119:"necessities," and products produced domestically by trusts, but it retained higher tariff rates for luxury goods. The bill also instituted a tax on personal income above $ 4,000. Passage of Underwood's tariff bill in the Senate would prove more difficult than in the House, partially because some Southern and Western Democrats favored the continued protection of the wool and sugar industries, and partially because Democrats had a narrower majority in that chamber. Seeking to marshal support for the tariff bill, Wilson met extensively with Democratic senators and appealed directly to the people through the press. After weeks of hearings and debate, Wilson and Secretary of State
141:
2381:
115:, which had been proposed by Congress in 1909 during a debate over tariff legislation, was ratified by the requisite number of states. Following the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment, Democratic leaders agreed to attach an income tax provision to their tariff reduction bill, partly to make up for lost revenue, and partly to shift the burden of funding the government towards the high earners that would be subject to the income tax.
2864:
20:
224:
The
Revenue Act of 1913 imposed a one percent tax on incomes above $ 3,000, with a top tax rate of six percent on those earning more than $ 500,000 per year. Approximately three percent of the population was subject to the income tax. The bill also included a one percent tax on the net income of all
191:
The duty on woolens went from 56% to 18.5%. Steel rails, raw wool, iron ore, and agricultural implements now had zero rates. The reciprocity program wanted by the
Republicans was eliminated. Congress rejected proposals for a tariff board to fix rates scientifically, but it set up a study commission.
106:
Democrats had long seen high tariff rates as equivalent to unfair taxes on consumers, and tariff reduction was
President Wilson's first priority upon taking office. He argued that the system of high tariffs "cuts us off from our proper part in the commerce of the world, violates the just principles
395:
The ratio of top marginal rate to bottom marginal rate in 1913 was 7:1 (7%:1%). The last time a similar ratio was applicable was in 1980, when the ratio of the top rate to the bottom rate was 6.36:1 (70%:11%). In 1981, the top rate was reduced to 50%, and in 1986, it was reduced to 28% (the bottom
391:
There was an exemption of $ 3,000 for single filers and $ 4,000 for married couples. Therefore, the 1% bottom marginal rate applied only to the first $ 17,000 ($ 374,400 in 2010 dollars) of income for single filers or the first $ 16,000 ($ 352,300 in 2010 dollars) of income for married filers (see
118:
By late May 1913, House
Majority Leader Oscar Underwood had passed a bill in the House that cut the average tariff rate by 10 percent. Underwood's bill, which represented the largest downward revision of the tariff since the Civil War, aggressively cut rates for raw materials, goods deemed to be
596:
In the 1920s, Republicans raised tariffs and lowered the income tax. Nonetheless, the policies of the Wilson administration had a durable impact on the composition of government revenue, which after the 1920s would primarily come from taxation rather than tariffs.
89:
The
Revenue Act of 1913 lowered average tariff rates from 40 percent to 26 percent. It also established a one percent tax on income above $ 3,000 per year; the tax affected approximately three percent of the population. A separate provision established a
546:
In 2010 dollars, the 2010 personal exemptions ($ 7,300) and the standard deduction ($ 11,400) for married couples filing jointly were together $ 18,700, only 21.2% of the 1913 exemption of $ 88,100 in 2010 dollars ($ 18,700/$ 88,100).
563:, established a tax on the production of munitions, raised the top income tax rate to fifteen percent, and raised the corporate income tax from one percent to two percent. That same year, Wilson signed a law that established the
107:
of taxation, and makes the government a facile instrument in the hands of private interests." While most
Democrats were united behind a decrease in tariff rates, most Republicans held that high tariff rates were useful for
98:-controlled Congress would later raise tariff rates, the Revenue Act of 1913 marked an important shift in federal revenue policy, as government revenue would increasingly rely on income taxes rather than tariff duties.
2889:
542:
In 2010 dollars, the 2010 personal exemption ($ 3,650) and the standard deduction ($ 5,700) for single filers were together $ 9,350, only 14.1% of the 1913 exemption of $ 66,100 in 2010 dollars ($ 9,350/$ 66,100).
