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137:), which may be identified from the response spectrum. This was observed in the 1985 Mexico City Earthquake where the oscillation of the deep-soil lake bed was similar to the natural frequency of mid-rise concrete buildings, causing significant damage. Shorter (stiffer) and taller (more flexible) buildings suffered less damage.
157:
combination of the results for many modes (calculated through modal analysis) is often required. In extreme cases, where structures are either too irregular, too tall or of significance to a community in disaster response, the response spectrum approach is no longer appropriate, and more complex analysis is required, such as
124:
of the structure, then the peak response of the building can be estimated by reading the value from the ground response spectrum for the appropriate frequency. In most building codes in seismic regions, this value forms the basis for calculating the forces that a structure must be designed to resist
152:
Monograph on "Earthquake Design and
Spectra", Newmark and Hall describe how they developed an "idealized" seismic response spectrum based on a range of response spectra generated for available earthquake records. This was then further developed into a design response spectrum for use in structural
83:
is performed to identify the modes, and the response in that mode can be picked from the response spectrum. These peak responses are then combined to estimate a total response. A typical combination method is the square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) if the modal frequencies are not close.
156:
For "regular" low-rise buildings, the structural response to earthquakes is characterized by the fundamental mode (a "waving" back-and-forth), and most building codes permit design forces to be calculated from the design spectrum on the basis of that frequency, but for more complex structures,
71:
If the input used in calculating a response spectrum is steady-state periodic, then the steady-state result is recorded. Damping must be present, or else the response will be infinite. For transient input (such as seismic ground motion), the peak response is reported. Some level of damping is
153:
design, and this basic form (with some modifications) is now the basis for structural design in seismic regions throughout the world (typically plotted against structural "period", the inverse of frequency). A nominal level of damping is assumed (5% of critical damping).
95:
systems, but are only applicable to systems with the same non-linearity, although attempts have been made to develop non-linear seismic design spectra with wider structural application. The results of this cannot be directly combined for multi-mode response.
132:
As mentioned earlier, the ground response spectrum is the response plot done at the free surface of the earth. Significant seismic damage may occur if the building response is 'in tune' with components of the ground motion
84:
The result is typically different from that which would be calculated directly from an input, since phase information is lost in the process of generating the response spectrum.
248:
Newmark, N. M., and Hall, W. J. 1982. “Earthquake
Spectra and Design,” Engineering Monographs on Earthquake Criteria, Structural Design, and Strong Motion Records, Vol 3,
117:
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265:– Appendix B of "Engineering and Design – Response Spectra and Seismic Analysis for Concrete Hydraulic Structures (EM 1110-2-6050)", US Army Corps of Engineers
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system, given its natural frequency of oscillation. One such use is in assessing the peak response of buildings to
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may use some values from the ground response spectrum (calculated from recordings of surface ground motion from
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Report on 1985 Mexico City
Earthquake] from "EQ Facts & Lists: Large Historical Earthquakes", USGS. (
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is a plot of the peak or steady-state response (displacement, velocity or acceleration) of a series of
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Response spectra can also be used in assessing the response of linear systems with multiple modes of
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https://web.archive.org/web/20070206063939/http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/world/1985_09_19.html
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79:(multi-degree of freedom systems), although they are only accurate for low levels of damping.
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207:"Earthquake Hazards Program: Michoacan, Mexico 1985 September 19 13:17:47 UTC, Magnitude 8.0"
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The main limitation of response spectra is that they are only universally applicable for
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263:"Illustration of Newmark-Hall Approach to Developing Design Response Spectra"
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and equipment in earthquakes, since many behave principally as simple
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generally assumed, but a value will be obtained even with no damping.
52:. The resulting plot can then be used to pick off the response of any
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239:"Historic Developments in the Evolution of Earthquake Engineering"
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A plot of the peak acceleration for the mixed vertical oscillators
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241:, illustrated essays by Robert Reitherman, CUREE, 1997, p10.
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728:
24:
16:
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began to publish calculations of response spectra from
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91:systems. Response spectra can be generated for
44:, that are forced into motion by the same base
284:
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99:
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104:Response spectra are very useful tools of
250:Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
120:systems). Thus, if you can find out the
23:
15:
68:) for correlation with seismic damage.
