806:
organize another revolt, a general sense of distrust against Paris continued to permeate the population of Lyon, especially among the families of those who had been executed. This anti-Parisian, federalist sentiment which had existed before the revolt, and its subsequent violent suppression, persisted in the city, as many in Lyon continued to see Paris as too radically revolutionary. There is evidence that few citizens of Lyon moved away in the aftermath, likely due to the fact that most of the architecture of Lyon did remain intact, contrary to the rhetoric of the leaders of the suppression, which suggested that it should be completely destroyed. Those who did move tended to migrate further south, towards
Marseille and away from Paris, in an attempt to further distance themselves from Paris.
188:
772:
798:. Prior to the revolt, it had been mainly an artisanal industry with Lyon being one of the largest pre–Industrial Revolution centers of production in France. Although Lyon continued to lead France in industry after the unsuccessful attempt to quell federalist sentiments, the silk trade was certainly affected, and local artisans needed to rebuild. This disruption had lasting effects on the silk industry in the city that continued for years before normal business was again established.
546:
512:", which published an "Address from the authorities duly constituted at Lyon to the armies, the citizens and all the departments in the republic". The National Convention, its orders having been ignored by the leaders in Lyon, now promulgated a series of decrees on 12 and 14 July 1793. They declared Birotteau an outlaw, dismissed the Lyon leaders, confiscating their assets; and they ordered the
179:. Lower down the social scale, small-scale employers were opposed to taxation that increased living costs of employees whose salaries could therefore not be further cut, and the affected employees thereby felt closer affinity with their bosses and with the manufacturing interest in the city than with the desperate plight of the large numbers of unemployed.
164:, a tax on basic necessities. City elections returned a local government that retained the octroi, triggering a new riot in the city. Continuing mutual intransigence over the taxation issue led to fresh riots accompanied by the ransacking of several of the houses belonging to Lyon's richest citizens along with a continuation of the taxation on necessities.
810:
prompting these thoughts and giving direction to their complaints against the republic. If anything, the violence soured relations. By
December 1794, some 2,000 people had been executed in Lyon. Politically speaking, a commission of citizens from Lyon travelled to Paris to petition the National Convention, asking to be reconciled with the Republic.
312:. Most famously he was known for saying that towards any that opposed that he was "prepared to exterminate all that goes by the name of aristocrat, moderate, royalist." The combination of Joseph Chalier's extreme radicalism and the confused environment of Lyons contributed towards the general Jacobin population losing control over city affairs.
802:
the process of industrialization that occurred, anyone could become a master silk weaver. In some circles, the decrease in wages was seen as a public injustice. As silk production in Lyon was being rebuilt, the emphasis was placed more and more on centralized industrial production and less on the traditional artisan system.
805:
Finally, as well as disrupting the silk trade, the revolt caused a lasting rift between the people of Lyon and the radical government of Paris. A sense of resentment and outrage against Paris was especially prevalent in Lyon due to the extreme actions taken during this suppression. While Lyon did not
676:
The "Military
Commission" began work on 11 October and ordered the shooting of 106 people who had served the rebels' military leader, Précy. The "Commission of Peoples' Justice" got off to a slower start, beginning its work only on 21 October: it ordered the guillotining of 79 people including three
651:
and would be destroyed. All the properties occupied by rich people would be demolished, leaving just the houses of the poor and the homes of duped or banished patriots, buildings specially dedicated to industry and monuments dedicated to humanity and public instruction. On the ruins of Lyon would be
464:
ejected from the national government, under pressure from Paris-based extremists. The newly extremist national government saw the events in Lyon as part of a more widespread
Girondist revolt threatening the authority of central government: Such concerns proved well justified a couple of weeks later,
315:
To try to defuse the crisis, Mayor Nivière-Chol now resigned and was re-elected. Meanwhile, allies and opponents of
Chalier argued in the various "Peoples' Associations" which were now finding themselves opposing the "Central Club". Mayor Nivière-Chol resigned again, and was replaced by the moderate
801:
Another result of the revolt of Lyon was the dramatic decrease in wages after the suppression of the revolt and the introduction of larger-scale industry into the process of silk production. The decrease of specialization of labor in the silk industry greatly lowered the wage rates themselves. With
652:
erected a commemorative column which would testify to posterity the crimes committed and the punishment received by the city's royalists, with the inscription "Lyon made war on liberty: Lyon is no more!" In the event, of 600 houses scheduled for demolition, only about fifty were actually destroyed.