2819:
225:
corporations, superseding a previous federal tax that had only applied to corporate net incomes above $ 5,000. The
Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the income tax in the cases of
78:
in 1913, Democratic leaders agreed to seek passage of a major bill that would dramatically lower tariffs and implement an income tax. Underwood quickly shepherded the revenue bill through the
2839:
2784:
123:
managed to unite Senate
Democrats behind the bill. The Senate voted 44 to 37 in favor of the bill, with only one Democrat voting against it and only one Republican, progressive leader
74:
had long seen high tariffs as equivalent to unfair taxes on consumers, and tariff reduction was
President Wilson's first priority upon taking office. Following the ratification of the
1409:
2844:
2187:
2744:
2426:
2749:
2769:
2699:
1990:
1327:
2759:
730:
112:
75:
2834:
2235:
2135:
3109:
1384:
2824:
1300:
396:
rate rose from 11% to 15%). The 1986 change dramatically altered the ratio, from 6.36:1 to 1.87:1 (28%:15%). Today, the ratio is 3.96:1 (39.6%:10%).
3114:
2684:
2674:
2121:
162:
214:
The
Revenue Act of 1913 restored a federal income tax for the first time since 1872. The federal government had also adopted an income tax in the
2719:
2804:
2754:
2192:
3068:
2182:
2789:
2654:
564:
94:
of one percent, superseding a previous tax that had only applied to corporations with net incomes greater than $ 5,000 per year. Though a
2629:
2140:
1870:
1832:
1735:
1254:
585:
The Act also created a new group of tax-exempt organizations dedicated to social welfare. The provision was a precursor to what is now
220:
2729:
2724:
2714:
2664:
1844:
1280:
1271:
2689:
2158:
2151:
2084:
2074:
1511:
1322:
1210:
2874:
2345:
2010:
1310:
1305:
1231:
227:
206:
from paying a duty on stained glass windows led to stained glass windows being exempt from all duties for all houses of worship.
1995:
935:
3038:
2899:
2779:
2064:
1768:
1527:
1474:
1444:
79:
244:
A normal income tax and an additional tax were levied against the net income of individuals, as shown in the following table:
3119:
3063:
2884:
2849:
2417:
1877:
1290:
1179:
1092:
1007:
2829:
1695:
1449:
1285:
731:"President Eisgruber's message to community on removal of Woodrow Wilson name from public policy school and Wilson College"
177:
The Revenue Act of 1913 reduced the average import tariff rates from approximately 40 percent to approximately 25 percent.
3073:
2097:
2079:
2069:
2056:
1973:
2764:
2474:
1798:
1689:
2669:
2574:
2015:
1978:
1854:
1809:
1565:
1506:
1403:
1158:
2909:
2894:
2604:
965:
Allen, Howard W. (1961). "Geography and Politics: Voting on Reform Issues in the United States Senate, 1911â1916".
158:
95:
71:
52:
827:
2814:
2569:
2218:
1633:
1454:
1439:
1415:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1242:
560:
258:
48:
40:
86:
only after extensive lobbying by the Wilson administration. Wilson signed the bill into law on October 3, 1913.
2774:
2106:
1712:
1645:
1234:
1019:
111:
domestic manufacturing and factory workers against foreign competition. Shortly before Wilson took office, the
1552:
199:, iron, steel, farm machinery, and many raw materials and foodstuffs. The average rate was approximately 26%.
3104:
2859:
2854:
2794:
2709:
2694:
2609:
2539:
2227:
1673:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1496:
1479:
884:
3124:
3058:
3053:
3008:
2998:
2464:
2459:
1827:
1763:
1707:
1266:
1203:
1108:
233:
215:
1317:
3028:
3023:
2739:
2679:
2287:
1985:
1953:
1948:
1838:
1718:
1522:
1420:
967:
60:
2624:
2549:
1758:
1753:
1047:
2734:
2644:
2410:
2311:
2116:
1916:
1859:
1729:
1397:
1337:
1058:
Crucini, Mario J. (1994). "Sources of Variation in Real Tariff Rates: The United States, 1900â1940".
