1390:
66:
1709:
inadequate because it measures democratization, not revolution, and doesn't account for regimes which come to power by revolution but fail to change the structure of the state and society sufficiently to yield a notable difference in the Polity score. Instead, Colgan offered a new data set to single out governments that "transform the existing social, political, and economic relationships of the state by overthrowing or rejecting the principal existing institutions of society." This data set has been employed to make empirically based contributions to the literature on revolution by finding links between revolution and the likelihood of international disputes.
1622:
1345:
1389:
1549:
equilibrium of the system, or the magnitude of conflict and resource control of competing interest groups. If the effect on the critical variable is of sufficient magnitude, a potentially revolutionary situation occurs." Once this point is reached, a negative incident (a war, a riot, a bad harvest) that in the past might not have been enough to trigger a revolt, will now be enough. However, if authorities are cognizant of the danger, they can still prevent revolution through reform or repression.
986:
651:
1593:). Their expanded notion of revolution engendered new approaches and explanations. The theories of the second generation came under criticism for being too limited in geographical scope, and for lacking a means of empirical verification. Also, while second-generation theories may have been capable of explaining a specific revolution, they could not adequately explain why revolutions failed to occur in other societies experiencing very similar circumstances.
1329:
1109:
7185:
1303:
1375:
1360:
1618:(1979) was a landmark book of the third generation. Skocpol defined revolution as "rapid, basic transformations of society's state and class structures accompanied and in part carried through by class-based revolts from below", and she attributed revolutions to "a conjunction of multiple conflicts involving state, elites and the lower classes".
1673:-driven conflicts centered in Europe, and involving a violent state versus its discontented people, was no longer sufficient to account for the multi-class coalitions toppling dictators around the world. Consequently, the study of revolutions began to evolve in three directions. As Goldstone describes it, scholars of revolution:
1725:
not change quickly and thereby slow down the societal transformation. According to North, the tension between formal rules and informal constraints is "typically resolved by some restructuring of the overall constraints—in both directions—to produce a new equilibrium that is far less revolutionary than the rhetoric."
976:
Early scholars often debated the distinction between revolution and civil war. They also questioned whether a revolution is purely political (i.e., concerned with the restructuring of government) or whether "it is an extensive and inclusive social change affecting all the various aspects of the life
1469:
to link the cause of revolution to the state of mind of the masses. While these theorists varied in their approach as to what exactly incited the people to revolt (e.g., modernization, recession, or discrimination), they agreed that the primary cause for revolution was a widespread frustration with
1724:
raised a note of caution about revolutionary change, how it "is never as revolutionary as its rhetoric would have us believe." While the "formal rules" of laws and constitutions can be changed virtually overnight, the "informal constraints" such as institutional inertia and cultural inheritance do
1716:
suggested that revolutions can be understood as "liminal" moments: modern political revolutions very much resemble rituals and can therefore be studied within a process approach. This would imply not only a focus on political behavior "from below", but also a recognition of moments where "high and
1692:
The fourth generation increasingly turned to quantitative techniques when formulating its theories. Political science research moved beyond individual or comparative case studies towards large-N statistical analysis assessing the causes and implications of revolution. The initial fourth-generation
1497:
theory in sociology. They saw society as a system in equilibrium between various resources, demands, and subsystems (political, cultural, etc.). As in the psychological school, they differed in their definitions of what causes disequilibrium, but agreed that it is a state of severe disequilibrium
1687:
noted how studies of social movements—for women's rights, labor rights, and U.S. civil rights—had much in common with studies of revolution and could enrich the latter. "Thus, a new literature on 'contentious politics' has developed that attempts to combine insights from the literature on social
1708:
More recently, scholars like Jeff Colgan have argued that the Polity data series—which evaluates the degree of democratic or autocratic authority in a state's governing institutions based on the openness of executive recruitment, constraints on executive authority, and political competition—is
1548:
The second-generation theorists regarded the development of revolutionary situations as a two-step process: "First, a pattern of events arises that somehow marks a break or change from previous patterns. This change then affects some critical variable—the cognitive state of the masses, the
928:
an effort to transform the political institutions and the justifications for political authority in society, accompanied by formal or informal mass mobilization and noninstitutionalized actions that undermine authorities. This definition is broad enough to encompass events ranging from the
1637:
In the late 1980s, a new body of academic work started questioning the dominance of the third generation's theories. The old theories were also dealt a significant blow by a series of revolutionary events that they could not readily explain. The
1611:
approach. They turned their attention to "rural agrarian-state conflicts, state conflicts with autonomous elites, and the impact of interstate economic and military competition on domestic political change." In particular, Skocpol's
2069:
of
Elementys the Revoluciuons, Chaung of tymes and Complexiouns." The etymology shows the political meaning of "revolution" had been established by the early 15th century, but it didn't come into common use until the 17th
782:
may become vulnerable to revolution due to a recent military defeat, or economic chaos, or an affront to national pride and identity, or pervasive repression and corruption. Revolutions typically trigger
6156:
6146:
1240:(pro-fascism, pro-communism, pro-nationalism, etc.). In the latter cases, a transition period is generally necessary to decide which direction to take to achieve the desired form of government.
3151:
735:
on the periphery of a country; others started with urban insurrection aimed at seizing the country's capital city. Revolutions can be inspired by the rising popularity of certain political
937:. At the same time, this definition is strong enough to exclude coups, revolts, civil wars, and rebellions that make no effort to transform institutions or the justification for authority.
904:
any and all instances in which a state or a political regime is overthrown and thereby transformed by a popular movement in an irregular, extraconstitutional or violent fashion.
869:
equivalent "revolution" to the late 14th century. The word was limited then to mean the revolving motion of celestial bodies. "Revolution" in the sense of abrupt change in a
2273:
3231:
2443:
Topolski, J. (1976). "Rewolucje w dziejach nowoĹĽytnych i najnowszych (xvii-xx wiek)" [Revolutions in modern and recent history (17th-20th century)].