1414:
20:A series of mixed vertical oscillators
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244:
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13:
14:
1443:
309:Offshore geotechnical engineering
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108:for analyzing the performance of
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959:Mechanically stabilized earth
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711:Hydraulic conductivity tests
170:seismic performance analysis
7:
1272:Stress distribution in soil
175:
10:
1448:
422:Pore pressure measurement
1329:
1284:
1183:
1175:Preconsolidation pressure
1147:
1138:
1111:
931:
880:
867:
782:
736:
727:
650:
570:Standard penetration test
328:
315:
306:
671:California bearing ratio
469:Rotary-pressure sounding
300:Geotechnical engineering
182:Peak ground acceleration
118:single degree of freedom
100:Seismic response spectra
1091:Geosynthetic clay liner
1066:Expanded clay aggregate
686:Proctor compaction test
627:Crosshole sonic logging
613:Nuclear densometer test
370:Geo-electrical sounding
1432:Earthquake engineering
1427:Seismology measurement
1422:Structural engineering
1354:Earthquake engineering
1165:Lateral earth pressure
790:Hydraulic conductivity
641:Wave equation analysis
620:Exploration geophysics
512:Deformation monitoring
481:Rotary weight sounding
106:earthquake engineering
29:
21:
532:Settlement recordings
457:Rock control drilling
358:Cone penetration test
187:Spectral acceleration
27:
19:
1394:Agricultural science
1096:Cellular confinement
140:In 1941 at Caltech,
62:strong ground motion
1286:Numerical analysis
1170:Overburden pressure
1160:Pore water pressure
940:Shoring structures
815:Reynolds' dilatancy
716:Water content tests
701:Triaxial shear test
661:Soil classification
634:Pile integrity test
213:on 6 February 2007.
1261:Slab stabilisation
1241:Stability analysis
60:. The science of
30:
22:
1409:
1408:
1280:
1279:
1256:Sliding criterion
1218:Response spectrum
1134:
1133:
964:Pressure grouting
863:
862:
723:
722:
676:Direct shear test
382:Permeability test
142:George W. Housner
122:natural frequency
42:natural frequency
34:response spectrum
1439:
1268:Bearing capacity
1155:Effective stress
1145:
1144:
1046:Land reclamation
986:Land development
881:Natural features
878:
877:
845:Specific storage
734:
733:
666:Atterberg limits
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505:Screw plate test
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209:. Archived from
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166:dynamic analysis
127:seismic analysis
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1384:Earth materials
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1287:
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1061:Earth structure
1056:Erosion control
954:Ground freezing
944:Retaining walls
927:
869:
859:
820:Angle of repose
778:
719:
653:
646:
645:
606:Visible bedrock
558:Simple sounding
546:Shear vane test
322:instrumentation
321:
319:
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116:(also known as
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1331:Related fields
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1251:Classification
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1223:Seismic hazard
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850:Shear strength
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825:Friction angle
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582:Total sounding
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257:External links
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148:. In the 1982
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81:Modal analysis
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1379:Biogeography
1374:Hydrogeology
1364:Soil science
1344:Geochemistry
1217:
1103:Infiltration
1031:Cut and fill
974:Soil nailing
840:Permeability
805:Bulk density
522:Inclinometer
445:Ram sounding
330:
245:
235:
211:the original
201:
155:
139:
131:
103:
86:
74:
70:
66:seismographs
33:
31:
1389:Archaeology
1113:Foundations
1086:Geomembrane
969:Slurry wall
908:Water table
872:Interaction
868:Structures
855:Sensitivity
652:Laboratory
172:technique.
114:oscillators
77:oscillation
58:earthquakes
40:of varying
38:oscillators
1416:Categories
1246:Mitigation
1228:Shear wave
1213:Earthquake
1208:Compaction
1193:Permafrost
1184:Phenomena/
1081:Geotextile
1006:Embankment
996:Excavation
933:Earthworks
893:Vegetation
888:Topography
810:Thixotropy
800:Void ratio
783:Properties
681:Hydrometer
426:Piezometer
346:Core drill
193:References
159:non-linear
110:structures
93:non-linear
1369:Hydrology
1349:Petrology
1237:analysis
1235:Landslide
1140:Mechanics
1051:Track bed
1036:Fill dirt
1021:Terracing
594:Trial pit
409:Statnamic
394:Load test
135:resonance
46:vibration
1399:Agrology
1288:software
1186:problems
1016:Causeway
991:Landfill
918:Subgrade
835:Porosity
830:Cohesion
176:See also
168:like in
1339:Geology
1311:SVSlope
1121:Shallow
1041:Grading
979:Tieback
923:Subsoil
913:Bedrock
903:Topsoil
898:Terrain
691:R-value
654:testing
404:Dynamic
331:in situ
329:Field (
1321:Plaxis
1316:UTEXAS
1306:SVFlux
1296:SEEP2D
1148:Forces
1001:Trench
949:Gabion
759:Gravel
399:Static
162:static
89:linear
54:linear
1301:STABL
774:Loess
737:Types
50:shock
1126:Deep
769:Loam
764:Peat
754:Sand
749:Silt
744:Clay
729:Soil
431:Well
150:EERI
1011:Cut
320:and
164:or
129:).
48:or
1418::
1270:*
32:A
874:)
870:(
333:)
292:e
285:t
278:v
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133:(
125:(
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