31:
654:(20 in) across. The coloration of the reticulate whipray varies substantially with age and locality. Adults generally have a dorsal pattern of numerous closely spaced dark brown spots or reticulations on a beige to yellow-brown background, which becomes blackish past the spine with lighter bands on the sides. The underside is pale, without markings. Juveniles are yellowish above with tiny, densely packed dark spots, around seven spots in a line between the spiracles, and three rows of spots in front of the sting. This large species has been reported to reach a disc width of 2 m (6.6 ft), a total length of 6 m (20 ft), and a weight of 120 kg (260 lb).
958:
221:
617:
761:
663:
75:
50:
2205:
940:. Off South Africa, the newborns measure 28–30 cm (11–12 in) across and sexual maturation is attained at a disc width of approximately 1 m (3.3 ft), which corresponds to an age of 4-5. Off Australia, the newborns measure 21–28 cm (8.3–11.0 in) across, with males reported to mature at 82–84 cm (32–33 in) across. The juveniles of this species,
641:. The mouth is relatively small, with a deep concavity at the center of the lower jaw and shallow furrows at the corners extending onto the lower jaw. A row of 4–5 papillae (nipple-like structures) is found across the floor of the mouth. There are 26–40 upper tooth rows and 27–44 lower tooth rows. The
367:
refer to its ornate dorsal color pattern of many small, close-set dark spots or reticulations on a lighter background. However, the reticulate whipray is only one of several large spotted stingrays in the Indo-Pacific which, coupled with the variability of its coloration with age and locality, has
628:
disc of the reticulate whipray is diamond-shaped and wider than long, with the leading margins almost straight and the snout and outer corners angular. In juveniles, the disc is about as wide as long, with a more obtuse snout and rounded corners. The eyes are small and immediately followed by the
653:
that extend from between the eyes to the tail spine, increasing in density with age, along with two large pearl thorns at the center of the back. The tail behind the spine is covered by small thorns. The dorsal band of denticles is largely developed by the time the juveniles are 50 cm
808:) prefers to rest with the reticulate whipray over others of its own species, because the whiprays' longer tails grant them superior predator detection. These mixed-species groups often settle into a "rosette" with their tails pointing radially outward for maximum predator awareness.
556:. All five species are very similar in size and shape, and their colour patterns may overlap to some extent, resulting in a long history of taxonomic confusion that only recently has begun to be untangled. In 2004, Mabel Manjaji designated as the 'uarnak'
645:
are small and triangular. The tail is whip-like and extremely thin, measuring 3–3.5 times as long as the disc when intact, and lacks fin folds. Usually one serrated stinging spine is located on the upper surface on the tail, some distance from the base.
1129:
Descriptiones animalium – avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium: quæ in itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskål (post mortem auctoris edidit
Carsten Niebuhr). Adjuncta est materia medica kahirina atque tabula maris Rubri
1212:
Jordan, D.S. & B.W. Evermann (October 3, 1896). "The fishes of North and Middle
America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama (Part I)".
948:
differ in birth size, disc shape, denticle development, and amount of spotting, and are in fact more distinct from each other than are adults of the three species. Shark Bay may serve as a nursery area for young rays.
1068:
600:
now belong to separate genera. The reticulate whipray itself varies in appearance throughout its range, and further taxonomic comparisons are required to determine whether its spotted and reticulated
1437:
Last, P.R.; Naylor, G.J.; Manjaji-Matsumoto, B.M. (2016). "A revised classification of the family
Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights".
355:, Natal and the Arabian Sea; also a Lessepsian transmigrant in the eastern Mediterranean. A large species reaching 2 m (6.6 ft) in width, the reticulate whipray has a diamond-shaped
1069:
Sherman, C.S., Bin Ali, A., Bineesh, K.K., Derrick, D., Dharmadi, Fahmi, Fernando, D., Haque, A.B., Maung, A., Seyha, L., Tanay, D., Utzurrum, J.A.T., Vo, V.Q. & Yuneni, R.R. (2021).
