759:, administering the northern part of the Caliphate. There were indications that Abd al-Salam was planning a revolt and had involved the Emir in his plans. Upon learning of this development, Bello took decisive action and summoned the Emir to Sokoto. However, the Emir refused to comply with Bello's orders and instead chose to go to Abd al-Salam. The Emir's brother then visited Sokoto to meet with Bello and was recognised as the new Emir of Konni after his embrace of Islam. In response to the escalating situation, Sultan Bello wrote another letter to Abd al-Salam cautioning him against harbouring enemies of the Caliphate and stating that if he intended to revolt, he should declare it so they could 'do what is necessary.' Bello then further emphasised that he preferred harmony and concord between them.
445:
248:
107:
934:, likely in the early part of 1818. In this work, Bello provides a comprehensive account of the revolt. The narrative begins with a detailed description of Abd al-Salam's background and the circumstances that led to the outbreak of the rebellion. It also includes letters from Abd al-Salam that were "highly critical of trends in Sokoto". Today, this manuscript serves as the main source on information regarding this revolt and on Abd al-Salam.
612:
515:). However, Abd al-Salam felt that he deserved more recognition and authority due to his significant commitment to the jihad. Feeling discontented, he decided to expand his influence by force, seeking to obtain more land and power through military means. When Abdullahi learned of Abd al-Salam's intentions, he warned him to stop his actions, but Abd al-Salam disregarded the warning and continued with his plans.
255:
411:, settling in the town of Gimbana. Not long after Nafata's death, Yunfa ascended to the throne and demanded that Abd al-Salam return to Gobir to face judgment. In response, Abd al-Salam defiantly refused Yunfa's command. In an attempt to enforce his order, Yunfa then directed Shehu Usman dan Fodio to bring back his student for punishment. However, Shehu Usman refused to comply with Yunfa's request.
654:, placed in the middle of the illustration, described the land as follows: "This is a description of the land of Allah to Whom belong might and majesty, which Allah, to Whom belong might and majesty, gave, through His favor – exalted be He–, to Muslims as a whole with respect to its east, west, south and north. We praise and thank Him to Whom belong might and majesty for that."
424:, the capital of Gobir. Along their way back, they encountered some followers of Shehu Usman who demanded the release of the prisoners taken during the raid on Gimbana. The Gobirawa released the prisoners, much to the anger of Yunfa when he heard the news. The Shehu, too, was unaware of this event, and he feared that such actions could escalate the conflict with Yunfa.
866:. However, their escape was short-lived, as they were eventually surrounded and either killed or captured by Bello's forces. Among those who attempted to flee was Abd al-Salam, but despite his efforts to evade capture, he sustained a fatal arrow wound in the vicinity of Bakura. He later succumbed to his injuries and his corpse was devoured by
643:). Abd al-Salam utilized these references to advocate for peace and non-violence, and he further called Bello's community unjust and corrupt. For these reasons, he did not intend to have a relationship with them. He then expressed his desire for independence through peaceful means, not seeking confrontation or armed conflict.
588:
Bello replied with a letter of his own, acknowledging that the spreading of injustice and corruption was apparent during that time. However, he emphasized the need for proper investigation and evidence before passing judgment, stating that the absence of injustice must be proven. Furthermore, Sultan Bello referred to
849:
counter-raids, fearing a potential trap. Seeing an opportunity for reconciliation, leading figures from Abd al-Salam's community reached out to Sultan Bello with the intention of establishing a peaceful resolution. However, Bello rejected their offer, asserting that his desire was solely for reconciliation.
