: 095112â095112â8,
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are designed as acoustic resonators that work with the
1833:, which is picked up by the attached electrodes. These
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in the resonator. If the distance between the sides is
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601:So the resonant frequencies of resonators, called
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194:A standing wave in a rectangular cavity resonator
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1559:, and the cavity stores electromagnetic energy.
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364:, is equal to an integer number of wavelengths
2194:IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity
1495:after the circuit symbols for the components.
1959:use the resonator to enhance the sound. In "
1555:is applied, the oppositely-moving waves form
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283:reinforce each other to create a pattern of
147:or resonant behavior. That is, it naturally
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1661:are used to accelerate and bunch beams of
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230:; each degree of freedom can vibrate as a
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2014:String instruments such as the bluegrass
1966:
1708:resonators would be impractically large.
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127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2451:Musical instrument parts and accessories
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2030:, used by itself, may also refer to the
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27:Device or system that exhibits resonance
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1197:Electromagnetism and special relativity
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1217:Maxwell equations in curved spacetime
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254:can have two resonant frequencies. A
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1670:Application in particle accelerators
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143:is a device or system that exhibits
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
2375:from the original on 8 October 2005
1801:Mechanical filter § Resonators
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1596:
632:
609:) of a lowest frequency called the
222:A physical system can have as many
179:used in electronic devices such as
24:
2064:Coupling coefficient of resonators
1805:Mechanical resonators are used in
25:
2472:
2412:
2345:from the original on 31 July 2016
1809:to generate signals of a precise
517:so the resonant frequencies are:
2418:
2301:Review of Scientific Instruments
1947:The exhaust pipes in automobile
1684:superconducting niobium cavities
1487:of the inductor windings. Such
605:, are equally spaced multiples (
308:, the length of a round trip is
41:
2401:Office of Technology Assessment
2110:(2 ed.). New York: Wiley.
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52:needs additional citations for
2396:Advanced Automotive Technology
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510:{\displaystyle f=c/\lambda \,}
262:atoms bound together can have
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13:
1:
2403:. September 1995. p. 84.
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1222:Relativistic electromagnetism
461:If the velocity of a wave is
1727:Transmission-line resonators
279:with each other, and at its
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1841:and watches, to create the
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2074:Nuclear magnetic resonance
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947:LiĂ©nardâWiechert potential
378:{\displaystyle \lambda \,}
332:. To cause resonance, the
32:Resonator (disambiguation)
29:
2446:Electromagnetism concepts
1977:acoustic cavity resonator
1212:Mathematical descriptions
922:Electromagnetic radiation
912:Electromagnetic induction
852:Magnetic vector potential
847:Magnetic scalar potential
167:or mechanical (including
2224:10.1109/TASC.2005.850084
2022:style, or without it in
1815:piezoelectric resonators
2254:(11): 113904â113904â8.
2079:Optical ring resonators
762:Electrostatic induction
757:Electrostatic discharge
2011:
1967:Percussion instruments
1957:after-market suppliers
1944:
1907:, and the pipes in an
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1659:Australian Synchrotron
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1523:parasitic oscillations
1192:Electromagnetic tensor
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2456:Mechanical vibrations
2108:Microwave Engineering
2106:Pozar, David (1998).
2002:
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1875:dimensional metrology
1817:, commonly made from
1779:electromagnetic waves
1712:Dielectric resonators
1652:
1591:
1583:microwave oscillators
1549:electromagnetic waves
1519:parasitic capacitance
1500:distributed-parameter
1483:component, or due to
1185:Covariant formulation
977:Synchrotron radiation
917:Electromagnetic pulse
907:Electromagnetic field
611:fundamental frequency
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252:resonant transformers
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2427:at Wikimedia Commons
2371:. 19 February 2001.
