118:
194:
50:
511:
hypocrisy, oppression of fellow
Muslims, and tolerance of beliefs and practices in conflict with Islam. Originally, dan Fodio's preaching received the support of the leadership of Gobir; however, as his influence increased and as he began to advocate for self-defense arming by his followers, his favor with the leadership decreased. King
616:). During the late 18th-century, the local ruler of Deya, Muhammad Lafia, "because of his recalcitrant ways" was deposed by the Mai of Bornu, Ahmad. He was replaced with his younger brother, Muhammad Saurima, who the Mai hoped would be more cooperative. The local Fulani leadership, including two learned men, al-Bukhari and
491:
social disruption, economic hardship, and enslavement of war captives. Fulani communities felt especially victimized by Hausa rulers' taxation and land control. Two prominent Hausa kingdoms that were central in the Jihad were Gobir, where Usman dan Fodio's parents settled in his childhood and where he lived until 1804, and
600:
and, around 1800, persuaded the Sarkin
Hadejia (ruler of Hadejia) to appoint him as the leader of the local Fulani. He had considerable animosity towards the Galadima, who was responsible for his father's death. Lerlima, Bi Abdur's maternal cousin, was married to the Galadima's daughter and served in
568:
and Kanem-Bornu. By the turn of the 19th-century, there were numerous Fulani groups living in Bornu. Before the jihad, most of these groups lived in relative peace with their Bornu neighbours. It was even customary for the Mais to go to war with other tribes to protect the Fulani from raids. However,
722:
into a city in 1809, during the Fulani war. Dan Fodio ruled from Sokoto as the religious leader of the Fulani jihad states from that point until 1815, when he retired from administrative duties. The
Caliphate appointed various Emirs to govern the various states of the empire. These men were often
490:
pastoralists, leading to resource competition with more settled Hausa communities despite their shared religion. Several Hausa kingdoms previously tributary to Kanem-Bornu became independent and fought with each other. Rulers enforced harsh systems of conscription and taxation, while war caused
510:
through the Hausa kingdoms in the 1770s and became quite popular in the 1790s. Much of his preaching focused on the obligations of Muslim rulers to promote Islam and to rule ethically and generously in a manner that allowed their subjects to live as good
Muslims while criticizing corruption,
702:
With the capture of Gobir, the jihadists saw that they were part of a wider regional struggle. They continued with battles against several Hausa kingdoms, and the Sokoto
Caliphate expanded over the next two years. The last major expansion of the jihadists was the toppling of the
790:
has continued to the present. Since the
British conquest of the Caliphate in 1903, and later Nigerian independence under a constitutional government in 1960, the Caliphate's political authority has diminished. But the position still has considerable spiritual authority.
519:. A crisis developed later in 1803 when Yunfa attacked and captured many of the followers of a group associated with dan Fodio. Yunfa then marched the prisoners through Degel, enraging many of dan Fodio's followers, who attacked the army and freed the prisoners.
515:, placed a series of restrictions on preaching by dan Fodio's followers and by Usman himself. In 1801, Sarkin Gobir Yunfa, a former pupil of dan Fodio, replaced Nafata as king and increased the restrictions on dan Fodio, exiling him from Gobir to the village of
532:. So many people went with dan Fodio throughout the state that on February 21, 1804, Yunfa declared war on dan Fodio and threatened punishment to anyone joining him. Followers of dan Fodio declared him to be the
470:
of northern
Nigeria. The forces of Usman dan Fodio slowly took over more and more of the Hausa kingdoms, capturing Gobir in 1808 and executing Yunfa. The war resulted in the creation of the
474:, initially headed by Usman dan Fodio himself, which became one of the largest states in Africa in the 19th century. His success inspired similar jihads in Western Africa.
416:
421:
640:, a major action between Yunfa and dan Fodio's forces. Both the Gobirawa and Dan Fodio armies were ethnically mixed. The Gobirawa had some Tuaregs and Fulanis from the
411:
1120:
580:, Dunama, administered a large district in western Bornu, which contained numerous Fulani groups and encompassed portions of what later became the emirates of
660:. Although outnumbered, dan Fodio's troops were able to prevent Yunfa from advancing on Gunu and thus convince larger numbers of people to join his forces.
688:
577:
1145:
845:
377:
657:
649:
617:
684:
561:
522:
Yunfa gave dan Fodio the option of exile before destroying Degel, but Usman refused to abandon his followers, instead leading a large-scale
632:. Although Yunfa was victorious and dan Fodio lost men, the battle did not diminish his force. He retaliated by capturing the village of
54:
The Sokoto
Sultanate (Sokoto Empire) in the reign of sultan Ahmadu Rufai, established after the Jihad led by Shaikh Usman bin Fodiyo.