763:
mastery of them is with him. What do you think? I think that I will not send them . Verily I am like them." This act further solidified the bond between Abd al-Salam and his community members and intensified their resentment towards Bello and the Sokoto government. He formally replied Bello in a letter:
857:
bolstered his army. Gathering their strength, they launched an attack on Kware on 5 January 1818. Despite facing overwhelming odds, Bello's army achieved a swift and resounding victory over Abd al-Salam's forces, securing the town swiftly. He described the victory as coming "faster than unfastening a
762:
Upon receiving Bello's initial letter, Abd al-Salam read it aloud to his community, using the opportunity to address them and share his thoughts. He mentioned that the letter contained a demand from "So-and-so sent me that I should send him all those who are here because they are his slaves, and the
547:
to pay his respects. Additionally, Abd al-Salam refused to pledge allegiance to Sultan Bello, asserting his sovereignty over himself. In response, Sultan Bello sent a letter to Abd al-Salam, commanding him to come to Sokoto and pledge allegiance. Abd al-Salam complied with the command and traveled to
770:
Now then, a poem : "We neither seek people nor demand from them all. And we did not wish any rank. If a person sympathethic sympathizes with us, we neither drive him away nor seek help from anyone to gain supremacy. Consideration and speculation about creation are in Allah's wisdom. Verily wonders
706:
was between the second and the fifth of which he describes as: "And where is the region of mine, me, 'Abd al-Salam? It is what I possessed in the time of unbelief (before the Sokoto
Revolution) that I still possess in the time of Islam; it is nothing but a place to reside and a place of some gardens
604:(consensus in the Islamic community), if a dhimmi flees without facing any injustice, they are considered a harbi (inhabitant of dar al-harb or 'house of war'). On the other hand, if they flee due to injustice, they are left alone and not "enslaved according to the generally accepted view as in the
427:
Indeed, in response to the escalating tensions and confrontations, King Yunfa ordered Shehu Usman to leave Gobir along with his family. However, Usman was unwilling to leave without his community and followers who had gathered around him. Refusing to comply with the king's order, Shehu Usman and his
829:
Despite the efforts to reach a resolution, Abd al-Salam did not respond to the letters, and the situation remained tense and unresolved. The conflict continued to escalate, with both parties remaining steadfast in their positions, setting the stage for further hostilities and confrontations in the
825:
In the final letter, directed to Abd al-Salam's community, Bello clarified that his intentions were not to harm them. He warned that if Abd al-Salam did not move away from Sokoto's vicinity, Bello's army would invade, and he advised them to emigrate with their families. However, Bello assured them
821:
The second letter, addressed to Abd al-Salam's son, reiterated the peace offer and emphasized that the conflict was not with him or his family. Bello expressed his reluctance to harm those whom he did not wish to kill or capture. He concluded the letter with "I let you know, O Bukhari, that I have
745:
As for your statement that we are neglectful of your share in terms of land, know that your value was not hidden to us, and that we were not ignorant of your claim to more than what you mentioned. However, capability is a condition of judgements and free disposal. Therefore, we–if Allah wills–will
552:, Abd al-Salam addressed the Sokoto community, calling upon them as witnesses. He pledged allegiance to Sultan Bello during this public gathering. In acknowledgment of this act, Sultan Bello promised to not "neglect his right" and would "allot an ample share to him" when he "found the capability".
587:
during the raid on
Gimbana. Word of this reached Sultan Bello in Sokoto, who promptly wrote to Abd al-Salam, demanding an explanation for the release of the captives. Abd al-Salam responded with a letter explaining that he ordered their release as he believed their capture had been unjust. Sultan
339:
before the establishment of the Sokoto
Caliphate. Fleeing their lands to escape the authority of the caliphate, these rebels joined Abd al-Salam's revolt, seeking to challenge the dominance of the Fulbe leaders and regain their autonomy. The revolt of Abd al-Salam and his fellow Hausa rebels
848:
to confront Abd al-Salam's forces, but they suffered defeat. However, Bello's subsequent strategy of sending effective raiding parties in
November 1817 began to take its toll on Abd al-Salam's large army. As the raids continued, Abd al-Salam became cautious and refrained from sending any
861:
Upon receiving news of the victory, Sultan Bello wasted no time and quickly journeyed to the fort, arriving just as the sun was setting. As the remaining fighters from the defeated rebel forces learned of Bello's approach, they panicked and fled, with many going towards the region of
750:
Upon receiving the letter, Abd al-Salam was reported saying aloud, "Who assigns to us? The land is in our hands today," but he never formally sent a reply to Sokoto. Despite Bello's warnings, Abd al-Salam continued to strengthen his relationships with his enemies, including the
335:. Many of his followers and fellow rebels belonged to the Hausa ethnic group, and they too felt marginalized and disadvantaged within the caliphate's administration. Additionally, the ranks of the Hausa rebels included individuals who had previously formed the aristocracy of the
668:
was below the first of which he describes as: "As for the west region, it belongs to 'Abd Allah bn Fudi, the full brother of the
Commander of the Faithful (Uthman). This is what I made some allusion to just as the eulogist said, 'I made an allusion to the necessity with a part
518:
In an attempt to address the situation and prevent a potential revolt, Shehu Usman requested Abd al-Salam to visit him. Initially, Abd al-Salam refused, but he eventually obeyed the Shehu's summons. Upon their meeting, Shehu Usman ordered Abd al-Salam to relocate to
324:, the founder and spiritual leader of the caliphate. Abd al-Salam's discontent with the perceived preferential treatment of the Fulbe leaders and his sense of being inadequately rewarded led him to spearhead this rebellion against the Caliphate's authority.