1929:
1259:); failed or abortive revolutions (that aren't able to secure power after winning temporary victories or amassing large-scale mobilizations); or violent vs.
1423:
Scholars of revolution differentiate four "generations" of theoretical research on the subject of revolution. Theorists of the first generation, including
1677:
extended the third generation's structural theories to a more heterogeneous set of cases, "well beyond the small number of 'great' social revolutions."
5767:
5295:
65:
1025:
political revolutions, sudden and violent revolutions that seek not only to establish a new political system but to overhaul an entire society, and;
1278:. Some social revolutions are global in scope, while others are limited to single countries. Commonly cited examples of social revolution are the
708:, 'a turn around') is a rapid, fundamental transformation of a society's class, state, ethnic or religious structures. According to sociologist
3449:
1450:
theory, to explain why and when revolutions arise. Their work can be divided into three categories: psychological, sociological and political.
6171:
2380:
1705:, and Mansfield and Snyder, identified a revolution by a significant change in the country's score on Polity's autocracy-to-democracy scale.
5618:
2740:
Leroi, Armand M.; Lambert, Ben; Mauch, Matthias; Papadopoulou, Marina; Ananiadou, Sophia; Lindberg, Staffan I.; Lindenfors, Patrik (2020).
679:
6268:
1712:
Revolutions have also been examined from an anthropological perspective. Drawing on Victor Turner's writings on ritual and performance,
7118:
4239:
3880:
2955:
1830:
727:
Revolutions have occurred throughout human history and varied in their methods, durations and outcomes. Some revolutions started with
920:, but also more or less rapid and fundamental social, economic or cultural change, during or soon after the struggle for state power.
387:
2065:
vol Q-R p. 617 1979 Sense III states a usage, "Alteration, change, mutation", from 1400 but lists it as "rare". "c. 1450, Lydg 1196
4424:
1028:
slow but sweeping transformations of the entire society that take several generations to bring about (such as changes in religion).
873:
was first recorded in the mid-15th century. By 1688, the political meaning of the word was familiar enough that the replacement of
1717:
low" are relativized, subverted, or made irrelevant, and where the micro and macro levels fuse together in critical conjunctions.
5032:
4334:
1658:
in Europe, Asia and Africa saw diverse opposition movements topple seemingly powerful regimes amidst popular demonstrations and
6121:
4453:
1092:"great revolution" (a revolution that transforms economic and social structures as well as political institutions, such as the
6203:
5644:
4441:
3389:
3253:
3208:
3175:
3101:
3076:
3051:
3013:
2499:
1848:
1314:
message on a house wall. Four letters have been written backwards and with a different color so that they also form the word
934:
803:
338:
1435:, were mainly descriptive in their approach, and their explanations of the phenomena of revolutions were usually related to
6598:
6015:
578:
6758:
6698:
5342:
5142:
5052:
5167:
6193:
3442:
1896:
1750:
1596:
The criticism of the second generation led to the rise of a third generation of theories, put forth by writers such as
1590:
479:
3421:
2609:
2573:
2482:
2427:
427:
31:
5484:
5112:
3562:
672:
7033:
6748:
4068:
3919:
3329:
2715:
2099:
1274:, are recognized as major transformations in a society's culture, philosophy, or technology, rather than in its
787:
which seek to halt revolutionary momentum, or to reverse the course of an ongoing revolutionary transformation.
7038:
5269:
5122:
4008:
2802:
397:
17:
7224:
6613:
6588:
6052:
5912:
5309:
5182:
4404:
3435:
2188:
1614:
1466:
6948:
6908:
6624:
6593:
5882:
5789:
5594:
5504:
5207:
5202:
4896:
3934:
3567:
2850:
1583:
1367:
815:
551:
506:
469:
457:
402:
39:
1582:
deviated somewhat from the pattern. As a result, most later comparative studies of revolution substituted
7088:
6608:
5962:
5689:
5603:
5222:
5217:
5002:
2800:
Enterline, A. J. (1 December 1998). "Regime
Changes, Neighborhoods, and Interstate Conflict, 1816-1992".
1270:
has also been used to denote great changes outside the political sphere. Such revolutions, often labeled
716:
that draw on a competing vision (or visions) of a just order, (b) a notable degree of informal or formal
665:
613:
35:
5907:
5777:
3087:
1621:
7158:
6798:
6583:
6228:
6086:
5974:
3887:
3547:
3237:
3159:
3093:
3068:
2633:
1397:
1181:
1101:
1097:
712:, all revolutions contain "a common set of elements at their core: (a) efforts to change the political
491:
486:
6513:
4204:
1537:. In such a model, revolutions happen when two or more groups cannot come to terms within the current
6988:
6603:
6283:
6278:
5757:
5745:
5623:
5567:
5542:
5494:
5429:
5359:
4251:
4194:
3779:
2699:
2062:
1554:
977:
of a society, including the economic, religious, industrial, and familial as well as the political."
598:
392:
350:
7244:
7239:
7003:
6963:
6913:
6778:
6368:
6273:
6198:
6187:
6081:
6030:
5722:
5608:
5409:
5092:
3113:
2225:
2183:
1765:
1494:
1333:
1184:
began with an urban revolution to depose the Czar, followed by a rural revolution, followed by the
1145:
826:
6403:
7073:
6763:
6733:
6678:
6673:
5902:
5682:
5660:
5613:
5335:
5072:
4992:
4409:
3998:
3909:
2746:
1647:
1545:
process, and when they possess the required resources to employ force in pursuit of their goals.
896:"Revolution" is now employed most often to denote a change in social and political institutions.