608:
To the south of the empire, a similar situation existed. The jihad was primarily led by Fulani groups centered at Deya (today in
1073:
1046:
1019:
992:
965:
938:
370:
1009:
17:
982:
1125:
1135:
1130:
723:
veterans of the Fulani wars. Bello succeeded Usman dan Fodio as ruler of Sokoto and in 1817 adopted the title of
363:
888:
Chafe, Kabiru
Sulaiman (1994). "Challenges to the Hegemony of the Sokoto Caliphate: A Preliminary Examination".
1036:
928:
247:
868:
955:
296:
1140:
1115:
724:
596:. Three figures led the jihad in this area: Bi Abdur, Lerlima, and Ibrahim Zaki. Bi Abdur lived near
1110:
687:
where he was soon killed in battle. In 1808, the jihadists assaulted Gobir, killing Yunfa in the
620:, was displeased with Lafia's deposition as he had maintained friendly relations with the Fulani.
637:
564:(r. 1242–1262). A steady flow of Fulani pastoralists and Islamic scholars continued to settle in
401:
549:
483:
241:
1063:
671:
whose ruler, Magajin Halidu, committed suicide following the defeat. They then captured the
8:
692:
645:
533:
231:
132:
960:(Nigerian ed.). Abuja, Nigeria: Premium Times Books (published 2020). p. 27.
860:
805:
676:
313:
153:
1069:
1042:
1015:
988:
961:
934:
752:
672:
629:
601:
his administration, possibly as a tax collector. Ibrahim Zaki was a widely travelled
406:
301:
158:
787:
780:
760:
756:
728:
471:
330:
317:
287:
123:
97:
776:
768:
704:
585:
581:
570:
512:
503:
448:
252:
221:
744:
715:
565:
553:
486:
was losing power by the mid-18th century. There was large-scale immigration by
467:
226:
141:
667:, captured the Hausa kingdom of Kebbi. In 1807, the jihadists had taken over
1104:
696:
524:
178:
168:
843:
772:
727:, an office that still exists, albeit stripped of most of its power by the
355:
262:
800:
740:
545:
487:
198:
41:
864:
930:
The Shehus of Kukawa : a history of the Al-Kanemi dynasty of Bornu
748:
613:
203:
605:(Islamic teacher) and was familiar with the teachings of Shehu Usman.
573:
developed a general hostility towards the Fulani in the 18th-century.
718:, the son of Usman dan Fodio, transformed the semi-permanent camp of
653:
641:
633:
536:"Commander of the Faithful" and renounced their allegiance to Gobir.
267:
257:
1038:
Muslim and
Christian Women in Dialogue: The Case of Northern Nigeria
908:
444:
236:
80:
49:
569:
perhaps due to the political ambitions of some of the Fulani, the
668:
597:
589:
492:
440:
307:
163:
76:
764:
719:
680:
552:
dates back to the arrival of a group of Fulani envoys from the
173:
609:
593:
516:
507:
463:
456:
452:
283:
148:
628:
Several minor skirmishes preceded the forces meeting at the
529:
451:, a prominent Islamic scholar and teacher, was exiled from
844:
Hamza Muhammad Maishanu; Isa Muhammad Maishanu (1999).
691:, and destroying large parts of the city. Furthermore,
910:
The rise and fall of Fulani rule in Adamawa 1809-1901
846:"The Jihad and the Formation of the Sokoto Caliphate"
648:
Tuaregs. The Tuaregs of the Muslim army consisted of
506:, born in 1754, joined a growing number of traveling
27:
Military conflict in Nigeria and Cameroon (1804–1808)
739:
The success of the jihad inspired a number of later
462:
Usman dan Fodio assembled an Islamic army to lead a
933:. Internet Archive. Oxford : Clarendon Press.
710:
644:clan while the Muslims had Hausa, Fulani and a few
1093:. Manchester, UK: International African Institute.
1102:
1121:Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa
984:West African Kingdoms in the Nineteenth Century
439:was a religio-military conflict in present-day
371:
981:Forde, Daryll; Kaberry, P. M. (2018-10-10).
980:
385:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
378:
364:
1146:Military history of the Sokoto Caliphate
1091:Pastoralists of the West African Savanna
1034:
913:(phd thesis). SOAS University of London.
1061:
926:
883:
881:
818:
14:
1103:
1089:Boyd, Jean (1986). Mahdi Adamu (ed.).