707:(farmlands). Any restriction is better than this–may Allah to Whom belong might and majesty be praised–, namely, with respect to the land. This is the fate of time. Verily we belong to Allah and return to Him. Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the worlds."
576:. The number of disenchanted individuals grew, and Abd al-Salam extended invitations to them, encouraging their presence in Kware. Additionally, he established relationships with neighboring enemies of Sokoto and facilitated trade arrangements with them.
391:
disciple of Shehu Usman dan Fodio, gained a significant following of his own. In the 1790s, he set up camp near the house of the Shehu in Degel and studied under him. He called this camp “Dār as-salām” (“House of Peace”) and further changed his name from
377:. Tensions between the followers of Usman dan Fodio and the aristocracy of Gobir eventually escalated into hostilities. These conflicts persisted over the reigns of three Gobir kings until they eventually evolved into full-scale war during the rule of
774:
Then, O our brethren, know that we prefer accordance and concord, and do not choose rift and disagreement except with the one who conflicts with the Truth no matter who he is. There is no power and strength except with Allah, the Most High, the Most
414:
In 1804, Yunfa dispatched an expedition to
Gimbana to apprehend Abd al-Salam. The Gobir army launched a raid on the town, looting and pillaging it, and taking prisoners. However, Abd al-Salam managed to escape safely, finding refuge in a nearby
852:
On 10 December 1817, Bello's raiding parties completely stopped, followed by a large-scale ambush on 29 December. Despite reinforcements arriving to support Abd al-Salam's forces, Bello's army persevered, and eventually, reinforcements from
818:, away from Sokoto, and live peacefully with minimal interference. However, Bello warned that if the peace offer was rejected he should know that "the sin of those with you and of those with us regarding what happens is upon you."
813:
Sultan Bello, seeking to find a resolution to the conflict, composed three letters. In the first letter to Abd al-Salam, Bello offered a peace deal, suggesting that if Abd al-Salam accepted it, he could choose any land in
419:
fortress. The
Gobirawa soldiers then approached the fortress, demanding Abd al-Salam's surrender, but the Fulani defenders refused to comply. Unable to capture Abd al-Salam, the Gobirawa soldiers returned to their base in
822:
seen your father's requital to me, aand he will see–if Allah wills–the requital of Allah–exalted be He–in the place where he goes by the permission of Allah–exalted be He. This is the result of what we think. Peace."
464:, including Abd al-Salam. Usman's leadership gained widespread support, and he became the central figure around whom the movement rallied. Usman distributed flags to several Muslim scholars, who were predominantly of
527:, providing him with a place of residence and some measure of authority. Later, Abd al-Salam was permitted to construct a fortress around the town. Kware's population rapidly grew in size and had abundant farmlands.