1820:
Salini, J.P.; S.J.M. Blaber & D.T. Brewer (Oct 1990). "Diets of piscivorous fishes in a tropical
Australian estuary, with special reference to predation on penaeid prawns".
1234:"Comment on 'Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity' by Weigmann (2016)"
2150:
596:, plus three more undescribed species. More recently, genera in the stingray family Dasyatidae were redefined based on molecular phylogenetics. Species previously under
1027:
The reticulate whipray is occasionally offered within the home aquarium trade. It is best avoided, however, because of its massive proportions. It is also kept in some
552:
2216:
1288:
sp. nov. (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae), a new ocellated whipray from the tropical Indo-West
Pacific, described from its cytochrome-oxidase I gene sequence"
1012:(IUCN) has listed the reticulate whipray as Endangered. Its large size, inshore habitat preferences, and slow reproductive rate render it susceptible to
608:
for this ray include coachwhip ray, leopard stingray, longtail stingray, and marbled stingray; some of these names are shared by other, similar species.
1644:
Compagno, L.J.V. & T.R. Roberts (1982). "Freshwater stingrays (Dasyatidae) of
Southeast Asia and New Guinea, with description of a new species of
542:
768:
During the day, the reticulate whipray is generally inactive and spends much time resting motionless on the sea floor, sometimes buried in sand. In
1112:
1009:
423:
2420:
752:
in
Southeast Asia are unverified and may represent misidentifications. Its preferred water temperatures are 23–26 °C (73–79 °F).
485:
in 1789. Although
Bonnaterre's name was published first and thus would have had precedence, later authorities have regarded Forsskål's
2489:
2368:
1404:
sp. nov., a new whipray (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) from the Indo–Pacific". In Last, P.R.; W.T. White & J.J. Pogonoski (eds.).
1190:
469:
was designated. Forsskål's account formed the basis for two subsequent writings that named the spotted ray as a distinct species:
2514:
2394:
1157:
1565:
Vaudo, J.J. & M.R. Heithaus (2009). "Spatiotemporal variability in a sandflat elasmobranch fauna in Shark Bay, Australia".
2148:
2446:
2131:
1804:
1779:
1700:
1628:
1518:
1490:
1413:
2399:
2509:
1016:. Although specific data is lacking, significant declines in overall ray catches have been documented within its range.
2342:
2006:(Rajiformes: Dasyatidae) from the Great Barrier Reef: phylogenetic reconstruction, systematics and emended diagnoses".
1233:
2499:
2209:
1691:
Last, P.R. & Compagno, L.J.V. (1999). "Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae". In
Carpenter, K.E. & Niem, V.H. (eds.).
1423:
440:
Descriptiones animalium – avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium: quæ in itinere orientali observavit
2459:
2425:
2171:
2049:, Sp-Nov, (Monogenea, Monocotylidae) From the Nasal Cavities of Rajiform Elasmobranchs of the Great-Barrier-Reef".
54:
637:
openings). A short and wide curtain of skin with a minutely fringed rear margin is present between the long, thin
2519:
785:
1716:
Semeniuk, C.A.D. & L.M. Dill (2006). "Anti-Predator
Benefits of Mixed-Species Groups of Cowtail Stingrays (
1036:
1282:
Borsa, P.; Durand, Jean-Dominique; Shen, Kang-Ning; Irma S.Arlyza; Dedy D.Solihin; Berrebi, Patrick (2013).
2298:
506:
30:
784:
extends to the tip of its extremely long tail, giving it advance warning of approaching predators such as
2504:
2316:
1693:
FAO identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific
402:
and later by histotroph ("uterine milk"). Females bear litters of up to five pups in summer, following a
2321:
1097:
2284:
74:
2464:
2187:
1336:
Philippe Borsa; Collin T. Williams; Ashlie J. McIvor; Thierry B. Hoareau; Michael L. Berumen (2021).
