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558:-free grassland suitable for cultivation of grain crops and animal husbandry. Rain starts late and ends early with mean annual rainfall ranging between 500 mm and 1,300 mm. There are two major seasons in Sokoto, namely wet and dry. The dry season starts from October, and lasts up to April in some parts and may extend to May or June in other parts. The wet season on the other hand begins in most parts of the state in May and lasts up to September, or October. The harmattan, a dry, cold and fairly dusty wind is experienced in the state between November and February. Heat is more severe in the state in March and April. But the weather in the state is always cold in the morning and hot in the afternoons, save in peak harmattan period.
1582:
Muhammad Bello are
Kanwuri, Binanchi, Galadanci, Alkalanci, Dogarawa and so on. However, apart from the central market popularly known as Yardole, other commercial areas designed by Muhammad Bello include Makera, Madinka, Marina, Siriddawa, Takalmawa, Runji and Jirgawa. In addition, among other things no town in either pre-jihad or 19th century Hausaland could develop into an urban center without effective fortification (ganuwa). This was built with many strongpoints like Kofar Aliyu Jedo, Kofar Dundaye, Kofar Marke, Kofar Rini, Kofar Kware, and Kofar Taramniya, and this paramount development attracted many people to migrate from their locality into Sokoto city for survival.
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April, where daytime temperatures can exceed 40 °C. The highest recorded temperature is 45 °C. The rainy season is from June to
October, during which showers are a daily occurrence. The showers rarely last long and are a far cry from the regular torrential showers known in many tropical regions. From late October to February, during the 'cold season', the climate is dominated by the
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business as in Makera Assada. There are people who used to travel to different parts of present
Nigeria and even in neighbouring countries to buy damaged iron materials like damaged vehicles, cars, lorries, aircraft etc. iron pipes, and oil tanks in order to break them into pieces and sell them for anybody who wants to put them into use or modify them into another product.
1405:
weaving, dyeing, carving and leather works also play an important role in the economic life of the people of Sokoto; as a result, different areas like Makera, Marina, Takalmawa and Majema became important. Sokoto is also one of the fish producing areas of the country. Thus a large number of people along the river basin engage in fishing.
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Over eighty percent (80%) of the inhabitants of Sokoto practice one form of agriculture or another. They produce crops like millet, guinea corn, maize, rice, potatoes, cassava, groundnuts, beans etc.for subsistence and produce wheat, cotton and vegetables for cash. Local crafts such as blacksmithing,
1240:
In the early 19th century, the town (Sokoto) was divided into wards. Such wards include
Magajin Gari ward, Waziri ward, Sarkin Musulmi ward, Sarkin Adar ward, Magajin Rafi ward, and Sarkin Zamfara Ward. At this time the wards were small and surrounded with a wall, which included the mosques of Sultan
1573:
One of the aspects of urbanization in the history of the Sokoto caliphate started with the establishment of Sokoto city (the headquarters of the caliphate). In the prejihad period, the area between the Gobir
Kingdom and Kebbi was the area commonly referred to as "nomad land". But with the success of
1432:
Remarkably for an area where fewer than 2% of girls finish secondary school, an all-female garage has been established in Sokoto city to train young women on vehicle maintenance. Founded by the Nana: Girls and Women
Empowerment Initiative, the garage trains 25 female apprentices with the support of
1212:
as a staging post for an attack on Dufua in the spring of 1806. Bovil suggested that the area/district may have been known as Sokoto as early as the seventeenth century. In historical perspective, Sokoto was founded as a ribat (military camp or frontier) in 1809, when Shehu Usmanu was at Sifawa. It
1581:
Sokoto city as designed by the architect
Muhammad Bello consisted of all the characteristic features of any modern city including roads, bridges, market, ganuwa (fortification round centers of town) and as well as administrative and commercial centers. Among the administrative centers designed by
1408:
Sokoto is equally endowed with natural and mineral resources. Agro allied industries using cotton, groundnut, sorghum, gum, maize, rice, wheat, sugar cane, cassava, gum Arabic and tobacco as raw materials can be established in the area. Large scale farming can also be practice in the state using