728:
721:
541:
196:
6448:
4806:
7048:
6983:
6918:
6843:
6823:
6818:
6663:
6653:
6498:
6000:
5817:
5799:
5752:
5699:
5633:
5628:
5509:
5499:
5489:
5434:
4399:
4379:
4229:
3899:
3527:
1589:
In subsequent decades, scholars began to classify hundreds of other events as revolutions (see
1244:
950:
201:
100:
4266:
2601:
7148:
6958:
6938:
6898:
6883:
6728:
6708:
6488:
6263:
6238:
6181:
6131:
5577:
5522:
5389:
5379:
5374:
4553:
4508:
4319:
3914:
2474:
2413:
1770:
1663:
1643:
1514:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1260:
1018:
1002:
878:
838:
784:
573:
521:
501:
439:
419:
414:
248:
128:
123:
95:
90:
4369:
1344:
7234:
7203:
7064:
7053:
7043:
7028:
7018:
6968:
6923:
6903:
6853:
6833:
6828:
6808:
6803:
6788:
6783:
6768:
6753:
6738:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6668:
6658:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6574:
6388:
6358:
6348:
6102:
6076:
5062:
4942:
4711:
4518:
4359:
4286:
3978:
3939:
3924:
3458:
3200:
2470:
1506:
1462:
1248:
1116:
531:
526:
308:
285:
186:
138:
85:
80:
49:
4533:
8:
7229:
7138:
7023:
7013:
6998:
6978:
6973:
6953:
6933:
6928:
6893:
6888:
6878:
6858:
6813:
6793:
6713:
6703:
6633:
6528:
6418:
6299:
6213:
6176:
6151:
6116:
6091:
6058:
6047:
5867:
5857:
5772:
5740:
5653:
5582:
5252:
5132:
5102:
5022:
4548:
4488:
3809:
3729:
2505:
1790:
1681:
1579:
1567:
1352:
1112:
930:
882:
874:
842:
807:
791:
635:
608:
561:
546:
462:
382:
360:
355:
313:
243:
4296:
323:
7196:
7008:
6993:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6838:
6773:
6723:
6718:
6503:
6428:
6243:
6233:
6136:
6070:
6036:
5990:
5328:
5264:
5259:
5242:
5237:
4706:
4214:
4151:
3349:
3292:
3181:
3138:
2978:
2908:
2827:
2676:
2356:
2309:
2301:
2242:
2205:
2162:
2154:
2045:
1965:
1957:
1785:
1755:
1694:
1639:
1575:
1428:
1291:
1197:
1155:
834:
818:
811:
799:
752:
630:
566:
516:
474:
444:
432:
370:
345:
333:
318:
303:
258:
148:
133:
6373:
4696:
2080:
1578:—for comparative study. He outlined what he called their "uniformities", although the
7168:
7098:
6943:
6848:
6743:
6458:
6328:
6111:
6064:
5827:
5704:
5557:
5419:
5227:
5172:
5012:
4801:
4463:
4389:
4364:
4166:
3968:
3417:
3385:
3284:
3249:
3204:
3185:
3171:
3142:
3130:
3097:
3072:
3047:
3009:
2912:
2900:
2831:
2819:
2668:
2605:
2569:
2478:
2423:
2348:
2313:
2293:
2246:
2166:
2049:
2037:
1969:
1949:
1844:
1760:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1655:
1630:
1571:
1563:
1526:
1518:
1458:
1436:
1413:
1382:
1348:
1337:
1323:
1271:
1226:
1222:
1093:
1076:
990:
913:
822:
795:
732:
717:
693:
618:
588:
556:
496:
328:
223:
213:
143:
118:
4281:
3353:
2982:
2680:
1910:
1891:
1072:
191:
7189:
7078:
6518:
6463:
6378:
6248:
6223:
6166:
6141:
6042:
5984:
5952:
5937:
5872:
5812:
5782:
5762:
5730:
5694:
5677:
5665:
5572:
5532:
5444:
5439:
5232:
5162:
4932:
4851:
4846:
4771:
4746:
4691:
4681:
4671:
4641:
4621:
4611:
4478:
4473:
4431:
4374:
4171:
3854:
3849:
3824:
3769:
3744:
3341:
3276:
3241:
3163:
3122:
3033:
2970:
2892:
2811:
2775:
2755:
2660:
2389:
2340:
2285:
2234:
2197:
2146:
2027:
1941:
1905:
1836:
1601:
1538:
1522:
1474:
1440:
1294:. These revolutions also fit the "slow revolution" type identified by Tocqueville.
1275:
1162:
958:
866:
830:
593:
511:
409:
377:
253:
4836:
2510:
7128:
6538:
6438:
6433:
6413:
6383:
6338:
6333:
6323:
6288:
6161:
6010:
5832:
5807:
5735:
5514:
5394:
5289:
4962:
4881:
4841:
4811:
4796:
4761:
4756:
4726:
4701:
4686:
4661:
4646:
4581:
4558:
4543:
4528:
4513:
4384:
4339:
4324:
4314:
4136:
4131:
3988:
3983:
3963:
3951:
3381:
3217:
3062:
3037:
2951:
2926:
2419:
1832:
States and Social
Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China
1795:
1713:
1698:
1542:
1490:
1461:, and Denton E. Morrison fall into the first category. They utilized theories of
1454:
1447:
1432:
1405:
858:
655:
583:
536:
452:
365:
6493:
6313:
3318:
2815:
7143:
7133:
6393:
6308:
6218:
5932:
5927:
5917:
5852:
5822:
5537:
5469:
5424:
5404:
5399:
5279:
5187:
5177:
4906:
4781:
4766:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4676:
4651:
4606:
4586:
4448:
4419:
4394:
4349:
4329:
4291:
4246:
4126:
4116:
3973:
3804:
3617:
3312:
The
Revolutionary City: Urbanization and the Global Transformation of Rebellion
2589:
2394:
2375:
2137:
2132:
1887:
1721:
1670:
1659:
1608:
1534:
1530:
1424:
1393:
1363:
970:
748:
720:, and (c) efforts to force change through noninstitutionalized actions such as
709:
701:
280:
181:
171:
3167:
3126:
3000:
2974:
2760:
2741:
2032:
2015:
1017:
There are numerous typologies of revolution in the social science literature.