3078:
3018:
2145:
2005:
1941:
1792:
1700:
1615:
1533:
1060:
2484:
2384:
2350:
2299:
2281:
2171:
1890:
1591:
1501:
1491:
1427:
1295:
1196:
1171:
The Great Tax Wars: Lincoln to Wilson â The Fierce Battles over Money That Transformed the Nation
579:
2947:
2704:
2649:
2634:
1723:
1640:
1245:
140:
120:
202:
The example set several years prior by special legislation exempting Gate of Heaven Church in
3033:
2434:
2395:
2305:
2293:
2177:
2111:
1849:
1815:
1774:
1741:
1486:
1017:
Cole, Arthur H. (1921). "The Domestic and Foreign Wool Manufactures and the Tariff Problem".
586:
124:
2403:
2323:
2127:
1928:
1922:
1900:
1864:
1803:
1546:
1517:
850:
409:
83:
570:
There was an impact for the Cuban tobacco industry concerning their import to the States.
8:
3043:
2809:
2659:
2639:
2619:
2614:
2599:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2544:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2479:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2364:
2317:
1895:
1822:
1596:
822:
556:
2869:
2799:
2594:
2269:
2210:
1785:
1780:
1683:
1678:
1609:
1133:
1125:
1069:
1036:
984:
692:
653:
614:
3048:
2371:
1935:
1572:
1559:
1175:
1154:
1147:
1137:
1088:
1082:
1003:
997:
712:
673:
634:
108:
127:, voting for it. Wilson signed the Revenue Act of 1913 into law on October 3, 1913.
1332:
1117:
1028:
976:
704:
665:
626:
571:
405:
392:
also below the adjustments for inflation between 1913 and 2010 in the BLS table).
2993:
2340:
2043:
1602:
1583:
1464:
1459:
1169:
555:
Working with progressive Republicans, Congressional Democrats won passage of the
166:
145:
56:
2988:
2977:
2972:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
1219:
154:
64:
3098:
3083:
2967:
2242:
2165:
1883:
1540:
716:
677:
638:
181:
170:
91:
2275:
1905:
1392:
203:
3003:
2000:
1747:
1469:
1433:
150:
218:, but that tax had been struck down by the Supreme Court in the case of
1910:
1667:
1129:
1073:
1040:
988:
817:
262:
44:
2879:
1622:
590:
195:
The Underwood-Simmons measure vastly increased the free list, adding
1103:
1032:
980:
1121:
708:
669:
630:
567:, which was charged with providing expert advice on tariff rates.
19:
1188:
2425:
2251:
936:"The Surprisingly Muddled History of the 501(c)(4) Exemption"
575:
196:
2136:
Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs
574:, President of the Union of Manufacturers of Cigars of
2236:
Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century
253:
Normal income tax and additional tax on individuals
239:
1146:
1104:"Customs Administration under the 1913 Tariff Act"
3096:
2122:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
180:The Act established the lowest rates since the
55:rates. The act was sponsored by Representative
2193:United States one-hundred-thousand-dollar bill
785:
783:
781:
779:
742:
740:
188:basis, a percentage of the value of the item.
173:are leading an army of congressmen in support.
2411:
2183:Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation
1204:
1084:Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans
801:
1871:U.S. Federal Board for Vocational Education
1736:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
776:
737:
157:as a victorious pharaoh with monopoly, the
3110:United States federal taxation legislation
2427:United States federal taxation legislation
2418:
2404:
1211:
1197:
1845:United States Grain Standards Act of 1916
855:. Gate of Heaven Parish. 2013. p. 6.
399:
2152:Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial
1101:
995:
933:
221:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
139:
18:
3115:United States federal trade legislation
2346:Jefferson Literary and Debating Society
1311:Louis Brandeis Supreme Court nomination
1167:
1057:
852:Gate of Heaven Parish 150th Anniversary
550:
228:Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.
3097:
2065:1910 New Jersey gubernatorial election
1475:American Commission to Negotiate Peace
1149:Woodrow Wilson: vol 2, The New Freedom
818:"The Tariff Triumph of Pharaoh Wilson"
690:
651:
612:
2399:
1878:United States Railroad Administration
1192:
1080:
964:
1696:Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914
1410:Occupation of the Dominican Republic
1144:
1016:
2080:1916 Democratic National Convention
2070:1912 Democratic National Convention
1974:Birthplace and Presidential Library
1769:Federal Employees' Compensation Act
1616:Board of Mediation and Conciliation
830:from the original on July 29, 2023.