518:
With an annual average temperature of 28.3 °C (82.9 °F), Sokoto is one of the hottest cities in
Nigeria, however the maximum daytime temperatures are generally under 40 °C (104.0 °F) most of the year, and the dryness makes the heat bearable. The warmest months are February to
1428:
Sokoto lacks a public transport system. Transport within the city (when not by foot) is mainly by mopeds which operate as one-person taxis and sometimes tricycles transport persons from one place to the other; this allows for carriage of more than one person at a time (still at a cheap price as
1236:
Bovil aptly described Sokoto as a strong position, with steep escarpments from the east to the north-west and a small valley on the west and the south west protecting it against surprise cavalry attacks. The town dominates the broad lowland where the two rivers, Rima and Sokoto meet, being the
1585:
From the above observation on how caliph
Muhammad Bello designed the city of Sokoto we will see that Sokoto witnessed more immigrants with interest in blacksmithing leather works, pottery etc. For example, some of these people either engage in the business of blacksmithing or in other related
1569:
Urbanization has a very long history in
Hausaland. The process started when certain strategic areas of Hausaland developed from Kauyuka to Birane. Yet one of the major consequences of the jihadist was the speeding of this phenomenon not only in Hausaland but also in all areas affected by the
1276:. Sokoto became the headquarters of the north-western state created in 1967. In 1976 following the creation of Niger state out of North Western state, Sokoto state emerged with its headquarters. Yet in Sokoto, Kebbi and Zamfara states were carved out of Sokoto, in 1991 and 1996 respectively.
1599:
Because Sokoto and the urban area around it is already located near a semi-arid zone experiencing desertification, the city already experiences the effects of climate change. A 2018 analysis of the city's potential impacts, predicted decreasedd agricultural output, plants growth and
1578:), Sokoto city was designed on paper by Muhammad Bello even before it was built. Bello, son of the Sheikh, was among his father's lieutenants and war commanders. He fought the hardest and longest wars and was the architect of the caliphate Sokoto Birnin Shehu.
1224:
Clapperton noted the importance of Sokoto's closely settled surroundings: The rivers, rather than long-distance trade in the city's economy. But trading activities in Sokoto is presently inconsiderable, owing to the disturbed state of the surrounding country.
1232:
arrived in 1853, Sokoto was thinly inhabited and greatly dilapidated. Barth in 1857 estimated the population at only 20,000–22,000, but the market was still supplied and attended, and a thriving suburb outside the wall was more animated than Sokoto itself.
1412:
Mineral resources such as kaolin, gypsum, limestone, laterite, red mills, phosphate both yellow and green, shade clay, sand etc., are available in commercial quantities. Mineral based industries using these raw materials could be established in the state.
1574:
the jihad led by the Shehu usmau dan Fodiyo (1804–1808) and subsequent victory of the jihadists over the rulers of Hausaland, Sokoto city (headquarters of the caliphate) was built by Muhammad Bello. Moreover, as observed by Abdul-Razaq Shehu in his book
554:, other cereals and vegetables such as: onions, tomatoes, pepper, garden egg, lettuce, and cabbage. Apart from millet, Sokoto is the major onion producer in Nigeria, in terms of vegetation, Sokoto falls within the savannah zone. This is an open
1267:
Following the conquest of the caliphate by the British in 1903, its various components were made autonomous and joined into the government of Northern Nigeria. The northern region was thus made up of mainly parts of the Sokoto caliphate and
565:. The vast irrigable land of the Sokoto-Rima River systems dissects the plain and provides the rich alluvial soil fit for a variety of crop cultivation in the state. There are also isolated hills and mountains scattered all over the state.
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1570:
caliphate administration. New towns sprang up and the older birane entered into a period of unprecedented growth, some as new areas of commercial activities, others as both Emirate capitals and centers of administration and commerce.
1419:
The availability of these economic potentials provides good investment opportunities, particularly in agro-allied industries such as flour mills, tomatoes processing, sugar refining, textiles, glue, tanning, fish canning, etc.
1244:
In 1818, the wall was extended up to the extent that it has gates that come in and out of the Birni wall. Such gates are Kofar-Kade, Kofar-Kware, Kofar-Rini, Kofar-Dundaye, Kofar-Taramniya, Kofar-Aliyu Jedo, and Kofar-Marke.