906:
663:In 1805, the forces of dan Fodio, the
1007:
887:
656:muslims and possibly the sons of the
560:(ruler) of Kanem during the reign of
544:The earliest recorded mention of the
359:
1088:
1082:
953:
922:
920:
878:
24:
25:
1157:
917:
539:
498:
711:Founding of the Sokoto Caliphate
192:
116:
48:
907:Njeuma, Martin Zachary (1969).
1055:
1028:
1001:
974:
947:
900:
576:In the late 18th-century, the
459:, one of his former students.
346:Other Hausa kings and generals
13:
1:
1011:Government In Kano, 1350-1950
811:
477:
7:
1062:Collins, Robert O. (1990).
1035:McGarvey, Kathleen (2009).
1008:Smith, M. G. (2021-12-13).
794:
729:British colonial government
10:
1162:
623:
734:
397:
212:
109:
58:
47:
39:
34:
679:) was forced to flee to
636:, which resulted in the
466:against Gobir and other
437:Jihad of Usman dan Fodio
389:Jihad of Usman dan Fodio
66:February 21, 1804 – 1808
35:Jihad of Usman dan Fodio
1126:Wars involving Cameroon
1065:Western African History
927:Brenner, Louis (1973).
638:Battle of Tabkin Kwatto
1136:19th century in Africa
1131:Wars involving Nigeria
683:, then the village of
447:. The war began when
213:Commanders and leaders
954:Last, Murray (1967).
743:jihadists, including
329:'Abdu dan Tsoho
273:Other Fulani generals
96:Establishment of the
957:The Sokoto Caliphate
731:of Nigeria in 1903.
556:at the court of the
528:of the community to
402:Tabkin Kwatto (1804)
154:Sultanate of Katsina
874:on January 2, 2018.
695:also took over the
693:Abdullahi dan Fodio
232:Abdullahi dan Fodio
806:History of Nigeria
689:battle of Alkalawa
677:Muhammad Alwali II
484:Kanem–Bornu Empire
314:Muhammad Alwali II
297:Muhammad al-Kanemi
284:Sarkin Gobir Yunfa
149:Sultanate of Gobir
1075:978-1-55876-015-8
1068:. M. Wiener Pub.
1048:978-3-03911-417-7
1021:978-0-429-72118-2
994:978-0-429-95851-9
967:978-0-9995584-7-8
940:978-0-19-821681-0
753:Toucouleur Empire
673:Sultanate of Kano
630:Battle of Tsuntua
578:Galadima of Bornu
430:
429:
354:
353:
302:Dunama IX Lefiami
159:Sultanate of Kano
105:
104:
18:Sokoto Revolution
16:(Redirected from
1153:
1141:1800s in Nigeria
1116:Sokoto Caliphate
1095:
1094:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1005:
999:
998:
978:
972:
971:
951:
945:
944:
924:
915:
914:
904:
898:
897:
885:
876:
875:
873:
867:. Archived from
850:
841:
788:Sokoto Caliphate
781:Babatu (warlord)
761:Wassoulou Empire
757:Omar Saidou Tall
534:Amir al-Mu'minin
508:Islamic scholars
472:Sokoto Caliphate
392:
390:
380:
373:
366:
357:
356:
335:
322:
306:Magajin Halidu (
292:
248:Muhammad Bukhari
197:
196:
195:
133:Sultanate of Aïr
124:Sokoto Caliphate
121:
120:
119:
98:Sokoto Caliphate
92:Sokoto victory
60:
59:
52:
32:
31:
21:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1111:1800s conflicts
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1006:
1002:
995:
979:
975:
968:
952:
948:
941:
925:
918:
905:
901:
886:
879:
871:
853:Islamic Studies
848:
842:
819:
814:
797:
777:Zabarma Emirate
769:Adamawa Emirate
737:
713:
705:Sayfawa dynasty
699:the same year.
626:
571:Sayfawa princes
554:Emperor of Mali
542:
513:Nafata of Gobir
504:Usman dan Fodio
501:
480:
449:Usman dan Fodio
433:
432:
431:
426:
422:Alkalawa (1808)
393:
388:
386:
384:
350:
331:
318:
288:
277:
222:Usman dan Fodio
208:
193:
191:
188:
145:
144:
131:
127:
117:
115:
83:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1159:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1097:
1096:
1081:
1074:
1054:
1047:
1041:. Peter Lang.
1027:
1020:
1000:
993:
973:
966:
946:
939:
916:
899:
877:
859:(1): 119–131.