82:, but the bill won approval in the
63:, and signed into law by President
13:
1799:Fraudulent Advertising Act of 1916
1690:Emergency Internal Revenue Tax Act
1218:
885:"Facsimile from Statutes at Large"
865:Weisman 2002, pp. 230â232, 278â282
14:
3136:
1855:Wildlife Game Refuges Act of 1916
1810:National Park Service Organic Act
1708:Glacier National Park Act of 1914
1507:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
1255:President of Princeton University
578:laid this out to Cuban President
467:Married filers $ 18,700 or 21.2%
2900:2021 (Infrastructure, PL 117â58)
2380:
2379:
1901:Acadia National Park Act of 1919
999:The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson
934:Gershman, Jacob (May 16, 2013).
240:Income tax table for individuals
70:Wilson and other members of the
2085:1916 U.S. presidential election
2075:1912 U.S. presidential election
2001:Summer White House (Harlakenden
1455:Committee on Public Information
1416:Army Appropriations Act of 1916
1345:State of the Union Address 1913
946:
927:
923:. 1913/III: 108. February 2017.
912:
903:
894:
877:
868:
859:
843:
834:
810:
792:
559:, which reinstated the federal
447:Single filers $ 9,350 or 14.1%
49:income tax in the United States
1996:Princeton University president
1991:Boyhood home in South Carolina
1235:President of the United States
1020:Quarterly Journal of Economics
1002:. University Press of Kansas.
996:Clements, Kendrick A. (1992).
767:
758:
749:
723:
684:
645:
606:
1:
2284:(daughter, acting first lady)
2228:Backstairs at the White House
2146:Woodrow Wilson Junior College
1906:Grand Canyon Park Act of 1919
1713:Legislative Reference Service
1674:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
1497:Selective Service Act of 1917
1480:Armistice of 11 November 1918
764:Weisman 2002, pp. 254 264â265
600:
209:
184:of 1857. Most schedules were
130:
3120:Presidency of Woodrow Wilson
2890:2021 (Defense Authorization)
1828:Rural Post Roads Act of 1916
1764:Federal Aid Road Act of 1916
1109:Journal of Political Economy
1102:Hoffmann, I. Newton (1914).
697:Journal of Political Economy
658:Journal of Political Economy
619:Journal of Political Economy
529:
518:
507:
496:
485:
474:
454:
437:
234:Stanton v. Baltic Mining Co.
47:), re-established a federal
7:
2895:2021 (American Rescue Plan)
2038:When a Man Comes to Himself
1954:Mineral Leasing Act of 1920
1949:Merchant Marine Act of 1920
1839:Stock-Raising Homestead Act
1523:Wartime Measure Act of 1918
1421:Council of National Defense
1168:Weisman, Steven R. (2002).
1153:. New York, Hill and Wang.
1052:Woodrow Wilson: A Biography
968:Journal of Southern History
532:
521:
510:
499:
488:
477:
457:
440:
149:political cartoon drawn by
61:63rd United States Congress
10:
3141:
1759:Cotton Futures Act of 1916
1754:Brush Disposal Act of 1916
1679:Cotton Futures Act of 1914
1592:Federal racial segregation
958:
919:"an important memorialñ".
691:Willis, H. Parker (1914).
652:Willis, H. Parker (1914).
613:Willis, H. Parker (1914).
466:
463:
446:
443:
135:
101:
51:and substantially lowered
2908:
2433:
2359:
2333:
2262:
2201:
2117:Woodrow Wilson Foundation
2093:
2055:
2024:
1966:
1917:Wheat Price Guarantee Act
1860:Flood Control Act of 1917
1730:Locomotive Inspection Act
1582:
1383:
1338:Woman Suffrage Procession
1265:
1226:
900:Weisman 2002, pp. 306â308
773:Weisman 2002, pp. 274â276
693:"The Tariff of 1913: III"
539:All figures are rounded.
249:
2272:(wife, 1885â1914, death)
2032:Congressional Government
1942:Federal Power Commission
1701:Federal Trade Commission
1534:Racial Equality Proposal
1512:National War Labor Board
1174:. Simon & Schuster.
1081:Gould, Lewis L. (2003).