1035:(where it is one of the aquarium's largest inhabitants), the Atlantis Dubai hotel aquarium, and the
634:
470:
298:
246:
1550:
1335:
502:
414:, and other purposes. It is highly susceptible to population depletion because of its large size,
1032:
936:) produced by the mother. Females give birth to up to five pups in the summer, after a year-long
498:
478:
257:
210:
1001:
are utilized, though this species is not a highly valued food fish. It also has applications in
2246:
1337:
630:
518:
854:. In the western Indian Ocean, about two-thirds of its diet consists of fishes, in particular
1127:
1106:
917:
490:
391:
283:
189:
2412:
2228:
2146:(2014): Elasmobranch Enthusiasts (Part 1): Modern Husbandry – Space | saltwatersmarts.com.
1998:
Measures, L.N.; M. Beverley-Burton & A. Williams (October 1990). "Three new species of
1829:
1733:
1657:
1574:
1353:
1281:
1248:
974:
966:
866:
making up most of the remainder. By contrast, rays in Australian waters are apparently not
732:, it frequents intertidal sand flats during the warm season, and shifts to slightly deeper
1070:
8:
1017:
574:
419:
39:
1833:
1737:
1661:
1578:
1357:
1252:
957:
2494:
1980:
1845:
1749:
1673:
1590:
1533:
Guide of Mediterranean Skates and Rays. Oct. 2022. Mendez L., Bacquet A. and F. Briand.
1379:
1315:
776:, this ray can be found resting singly or in small groups in very shallow water during
568:
536:
530:
514:
369:
233:
69:
1695:. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. pp. 1479–1505.
1620:
2329:
2127:
2101:
2023:
2019:
1941:
1888:
1800:
1775:
1745:
1696:
1624:
1514:
1486:
1454:
1419:
1409:
1383:
1307:
1264:
773:
683:
156:
2076:
Vijayalakshmi, C. & S. Sarada (July–December 1995). "Studies on the new species
1984:
1849:
1753:
1677:
1594:
1319:
446:
375:
Often encountered resting on the bottom during daytime, the reticulate whipray is a
313:
272:
206:
2334:
2058:
2015:
1972:
1931:
1837:
1741:
1665:
1582:
1446:
1369:
1361:
1299:
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1092:
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1002:
994:
937:
801:
793:
764:
Two reticulate whiprays and other fish being fed on a beach near Darwin, Australia.
454:
403:
2433:
2154:
1963:(Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha), a genus newly recorded from the Australasian region".
1021:
970:
965:
The reticulate whipray fights strongly on hook-and-line and is thus popular with
725:
712:
in nature, the reticulate whipray is generally encountered over sandy flats near
650:
601:
584:
557:
435:
364:
146:
961:
A reticulate whipray at the Palais de la Porte Dorée Tropical Aquarium in Paris.
690:
and it is now common in the south eastern Mediterranean. The recently-described
2269:
1365:
1303:
745:
418:
habits, and low reproductive rate, and is additionally threatened by extensive
302:
126:
116:
1586:
1450:
2483:
2407:
2347:
1613:
1436:
1153:
1079:
990:
831:
616:
562:
466:
294:
59:
2232:(Reticulate Whipray, Honeycomb Stingray, Leopard Stingray, Marbled Stingray)
1534:
220:
1997:
1945:
1863:
Vijayalakshmi, C. & S. Sarada (June 1993). "Studies on the new species
1458:
1311:
1268:
978:
781:
760:
709:
675:
671:
625:
620:
The reticulate whipray has a dorsal color pattern of many small dark spots.
522:
407:
383:
356:
2438:
2105:
2027:
1892:
489:
as the earliest available name even though it was not initially part of a
2381:
2308:
2278:
1936:
1907:
1338:"Neotype designation and re-description of Forsskål's reticulate whipray
1013:
928:, which is later supplanted by histotroph ("uterine milk", enriched with
867:
749:
679:
662:
605:
360:
2169:: Online Learning Center | Reticulate Whipray - Aquarium of the Pacific
1905:
1374:
2373:
2360:
1976:
1841:
1669:
986:
863:
721:
687:
642:
443:
351:. It inhabits coastal waters in the western Indian Ocean including the
348:
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1181:
2223:
998:
859:
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847:
839:
777:
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741:
729:
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411:
387:
166:
86:
2240:
2175:
1819:
1508:
969:, who usually release it alive. This species is caught by intensive
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878:
855:
819:
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703:
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seems to be common only in Australian waters, where it occurs from
376:
344:
136:
106:
2159:
1024:
and destructive fishing practices may have also taken their toll.