622:
Abd al-Salam's relationship with Sultan Bello continued to deteriorate, and eventually, he sent two lengthy letters to Bello to express his grievances. In the first letter, Abd al-Salam extensively cited the
723:, Sultan Muhammad Bello read them aloud to his community and council. He then composed a thoughtful and detailed reply, addressing each of the points raised by Abd al-Salam. In his response, Bello quoted
826:
that if Abd al-Salam relocated, he would not interfere with his activities. He then ended the letter with "We have already spread spies and sent to troops in all regions. This is our state. Peace."
639:." When Muhammad was asked why the killed person was being punished, he responded, "He was eager for killing him (the killer)" (similar to a hadith found in Volume 1, Book 2, Number 30 of
790:
regarding raids on farmlands, theft, beatings, and injuries caused by Abd al-Salam's men. The situation was further aggravated when Abd al-Salam's forces, joined by the former emir of
583:
fled Sokoto to nearby lands and were being sent back, they passed by Kware. Abd al-Salam ordered their release by force, much like the earlier event when he was sought after by the
499:
After the establishment of the Sokoto
Caliphate, Shehu Usman dan Fodio divided the vast territory into two administrative regions. He entrusted the western part to his brother
340:
represented a significant challenge to the Sokoto
Caliphate's authority, as they sought to address perceived inequalities and reclaim their political rights within the realm.
523:, the capital of the caliphate, and placed him under the watchful eye of Muhammad Bello. To accommodate Abd al-Salam, Shehu Usman allowed him to build the walled-town of
305:
that led to the establishment of the caliphate. As time went on, he grew disillusioned with the rewards he received compared to other leaders, many of whom were of
1261:
676:
was on the right of the first of which he describes as: "As for the south region, it belongs to the two sons of the
Commander of the Faithful (Uthman), '
661:
was above the first of which he describes as: "As for the east region, it belongs to Muhammad Bello, the son of the Commander of the Faithful, 'Uthman."
844:
and influential scholars to advise Abd al-Salam to cease hostilities, he remained steadfast in his refusal. Sultan Bello, in response, sent an army to
381:. The revolution aimed to bring about religious and social reforms, and it had a profound impact on the political and cultural landscape of Hausaland.
1167:"The Application of Islamic Law and the Legacies of Good Governance in the Sokoto Caliphate, Nigeria (1804-1903): Lessons for the Contemporary Period"
1276:
696:
905:
The first sentence refers to the 'hyena's share' which Abd al-Salam said was taken by Shehu Usman's family in the division of territory after the
631:, and teachings of various Islamic scholars, emphasizing the importance of ensuring the safety and justice for all Muslims. He quoted a saying of
874:
emerged, designed to mock and ridicule Abd al-Salam's failed revolt. These phrases have endured over time and remain popular today. For example:
199:
54:
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villages and towns. In response to these developments, Sultan Bello received intelligence that Abd al-Salam had officially declared a
247:
810:. Battles and skirmishes erupted in different areas around Sokoto as both parties sent raiding parties to towns and plantations.
1205:
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belong to the command of my Lord. My praise is due to Allah first and last for the obtainment of what I preached of His Books."
1122:
572:
seeking refuge there. Meanwhile, Sultan Bello faced challenges in quelling various rebellions that arose after the death of
263:
1246:
1271:
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Amidst the escalating conflict between Abd al-Salam and Sultan Bello, numerous complaints reached Bello in
735:. Furthermore, Sultan Bello offered cautionary advice to Abd al-Salam regarding his relationship with the
681:
194:
543:, Abd al-Salam responded with only sending his condolences and did not follow the tradition of visiting
444:
1251:
1256:
317:
731:
to refute the accusations made by Abd al-Salam, particularly those related to corruption within the
695:, the son-in-law of the Commander of the Faithful (Uthman), and Muhammadan, the son of the master (
496:), and even expanded south of Hausaland, exerting its authority and influence over a vast area.
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was on the left of the first of which he describes as: "As for the north region, it belongs to
635:
that "if two Muslims meet (and fight) with their swords, the killer and the killed will into
489:
488:. At this point, the caliphate encompassed the entire Hausaland region, extended into parts of
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536:
453:
358:
8:
910:
854:
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791:
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In the second letter, Abd al-Salam included an illustration and labeled six sides of it.