381:
They also voted for a joint meeting, every day, for representatives from the department, the district and the commune. This last measure triggered a counter-offensive. During the days that followed a growing proportion, and ultimately a majority, of delegates at these meetings opposed the municipal
342:
A series of radical enactments followed, starting on 14 March 1793 with the establishment of a municipal bakery. Taxation was imposed on food (which disappeared from the shops) and a volunteer force was recruited. A seven-man Lyon
Committee of Public Safety (taking its name and inspiration from the
620:
On 3 October 1793, Couthon called upon the
Lyonnais to surrender, and a truce was observed until 7 October. The various representatives leading the city held a succession of group discussions, and on 8 October they sent a team to negotiate with the government representatives, albeit in the face of
809:
Although revolutionary intervention was meant as a way to increase fervor for the new republic and its politics, it only succeeded in creating a more strongly polarized environment through the violent suppression of the revolt. It did not do well in quelling counterrevolutionary thought, rather
852:, and two organisations named Lyon 89 and Lyon 93 brought together descendants of the victims of the siege and of the ensuing repression. A third organisation, called Rhône 89, though overtly republican and secularist, also placed a greater priority on historical understanding of the events.
763:. This variety makes an objective quantification of the executions difficult. At its final sitting on 6 April 1794 the "Extraordinary Commission" itself reported that it had ordered the execution of 1,684 and the detention of a further 162: 1,682 were reported as having been acquitted.
669:
677:
of the moderates who had replaced
Chalier back at the end of May, Bénami, Coindre and Judge Ampère. Both of these commissions disappeared on 9 December, by which time the centrally mandated "Extraordinary Commission" had taken over the application of retributive justice in Lyon.
508:, one of the girondist deputies whom the government had so recently expelled from their own National Convention. On 30 June 1793, 207 delegates representing nearby cantons, the department and the urban districts appointed a "Popular Republican Commission for the Public Safety of
445:, arrived and were placed under guard. During the night Chalier's partisans were arrested and a moderate named Bénami was nominated as provisional president. The following day a man named Coindre became mayor and Judge Ampère (better remembered by posterity as the father of the
526:
found himself condemned to death on 16 July 1793. He was guillotined the next day, followed on 31 July 1793 by Ryard, the man who had commanded the commune troops on 31 May 1793. A partisan of
Chatelier's called Higgins killed himself in prison, and another of the local
660:
Moving quickly, on 9 October, the government representatives had created both a "Military
Commission", charged with judging people who had taken up arms, and a "Commission of Peoples' Justice" which was to judge the other "rebels". Three days later the
440:
On 29 May, a meeting at the Arsenal building of the various sectional delegates decided to replace the radical municipal government, which in military terms was only lightly defended. Gauthier and Nioche, two of the high-level representatives from the
684:, and decided early on to substitute collective shootings for the individual firing squad killings and guillotinings which had been imposed by the earlier commissions. On 4 December 1793, 60 of the condemned were killed using three cannon loaded with
297:. Confronted by economic stagnation, he persuaded the assembly to agree an interest free loan of three million francs to be divided between the citizens in proportion to their wealth. This enraged the bourgeoisie but gained approval from royalists.
401:
to annul the laws originating with locally based extraordinary "tribunals". Events in Lyon, France's second city, were of particular concern to the national government which now sent four of its own members to Lyon, these being the deputies
481:, as a form of alternative to the National Convention meeting in Paris. The municipality also had command of an army of approximately 10,000 which, though largely popular in its composition, was commanded by royalists led by the
146:, which directly supported a third of the population. The silk industry in 1789 was in crisis, reflecting the wider economic crisis afflicting France at that time. The city was visited by the keen eyed English documentary writer
339:, Gilibert's position became unsustainable and he was succeeded as mayor on 9 March 1793 by Bertrand: this ushered in a period of 80 days during which the city hall operated under the control of Chalier's faction.