1061:American Economic Review
909:Cooper 1990, pp. 214â215
789:Cooper 2009, pp. 216â218
746:Clements 1992, pp. 36â37
654:"The Tariff of 1913: II"
216:WilsonâGorman Tariff Act
80:House of Representatives
2351:Woodrow Wilson and race
2172:Woodrow Wilson Monument
1986:Boyhood home in Georgia
1891:War Revenue Act of 1917
1786:Federal Farm Loan Board
1719:SmithâLever Act of 1914
1641:Rivers and Harbors Acts
1502:Immigration Act of 1918
1492:Immigration Act of 1917
1428:Philippine Autonomy Act
952:Gould 2003, pp. 175â176
940:The Wall Street Journal
807:Clements 1992, p. 36â37
615:"The Tariff of 1913: I"
464:Married filers $ 4,000
3024:1922: FordneyâMcCumber
1979:papers and manuscripts
1724:War Risk Insurance Act
1528:Paris Peace Conference
1323:1919 Nobel Peace Prize
1306:Supreme Court nominees
1246:Governor of New Jersey
444:Single filers $ 3,000
406:adjusted for inflation
400:Adjusted for inflation
174:
121:William Jennings Bryan
24:
2885:2020 (Appropriations)
2875:2020 (Families First)
2865:2018 (Appropriations)
2365:â William Howard Taft
2306:Joseph Ruggles Wilson
2294:Eleanor Wilson McAdoo
2178:Woodrow Wilson Bridge
2112:Woodrow Wilson Awards
1850:Warehouse Act of 1916
1816:National Park Service
1775:Federal Farm Loan Act
1742:Occupancy Permits Act
1487:Espionage Act of 1917
1398:BryanâChamorro Treaty
1301:Judicial appointments
1145:Link, Arthur (1968).
587:Internal Revenue Code
143:
125:Robert M. La Follette
37:Underwood-Simmons Act
22:
3105:1913 in American law
2948:1828: "Abominations"
2276:Edith Bolling Wilson
2128:The Wilson Quarterly
2011:Woodrow Wilson House
1929:Railroad Labor Board
1547:Treaty of Versailles
1518:Sedition Act of 1918
874:Weisman 2002, p. 283
840:Clements 1992, p. 39
798:Weisman 2002, p. 271
755:Weisman 2002, p. 270
551:Impact and aftermath
410:Consumer Price Index
84:United States Senate
31:, also known as the
3125:October 1913 events
3009:1909: PayneâAldrich
2999:1894: WilsonâGorman
2372:Warren G. Harding â
2320:(cousin, secretary)
2318:Helen Woodrow Bones
2288:Jessie Wilson Sayre
2220:Profiles in Courage
2188:U.S. Postage stamps
1896:Revenue Act of 1918
1823:Revenue Act of 1916
1629:Revenue Act of 1913
1597:Federal Reserve Act
1404:Occupation of Haiti
1048:Cooper, John Milton
823:Library of Congress
557:Revenue Act of 1916
404:Here are the rates
251:Revenue Act of 1913
113:Sixteenth Amendment
76:Sixteenth Amendment
29:Revenue Act of 1913
3029:1930: SmootâHawley
2928:1791: Hamilton III
2270:Ellen Axson Wilson
2239:(2002 documentary)
1781:Farm Credit System
1684:Cutter Service Act
1634:Federal income tax
1610:Newlands Labor Act
175:
25:
3092:
3091:
2933:1792: Hamilton IV
2923:1790: Hamilton II
2820:2010 (PL 111-312)
2815:2010 (PL 111â240)
2393:
2392:
2300:Francis Sayre Jr.
2278:(wife, 1915â1924)
2231:(1979 miniseries)
1962:
1961:
1936:Federal Power Act
1573:Wilsonian Armenia
1560:League of Nations
1291:1917 inauguration
1286:1913 inauguration
1181:978-0-684-85068-9
1094:978-0-375-50741-0
1009:978-0-7006-0523-1
565:Tariff Commission
537:
536:
389:
388:
39:(ch. 16, 38
3132:
3084:2018/2019: Trump
3034:1934: Reciprocal
2958:1833: Compromise
2918:1789: Hamilton I
2420:
2413:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2383:
2382:
1923:EschâCummins Act
1865:SmithâHughes Act
1804:KeatingâOwen Act
1381:
1380:
1333:Silent Sentinels
1258:
1249:
1238:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1164:
1152:
1141:
1098:
1087:. Random House.