1216:
In the 1820s, Sokoto was at its peak of prosperity coinciding with the peak of its 'rulers' powers at the center of the caliphate, receiving annual tribute from all the fiefs before a long period of decline. The explorer
1387:
The public in Sokoto is at serious risk for serious health problems as a result of the airborne dust, which can cause lung conditions and increase mortality rates, particularly from cardiovascular causes.
1375:) are the two sports enjoyed by the Hausa while the Fulani and the Sullubawa entertain themselves with Sharo and Doro respectively. Important visitors to the state are usually treated to the grand or mini
1416:
The absence of the tse-tse fly on the open grassland benefits both wild and domestic animals. Sokoto ranks second in livestock production in the country's animal population of well over eight million.
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and was previously the capital of the north-western states. Modern Sokoto is known for trading sheepskins, cattle hides, leather crafts (a significant export), kola nuts and goatskins.
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1341:
Culturally the state is homogeneous. The people of the state are predominantly Muslim. Their mode of dress is also of Islamic origin. Two major festivals namely,
1314:
Hausa people in the state are made up of Gobirawa, Zamfarawa, Kabawa, Adarawa and Arawa. The Fulani's on the other hand are of two main groups; the town Fulani (
171:
1944:
2219:
Tsoho U.H. Growth and History of the establishment of Makera Assada in Sokoto Metropolis to the year 2007/2008 B.A. project, History Department,
2095:
2250:
1713:
1295:. Sokoto town, the capital of Sokoto state, has a population of approximately 2.5 million. Apart from Fulani and Hausa, there are the
2276:
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1379:, an event involving the parade of heavily decorated horses and camels mounted by men in full traditional military and cultural attire.
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Sokoto state has a projected population of 3.7 million people based on a 2006 census made up of two ethnic groups namely,
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The area of the present Sokoto was the home of many empires and kingdoms of the pre-colonial western Sudan. These include the
1279:
Sokoto metropolis has thus been the capital of various governments since its establishment by Caliph Muhammad Bello in 1809.
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In August 2008, an agreement was signed for the construction of a cement works in Sokoto, and the plant was opened in 2022.
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kingdoms as well as the world-renowned caliphate whose spiritual and political capital is the headquarters of the state.
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The region's lifeline for growing crops is the floodplains of the Sokoto-Rima river system, which are covered with rich
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1992:
1714:"Legal Notice on Publication of the Details of the Breakdown of the National and State Provisional Totals 2006 Census"
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Telling Stories, Making Histories: Women, Words, and Islam in Nineteenth-Century Hausaland and the Sokoto Caliphate
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wind blowing Sahara dust over the land. The dust dims the sunlight, thereby reducing temperatures significantly.
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Empire. This continued up to January 1967 when states were created to replace regional governments by General
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in the region around the city, interfering with food security and creating income security challenges.
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2124:"Climate Change Manifestations and Impacts in The Sokoto Close-Settled Zone, Northwestern Nigeria"
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mopeds). Buses and taxis are infrequent and are generally used only for transport between cities.
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https://web.archive.org/web/20111006001057/http://www.tourismroi.com/InteriorInvest.aspx?id=31008
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as the venue for the meeting with Galadima, Yunfa's Vizier. Subsequently, it was used by his son
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Sokoto State Government Dairy 2002, Ministry of Information, Youth, Sports and Culture, Sokoto.
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junction of roads from Gobir in the north, Kebbi in the south and Burmi Zamfara in the east.
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irrigation water from Goronyo Dam, Lugu, Kalmalo, Wammakko and Kwakwazo lakes among others.
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262:. As of 2006, it has a population of over 427,760. Sokoto is the modern-day capital of
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Bello and Shehu, Sultan Palace and other buildings as well as the compound of Shehu.
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who heads the caliphate is effectively the spiritual leader of Nigerian Muslims.
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2070:"Driving change: the all-female garage shifting attitudes in northern Nigeria"
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1221:(1827) was highly impressed by this prosperity and its effects on the city.