42:
707:, whom the Convention had appointed the previous month when they recalled Couthon to Paris. The victims of the commission were a diverse and in many cases distinguished group, including a former president of
411:
735:, priests and other members of religious orders, merchants and manufacturers along with other aristocrats and commoners. The list also includes counter-revolutionaries sent to the Commission at Lyon from
304:. The mayor was not in favour of this idea and set about mobilising troops. which provoked a popular insurrection. As more time went on the hostility between the upper and lower classes only increased.
360:
142:
was the only city in France other than Paris with a population above 100,000. The city was a regional focus for banking, commerce and manufacturing. In terms of employment its leading industry was
35:
826:
A list of the victims of Parein's commission is kept in a Carthusian Chapel of Penitence erected on the site of the mass shootings. It was compiled using the commission's own records.
504:
to negotiate with the leaders in Lyon, but he found the local representatives in the Arsenal Building in an uncompromising mood: intransigence was stiffened by the presence at Lyon of
665:
itself decided to create a five-member "Extraordinary Commission" which they tasked with imposing "immediate military punishment" on the "criminal counter-revolutionaries of Lyon".
28:
130:, the third government during the French Revolution. It broke out in June 1793 and was put down in October of the same year, after government forces had besieged the city.
1070:
Eloge historique de Claude-Antoine Bouchet, ancien chirurgien-major de l'Hôtel-Dieu de Lyon: lu à la Société de médecine de Lyon, le 30 décembre 1839, par... Rougier
387:
283:
321:
422:
465:
as during June 1793, the municipal leaders in Lyon were linking up both with neighbouring departments and with other "insurgent cities" in the French south,
486:
647:, a leading member of the government, put a decree through the convention that Lyon was to lose its name, and would instead be known as Ville-Affranchie
351:
a few weeks earlier in Paris) was set up on 8 April 1793. Urging further progress down the revolutionary path, on 4 May the "Central Club" proposed the
160:
would cancel the taxation privileges of the city's merchant oligarchs whereby the burden of taxation fell on those least able to pay, by means of the
531:
leaders was cut down in the street. At the same time within the city leadership moderate republicans were being progressively replaced by royalists.
230:, provided a meeting point for delegates from the city's many sectional revolutionary societies. The "Central Club" was initially controlled by the
374:
which had itself been established only in 1789 as a force for stability. A few days later, on 14 May 1793, the city council duly voted to create a
416:
365:
1275:
688:, and a further 208 or 209 were killed in the same way the next day. The killings ordered by the Commission took place on open ground in the
250:
176:
613:
began its bombardment. During September Lyon was encircled, and on 29 September 1793, on the south-western side of the city, the fort at
260:
became mayor of Lyon in 1790. The "Central Club", headed up by Chalier, was strongly opposed to the approach taken by the local regime.
210:. These were established in opposition to more bourgeois revolutionary societies such as "The association of friends of the revolution"
573:, and was able to turn its attention to its new mission only a month later, on 10 August 1793. Two days after that, on 12 August 1793,
783:
The aftermath of the revolt was highlighted by three major results: the devastated silk trade, the lower wages of the people of
712:
1096:
206:
established 32 revolutionary societies to which they gave the name "Peoples' associations of friends of the constitution"
558:
407:
1187:
L'Association Lyon 93 a été fondée par l'ingénieur Jacques Tournier en 190 ans après les événements. Voir Daniel Bideau,
482:
191:
845:
272:
681:
490:
1295:
276:
249:, which since 1790 had been the department centred on Lyon, was dominated by constitutional royalists. The Rolandin
477:. Lyon now insisted on a meeting among the potentially separatist municipalities and departments to be convened at
1209:
811:
700:
457:
308:
started to become known as a fanatic and having too radical of policies towards the upper class in the city of
1280:
838:
505:
644:
355:
become a permanent fixture, together with the "Popular Associations" and called again for the creation of a
336:
699:
These massacres have been blamed both on Commission Chairman Parein and on the government representatives
172:
728:
622:
501:
1285:
1092:
982:. In Baron Thugut and Austria's Response to the French Revolution, 170–200. Princeton University Press.