1077:
1044:
1013:
992:
953:
950:
944:
943:
931:
925:
924:
916:
910:
907:
901:
898:
892:
891:
889:
881:
875:
872:
866:
863:
857:
856:
847:
841:
838:
832:
831:
814:
808:
805:
799:
796:
790:
787:
774:
771:
765:
762:
756:
753:
747:
744:
735:
734:
727:
721:
720:
688:
682:
681:
649:
643:
642:
610:
580:Mario G. Menocal
572:Theodore Garbade
415:
414:
247:
246:
72:Democratic Party
59:, passed by the
33:Underwood Tariff
3140:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3069:1988: Canada FT
3019:1921: Emergency
3014:1913: Underwood
2943:1824: Sectional
2904:
2790:2007 (Mortgage)
2690:1983 (PL 98-76)
2685:1983 (PL 98-67)
2436:
2429:
2424:
2394:
2389:
2355:
2341:Progressive Era
2329:
2282:Margaret Wilson
2258:
2203:
2197:
2162:(Austin statue)
2095:
2089:
2051:
2045:The New Freedom
2020:
1958:
1603:Federal Reserve
1578:
1465:Fourteen Points
1460:Four Minute Men
1379:
1269:
1261:
1252:
1241:
1230:
1222:
1217:
1182:
1161:
1095:
1033:10.2307/1883781
1010:
981:10.2307/2205279
961:
956:
951:
947:
932:
928:
918:
917:
913:
908:
904:
899:
895:
887:
883:
882:
878:
873:
869:
864:
860:
849:
848:
844:
839:
835:
816:
815:
811:
806:
802:
797:
793:
788:
777:
772:
768:
763:
759:
754:
750:
745:
738:
729:
728:
724:
689:
685:
650:
646:
611:
607:
603:
553:
408:by the average
402:
281:Additional rate
255:
252:
242:
212:
167:Oscar Underwood
138:
133:
104:
57:Oscar Underwood
23:Oscar Underwood
17:
12:
11:
5:
3138:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2994:1890: McKinley
2991:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2324:William McAdoo
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2255:(2022 musical)
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2159:Woodrow Wilson
2155:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2035:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1807:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1772:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1385:Foreign policy
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1328:19th Amendment
1325:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1298:
1296:Roosevelt desk
1293:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1250:
1239:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:Woodrow Wilson
1216:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1165:
1159:
1142:
1122:10.1086/252537
1116:(9): 845â871.
1099:
1093:
1078:
1068:(3): 732â743.
1055:
1045:
1027:(1): 102â135.
1014:
1008:
993:
975:(2): 216â228.
960:
957:
955:
954:
945:
926:
911:
902:
893:
876:
867:
858:
842:
833:
809:
800:
791:
775:
766:
757:
748:
736:
722:
709:10.1086/252408
703:(3): 218â238.
683:
670:10.1086/252388
664:(2): 105â131.
644:
631:10.1086/252373
604:
602:
599:
552:
549:
535:
534:
531:
528:
524:
523:
520:
517:
513:
512:
509:
506:
502:
501:
498:
495:
491:
490:
487:
484:
480:
479:
476:
473:
469:
468:
465:
462:
456:
453:
449:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
432:
431:
430:Exempt â 2010
428:
427:Exempt â 1913
425:
422:
419:
401:
398:
387:
386:
383:
380:
377:
373:
372:
369:
366:
363:
359:
358:
355:
352:
349:
345:
344:
341:
338:
335:
331:
330:
327:
324:
321:
317:
316:
313:
310:
307:
303:
302:
299:
296:
293:
289:
288:
283:
278:
273:
267:
266:
241:
238:
211:
208:
155:Woodrow Wilson
137:
134:
132:
129:
103:
100:
65:Woodrow Wilson
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3137:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:1897: Dingley
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2989:1883: Mongrel