1959:
Beveridge, I. & R.A. Campbell (June 1992). "Redescription of
1399:
1283:
982:
929:
871:
835:
816:
812:
638:
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and either Gmelin or Forsskål as the species authority. In 1837,
415:
380:
352:
340:
2451:
2293:
2204:
1551:
https://ciesm.org/atlas/fishes_2nd_edition/Himantura_uarnak.pdf
1485:(second ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 449–440.
921:
827:
717:
462:
395:
96:
2235:
2191:
2040:
933:
874:
713:
2034:
1643:
1549:). 2nd Edition. 2021. 366p. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco.
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1393:
736:
patches in the cold season. This species is tolerant of low
728:
to offshore waters 50 m (160 ft) deep or more. In
406:
of a year. The reticulate whipray is fished in parts of the
359:
disc and an extremely long tail without fin folds. Both its
2185:: Reef Lagoon Field Guide | California Academy of Sciences
1408:. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research. pp. 292–302.
1088:
925:
843:
823:
509:
included the reticulate whipray in the newly created genus
399:
2190:. In: California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, CA
2075:
1958:
1906:
Chisholm, L.A.; I.D. Whittington & G.C. Kearn (2001).
1862:
1690:
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The reticulate whipray frequents areas with fine sediment.
2069:
1715:
1390:
1211:
1856:
1794:
1564:
649:
Adult rays have a wide band of flattened, heart-shaped
2092:(Förskal) from Chirala coast, Andhra Pradesh, India".
1952:
1606:
1604:
1509:
Smith, J.L.B.; Smith, M.M. & Heemstra, P. (2003).
1480:
977:
operating in parts of the western Indian Ocean, using
1916:(Dasyatididae) from Israel and a new host record for
1610:
1560:
1558:
1637:
1912:sp. n. (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from the skin of
1601:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1098:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T201098826A124528737.en
560:a group of genetically unrelated species including
1788:
1612:
1555:
1400:Last, P.R. & Manjaji-Matsumoto, B.M. (2008). "
1331:
1329:
1205:
1709:
1684:
1545:Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea (
2481:
1465:
916:Like other stingrays, the reticulate whipray is
426:(IUCN) has assessed this species as Endangered.
2041:Beverley-Burton, M. & A. Williams (1989). "
1326:
1133:. ex officina Mölleri, Hauniae. pp. 17–18.
604:in fact represent different species. Alternate
2002:(Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from the stingray,
1991:
1899:
1504:
1502:
1406:Descriptions of New Australian Chondrichthyans
1125:
1010:International Union for Conservation of Nature
424:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1769:
1215:Bulletin of the United States National Museum
811:The reticulate whipray preys on a variety of
670:The reticulate whipray occurs in the western
528:The reticulate whipray is closely related to
2121:
1813:
1111:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2117:
2115:
1499:
657:
442:, the work of his late friend, the Swedish
2179:
1799:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 46.
1765:
1763:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
219:
48:
29:
2140:
1935:
1535:http://www.ciesm.org/Guide/skatesandrays/
1373:
1231:
1126:Forsskål, P.S. (1775). Niebuhr, C (ed.).
1096:
465:name stingrays on the Red Sea shores. No
429:
2112:
1795:Randall, J.E. & J.P. Hoover (1995).
1275:
1225:
1191:Global Biodiversity Information Facility
956:
759:
661:
615:
2163:
1760:
1152:
1137:
1119:
1005:, and its tail may be sold as a curio.
2482:
2008:International Journal for Parasitology
1648:and reports of unidentified species".
1481:Last, P.R. & J.D. Stevens (2009).