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179:
133:
128:
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1186:
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507:. Additionally, Shehu Usman appointed Abd al-Salam to oversee seven districts within
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69:
56:
1077:""Where is My Region?" Geographical Representation and Textuality in Sokoto"
1207:
Arabic Literature of Africa: The writings of Central Sudanic Africa. Vol. 2
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328:
294:
154:
43:
914:
593:
306:
1076:
1009:"A Revolt in the Early Sokoto Caliphate: Muḥammad Bello's Sard al-kalām"
403:, the predecessor of King Yunfa. These issues led Abd al-Salam to flee
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out of the kingdom. This marked the pivotal moment that initiated the
461:
354:
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The sword of truth; the life and times of the Shehu Usuman dan Fodio
756:
692:
636:
632:
481:
421:
353:
During the early 19th century, a momentous revolution swept across
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by the Muslim community that had joined him from various parts of
1008:
719:
611:
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scholars regarding the ruling on dealing with dhimmis fleeing to
47:
913:, Sarkin Gwandu, appointed Bukhari, Abd al-Salam's son, as the
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564:
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520:
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123:
118:
930:, renowned for his writings and historical accounts, authored
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had achieved significant success, as evidenced by the fall of
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campaigns in different regions to expand the influence of the
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Electronic Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law (EJIMEL)
1117:. Internet Archive. New York : Oxford University Press.
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Map of the Sokoto Caliphate showing Zamfara, Gobir and Kebbi
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Upon receiving the two letters delivered by Abd al-Salam's
600:
503:, while the eastern part was under the control of his son,
327:
Abd al-Salam's rebellion found support primarily among the
331:
who shared his grievances of unfair treatment under the
301:, a Hausa scholar who had been among the leaders of the
932:
Sard al-kalam fi ma jara bayn-na wa-bayn 'Abd al-Salam
558:'s population continued to grow, with many aggrieved
468:
descent. These scholars were entrusted with leading
399:However, in 1797, he encountered difficulties with
1238:
897:the hyena took a bite of you in broad daylight.
870:. In the aftermath of these events, a number of
615:Abd al-Salam's illustration included in Bello's
1262:Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa
1203:
348:
312:This revolt gained momentum during the rule of
511:with the largest being Sabiyel (in modern-day
254:
699:) of the Commander of the Faithful (Uthman)."
439:
320:, but its roots go back before the death of
794:'s men, conducted raids and looted several
806:) and sent messages to various enemies of
1277:Military history of the Sokoto Caliphate
1204:John O. Hunwick, Razaq Abubakre (1995).
858:rope for hobbling the feet of a camel."
610:
443:
1139:"Sahih Bukhari : Book of "Belief""
1110:
530:
293:, driven by perceived bias against the
1239:
1074:
1059:. Internet Archive. Humanities Press.
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539:in 1817 and the ascension of his son,
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767:From us to you, greeting and peace.
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1013:Journal of Asian and African Studies
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509:Abdullahi's portion of the caliphate
396:to Abd al-Salam ("Slave of Peace").
741:. He then ended the letter saying:
428:community decided to embark on the
407:and seek refuge in the neighboring
13:
14:
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1099:
1063:
1019:
943:
755:, who was under the authority of
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253:
246:
105:
746:allot an abundant share to you.
297:. The revolt was led by Mallam
1197:
1131:
318:Sultan of the Sokoto Caliphate
289:) was a rebellion against the
1:
937:
833:
548:Sokoto. At Sokoto, after the
456:was widely recognized as the
343:
31:September 1817 – January 1818
1165:Bunza, Mukhtar Umar (2013).
349:Before the Sokoto revolution
7:
1217:
727:, Hadiths, and opinions of
10:
1293:
1075:Zehnle, Stephanie (2018).
440:Under the Sokoto Caliphate
893:a hyena did the dividing;
886:kura ta cinyaka da rana.