871:
At the end of the nineteenth century the chapel was destroyed and rebuilt twenty meters along the road.
834:
815:
602:
392:
344:
680:
The "Extraordinary Commission" sat between 30 November 1793 and 6 April 1794. It was presided over by
569:
when it received the assignment to head west in order to re-establish central government authority in
288:
513:
326:
95:
55:
643:
On 11 October, the government delegates decided on the destruction of the city walls. On 12 October
432:. Their doubts thus endorsed, virtually the entire Lyon tribunal voted down the law of 14 May 1793.
300:
Matters came to a head in February 1793 when Chalier's "Central Club" called for the creation of a
20:
446:
427:
371:
214:, membership of which was restricted to "active citizens", and the "Friends of the constitution"
157:
150:
in December of that year: he estimated that 20,000 people were living from charity and starving.
760:
640:. The city's civil authorities surrendered to the central government representatives at midday.
814:
also returned to Paris to block Lyon's petition, and when the Convention turned it over to the
606:
356:
348:
317:
301:
175:
with those of the revolutionary patriots surrounding the local industrialist turned politician
85:
748:
614:
403:
378:
army and a 6 million franc fund, to be created from taxing the rich, to pay for it all.
147:
720:
590:
1202:
L'identité politique de Lyon, entre violences collectives et mémoire des élites (1786–1905)
716:
523:
450:
294:
187:
771:
752:
70:
8:
1290:
788:
662:
594:
566:
497:
442:
398:
127:
978:
Baron Thugut and Austria's Response to the French Revolution“FRUSTRATIONS, 1795". 1987.
740:
332:
1205:
849:
632:
The next day, at dawn, Précy escaped via a district in the north-west of Lyon called
626:
223:
195:
123:
708:
621:
the opposition of Précy. At the same time two more of the defenders' forts fell, at
574:
509:
246:
101:
610:
554:
516:
242:
1053:..... "punir militairement et sans délai les criminels contre-révolutionnaires de
744:
704:
1068:
598:
1129:
Work and revolution in France: The language of labor from the Old Regime to 1848
241:
At this time each department was governed under a local version of the national
979:
776:
724:
305:
293:
was elected mayor of Lyon in place of Vitet who had been elected to sit in the
255:
235:
264:
1269:
1233:, Quadrige/PUF, 1989, pp. 688–696, entrée "Lyon" de Jean-René Suratteau.
1226:
1204:, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1999, 239 pages, introduction de Maurice Garden, p. 14
1108:
1046:
1026:
992:
962:
936:
919:
830:
689:
540:
456:
Meanwhile, events in the capital were moving fast, and the violent events of
375:
203:
168:
156:
riots broke out in June 1789 and again in July 1790. Citizens hoped that the
693:
528:
271:
to Paris, which radicalised the mood in Lyon. While the local manufacturer
234:, but quickly came under the direction of the more dynamic elements around
219:
637:
77:
226:. A central committee, which quickly became known as the "Central Club"
795:
787:, and the rift that was perpetuated between the people of Lyon and the
685:
545:
352:
268:
370:
and of an "Armée Révolutionnaire" (Revolutionary Army) to replace the
732:
715:
called Merle, the architect Morand, the executioner who had executed
466:
461:
383:
231:
50:
898:
474:
756:
470:
1160:
Twelve Who Ruled: The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution
478:
794:
The most noticeable effect was primarily the devastation of the
668:
320:
who was elected in a contest against an ally of Chalier's named
833:
have been conserved in the crypt of the Chapel of Brotteaux in
493:, Pantigny, Nolhac, Villeneuve, La Roche d'Angly and de Melon.
161:
153:
829:
The bones of the 209 Lyonnais shot dead on 3 December 1793 at
903:. Translated by N. F. Dryhurst. New York: Vanguard Printings.
736:
633:
586:
582:
578:
562:
309:
1255:. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company, 2002. Print.
818:, Collot and the other committee members did not act on it.
696:. This method of killing was abandoned on 17 December 1793.
1054:
784:
570:
167:
These social conflicts bound together the interests of the
143:
139:
119:
636:, and went into hiding, turning up shortly afterwards in
126:. It was a revolt of moderates against the more radical
855:
The siege of Lyon also inspired several popular songs.