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
755:
2245:
2244:
1611:Ferrari, A. & A. Ferrari (2002).
1539:
952:
682:. It also entered 30 years ago the
493:. Consequently, modern sources give
1772:Reef Sharks & Rays of the World
1174:
1080:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1051:
1020:also threatens this species, while
457:, with a spotted variant he called
13:
674:, including the Red Sea, Natal in
540:as well as the recently described
14:
2531:
2198:
2124:Coastal fishes of Southern Africa
1426:(invalid, listed in publication).
2490:IUCN Red List endangered species
2203:
2094:Boletín Chileno de Parasitología
1881:Boletín Chileno de Parasitología
1746:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01108.x
449:. Within Forsskål had described
228:Range of the reticulate whipray
73:
1774:. Sea Challengers. p. 87.
1650:Environmental Biology of Fishes
1527:
1430:
1037:California Academy of Sciences'
2515:Marine fauna of Southeast Asia
2174:. In: Aquarium of the Pacific
2126:. NISC and SAIAB. p. 83.
611:
390:. Like other stingrays, it is
1:
2051:Australian Journal of Zoology
1961:Halysiorhynchus macrocephalus
1045:
891:Halysiorhynchus macrocephalus
2020:10.1016/0020-7519(90)90009-C
1513:. Struik. pp. 139–140.
1483:Sharks and Rays of Australia
740:and has been known to enter
507:Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle
453:, now commonly known as the
368:resulted in a great deal of
7:
2047:Thaumatocotyle australensis
924:are initially sustained by
907:Thaumatocotyle australensis
870:, and are known to consume
10:
2536:
2510:Marine fish of East Africa
1366:10.1007/s12526-021-01180-1
1304:10.1016/j.crvi.2013.01.004
1091:: e.T201098826A124528737.
546:(previously confused with
2253:
1619:. Firefly Books. p.
1587:10.1007/s00227-009-1282-2
1451:10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
862:, with shrimps and other
239:
232:
227:
218:
195:
188:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
2500:Fish of the Indian Ocean
2158:. In: Saltwater Smarts.
2078:Tylocephalum chiralensis
1910:Dendromonocotyle colorni
1865:Anthrobothrium loculatum
1292:Comptes Rendus Biologies
1156:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
911:Tylocephalum chiralensis
895:Monocotyle helicophallus
887:Dendromonocotyle colorni
883:Anthrobothrium loculatum
881:of this species include
658:Distribution and habitat
471:Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre
1965:Systematic Parasitology
1241:Journal of Fish Biology
1033:Aquarium of the Pacific
694:formerly confused with
479:Johann Friedrich Gmelin
2520:Fish described in 1789
1797:Coastal fishes of Oman
1770:Michael, S.W. (1993).
997:. The meat, skin, and
962:
765:
748:, though records from
667:
621:
519:Barton Warren Evermann
430:Taxonomy and phylogeny
398:nourished at first by
394:, with the developing
2212:at Wikimedia Commons
2122:Heemstra, E. (2004).
1170:. March 2009 version.
960:
918:aplacental viviparous
763:
665:
619:
503:Johannes Peter Müller
392:aplacental viviparous
2220:, Honeycomb stingray
1937:10.14411/fp.2001.004
1924:Folia Parasitologica
975:commercial fisheries
967:recreational anglers
422:. Consequently, the
2043:Merizocotyle icopae
1834:1990MarBi.105..363S
1738:2006Ethol.112...33S
1662:1982EnvBF...7..321C
1579:2009MarBi.156.2579V
1358:2021MarBd..51...28B
1346:Marine Biodiversity
1253:2017JFBio..90.1170B
1018:Habitat degradation
786:bottlenose dolphins
756:Biology and ecology
461:ورنك, which is the
420:habitat degradation
40:Conservation status
24:Reticulate whipray
2505:Fish of Madagascar
2153:2019-03-23 at the
1977:10.1007/BF00009607
1842:10.1007/BF01316307
1718:Pastinachus sephen
1670:10.1007/BF00005567
1511:Smiths' Sea Fishes
1402:Himantura leoparda
1232:Borsa, P. (2017).