840:Despite efforts from the
779:
369:, or jihad, began in the
241:
165:
97:
23:
18:
880:
802:(revolt or rebellion in
385:Abd al-Salam ibn Ibrahim
1247:19th-century rebellions
872:Hausa gibes and sayings
267:Location within Nigeria
222:Dan Baiwa of Kalambaina
1272:Wars involving Nigeria
891:
777:
748:
619:
449:
286:
279:Revolt of Abd al-Salam
166:Commanders and leaders
70:13.215167°N 5.266222°E
19:Revolt of Abd al-Salam
1143:www.sahih-bukhari.com
1053:Last, Murray (1967).
1007:Kariya, Kota (2018).
928:Sultan Muhammad Bello
765:
743:
614:
574:Shehu Usman dan Fodio
537:Shehu Usman dan Fodio
454:Shehu Usman dan Fodio
447:
359:Shehu Usman dan Fodio
314:Sultan Muhammad Bello
1267:Rebellions in Africa
1111:Hiskett, M. (1973).
1056:The Sokoto Caliphate
915:Sarkin Kebbi of Jega
531:Sultan Bello's reign
361:, a highly esteemed
287:Tāwāyēn Abd al-Salam
264:class=notpageimage|
911:Abdullahi dan Fodio
895:you went to Bakura,
598:. According to the
535:After the death of
513:Aliero, Kebbi state
180:Abdullahi dan Fodio
75:13.215167; 5.266222
66: /
620:
484:and the defeat of
450:
1252:Conflicts in 1818
1183:10.5167/uzh-85882
1124:978-0-19-501648-2
907:Sokoto Revolution
903:
902:
882:an yi rabon kura;
864:Bakura in Zamfara
452:After the hijra,
434:Sokoto Revolution
303:Sokoto Revolution
275:
274:
234:Ibra of Tamesgida
225:Ali dan Yaqub of
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92:
1284:
1257:1800s in Nigeria
1224:Full translation
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641:Sahih al-Bukhari
478:Sokoto Caliphate
458:Amir al-mu'minin
409:Kingdom of Kebbi
333:Sokoto Caliphate
291:Sokoto Caliphate
257:
256:
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210:Abd al-Salam of
195:Muhammad Bukhari
113:Sokoto Caliphate
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884:ka tafi Bakura,
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729:Maliki scholars
697:Jibril ibn Umar
533:
476:. By 1809, the
442:
351:
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322:Usman dan Fodio
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1154:
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1123:
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1081:Islamic Africa
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1018:
1015:(95): 221–303.
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939:
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725:Quranic verses
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550:Jumu'ah prayer
541:Muhammad Bello
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505:Muhammad Bello
441:
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387:, a prominent
365:scholar. This
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347:
345:
342:
337:Hausa kingdoms
273:
272:
262:
261:
252:
251:
245:
244:
243:
242:
239:
238:
236:
235:
229:
223:
220:
214:
207:
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197:
192:
190:Abu Bakr Atiku
187:
182:
177:
175:Muhammad Bello
171:
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163:
162:
152:
149:
144:
138:
137:
136:
131:
126:
121:
100:
99:
95:
94:
91:
90:
89:Sokoto victory
87:
83:
82:
39:
37:
33:
32:
29:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1289:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1233:
1232:Sard al-kalam
1229:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:(4): 84–101.
