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148:(so called because they stain living cells) from the blood circulation. The term is still used today, but its meaning has changed over the years, and is used inconsistently in present-day literature. Although RES is commonly associated exclusively with macrophages, recent research has revealed that the cells that accumulate intravenously administered vital stain belong to a highly specialised group of cells called
215:. In 1998 experiments were carried out to repeat the studies of Aschoff, following exactly the original methods description, and using modern ways of identifying the cells that were responsible for clearance of intravascularly injected colloidal lithium carmine, the most commonly used vital stain. The studies showed that the cell system that Aschoff described as RES in the liver were
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In most present-day text books and articles the term RES is used synonymously with MPS. This is especially unfortunate when discussing e.g. blood clearance of nano formulations. Refraining from including the highly active LSEC when discussing blood clearance may lead to failure to understand the
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sinuses, and the capillaries of the adrenals, pituitary and bone marrow also accumulated vital stains, yet to a lower extent. Based on these observations
Aschoff in his review concluded that these were the organs housing the cells of the RES, in the narrow sense of the term. At the time when the
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was proposed to denote all cells identified as macrophages. The cells of MPS, by way of their common functional signature as professional phagocytes, clear particulate matter such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and dying cells from the circulation. Since blood clearance is also a characteristic
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notion of RES was launched, the understanding of concepts like endothelium, macrophages and phagocytosis were immature compared to what we know today, and during the centennium that followed there has been a considerable change in the way we understand these terms today.
477:
Kawai, Y; Smedsrød, B; Elvevold, K; Wake, K (May 1998). "Uptake of lithium carmine by sinusoidal endothelial and
Kupffer cells of the rat liver: new insights into the classical vital staining and the reticulo-endothelial system".
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Tartaro, K; VanVolkenburg, M; Wilkie, D; Coskran, TM; Kreeger, JM; Kawabata, TT; Casinghino, S (2015). "Development of a fluorescence-based in vivo phagocytosis assay to measure mononuclear phagocyte system function in the rat".
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During the years that followed after
Aschoff had originated the concept of RES, research on macrophages and their role as phagocytes steadily increased, and in 1960 the concept of the
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Anderson, CL (December 2015). "The liver sinusoidal endothelium reappears after being eclipsed by the
Kupffer cell: a 20th century biological delusion corrected".
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Campbell, Frederick; Bos, Frank L.; Sieber, Sandro; Arias-Alpizar, Gabriela; Koch, Bjørn E.; Huwyler, Jörg; Kros, Alexander; Bussmann, Jeroen (10 January 2018).
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are by far the most numerous and important cells accumulating intravenously administered vital stains in mammals and other vertebrates. Cells lining the
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function of cells of RES, it was suggested in the late 1960s that RES is identical to MPS, and it was proposed that the term RES be replaced with MPS.
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336:"Directing Nanoparticle Biodistribution through Evasion and Exploitation of Stab2-Dependent Nanoparticle Uptake"
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from the blood circulation. This triggered a re-evaluation of the well-established notion that
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Wake, K; Kawai, Y; Smedsrød, B (2001). "Re-evaluation of the reticulo-endothelial system".
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Ganesan, LP; Mohanty, S; Kim, J; Clark, KR; Robinson, JM; Anderson, CL (September 2011).
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van Furth, R; Cohn, ZA; Hirsch, JG; Humphrey, JH; Spector, WG; Langevoort, HL (1972).
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mechanisms of clearance of several substances from the circulation.
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During the 1980s and 1990s some laboratories noted that specialized
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Praaning-van Dalen, DP; Brouwer, A; Knook, DL (December 1981).
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560:(6th ed.). Barron's Educational Series. 2012-11-01.
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387:(in German). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 1–118.
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Aschoff, L. (1924). "Das reticulo-endotheliale System".
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258:"Clearance function of scavenger endothelial cells"
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183:The RES – MPS confusion
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