1040:Steinhart Aquarium
963:
953:Human interactions
806:Pastinachus sephen
766:
668:
622:
515:David Starr Jordan
331:honeycomb stingray
327:reticulate whipray
2475:
2474:
2247:Taxon identifiers
2208:Media related to
2133:978-1-920033-01-9
2063:10.1071/ZO9890025
1920:from the Bahamas"
1806:978-0-8248-1808-1
1781:978-0-930118-18-1
1702:978-92-5-104302-8
1630:978-1-55209-629-1
1573:(12): 2579–2590.
1520:978-1-86872-890-9
1492:978-0-674-03411-2
1415:978-0-1921424-1-2
1261:10.1111/jfb.13235
920:: the developing
794:hammerhead sharks
774:Western Australia
684:Mediterranean Sea
323:
322:
317:
306:
287:
276:
261:
250:
63:
2527:
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2312:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2299:himantura-uarnak
2289:
2288:
2287:
2285:Himantura uarnak
2274:
2273:
2272:
2255:Himantura uarnak
2242:
2241:
2230:Himantura uarnak
2218:Himantura uarnak
2210:Himantura uarnak
2207:
2193:
2183:
2177:
2167:
2161:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2080:, parasite from
2073:
2067:
2066:
2038:
2032:
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1720:) and Whiprays (
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1247:(4): 1170–1175.
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1073:Himantura uarnak
1066:
1029:public aquariums
1003:Chinese medicine
938:gestation period
802:cowtail stingray
790:Tursiops aduncus
651:dermal denticles
499:specific epithet
455:cowtail stingray
410:for meat, skin,
404:gestation period
365:scientific names
336:Himantura uarnak
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710:Bottom-dwelling
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436:Carsten Niebuhr
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381:bottom-dwelling
310:Trygon punctata
291:Trygon maculata
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147:Myliobatiformes
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2100:(3–4): 73–75.
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2045:, Sp-Nov, and
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2014:(6): 755–767.
1990:
1971:(2): 151–157.
1951:
1898:
1887:(1–2): 12–16.
1867:parasite from
1855:
1828:(3): 363–374.
1822:Marine Biology
1812:
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1567:Marine Biology
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1154:Froese, Rainer
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899:M. multiparous
832:mantis shrimps
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1879:(Forskal)".
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1732:(1): 33–43.
1729:
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1724:) at Rest".
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1298:(2): 82–92.
1295:
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1195:. Retrieved
1189:
1183:
1176:
1165:
1159:
1128:
1121:
1107:cite journal
1084:
1078:
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1039:
1031:such as the
1026:
1007:
991:beach seines
964:
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894:
890:
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822:, including
810:
805:
797:
789:
782:lateral line
767:
708:
695:
692:H. australis
691:
686:through the
676:South Africa
672:Indian Ocean
669:
648:
626:pectoral fin
623:
606:common names
602:color morphs
597:
593:
589:
583:
579:
575:H. jenkinsii
573:
567:
561:
553:H. australis
551:
547:
541:
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529:
527:
523:type species
521:made it the
510:
494:
486:
482:
475:Raia scherit
474:
458:
450:
439:
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408:Indian Ocean
374:
357:pectoral fin
335:
334:
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326:
324:
309:
290:
280:Raja uarnata
279:
268:
264:
253:
243:Raia scherit
242:
211:J. F. Gmelin
209:, 1775) or (
198:
196:
180:
179:
167:
133:Superorder:
18:
2382:iNaturalist
2279:Wikispecies
1130:geographica
1014:overfishing
987:tangle nets
946:H. undulata
942:H. leoparda
903:M. spiremae
868:piscivorous
864:crustaceans
852:bony fishes
750:fresh water
724:, from the
722:coral reefs
680:Arabian Sea
643:pelvic fins
635:respiratory
612:Description
594:H. undulata
580:H. leoparda
569:H. gerrardi
548:H. leoparda
537:H. leoparda
531:H. undulata
483:Raja uarnak
451:Raja sephen
388:bony fishes
372:confusion.