7218:
6553:
6508:
6473:
6453:
6408:
6363:
6258:
6208:
6126:
5947:
5892:
5479:
5474:
5454:
5212:
5042:
4952:
4901:
4871:
4861:
4791:
4786:
4776:
4636:
4626:
4616:
4591:
4458:
4436:
4354:
4261:
4234:
4219:
4161:
3844:
3405:
3378:
The
International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest: 1500 to the Present
3345:
3288:
3245:
3134:
3043:
2904:
2896:
2823:
2694:
2672:
2664:
2462:
2409:
2352:
2297:
2041:
1953:
1840:
1597:
1559:
1502:
1065:
917:
744:
275:
208:
985:
7093:
7083:
6558:
6483:
6423:
6398:
6343:
5995:
5957:
5922:
5449:
5384:
5192:
4876:
4866:
4856:
4721:
4716:
4656:
4631:
4601:
4596:
4503:
4498:
4344:
4224:
3958:
3894:
3764:
3754:
3749:
3668:
3658:
3602:
3492:
3192:
2625:
1586:
in their lists, but they continued
Brinton's practice of focusing on four.
1510:
1478:
1205:
1193:
1173:
1166:
1131:
1124:
998:
897:
870:
756:
2415:
Tocqueville's Road Map: Methodology, Liberalism, Revolution, and
Despotism
2238:
1005:
in
Britain and the world. The steam engine was created to pump water from
6563:
6533:
6523:
6478:
6353:
5942:
5897:
5862:
5552:
5464:
4891:
4886:
4821:
4816:
4666:
4538:
4493:
4483:
4276:
4271:
4209:
4146:
3929:
3904:
3829:
3789:
3759:
3734:
3714:
3693:
3673:
3653:
3643:
3612:
3477:
3409:
3222:
2565:
1805:
1651:
1626:
1446:
The second generation sought to develop detailed frameworks, grounded in
1378:
1056:
1044:
1010:
846:
740:
603:
2186:(1993). "Theories of Revolution Revisited: Toward a Fourth Generation".
650:
7123:
7108:
7103:
6548:
6020:
5670:
5547:
5414:
5274:
5082:
4982:
4831:
4751:
4523:
4414:
4256:
4199:
4176:
4141:
4090:
4080:
4048:
3993:
3819:
3799:
3724:
3688:
3577:
3502:
3427:
3361:
3296:
3264:
2360:
2328:
2305:
2158:
1961:
1800:
1684:
and contingency in understanding the course and outcome of revolutions.
1482:
1328:
1252:
1151:
1119:
and democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old
946:
764:
625:
218:
2209:
2103:
1562:
established a convention by choosing four major political revolutions—
1236:(anti-monarchy, anti-dictatorial, anti-communist, anti-democratic) or
1232:
A further dimension to Katz's typology is that revolutions are either
7163:
7113:
6443:
6005:
5562:
5459:
5351:
4972:
4911:
4468:
4111:
4038:
4023:
3944:
3864:
3859:
3784:
3739:
3719:
3698:
3683:
3663:
3648:
3512:
3472:
3156:
Before and After the Fall: World
Politics and the End of the Cold War
3111:
Gunitsky, Seva (2018). "Democratic Waves in
Historical Perspective".
2869:
2597:
1780:
1775:
1702:
1486:
1409:
1311:
1256:
1188:
coup in November. Katz also cross-classified revolutions as follows:
1185:
1108:
1081:
1006:
962:
942:
772:
760:
238:
176:
3280:
2289:
2150:
1945:
1302:
6468:
6025:
5709:
5527:
5247:
4826:
4563:
4156:
4121:
4095:
4075:
4028:
3839:
3794:
3678:
3582:
3572:
3537:
3507:
2344:
2201:
1457:, Ivo K. Feierbrand, Rosalind L. Feierbrand, James A. Geschwender,
1396:, a group of military officers and civil officials, who staged the
1307:
1120:
736:
270:
30:"Political revolution" redirects here. For Trotskyist concept, see
1404:
Political and socioeconomic revolutions have been studied in many
7153:
5369:
5284:
5197:
4085:
4053:
4043:
3814:
3774:
3607:
3532:
3517:
3497:
3064:
Worldmaking After Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination
1605:
1417:
1243:
Other types of revolution, created for other typologies, include
1033:
768:
233:
166:
3150:
Gunitsky, Seva (2021), Bartel, Fritz; Monteiro, Nuno P. (eds.),
2648:
2223:
Kroeber, Clifton B. (1996). "Theory and History of Revolution".
1669:
For some historians, the traditional paradigm of revolutions as
6318:
6253:
4033:
3834:
3622:
3597:
3587:
3557:
3542:
2630:
No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945-1991
1688:
movements and revolutions to better understand both phenomena."
1086:
994:
779:
713:
228:
1489:, Edward A. Tiryakian, and Mark Hagopian, drew on the work of
931:
relatively peaceful revolutions that toppled communist regimes
6543:
4063:
3552:
3487:
3152:"Great Powers and the Spread of Autocracy Since the Cold War"
2739:
2376:"20th Century revolutions: characteristics, types, and waves"
1374:
966:
954:
5320:
3233:
Individual Rights and the Making of the International System
2562:
A History of Mass Communication: Six Information Revolutions
1359:
1068:, a modern scholar of revolutions, differentiated between:
4058:
3482:
1315:
1209:
1201:
265:
3627:
3522:
3002:
Transaction Costs, Institutions, and Economic Performance
2883:
Colgan, Jeff (1 September 2012). "Measuring Revolution".
2374:
Grinin, Leonid; Grinin, Anton; Korotayev, Andrey (2022).
2135:(1980). "Theories of Revolutions: The Third Generation".
1215:
Aspiring revolutions, which follow the Central revolution
3330:"The Structure of Comparison in the Study of Revolution"
2649:"The Structure of Comparison in the Study of Revolution"
2714:
Armstrong, Stephen; Desrosiers, Marian (January 2012).
1161:
revolution from without, e.g., the allied invasions of
3416:. Penguin Classics. New Ed edition: February 8, 1991.
3018:– via U.S. Agency for International Development.