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The name Sokoto (which is the modern/anglicised version of the local name,
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1971:"Retrospective study of equine cases at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital"
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are celebrated in the state every year. The former marks the end of the
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minorities in the local government border areas. All these groups speak
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The topography of the state is dominated by the Hausa plain of northern
424: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2017:
1919:"Brief History of Sokoto State :: Nigeria Information & Guide"
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1945:"In Sokoto, Taraba, Jigawa, about nine in ten people are poor – NBS"
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Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world
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and Zoramawa. The Torankawa are the aristocratic class since 1804.
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2018:"Sokoto Air Quality Index (AQI) and Nigeria Air Pollution | IQAir"
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1897:"History of Sokoto - Official Website of Sokoto State Government"
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1330:) and the Nomads. The former includes the Torankawa, the clan of
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1746:"TelluBase—Nigeria Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)"
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later became the capital of the caliphate after Shehu's death.
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2216:(Portsmouth, NH, Heinemann, 2007) (Social History of Africa).
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Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette (15 May 2007).
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and an important seat of Islamic learning in Nigeria. The
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http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/states/nigeria/sokoto.html
2044:"Air Quality and Pollen in Sokoto, Nigeria | Tomorrow.io"
191:
1200:
Sokoto Sultanate during the reign of sultan Ahmadu Rufai
530:. For the rest, the crops cultivated in Sokoto includes
19:
For the sokoto pants used in some fashion garments, see
2153:
Aspect of Urban Phenomenon, Sokoto and its hinterland
2096:"Buhari inaugurates BUA's new cement plant in Sokoto"
1204:
Sokoto had been used as early as October 1804 by the
1794:
1792:
1771:"Sokoto | Map, Population, & Facts | Britannica"
2196:
2230:, Hausa Translation of Abdullahi ibn Fodiyo work.
1789:
1635:(Former President of Federal Republic of Nigeria)
246:is a major city located in extreme north-western
2654:
239:Sokoto river basin, showing location of the city
1800:"A Brief History and Geography of Sokoto State"
1993:"Air Quality & Pollen Forecast for Sokoto"
2284:
2270:
1709:Summing the 2 LGAs Sokoto North/South as per:
1192:The Sokoto area, crudely shown on an 1897 map
542:perhaps being the most abundant, followed by
1846:"World Weather Information Service – Sokoto"
2193:, Benchmark Publishers, Kano Nigeria, 2004.
1629:(Former Minister of Police Affairs Nigeria)
1537:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1148:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
367:, 'market' in English. It is also known as
323:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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2137:(2): 21–34. July 2018 – via Core UK.
1942:
1813:
1557:Learn how and when to remove this message
1168:Learn how and when to remove this message
1109:
1102:(humidity, 1951–1965 and sun, 1952–1961)
484:Learn how and when to remove this message
343:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1436:10 km south of Sokoto there is an
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16:Capital city of Sokoto State, Nigeria
2202:Historic Cities of the Islamic World
2191:Philosophy among the Sokoto Scholars
1535:adding citations to reliable sources
1502:
1459:
1146:adding citations to reliable sources
1113:
572:Climate data for Sokoto (1981–2010)
422:adding citations to reliable sources
393:
321:adding citations to reliable sources
288:
1877:(in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst
1848:. World Meteorological Organization
1252:View of the city's outskirts (1890)
13:
2181:Life and Works of Uthman Danfodiyo
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2094:Release, Press (27 January 2022).
2068:Jamiu, Abiodun (12 January 2022).
1860:
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14:
2704:
2234:
1868:"Klimatafel von Sokoto / Nigeria"
1654:, (Governor of Sokoto as of 2023)
1648:(Former Governor of Sokoto State)
1616:(Former Governor of Sokoto State)
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1092:World Meteorological Organization
2673:Populated places in Sokoto State
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1433:the local Islamic leadership.
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32:Place in Sokoto State, Nigeria
1:
2167:The Golden Trade of the Moors
1691:
1184:Market at Sokoto, early 1850s
831:Average rainfall mm (inches)
502:Köppen climate classification
1440:with regular connections to
1423:
1382:
507:). It is located in the dry
7:
2221:Usmanu Danfodiyo University
2174:The Fulani Empire of Sokoto
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761:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
621:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
192:GDP (PPP, 2015 int. Dollar)
10:
2709:
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2678:State capitals in Nigeria
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2286:Largest cities in Nigeria
1646:Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko
1627:Mohammed Maigari Dingyadi
1311:is spoken by the Fulani.