2987:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2978:1861: Morrill
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2870:2019 (SECURE)
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2750:2001 (EGTRRA)
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2386:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2314:(grandfather)
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2223:(1965 series)
2222:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2166:Wilson Square
2164:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1884:USRA standard
1881:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1541:Pueblo speech
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1160:9780809002054
1156:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1001:
1000:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
969:
963:
962:
949:
941:
937:
930:
922:
915:
906:
897:
886:
880:
871:
862:
854:
853:
846:
837:
829:
825:
824:
819:
813:
804:
795:
786:
784:
782:
780:
770:
761:
752:
743:
741:
732:
726:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
687:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
648:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
609:
605:
598:
594:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
558:
548:
544:
540:
533:$ 11,010,700
526:
525:
515:
514:
504:
503:
493:
492:
482:
481:
471:
470:
460:
451:
450:
434:
433:
429:
426:
424:2010 dollars
423:
420:
418:1913 dollars
417:
416:
413:
411:
407:
397:
393:
384:
381:
378:
375:
374:
370:
367:
364:
361:
360:
356:
353:
350:
347:
346:
342:
339:
336:
333:
332:
328:
325:
322:
319:
318:
314:
311:
308:
305:
304:
300:
297:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:Combined rate
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
260:
254:
248:
245:
237:
236:
235:
230:
229:
223:
222:
217:
207:
205:
200:
198:
193:
189:
187:
183:
182:Walker Tariff
178:
172:
171:F. M. Simmons
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:
142:
128:
126:
122:
116:
114:
110:
99:
97:
93:
92:corporate tax
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
3013:
2968:1846: Walker
2938:1816: Dallas
2880:2020 (CARES)
2469:
2370:
2363:
2326:(son-in-law)
2312:James Wilson
2250:
2243:
2234:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2157:
2150:
2141:High schools
2126:
2107:Bibliography
2044:
2037:
2031:
2006:Shadow Lawn)
1628:
1393:Wilsonianism
1170:
1148:
1113:
1107:
1083:
1065:
1059:
1051:
1024:
1018:
998:
972:
966:
948:
939:
929:
920:
914:
905:
896:
879:
870:
861:
851:
845:
836:
821:
812:
803:
794:
769:
760:
751:
725:
700:
696:
686:
661:
657:
647:
622:
618:
608:
595:
584:
569:
554:
545:
541:
538:
522:$ 5,505,300
511:$ 2,202,100
500:$ 1,651,600
489:$ 1,101,000
458:
403:
394:
390:
285:
280:
275:
270:
256:
250:
243:
232:
226:
219:
213:
204:South Boston
201:
194:
190:
185:
179:
176:
163:Progressives
144:
117:
105:
88:
69:
36:
32:
28:
26:
3074:1993: NAFTA
2963:1842: Black
2855:2017 (TCJA)
2830:2012 (ATRA)
2247:(2013 book)
2215:(1944 film)
1748:Adamson Act
1584:New Freedom
1532:1919â1920;
1470:The Inquiry
1438:1917â1918;
1434:World War I
1412:(1916â1924)
1406:(1915â1934)
1257:(1902â1910)
1248:(1911â1913)
1237:(1913â1921)
921:Cuban Revue
625:(1): 1â42.
276:Normal rate
165:in chains.
159:Republicans
151:Udo Keppler
3099:Categories
3039:1948: GATT
2860:2018 (BBA)
2845:2015 (BBA)
2810:2010 (ACA)
2550:1940 (2nd)
2302:(grandson)
2296:(daughter)
2290:(daughter)
1911:Red Summer
1668:Sabath Act
1450:home front
1281:Transition
1267:Presidency