1251:(inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aim to replace
900:
offers two definitions. First, a broad one, including
2866:
Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies go to War
2373:
1892:"Towards a Fourth Generation of Revolutionary Theory"
941:
His definition also excludes peaceful transitions to
2253:
790:
Notable revolutions in recent centuries include the
739:, moral principles, or models of governance such as
3362:
The Comparative and Historical Study of Revolutions
2713:
1693:books and journal articles generally relied on the
2541:
2529:
2956:"Toward an anthropology of political revolutions"
2517:
1604:, Jeffrey Paige, and others expanding on the old
1180:These categories are not mutually exclusive; the
7216:
1473:The second group, composed of academics such as
2863:
3265:"Global Patterns of Decolonization, 1500-1987"
2016:"Revolutionary Violence and Counterrevolution"
1882:
1880:
1529:. Those theories view events as outcomes of a
5336:
3443:
2994:
2992:
2381:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2100:"A Concise History of the Russian Revolution"
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1824:
1822:
673:
3949:
2703:(revised ed.). New York: Vintage Books.
2178:
2176:
3885:
3226:. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., Ltd.
2864:Mansfield, Edward D.; Snyder, Jack (2007).
1501:The third group, including writers such as
7119:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism
5343:
5329:
3450:
3436:
2989:
2963:Comparative Studies in Society and History
2271:
2110:
1857:
1819:
1701:. Such analyses, like those by Enterline,
1680:called for greater attention to conscious
1633:in Europe, 1989, were sudden and peaceful.
680:
666:
3229:
2950:
2944:
2799:
2759:
2393:
2173:
2131:
2031:
1994:
1909:
1886:
1172:revolution by osmosis, e.g., the gradual
935:violent Islamic revolution in Afghanistan
865:traces back to the 13th century, and the
3457:
3149:
3110:
3085:
3060:
3032:
3008:. San Francisco: ICS Press. p. 13.
2442:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1620:
1388:
1373:
1358:
1343:
1327:
1301:
1297:
1107:
984:
5033:Reflections on the Revolution in France
2693:
2624:
2408:
2259:
2222:
2216:
1828:
924:Jack Goldstone defines a revolution as
14:
7217:
6122:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA
3262:
2882:
2716:"Helping Students Analyze Revolutions"
2618:
2588:
2013:
1036:typologies divides revolutions into:
1009:, enabling them to be deepened beyond
27:Rapid and fundamental political change
5324:
3431:
2998:
2885:Conflict Management and Peace Science
2461:
2326:
2274:"Six Views of the Russian Revolution"
2182:
1927:
1498:that is responsible for revolutions.
1075:(a top-down seizure of power), e.g.,
804:Spanish American wars of independence
3375:
3327:
3191:
2844:
2646:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2523:
1923:
1921:
1134:identified six forms of revolution:
1123:structures and creating independent
5143:The End of History and the Last Man
5053:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
3197:Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves
3039:The End of History and the Last Man
2329:"Current Definitions of Revolution"
1568:Thirteen Colonies of America (1775)
724:, protests, strikes, or violence."
24:
3304:
1897:Annual Review of Political Science
1751:List of revolutions and rebellions
1591:List of revolutions and rebellions
25:
7256:
3399:
2847:Domestic sources of global change
2497:
2097:
2020:American Political Science Review
2007:
1918:
1218:subordinate or puppet revolutions
1196:, which play a leading role in a
32:Political revolution (Trotskyism)
7183:
6157:International Conference of Rome
6147:International Conference of Rome
5113:The Open Society and Its Enemies
3319:The Evolving Study of Revolution
649:
64:
3920:Family as a model for the state
3269:International Studies Quarterly
3026:
2919:
2876:
2857:
2838:
2793:
2768:
2733:
2707:
2687:
2640:
2582:
2553:
2491:
2467:European Revolutions, 1492-1992
2455:
2436:
2402:
2367:
2320:
2265:
1911:10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.139
1470:the socio-political situation.
908:Second, a narrow one, in which
6269:Australian Anarchist Centenary
6194:German Revolution of 1918–1919
5270:Separation of church and state
5168:Collectivism and individualism
5123:The Origins of Totalitarianism
2803:Journal of Conflict Resolution
2091:
2073:
2056:
1976:
1835:. Cambridge University Press.
1629:and most of the events of the
1527:interest group conflict theory
13:
1:
5908:Decentralized planned economy
5350:
5310:Category:Political philosophy
5183:Critique of political economy
3317:Beissinger, Mark R. (2024). "
3230:Reus-Smit, Christian (2013).
2333:American Journal of Sociology
2272:Billington, James H. (1966).
1812:
1615:States and Social Revolutions
1552:In his influential 1938 book
1467:frustration-aggression theory
1150:revolution from above, e.g.,
891:
5505:Proletarian internationalism
5208:Institutional discrimination
5203:History of political thought
3935:Negative and positive rights
3376:Ness, Immanuel, ed. (2009).
3360:Goldstone, Jack A. (1982). "
3314:. Princeton University Press
2851:University of Michigan Press
2594:Geographies of Globalization
1368:Bolshevik Revolution of 1917
1192:Central: countries, usually
912:revolutions entail not only
852:
829:from the mid-1950s to 1975,
40:Revolutions (disambiguation)
7:
6204:1919 United States bombings
5218:Justification for the state
5003:Two Treatises of Government
2999:North, Douglass C. (1992).
2816:10.1177/0022002798042006006
2085:Online Etymology Dictionary
1728:
36:Revolution (disambiguation)
10:
7261:
7159:Situationist International
6229:Spanish Revolution of 1936
6087:Self-managed social center
3888:Bellum omnium contra omnes
3366:Annual Review of Sociology
3310:Beissinger, Mark R. 2022.