1228:By the time the explorer
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2200:, ed. (2007). "Sokoto".
1923:www.nigeriagalleria.com
1825:Encyclopædia Britannica
1367:Traditional wrestling (
1206:Shehu Usmanu Dan Fodiyo
378:or "Sokoto, Capital of
269:The seat of the former
214: • Per capita
1949:www.premiumtimesng.com
1401:
1360:(the Jewish patriarch
1332:Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo
1319:
1307:as a common language.
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2100:Premium Times Nigeria
1576:Sakkwato Birnin Shehu
1438:international airport
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498:hot semi-arid climate
363:origin, representing
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168: • Governor
2160:The Story of Nigeria
1975:Nigeria Vet. Journal
1969:Mayaki, A.M (2017).
1623:(Sardauna of Sokoto)
1590:Environmental issues
1531:improve this section
1142:improve this section
515:and isolated hills.
511:surrounded by sandy
418:improve this article
317:improve this section
275:predominantly Muslim
110:13.06222°N 5.23389°E
2198:Bosworth, C. Edmund
2048:Tomorrow.io Weather
2024:. 22 September 2023
1392:Economic activities
901:Average rainy days
691:Daily mean °C (°F)
158: • Sultan
106: /
82:Location in Nigeria
2212:Mary Wren Bivins.
1899:. 29 December 2021
1775:www.britannica.com
1660:(Sultan of Sokoto)
1475:. You can help by
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1283:People and culture
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285:Name and etymology
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209:$ 3,3 billion
206: • Total
183: • Total
172:Ahmad Aliyu Sokoto
2693:Cities in Nigeria
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1614:Attahiru Bafarawa
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2162:, London, 1962.
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1726:on 5 March 2012
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1676:Usman dan Fodio
1667:
1658:Sa'adu Abubakar
1610:
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2235:External links
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2183:, Ibadan 1981.
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1639:Aminu Tambuwal
1636:
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1624:
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1608:Notable people
1606:
1602:water scarcity
1596:
1595:Climate change
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1371:) and boxing (
1284:
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1230:Heinrich Barth
1210:Muhammad Bello
1176:
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1158:September 2010
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2189:Jibril, Y.H.
2188:
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2157:
2154:
2151:Abubakar, S.
2150:
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2101:
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2039:
2023:
2022:www.iqair.com
2019:
2013:
1998:
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1777:. 7 July 2023
1776:
1772:
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1696:
1695:
1687:
1686:Makera Assada
1684:
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1669:
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1633:Shehu Shagari
1631:
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1525:
1521:
1516:This section
1514:
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1474:
1471:This section
1469:
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1406:
1400:Sokoto Market
1398:
1389:
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1132:
1127:This section
1125:
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1116:
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1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:Mean monthly
994:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
946:
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829:
823:
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619:
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570:
566:
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559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:alluvial soil
524:
522:
516:
514:
510:
506:
503:
499:
496:Sokoto has a
488:
485:
477:
466:
463:
459:
456:
452:
449:
445:
442:
438:
435: –
434:
430:
429:Find sources:
423:
419:
413:
412:
407:This section
405:
401:
396:
395:
387:
385:
381:
377:
376:
372:
366:
362:
358:
347:
344:
336:
326:
322:
318:
312:
311:
307:
302:This section
300:
296:
291:
290:
282:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
237:
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212:
208:
204:
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196:
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189:
185:
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176:
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170:
166:
163:
160:
156:
151:
148:
145:
143:
139:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
91:Coordinates:
89:
64:
55:
48:
43:
36:
30:
26:
22:
2688:Sokoto River
2639:
2617:
2597:
2585:
2548:
2506:
2494:
2477:
2465:
2458:
2426:
2394:
2377:
2360:
2356:Birnin Kebbi
2343:
2311:
2227:
2213:
2201:
2190:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2165:Bovil, E.W.
2159:
2158:Crowder, M.