837:, in the north-eastern part of central Lyon since the
1066:
133:
577:
was split into two, creating on the western side of
522:
It was in this context of exacerbated conflict that
487:
Stanislas Marie Adelaide, comte de Clermont-Tonnerre
118:
was a counter-revolutionary movement in the city of
485:, with an aristocratic group of officers including
208:("Sociétés populaires des Amis de la Constitution")
1253:The French Revolution: Conflicting Interpretations
1231:Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française
1113:Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française
1051:Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française
1031:Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française
997:Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française
967:Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française
941:Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française
924:Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française
519:to re-establish in Lyon the Laws of the Republic.
182:
1191:, Lyon, La Taillanderie, 1988, 143 pages, p. 132.
1154:
1152:
1150:
1123:
1121:
1267:
1260:The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution
896:
449:) received instructions to launch the trial of
279:, eight officers and four priests were killed.
1147:
1118:
1041:
1039:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
914:
912:
910:
222:springing up around France in the wake of the
116:revolt of Lyon against the National Convention
1091:The date is sometimes shown according to the
597:sent to Lyon a high level team that included
245:structure, and the departmental directory of
36:
1246:Jacobinism and the Revolt of Lyon, 1789–1793
1158:Robert Palmer. "Chapter VII Doom at Lyons."
593:. Just over a week later, on 21 August, the
589:and, on the eastern side, the department of
194:, leader of the Lyon insurgents, painted by
1036:
1002:
946:
907:
1170:
1168:
1060:
972:
331:. As news came through of the treason (in
43:
29:
218:, which was affiliated to the network of
1262:. New Jersey: Princeton UP, 2005. Print.
770:
747:and from the neighboring departments of
667:
544:
382:law of 14 May. Meanwhile, in Paris, the
186:
1165:
711:called Debrost, a former member of the
447:electricity pioneer, André-Marie Ampère
361:Committee of Revolutionary Surveillance
171:royalist elite under the leadership of
1268:
900:The Great French Revolution, 1789–1793
897:Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 54".
275:was in Paris, serving as the nation's
16:Counter-revolutionary movement in 1793
212:("Société des Amis de la Révolution")
24:
1276:1793 events of the French Revolution
263:In the summer of 1792, the troop of
13:
1238:
1176:Reactions to the French Revolution
1140:Thomas Chantal and David F. Bell.
713:Revolutionary Constituent Assembly
134:The city confronts economic crisis
14:
1307:
1248:. Oxford: Clarendon, 1990. Print.
1025:Jean-René Suratteau, "Lyon ", in
435:
345:national institution of that name
267:passed through on their way from
202:During September 1790 the city's
1258:Palmer, R. R. Twelve Who Ruled:
1107:Jean-René Suratteau, "Lyon", in
1045:Jean-René Suratteau, "Lyon", in
991:Jean-René Suratteau, "Lyon", in
961:Jean-René Suratteau, "Lyon", in
935:Jean-René Suratteau, "Lyon", in
918:Jean-René Suratteau, "Lyon", in
821:
692:quarter, near to the granary at
534:
1194:
1181:
1134:
1101:
1085:
865:
844:In 1989, France celebrated the
561:, was engaged in a campaign in
282:In November 1792, the girondin
183:Political opposition, 1790–1793
1067:Louis-Auguste Rougier (1839).
985:
929:
890:
655:
192:Louis François Perrin de Précy
1:
878:
883:
766:
295:National Convention in Paris
7:
701:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
216:("Amis de la Constitution")
10:
1312:
1219:
816:Committee of Public Safety
609:himself. The next day the
603:Committee of Public Safety
601:, a leading member of the
538:
506:Jean Bonaventure Birotteau
846:two hundredth anniversary
605:and a close colleague of
575:the rebellious department
359:. They also called for a
65:
57:French Revolutionary Wars
1296:Military history of Lyon
858:
835:the sixth arrondissement
719:, the Canon Roland, the
399:revolutionary government
265:revolutionary volunteers
775:Fouché a Lyon drawn by
557:, under the command of
204:working class activists
158:Estates-General of 1789
122:during the time of the
1093:revolutionary calendar
780:
673:
550:
357:Revolutionary Tribunal
322:Antoine-Marie Bertrand
318:Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert
302:Revolutionary Tribunal
199:
173:Jacques Imbert-Colomès
774:
671:
548:
190:
1281:18th century in Lyon
1142:Terror in Lyon, 1998
1115:, 2005, pp. 693–694.