601:References
561:estate tax
527:$ 500,000
516:$ 250,000
505:$ 100,000
478:$ 440,400
421:Inflation
376:$ 500,000
362:$ 250,000
348:$ 100,000
210:Income tax
186:ad valorem
153:depicting
131:Provisions
109:protecting
96:Republican
16:US tax law
3079:1994: WTO
2710:1986 Code
2610:1954 Code
2540:1939 Code
2098:memorials
2057:Elections
2016:Gravesite
1833:Smith Act
1623:Raker Act
1445:campaigns
1138:154816062
717:0022-3808
678:0022-3808
639:0022-3808
591:501(c)(4)
494:$ 75,000
483:$ 50,000
472:$ 20,000
441:$ 66,100
334:$ 75,000
320:$ 50,000
306:$ 20,000
2435:Internal
2385:Category
2308:(father)
2174:(Prague)
2168:(Warsaw)
1793:Flag Day
1553:Big Four
1272:timeline
828:Archived
589:Section
459:$ 88,100
452:$ 4,000
435:$ 3,000
257:38
3049:1974/75
2910:Tariffs
2680:Gas Tax
2437:Revenue
2334:Related
2204:culture
2202:Popular
1566:charter
1318:Cabinet
1130:1817810
1074:2118081
1041:1883781
989:2205279
959:Sources
530:2,200%
519:2,200%
508:2,200%
497:2,200%
486:2,200%
475:2,200%
455:2,200%
438:2,200%
197:woolens
136:Tariffs
102:Passage
35:or the
2800:Crisis
2263:Family
2244:Wilson
2212:Wilson
2094:Legacy
2047:(1913)
2040:(1901)
2034:(1900)
1940:1920;
1927:1920;
1919:(1919)
1913:(1919)
1882:1917;
1869:1917;
1841:(1916)
1835:(1916)
1814:1916;
1806:(1916)
1795:(1916)
1779:1916;
1771:(1916)
1750:(1916)
1744:(1915)
1738:(1915)
1732:(1915)
1726:(1914)
1715:(1914)
1692:(1914)
1686:(1914)
1670:(1913)
1625:(1913)
1614:1913;
1601:1913;
1575:(1920)
1564:1920;
1551:1919;
1543:(1919)
1514:(1918)
1430:(1916)
1400:(1914)
1178:
1157:
1136:
1128:
1091:
1072:
1054:(2009)
1039:
1006:
987:
715:
676:
637:
271:Income
261:
161:, and
53:tariff
43:
2700:COBRA
2252:Suffs
2025:Books
1440:entry
1253:13th
1134:S2CID
1126:JSTOR
1070:JSTOR
1037:JSTOR
985:JSTOR
888:(PDF)
259:Stat.
41:Stat.
3064:1988
3059:1984
3054:1979
3044:1962
2985:1875
2982:1872
2973:1857
2953:1832
2850:2016
2840:2014
2835:2012
2825:2011
2805:2009
2795:2008
2785:2007
2780:2006
2775:2006
2770:2005
2765:2004
2760:2003
2755:2002
2745:1998
2740:1997
2735:1996
2730:1993
2725:1990
2720:1988
2715:1987
2705:1986
2695:1984
2675:1982
2670:1981
2665:1980
2660:1978
2655:1977
2650:1976
2645:1975
2640:1971
2635:1969
2630:1968
2625:1966
2620:1964
2615:1962
2605:1954
2600:1951
2595:1950
2590:1950
2585:1948
2580:1945
2575:1944
2570:1943
2565:1943
2560:1942
2555:1941
2545:1940
2535:1937
2530:1936
2525:1935
2520:1934
2515:1932
2510:1928
2505:1926
2500:1924
2495:1921
2490:1918
2485:1917
2480:1916
2475:1914
2470:1913
2465:1909
2460:1894
2455:1864
2450:1862
2445:1861
1967:Life
1661:1916
1656:1915
1651:1914
1646:1913
1375:1920
1370:1918
1365:1917
1360:1916
1355:1915
1350:1914
1243:34th
1232:28th
1176:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1089:ISBN
1004:ISBN
713:ISSN
674:ISSN
635:ISSN
576:Cuba
231:and
169:and
146:Puck
27:The
1118:doi
1029:doi
977:doi
705:doi
666:doi
627:doi
385:7%
382:6%
379:1%
371:6%
368:5%
365:1%
357:5%
354:4%
351:1%
343:4%
340:3%
337:1%
329:3%
326:2%
323:1%
315:2%
312:1%
309:1%
301:1%
295:1%
263:166
45:114
3101::
1132:.
1124:.
1114:22
1112:.
1106:.
1066:84
1064:.
1050:.
1035:.
1025:36
1023:.
983:.
973:27
971:.
938:.
826:.
820:.
778:^
739:^
711:.
701:22
699:.
695:.
672:.
662:22
660:.
656:.
633:.
623:22
621:.
617:.
593:.
582:.
461:*
412::
298:0
292:0
67:.
2419:e
2412:t
2405:v
2100:)
2096:(
1274:)
1270:(
1212:e
1205:t
1198:v
1184:.
1163:.
1140:.
1120::
1097:.
1076:.
1043:.
1031::
1012:.
991:.
979::
942:.
890:.
733:.
719:.
707::
680:.
668::
641:.
629::
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