2152:
2134:
2130:
2103:. Retrieved
2099:
2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2074:The Guardian
2073:
2063:
2053:23 September
2051:. Retrieved
2047:
2038:
2028:23 September
2026:. Retrieved
2021:
2012:
2002:23 September
2000:. Retrieved
1996:
1987:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1948:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1922:
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1874:
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1840:
1828:. Retrieved
1824:
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1779:. Retrieved
1774:
1765:
1753:. Retrieved
1740:
1728:. Retrieved
1721:the original
1705:
1621:Ahmadu Bello
1598:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1553:
1544:
1529:Please help
1517:
1499:Urbanization
1494:
1481:
1477:adding to it
1472:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1386:
1366:
1347:Eid-el-Kabir
1343:Eid-el-Fitri
1340:
1320:Fulanin Gida
1313:
1286:
1278:
1274:Yakubu Gowon
1266:
1255:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1203:
1164:
1155:
1140:Please help
1128:
560:
525:
517:
504:
495:
480:
471:
461:
454:
447:
440:
428:
416:Please help
411:verification
408:
368:
364:
356:
354:
339:
330:
315:Please help
303:
268:
264:Sokoto State
256:Sokoto River
243:
242:
147:Sokoto State
29:
2417:Ikot Ekpene
2226:Boyi, U.M.
1751:. Tellusant
1652:Ahmad Aliyu
1270:Kanem-Bornu
1043:Mean daily
556:tse-tse fly
536:guinea corn
250:, near the
113: /
2683:Rima River
2657:Categories
2412:Ikot-Abasi
2345:Benin City
2204:. Leiden:
1981:: 208–214.
1755:11 January
1692:References
1547:March 2017
1328:Fulɓe Wuro
1098:Source 2:
1090:Source 1:
903:(≥ 0.2 mm)
474:March 2024
444:newspapers
333:March 2024
260:Rima River
252:confluence
178:Population
153:Government
98:13°03′44″N
2556:Ondo City
2539:Ogbomosho
2508:Maiduguri
2479:Kontagora
2319:Ado Ekiti
2302:Abakaliki
2131:Akademika
2105:6 October
1997:meteoblue
1697:Citations
1518:does not
1484:June 2020
1424:Transport
1383:Pollution
1336:Sullubawa
1297:Zabarmawa
1129:does not
521:harmattan
304:does not
101:5°14′02″E
2593:Potiskum
2307:Abeokuta
1821:"Sokoto"
1781:4 August
1665:See also
1644:Senator
1456:Industry
1309:Fulfulde
1038:3,196.3
948:Average
896:(25.47)
646:(102.2)
641:(105.1)
636:(101.5)
513:savannah
433:"Sokoto"
359:) is of
357:Sakkwato
258:and the
2630:Yenagoa
2608:Umuahia
2550:Onitsha
2514:Makurdi
2473:Katsina
2444:Jalingo
2362:Calabar
2223:Sokoto.
2155:, 1950.