2090:References and notes
1995:Stringed instruments
1905:stringed instruments
1861:to track changes in
1795:mechanical resonance
1718:Dielectric resonator
1636:particle accelerator
1553:resonant frequencies
1467:electrical resonance
1227:Stressâenergy tensor
1152:Reluctance (complex)
897:Displacement current
524:
486:
465:
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357:{\displaystyle 2d\,}
344:
325:{\displaystyle 2d\,}
312:
291:
281:resonant frequencies
224:resonant frequencies
212:Helmholtz resonators
161:resonant frequencies
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2365:"How Mufflers Work"
2313:2005RScI...76i5112B
2270:2008JAP...104k3904G
2216:2005ITAS...15..860F
2155:2014RScI...85a4702H
1973:keyboard percussion
1893:musical instruments
1835:crystal oscillators
1807:electronic circuits
1653:RF cavities in the
1142:Magnetomotive force
1027:Electromotive force
997:Alternating current
932:Jefimenko equations
892:Cyclotron radiation
482:, the frequency is
475:{\displaystyle c\,}
301:{\displaystyle d\,}
232:harmonic oscillator
2084:Superconducting RF
2012:
1945:
1887:Acoustic resonance
1847:radio transmitters
1732:Transmission lines
1702:loop-gap resonator
1696:loop-gap resonator
1690:Loop-gap resonator
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990:Electrical network
827:Gauss magnetic law
792:Static electricity
752:Electric potential
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228:degrees of freedom
204:microwave cavities
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181:radio transmitters
2423:Media related to
2369:howstuffworks.com
2339:www.insitutec.com
2321:10.1063/1.2052027
2278:10.1063/1.3010859
2163:10.1063/1.4856475
2133:Rev. Sci. Instrum
2039:ten-string guitar
1903:, the strings in
1533:Cavity resonators
1508:helical resonator
1489:resonant circuits
1461:Resonant circuits
1458:
1457:
1157:Reluctance (real)
1127:Gyratorâcapacitor
1072:Resonant cavities
962:Maxwell equations
617:or a cylindrical
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248:coupled pendulums
244:LC tuned circuits
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2047:guitar resonator
2032:resonator guitar
2026:style. The term
2009:resonator guitar
1927:, the bodies of
1899:, the head of a
1763:Optical cavities
1609:cavity magnetron
1603:cavity magnetron
1597:Cavity magnetron
1579:bandpass filters
1573:; that is their
1545:cavity resonator
1539:Microwave cavity
1491:are also called
1450:
1443:
1436:
1117:Electric machine
1100:Magnetic circuit
1062:Parallel circuit
1052:Network analysis
1017:Electric current
952:London equations
797:Triboelectricity
787:Potential energy
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646:Electromagnetism
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633:Electromagnetics
619:microwave cavity
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1813:. For example,
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1007:Current density
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880:Electrodynamics
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871:
867:Right-hand rule
832:Magnetic dipole
822:BiotâSavart law
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66:
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50:This article
48:
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19:
2395:
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2377:. Retrieved
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2013:
1987:effect of a
1970:
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1837:are used in
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1497:
1493:RLC circuits
1470:
1202:Four-current
1137:Linear motor
1022:Electrolysis