299:van Hasselt
265:Raja sephen
254:Raja uarnak
2484:Categories
2000:Monocotyle
1197:3 November
1046:References
840:gastropods
738:salinities
688:Suez Canal
678:, and the
444:naturalist
438:published
349:Dasyatidae
247:Bonnaterre
157:Dasyatidae
123:Subclass:
55:Endangered
2495:Himantura
2086:Himantura
1873:Himantura
1646:Himantura
1384:255610805
1352:(2): 28.
1221:: 1–1240.
1022:pollution
999:cartilage
995:longlines
971:artisanal
879:parasites
860:anchovies
848:jellyfish
820:organisms
778:high tide
770:Shark Bay
742:estuaries
730:Shark Bay
700:Shark Bay
696:H. uarnak
631:spiracles
598:Himantura
590:H. uarnak
525:in 1896.
511:Himantura
434:In 1775,
412:cartilage
370:taxonomic
175:Species:
168:Himantura
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
2356:FishBase
2306:BioLib:
2270:Q1254948
2264:Wikidata
2224:FishBase
2151:Archived
2082:Dasyatis
1985:34400718
1946:11266131
1869:Dasyatis
1850:84232604
1754:17529132
1726:Ethology
1678:19692108
1595:84230010
1459:27470808
1320:13204782
1312:23608177
1269:28026866
1167:FishBase
983:gillnets
930:proteins
877:. Known
856:ponyfish
836:bivalves
734:seagrass
704:Brisbane
639:nostrils
633:(paired
585:H. toshi
543:H. tutul
491:binomial
377:predator
345:stingray
273:Forsskål
234:Synonyms
207:Forsskål
153:Family:
137:Batoidea
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
2374:5215888
2106:8762670
2028:2242960
1893:8110367
1830:Bibcode
1734:Bibcode
1658:Bibcode
1575:Bibcode
1439:Zootaxa
1354:Bibcode
1249:Bibcode
922:embryos
872:penaeid
828:shrimps
817:neritic
813:benthic
800:). The
798:Sphyrna
718:lagoons
714:beaches
416:inshore
396:embryos
353:Red Sea
341:species
339:) is a
314:Günther
303:Bleeker
284:Walbaum
213:, 1789)
163:Genus:
143:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
2465:105854
2452:105854
2439:211939
2426:195307
2413:161692
2400:564621
2387:102778
2348:124608
2294:ARKive
2130:
2104:
2090:uarnak
2026:
1983:
1944:
1891:
1877:uarnak
1848:
1803:
1778:
1752:
1699:
1676:
1627:
1615:Sharks
1593:
1517:
1489:
1457:
1422:
1412:
1382:
1318:
1310:
1267:
993:, and
944:, and
934:lipids
909:, and
901:, and
875:prawns
850:, and
792:) and
780:. Its
592:, and
563:H. fai
550:) and
495:uarnak
487:uarnak
463:Arabic
459:uarnak
361:common
316:, 1870
305:, 1852
297:&
286:, 1792
275:, 1775
269:uarnak
260:, 1789
258:Gmelin
249:, 1788
2460:WoRMS
2343:EUNIS
2335:3LY4N
2322:19720
2309:15366
1981:S2CID
1846:S2CID
1750:S2CID
1674:S2CID
1591:S2CID
1380:S2CID
1316:S2CID
1237:(PDF)
844:worms
824:crabs
716:, in
267:var.
2447:OBIS
2421:NCBI
2408:IUCN
2395:ITIS
2369:GBIF
2361:5507
2317:BOLD
2128:ISBN
2102:PMID
2024:PMID
1942:PMID
1889:PMID
1801:ISBN
1776:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1455:PMID
1443:4139
1420:ISBN
1410:ISBN
1308:PMID
1265:PMID
1199:2022
1113:link
1089:IUCN
1085:2021
1008:The
985:and
973:and
932:and
926:yolk
858:and
815:and
744:and
624:The
534:,
517:and
505:and
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