816:
815:
813:
810:
809:
808:
803:
796:
793:
745:Massina Empire
736:
733:
716:Muhammed Bello
712:
709:
625:
622:
541:
540:In Kanem-Bornu
538:
500:
499:Lead up to war
497:
479:
476:
468:Hausa Kingdoms
428:
427:
425:
424:
419:
417:Katsina (1807)
414:
409:
407:Tsuntua (1804)
404:
398:
395:
394:
383:
382:
375:
368:
360:
352:
351:
349:
348:
343:
340:
339:Muhammad Makau
337:
327:
324:
311:
304:
299:
294:
280:
278:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
239:
234:
229:
227:Muhammad Bello
224:
218:
215:
214:
210:
209:
207:
206:
201:
187:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
142:Hausa Kingdoms
140:
139:
138:
137:
135:
112:
111:
107:
106:
103:
102:
101:
100:
89:
85:
84:
74:
72:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
45:
44:
37:
36:
30:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1158:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1058:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1017:
1014:. Routledge.
1013:
1012:
1004:
996:
990:
987:. Routledge.
986:
985:
977:
969:
963:
959:
958:
950:
942:
936:
932:
931:
923:
921:
912:
911:
903:
895:
891:
884:
882:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
847:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
817:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
792:
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
732:
730:
726:
721:
717:
708:
706:
700:
698:
697:Kebbi Emirate
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
659:
658:Emir of Adagh
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
621:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
537:
535:
531:
527:
526:
520:
518:
514:
509:
505:
496:
494:
489:
485:
475:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
412:Gwandu (1805)
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
396:
391:
381:
376:
374:
369:
367:
362:
361:
358:
347:
344:
342:Muhammad Hodi
341:
338:
336:
334:
328:
325:
323:
321:
315:
312:
309:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
291:
285:
282:
281:
279:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
253:Umaru Dallaji
251:
249:
246:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
217:
216:
211:
205:
202:
200:
190:
189:
185:
184:And others...
182:
180:
179:Kebbi Emirate
177:
175:
172:
170:
169:Daura Emirate
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
143:
136:
134:
130:
126:
125:
114:
113:
108:
99:
95:
94:
93:
90:
87:
86:
82:
78:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
19:
1090:
1084:
1064:
1057:
1037:
1030:
1010:
1003:
983:
976:
956:
949:
929:
909:
902:
893:
889:
869:the original
856:
852:
785:
773:Modibo Adama
741:West African
738:
714:
701:
675:whose king (
664:
662:
646:Iwellemmedan
627:
618:Goni Mukhtar
607:
602:
575:
557:
543:
523:
521:
502:
482:The ancient
481:
461:
436:
434:
387:
345:
332:
319:
289:
272:
263:Modibo Adama
242:Abd al-Salam
183:
128:
122:
110:Belligerents
91:
75:Present day
40:Part of the
801:Fula jihads
685:Burum-Burum
562:Kashim Biri
550:Kanem-Bornu
199:Kanem-Bornu
42:Fula jihads
1105:Categories
812:References
749:Seku Amadu
614:Yobe State
478:Background
204:Oyo Empire
896:: 99–109.
707:in 1846.
665:jihadists
642:Sullubawa
634:Matankari
566:Hausaland
268:Buba Yero
258:Sulaimanu
890:Paideuma
865:20837029
795:See also
779:founder
771:founder
763:founder
755:founder
747:founder
455:by King
445:Cameroon
237:Ali Jedo
129:Support:
81:Cameroon
71:Location
669:Katsina
624:Battles
598:Hadejia
590:Jamaare
586:Katagum
582:Hadejia
493:Zamfara
441:Nigeria
333:†
326:Musa II
320:†
308:Suicide
290:†
244:(Hausa)
77:Nigeria
1072:
1045:
1018:
991:
964:
937:
863:
765:Samori
735:Legacy
725:sultan
720:Sokoto
681:Zazzau
603:mallam
592:, and
546:Fulani
488:Fulani
316:
286:
174:Zazzau
88:Result
872:(PDF)
861:JSTOR
849:(PDF)
654:Adagh
650:Agali
610:Gujba
594:Misau
525:hijra
517:Degel
464:jihad
457:Yunfa
453:Gobir
164:Biram
1070:ISBN
1043:ISBN
1016:ISBN
989:ISBN
962:ISBN
935:ISBN
786:The
775:and
652:and
530:Gudu
443:and
435:The
79:and
63:Date
558:Mai
548:in
495:.
1107::
919:^
894:40
892:.
880:^
857:38
855:.
851:.
820:^
783:.
767:,
759:,
751:,
612:,
588:,
584:,
1078:.
1051:.
1024:.
997:.
970:.
943:.
379:e
372:t
365:v
310:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