2146:Sources
2079:21 June
1954:10 June
1928:15 July
1903:15 July
1830:7 April
1805:7 April
1539:removed
1524:sources
1362:Abraham
1351:Ramadan
1150:removed
1135:sources
881:(0.68)
876:(4.32)
871:(7.89)
866:(7.35)
861:(3.15)
856:(1.83)
851:(0.19)
846:(0.06)
841:(0.00)
826:(72.7)
821:(63.9)
816:(68.9)
811:(74.1)
806:(73.8)
801:(73.6)
796:(74.5)
791:(78.1)
786:(81.1)
781:(80.4)
776:(74.8)
771:(66.9)
766:(62.4)
756:(84.1)
751:(77.5)
746:(82.9)
741:(85.5)
736:(82.4)
731:(81.0)
726:(82.8)
721:(87.6)
716:(91.6)
711:(92.7)
706:(88.2)
701:(80.8)
696:(76.1)
686:(95.5)
681:(91.2)
676:(97.0)
671:(96.8)
666:(91.0)
661:(88.3)
656:(91.0)
651:(97.2)
631:(94.6)
626:(89.8)
563:Nigeria
458:scholar
390:Climate
325:removed
310:sources
254:of the
248:Nigeria
223:Climate
217:$ 4,600
186:427,760
135:Nigeria
126:Country
21:Dashiki
2663:Sokoto
2625:Wukari
2603:Suleja
2598:Sokoto
2571:Owerri
2566:Osogbo
2534:Nsukka
2502:Lokoja
2460:Kaduna
2449:Jimeta
2434:Iseyin
2428:Ilorin
2396:Ibadan
2339:Bauchi
1881:7 July
1852:7 July
1730:19 May
1377:durbar
1369:Kokawa
1301:Tuareg
1289:Fulani
1035:300.7
1032:300.0
1029:303.8
1026:237.0
1023:186.0
1020:229.4
1017:279.0
1014:272.8
1011:255.0
1008:275.9
1005:268.4
1002:288.3
891:(0.0)
886:(0.0)
836:(0.0)
577:Month
552:sesame
532:millet
460:
453:
446:
439:
431:
380:Shaihu
371:Shaihu
361:Arabic
279:Sultan
244:Sokoto
76:Sokoto
39:Sokoto
2641:Zaria
2619:Warri
2544:Okene
2529:Nnewi
2524:Mokwa
2519:Minna
2496:Lagos
2490:Lavun
2485:Lafia
2422:Ikoyi
2407:Ikeja
2390:Gusau
2385:Gombe
2379:Enugu
2368:Dutse
2329:Asaba
2324:Akure
2313:Abuja
2127:(PDF)
1871:(PDF)
1749:(PDF)
1724:(PDF)
1717:(PDF)
1450:Lagos
1442:Abuja
1373:Dambe
1316:Hausa
1305:Hausa
1293:Hausa
1262:Kebbi
1258:Gobir
1079:10.0
874:109.8
869:200.5
864:186.6
616:Year
544:maize
540:beans
509:Sahel
465:JSTOR
451:books
384:Bello
375:Bello
142:State
2635:Yola
2561:Oron
2467:Kano
2373:Eket
2351:Bida
2334:Awka
2107:2022
2081:2023
2055:2023
2030:2023
2004:2023
1956:2023
1930:2023
1905:2023
1883:2016
1854:2016
1832:2007
1807:2007
1783:2023
1757:2024
1732:2007
1619:Sir
1522:any
1520:cite
1448:and
1446:Kano
1354:fast
1345:and
1324:Fula
1299:and
1291:and
1260:and
1133:any
1131:cite
1085:8.8
1082:9.7
1076:9.8
1073:7.9
1070:6.0
1067:7.4
1064:9.3
1061:8.8
1058:8.5
1055:8.9
1052:9.5
1049:9.3
952:(%)
879:17.2
859:80.0
854:46.5
824:22.6
819:17.7
814:20.5
809:23.4
804:23.2
799:23.1
794:23.6
789:25.6
784:27.3
779:26.9
774:23.8
769:19.4
764:16.9
754:28.9
749:25.3
744:28.3
739:29.7
734:28.0
729:27.2
724:28.2
719:30.9
714:33.1
709:33.7
704:31.2
699:27.1
694:24.5
684:35.3
679:32.9
674:36.1
669:36.0
664:32.8
659:31.3
654:32.8
649:36.2
644:39.0
639:40.6
634:38.6
629:34.8
624:32.1
613:Dec
610:Nov
607:Oct
604:Sep
601:Aug
598:Jul
595:Jun
592:May
589:Apr
586:Mar
583:Feb
580:Jan
548:rice
437:news
382:and
365:sooq
308:any
306:cite
201:2023
23:and
2613:Uyo
2581:Oyo
2576:Owo
2454:Jos
2439:Iwo
2402:Ife
2297:Aba
1533:by
1479:.
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1144:by
991:48
988:27
985:36
982:64
979:80
976:83
973:76
970:62
967:50
964:34
961:21
958:19
955:24
943:47
928:14
925:11
894:647
889:0.0
884:0.0
849:4.8
844:1.5
839:0.1
834:0.0
505:BSh
420:by
386:".
373:da
319:by
228:BSh
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1995:.
1979:38
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1973:.
1947:.
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1791:^
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1334:,
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940:0
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