902:Eddy current
862:Permeability
782:Polarization
777:Permittivity
603:normal modes
600:
460:
271:
269:
263:
259:
258:composed of
221:
199:
197:
140:
138:
123:
117:January 2008
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2069:Crab cavity
2037:The modern
1935:Automobiles
1925:Organ pipes
1823:tuning fork
1172:Transformer
1002:Capacitance
927:Faraday law
722:Coulomb law
664:Electricity
625:instead of
218:Explanation
157:frequencies
76:"Resonator"
2435:Categories
2425:Resonators
2024:folk music
1989:vibraphone
1799:See also:
1789:Mechanical
1756:microstrip
1527:Tesla coil
1485:resistance
1239:Scientists
1087:Waveguides
1067:Resistance
1037:Inductance
817:AmpĂšre law
338:sinusoidal
226:as it has
149:oscillates
87:newspapers
18:Resonators
2461:Resonance
2441:Acoustics
2261:0807.4094
2146:1309.5331
2028:resonator
2020:bluegrass
1981:resonates
1929:woodwinds
1913:sound box
1897:xylophone
1871:resonance
1863:frequency
1811:frequency
1752:stripline
1663:electrons
1614:waveguide
1575:bandwidth
1571:Q factors
1564:microwave
1506:, is the
1504:filtering
1477:capacitor
1395:Steinmetz
1325:Kirchhoff
1310:Jefimenko
1305:Hopkinson
1290:Helmholtz
1285:Heaviside
1147:Permeance
1032:Impedance
772:Insulator
767:Gauss law
717:Conductor
694:Phenomena
689:Textbooks
669:Magnetism
627:harmonics
623:overtones
607:harmonics
583:…
559:∈
504:λ
443:…
419:∈
408:λ
372:λ
277:interfere
272:resonator
270:The term
236:pendulums
159:, called
153:amplitude
145:resonance
141:resonator
2373:Archived
2343:Archived
2286:56398614
2232:12789596
2179:16234011
2171:24517793
2058:See also
1971:In many
1881:Acoustic
1748:coplanar
1676:beamline
1632:klystron
1626:klystron
1620:Klystron
1515:inductor
1481:resistor
1473:inductor
1420:Wiechert
1375:Poynting
1265:Einstein
1112:DC motor
1107:AC motor
942:Lenz law
727:Electret
615:drumhead
173:acoustic
169:acoustic
155:at some
2309:Bibcode
2266:Bibcode
2212:Bibcode
2151:Bibcode
2052:sustain
2007:-style
1985:tremolo
1953:muffler
1869:of the
1831:voltage
1674:On the
1657:of the
1405:Thomson
1380:Ritchie
1370:Poisson
1355:Neumann
1350:Maxwell
1345:Lorentz
1340:Liénard
1270:Faraday
1255:Coulomb
1082:Voltage
1057:Ohm law
679:History
101:scholar
2284:
2230:
2177:
2169:
2114:
1921:violin
1917:guitar
1859:sensor
1819:quartz
1781:(i.e.
1754:, and
1390:Singer
1385:Savart
1365:Ărsted
1330:Larmor
1320:Kelvin
1275:Fizeau
1245:AmpĂšre
1167:Stator
674:Optics
242:, and
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2379:7 May
2349:7 May
2282:S2CID
2256:arXiv
2228:S2CID
2202:arXiv
2175:S2CID
2141:arXiv
2016:banjo
2005:Dobro
1915:of a
1909:organ
1867:phase
1783:light
1769:laser
1767:In a
1655:linac
1415:Weber
1410:Volta
1400:Tesla
1315:Joule
1300:Hertz
1295:Henry
1280:Gauss
1162:Rotor
336:of a
334:phase
108:JSTOR
94:books
2381:2018
2351:2018
2167:PMID
2112:ISBN
1901:drum
1700:The
1641:The
1630:The
1607:The
1475:and
1335:Lenz
1260:Davy
1250:Biot
250:and
183:and
80:news
2317:doi
2274:doi
2252:104
2220:doi
2159:doi
1923:.
1919:or
1865:or
1513:An
1360:Ohm
63:by
2437::
2367:.
2341:.
2337:.
2315:,
2305:76
2303:,
2280:.
2272:.
2264:.
2226:.
2218:.
2210:.
2198:15
2196:.
2173:.
2165:.
2157:.
2149:.
2137:85
2135:.
2098:^
2054:.
2034:.
2003:A
1877:.
1849:.
1750:,
1543:A
1529:.
1510:.
1498:A
238:,
214:.
198:A
139:A
2405:.
2383:.
2353:.
2324:.
2319::
2311::
2288:.
2276::
2268::
2258::
2234:.
2222::
2214::
2204::
2181:.
2161::
2153::
2143::
2120:.
1449:e
1442:t
1435:v
586:}
580:,
577:3
574:,
571:2
568:,
565:1
562:{
556:N
548:d
545:2
540:c
537:N
531:=
528:f
500:/
496:c
493:=
490:f
469:c
446:}
440:,
437:3
434:,
431:2
428:,
425:1
422:{
416:N
411:,
405:N
402:=
399:d
396:2
351:d
348:2
319:d
316:2
295:d
264:N
260:N
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