3238:Cambridge University Press
3223:Memoirs of a revolutionist
3160:Cambridge University Press
3094:Princeton University Press
3069:Princeton University Press
2634:Cambridge University Press
2395:10.1057/s41599-022-01120-9
1398:Siamese Revolution of 1932
1336:, 14 July 1789 during the
1321:
1182:Russian Revolution of 1917
1102:Islamic Revolution of Iran
969:after the demise of their
29:
7178:
7063:
6623:
6573:
6298:
6284:Really Really Free Market
6279:1999 Seattle WTO protests
6101:
5973:
5881:
5845:
5798:
5721:
5652:
5643:
5593:
5568:Temporary autonomous zone
5495:Permanent autonomous zone
5430:Consensus decision-making
5358:
5305:
5155:
4924:
4572:
4305:
4185:
4104:
4016:
4007:
3873:
3707:
3636:
3465:
3168:10.1017/9781108910194.014
3127:10.1017/S1537592718001044
2975:10.1017/s0010417512000278
2780:Center for Systemic Peace
2761:10.1057/s41599-019-0371-1
2700:The Anatomy of Revolution
2033:10.1017/S0003055422001174
1555:The Anatomy of Revolution
1221:rival revolutions, e.g.,
997:. The development of the
6274:Carnival Against Capital
6199:Bavarian Soviet Republic
6188:Manifesto of the Sixteen
6082:Radical environmentalism
6031:Independent Media Center
5963:Workers' self-management
5410:Autonomous social center
5093:The Revolt of the Masses
3346:10.1177/0735275118777004
3246:10.1017/cbo9781139046527
3114:Perspectives on Politics
2897:10.1177/0738894212449093
2665:10.1177/0735275118777004
2560:Fang, Irving E. (1997).
2226:Journal of World History
2014:Clarke, Killian (2023).
1930:"Theories of Revolution"
1928:Stone, Lawrence (1966).
1841:10.1017/cbo9780511815805
1766:Preference falsification
1495:structural-functionalist
1381:, leader of the Chinese
1334:storming of the Bastille
1021:differentiated between:
980:
827:decolonization of Africa
816:Revolutions of 1917–1923
5903:Cost the limit of price
5073:The Communist Manifesto
3999:Tyranny of the majority
3910:Consent of the governed
3328:Beck, Colin J. (2018).
3086:Gunitsky, Seva (2017).
3061:Getachew, Adom (2019).
2747:Palgrave Communications
2647:Beck, Colin J. (2018).
1829:Skocpol, Theda (1979).
1648:People Power Revolution
113:By other characteristic
6699:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5510:Propaganda of the deed
5500:Prefigurative politics
5490:Participatory politics
5435:Conscientious objector
3950:
3900:Clash of civilizations
3886:
3263:Strang, David (1991).
2927:"Data - Jeff D Colgan"
2445:Kwartalnik Historyczny
1664:nonviolent revolutions
1644:Nicaraguan Revolutions
1634:
1401:
1386:
1371:
1356:
1341:
1319:
1261:nonviolent revolutions
1128:
1014:
939:
922:
906:
705:
34:. For other uses, see
7149:Libertarian socialism
6264:Kate Sharpley Library
6239:Red inverted triangle
6182:High Treason Incident
6172:Congress of Amsterdam
5578:Voluntary association
5390:Anti-authoritarianism
5380:Anarchist criminology
5375:Anarchist Black Cross
3915:Divine right of kings
2239:10.1353/jwh.2005.0056
1771:Psychological warfare
1624:
1515:Arthur L. Stinchcombe
1392:
1377:
1362:
1347:
1331:
1306:R E V O L U T I O N,
1305:
1298:Studies of revolution
1288:Commercial Revolution
1284:Scientific Revolution
1280:Industrial Revolution
1249:communist revolutions
1223:Yugoslavia after 1948
1176:of several countries.
1117:bourgeois revolutions
1111:
1019:Alexis de Tocqueville
1003:Industrial Revolution
988:
926:
910:
902:
839:Nicaraguan Revolution
415:Bulgarian unification
91:Counter-revolutionary
7225:Comparative politics
7190:Anarchism portal
6594:Fictional characters
6077:Radical cheerleading
5063:Democracy in America
4442:political philosophy
4425:political philosophy
4240:political philosophy
4069:political philosophy
3979:Separation of powers
3940:Night-watchman state
3925:Monopoly on violence
3459:Political philosophy
3162:, pp. 225–243,
2504:Moshe Dayan Center,
2471:Blackwell Publishing
2327:Yoder, Dale (1926).
1507:Samuel P. Huntington
1463:cognitive psychology
1052:bourgeois-democratic
849:in the early 2010s.
187:Contentious politics
58:Political revolution
7139:Left-libertarianism
6214:Kronstadt rebellion
6152:Trial of the Thirty
6117:Revolutions of 1848
6059:No gods, no masters
5868:Synthesis anarchism
5858:Anarcho-syndicalism
5846:Types of federation
5253:Right-wing politics
5133:A Theory of Justice
5103:The Road to Serfdom
5023:The Social Contract
3730:Christian democracy
3334:Sociological Theory
2845:Maoz, Zeev (1996).
2653:Sociological Theory
2506:Tel Aviv University
2189:Sociological Theory
1791:Right of revolution
1580:American Revolution
1521:path and looked at
1439:, such as Le Bon's
1353:American Revolution
1144:coup d'Ă©tat, e.g.,
1113:Revolutions of 1848
957:after the death of
843:Revolutions of 1989
841:in 1979, worldwide
808:Revolutions of 1848
792:American Revolution
722:mass demonstrations
656:Politics portal
7089:Anti-globalization
6759:Dominican Republic
6584:Anarcho-punk bands
6244:Labadie Collection
6234:Barcelona May Days
6137:Cantonal rebellion
6071:Property is theft!
6037:The Internationale
5991:Anarchist bookfair
5790:Without adjectives
5645:Schools of thought
5265:Political violence
5260:Political theology
5243:Left-wing politics
5238:Political spectrum
2590:Murray, Warwick E.