1073:. Impr. Louis Perrin
999:, 2005, pp. 690–691.
943:, 2005, pp. 689–690.
585:with its capital at
458:31 May – 2 June 1793
1162:, 2005, p. 153-176.
839:Bourbon restoration
789:National Convention
663:National Convention
498:National Convention
443:national government
128:National Convention
1189:Lyon sera détruite
1131:, 1980, p.156-161.
980:FRUSTRATIONS, 1795
781:
755:, Saône-et-Loire,
674:
611:revolutionary army
581:the department of
551:
347:established under
200:
1286:Conflicts in 1793
850:French Revolution
812:Jean-Marie Collot
453:and his friends.
277:Interior Minister
196:Jean-Joseph Dassy
177:Jean-Marie Roland
124:French Revolution
111:
110:
1303:
1213:
1198:
1192:
1185:
1179:
1172:
1163:
1156:
1145:
1138:
1132:
1127:William Sewell.
1125:
1116:
1105:
1099:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1064:
1058:
1043:
1034:
1023:
1000:
989:
983:
976:
970:
959:
944:
933:
927:
916:
905:
904:
894:
872:
869:
649:(Liberated City)
595:Paris government
555:Army of the Alps
517:Army of the Alps
431:
420:
396:
369:
330:
292:
259:
232:Rolandin faction
228:("Club central")
60:
58:
52:Royalist Revolts
45:
38:
31:
22:
21:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1266:
1265:
1244:Edmonds, W. D.
1241:
1239:Further reading
1236:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1119:
1106:
1102:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1065:
1061:
1057:, 2005, p. 693.
1044:
1037:
1033:, 2005, p. 691.
1024:
1003:
990:
986:
977:
973:
969:, 2005, p. 690.
960:
947:
934:
930:
926:, 2005, p. 689.
917:
908:
895:
891:
886:
881:
876:
875:
870:
866:
861:
824:
769:
658:
617:was destroyed.
599:Georges Couthon
543:
537:
438:
425:
414:
390:
363:
324:
286:
253:
185:
136:
112:
107:
61:
56:
53:
51:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1309:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1251:Kafker et al.
1249:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1200:Bruno Benoit,
1193:
1180:
1178:, 1972. p. 52.
1174:Richard Cobb.
1164:
1146:
1133:
1117:
1100:
1084:
1059:
1035:
1001:
984:
971:
945:
928:
906:
888:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
874:
873:
863:
862:
860:
857:
823:
820:
777:Auguste Raffet
768:
765:
725:Pierre Bouchet
709:the department
682:General Parein
657:
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539:Main article:
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607:Robespierre
567:Piedmontese
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391: [
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349:Robespierre
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251:Louis Vitet
78:Chouannerie
1291:Rebellions
1270:Categories
1210:2738474659
879:References
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741:Montbrison
729:Feuillants
721:Hôtel-Dieu
686:grape shot
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467:Marseille
384:Girondist
337:Dumouriez
335:eyes) of
1097:Germinal
1095:, as 17
1077:22 April
475:Bordeaux
460:saw the
412:Gauthier
138:In 1789
96:Quiberon
1220:Sources
848:of the
743:, from
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717:Chalier
524:Chalier
479:Bourges
404:Albitte
388:Chasset
386:deputy
333:Jacobin
54:of the
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761:Allier
645:Barère
491:Virieu
423:Nioche
273:Roland
162:octroi
86:Toulon
71:Vendée
859:Notes
757:Isère
749:Loire
737:Feurs
634:Vaise
591:Rhône
587:Feurs
583:Loire
563:Savoy
500:sent
471:Nîmes
430:]
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310:Lyons
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1206:ISBN
1079:2013
1055:Lyon
785:Lyon
779:1834
759:and
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553:The
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753:Ain
169:old
154:Tax
1272::
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