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1159:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1126:
1120:
1116:
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1107:
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1103:
1094:
1090:
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1078:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1058:
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1049:
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1027:
1025:
1023:
1014:
1010:
1003:
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987:
985:
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961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
942:
935:
933:
929:
923:
922:Sard al-kalam
918:
916:
912:
908:
898:
890:
887:
879:
878:
875:
873:
869:
865:
859:
856:
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847:
843:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
817:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
782:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
758:
754:
753:Emir of Konni
747:
742:
740:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:
716:
715:
705:
701:
698:
694:
693:'Ali bn Jaydu
690:
686:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
660:
656:
653:
649:
648:
647:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
618:
617:Sard al-Kalam
613:
609:
607:
603:
602:
597:
596:
591:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
566:
561:
557:
553:
551:
546:
542:
538:
528:
526:
522:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
495:
492:and Fombina (
491:
487:
483:
479:
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471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
446:
437:
435:
431:
425:
423:
418:
412:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
390:
386:
382:
380:
376:
372:
371:Hausa kingdom
368:
364:
360:
356:
341:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
316:, the second
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
265:
249:
240:
233:
230:
228:
224:
221:
219:
215:
213:
209:
208:
206:
201:
200:Muhammad Wani
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
172:
170:
169:
164:
160:
156:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
115:
114:
102:
101:
96:
88:
85:
84:
79:
49:
45:
38:
35:
34:
30:
27:
26:
22:
17:
1231:
1206:
1199:
1174:
1170:
1146:. Retrieved
1142:
1133:
1113:
1087:(1): 10–33.
1084:
1080:
1055:
1012:
931:
926:
921:
904:
892:
881:
860:
851:
839:
834:
828:
824:
820:
812:
799:
785:
780:
773:
769:
766:
761:
749:
744:
736:
718:
712:
710:
703:
702:Lastly, the
688:
674:fourth label
673:
665:
659:second label
658:
651:
645:
621:
616:
599:
594:
580:
578:
563:
554:
534:
517:
498:
451:
426:
413:
398:
393:
384:
383:
352:
329:Hausa people
326:
311:
299:Abd al-Salam
298:
278:
276:
103:
98:Belligerents
58:13°12′54.6″N
44:Sokoto state
1228:manuscripts
909:. In 1821,
842:Emir of Aïr
704:sixth label
689:fifth label
666:third label
652:first label
595:dar al-harb
309:ethnicity.
73: /
61:5°15′58.4″E
1241:Categories
1148:2023-07-30
938:References
835:Rabon Kura
486:King Yunfa
379:King Yunfa
367:revolution
344:Background
216:Gwomki of
1191:1664-5707
1093:2333-262X
733:caliphate
570:caliphate
568:from the
501:Abdullahi
474:caliphate
462:Hausaland
357:, led by
355:Hausaland
151:Zamfarawa
1218:See also
830:region.
757:Ali Jedo
633:Muhammad
585:Gobirawa
579:As some
482:Alkalawa
422:Alkalawa
185:Ali Jedo
142:Gobirawa
42:(now in
36:Location
816:Zamfara
738:dhimmis
720:muezzin
682:Bukhari
629:Hadiths
581:dhimmis
565:dhimmis
560:Hausawa
494:Adamawa
394:Mikhail
295:Hausawa
161:groups.
147:Kebbawa
48:Nigeria
1189:
1121:
1091:
868:hyenas
808:Sokoto
800:tawaye
796:Fulani
788:Sokoto
781:Tawaye
775:Great.
627:, the
590:Maliki
545:Sokoto
521:Sokoto
466:Fulani
417:Fulani
401:Nafata
363:Fulani
232:Amghar
159:Tuareg
153:Other
124:Gwandu
119:Sokoto
110:
86:Result
40:Kware
846:Kware
804:Hausa
792:Konni
625:Quran
606:Quran
556:Kware
525:Kware
490:Bornu
470:jihad
430:hijra
405:Gobir
389:Hausa
375:Gobir
307:Fulbe
283:Hausa
227:Gobir
218:Gobir
212:Kware
155:Hausa
129:Konni
1226:and
1187:ISSN
1119:ISBN
1089:ISSN
717:and
714:qadi
687:The
680:and
678:Atiq
672:The
664:The
657:The
650:The
637:Hell
601:ijma
562:and
277:The
157:and
28:Date
1230:of
1179:doi
855:Aïr
669:'."
608:."
373:of
134:Aïr
1243::
1185:.
1173:.
1169:.
1157:^
1141:.
1101:^
1083:.
1079:.
1065:^
1021:^
1011:.
945:^
917:.
684:."
436:.
285::
46:,
1210:.
1193:.
1181::
1175:1
1151:.
1127:.
1095:.
1085:9
281:(
50:)
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