1786:Revolutionary wave
1756:Passive revolution
1695:Polity data series
1646:of 1979, the 1986
1635:
1533:between competing
1429:Charles A. Ellwood
1402:
1387:
1372:
1357:
1342:
1320:
1292:Digital Revolution
1272:social revolutions
1198:revolutionary wave
1156:Great Leap Forward
1129:
1098:Russian Revolution
1015:
835:Iranian Revolution
812:Mexican Revolution
800:Haitian Revolution
785:counterrevolutions
753:self-determination
631:Second Arab Spring
7212:
7211:
7169:Spontaneous order
7099:Anti-war movement
6604:Jewish anarchists
6112:French Revolution
6065:Popular education
5841:
5840:
5558:Spontaneous order
5420:Classless society
5318:
5317:
5228:Philosophy of law
5173:Conflict theories
5013:The Spirit of Law
4920:
4919:
3969:Original position
3391:978-1-405-18464-9
3255:978-0-521-85777-2
3210:978-0-312-17322-7
3201:St Martin's Press
3177:978-1-108-84334-8
3103:978-0-691-17233-0
3078:978-0-691-17915-5
3053:978-0-140-13455-1
3034:Fukuyama, Francis
3015:978-1-558-15211-3
2849:. Ann Arbor, MI:
2513:on 29 April 2007.
2500:"Iran in History"
1850:978-0-521-22439-0
1761:Political warfare
1746:Counterrevolution
1741:Classless society
1736:Age of Revolution
1656:Autumn of Nations
1631:Autumn of Nations
1519:political science
1459:David C. Schwartz
1437:social psychology
1414:political science
1383:Xinhai Revolution
1349:George Washington
1338:French Revolution
1324:Social revolution
1115:were essentially
1094:French Revolution
991:Watt steam engine
953:, as occurred in
914:mass mobilization
823:Xinhai Revolution
796:French Revolution
733:guerrilla warfare
729:peasant uprisings
718:mass mobilization
694:political science
690:
689:
224:Mass mobilization
214:Guerrilla warfare
16:(Redirected from
7252:
7188:
7187:
7186:
7079:Anti-consumerism
7074:Anti-corporatism
6224:Amakasu Incident
6167:Strandza Commune
6142:Haymarket affair
6043:Jewish anarchism
5985:A las Barricadas
5953:Social ownership
5938:Market socialism
5913:Free association
5873:Union of egoists
5650:
5649:
5583:Workers' council
5573:Union of egoists
5533:Security culture
5445:Decentralization
5440:Critique of work
5345:
5338:
5331:
5322:
5321:
5233:Political ethics
5223:Machiavellianism
5163:Authoritarianism
5148:
5138:
5128:
5118:
5108:
5098:
5088:
5078:
5068:
5058:
5048:
5038:
5028:
5018:
5008:
4998:
4988:
4978:
4968:
4958:
4948:
4938:
4014:
4013:
3955:
3891:
3881:Balance of power
3855:Social democracy
3850:Social Darwinism
3825:Multiculturalism
3770:Environmentalism
3745:Communitarianism
3452:
3445:
3438:
3429:
3428:
3395:
3382:Wiley & Sons
3357:
3300:
3259:
3214:
3188:
3146:
3107:
3082:
3057:
3020:
3019:
3007:
2996:
2987:
2986:
2960:
2952:Thomassen, Bjorn
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2931:sites.google.com
2923:
2917:
2916:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2742:"On revolutions"
2737:
2731:
2730:
2723:Social Education
2720:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2509:. Archived from
2498:Lewis, Bernard.
2495:
2489:
2488:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2129:
2108:
2107:
2102:. Archived from
2098:Pipes, Richard.
2095:
2089:
2088:
2077:
2071:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2035:
2026:(4): 1344–1360.
2011:
2005:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1884:
1855:
1854:
1826:
1625:The fall of the
1602:Barrington Moore
1539:political system
1523:pluralist theory
1475:Chalmers Johnson
1453:The writings of
1441:crowd psychology
1366:, leader of the
1351:, leader of the
1276:political system
1227:China after 1960
1141:urban revolution
1138:rural revolution
959:Francisco Franco
881:was termed the "
831:Cuban Revolution
682:
675:
668:
654:
653:
507:Hungarian (1956)
339:Spanish American
68:
45:
44:
21:
7260:
7259:
7255:
7254:
7253:
7251:
7250:
7249:
7245:Social conflict
7240:Social concepts
7215:
7214:
7213:
7208:
7184:
7182:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7129:Labour movement
7059:
7058:
7057:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6289:Occupy movement
6162:Ferrer movement
6097:
6096:
6095:
6011:Escuela Moderna
5969:
5968:
5967:
5877:
5837:
5794:
5758:Insurrectionary
5717:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5515:Refusal of work
5400:Anti-militarism
5395:Anti-capitalism
5354:
5349:
5319:
5314:
5301:
5290:Totalitarianism
5151:
5146:
5136:
5126:
5116:
5106:
5096:
5086:
5076:
5066:
5056:
5046:
5036:
5026:
5016:
5006:
4996:
4986:
4976:
4966:
4963:Treatise on Law
4956:
4946:
4936:
4916:
4574:
4568:
4307:
4301:
4187:
4181:
4100:
4003:
3989:State of nature
3984:Social contract
3964:Ordered liberty
3952:Noblesse oblige
3869:
3703:
3632:
3461:
3456:
3402:
3392:
3323:World Politics.
3307:
3305:Further reading
3281:10.2307/2600949
3256:
3218:Peter Kropotkin
3211:
3178:
3104:
3079:
3054:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3016:
3005:
2997:
2990:
2958:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2933:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2881:
2877:
2862:
2858:
2843:
2839:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2776:"PolityProject"
2774:
2773:
2769:
2738:
2734:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2692:
2688:
2645:
2641:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2568:. pp. xv.
2558:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2460:
2456:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2420:Lexington Books
2407:
2403:
2372:
2368:
2325:
2321:
2290:10.2307/2009765
2270:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2221:
2217:
2181:
2174:
2151:10.2307/2010111
2133:Goldstone, Jack
2130:
2111:
2106:on 11 May 2011.
2096:
2092:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2061:
2057:
2012:
2008:
1981:
1977:
1946:10.2307/2009694
1926:
1919:
1888:Goldstone, Jack
1885:
1858:
1851:
1827:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1796:Social movement
1731:
1714:Bjorn Thomassen
1699:democratization
1654:, and the 1989
1543:decision-making
1535:interest groups
1491:Talcott Parsons
1455:Ted Robert Gurr
1448:social behavior
1433:Pitirim Sorokin
1408:, particularly
1406:social sciences
1326:
1300:
1165:in 1943 and of
983:
971:military juntas
894:
855:
821:and worldwide,
686:
648:
643:
642:
299:
291:
290:
162:
154:
153:
114:
106:
105:
76:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7258:
7248:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7210:
7209:
7207:
7200:
7193:
7179:
7176:
7175:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7144:Libertarianism
7141:
7136:
7134:Left communism
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7065:Related topics
7061:
7060:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7034:United Kingdom
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6749:Czech Republic
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6621:
6620:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
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6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6404:González Prada
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6219:Makhnovshchina
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6132:Hague Congress
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6067:
6062:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5933:Labour voucher
5930:
5928:Give-away shop
5925:
5920:
5918:General strike
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5853:Affinity group
5849:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5823:Post-anarchist
5820:
5815:
5810:
5804:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5746:Social ecology
5743:
5733:
5727:
5725:
5723:Post-classical
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5702:
5692:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5658:
5656:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5543:Social ecology
5540:
5538:Self-ownership
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5470:Horizontalidad
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5425:Class struggle
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5405:Affinity group
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5348:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5325:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5280:Social justice
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5188:Egalitarianism
5185:
5180:
5178:Contractualism
5175:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5139:
5129:
5119:
5109:
5099:
5089:
5079:
5069:
5059:
5049:
5039:
5029:
5019:
5009:
4999:
4989:
4979:
4969:
4959:
4949:
4939:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4578:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4434:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3974:Overton window
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3805:Libertarianism
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3406:Arendt, Hannah
3401:
3400:External links
3398:
3397:
3396:
3390:
3380:. Malden, MA:
3373:
3358:
3340:(2): 134–161.
3325:
3315:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3275:(4): 429–454.
3260:
3254:
3227:
3215:
3209:
3189:
3176:
3147:
3121:(3): 634–651.
3108:
3102:
3083:
3077:
3058:
3052:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3014:
2988:
2969:(3): 679–706.
2943:
2918:
2891:(4): 444–467.
2875:
2856:
2837:
2810:(6): 804–829.
2792:
2767:
2732:
2706:
2695:Brinton, Crane
2686:
2659:(2): 134–161.
2639:
2617:
2610:
2581:
2574:
2552:
2540:
2528:
2516:
2490:
2483:
2463:Tilly, Charles
2454:
2435:
2428:
2422:. p. 86.
2410:Boesche, Roger
2401:
2366:
2345:10.1086/214128
2339:(3): 433–441.
2319:
2284:(3): 452–473.
2278:World Politics
2264:
2252:
2215:
2202:10.2307/201977
2172:
2145:(3): 425–453.
2138:World Politics
2109:
2090:
2072:
2055:
2006:
1995:Reus-Smit 2013
1975:
1940:(2): 159–176.
1934:World Politics
1917:
1856:
1849:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1722:Douglass North
1690:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1671:class struggle
1609:class-conflict
1564:England (1642)
1531:power struggle
1425:Gustave Le Bon
1394:Khana Ratsadon
1364:Vladimir Lenin
1322:Main article:
1299:
1296:
1230:
1229:
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1216:
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1177:
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1159:
1148:
1142:
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1106:
1105:
1090:
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1079:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1040:pre-capitalist
1030:
1029:
1026:
1001:propelled the
982:
979:
951:free elections
893:
890:
854:
851:
749:egalitarianism
710:Jack Goldstone
688:
687:
685:
684:
677:
670:
662:
659:
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388:Italian states
380:
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353:
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336:
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326:
321:
316:
306:
300:
297:
296:
293:
292:
289:
288:
283:
281:Tax resistance
278:
273:
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263:
262:
261:
256:
251:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
205:
204:
194:
189:
184:
182:Class conflict
179:
174:
172:Civil disorder
169:
163:
160:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
115:
112:
111:
108:
107:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
77:
74:
73:
70:
69:
61:
60:
54:
53:
26:
18:Revolutionized
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7257:
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7068:
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7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7039:United States
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
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6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
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6837:
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6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
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6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6799:French Guiana
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6628:
6626:
6622:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6578:
6576:
6572:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6209:Biennio Rosso
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6127:Paris Commune
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5948:Mutual credit
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5893:Communization
5891:
5890:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5720:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5684:
5683:Philosophical
5681:
5679:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5661:Individualist
5659:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5604:Animal rights
5602:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5475:Individualism
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5455:Direct action
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5346:
5341:
5339:
5334:
5332:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5213:Jurisprudence
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5095:
5094:
5090:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5045:
5044:
5043:Rights of Man
5040:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4955:
4954:
4953:De re publica
4950:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4573:20th and 21st
4571:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4306:18th and 19th
4304:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4162:Nizam al-Mulk
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3845:Republicanism
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3448:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3423:
3422:0-14-018421-X
3419:
3415:
3414:On Revolution
3411:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3393:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3193:Katz, Mark N.
3190:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3017:
3011:
3004:
3003:
2995:
2993:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2796:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2626:Goodwin, Jeff
2621:
2613:
2611:0-415-31800-9
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2577:
2575:0-240-80254-3
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2550:, p. 12.
2549:
2544:
2538:, p. 13.
2537:
2532:
2525:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2494:
2486:
2484:0-631-19903-9
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2450:
2447:(in Polish).
2446:
2439:
2431:
2429:0-7391-1665-7
2425:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2004:
2003:Getachew 2019
2000:
1999:Fukuyama 1992
1996:
1992:
1991:Gunitsky 2021
1988:
1987:Gunitsky 2017
1984:
1983:Gunitsky 2018
1979:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1598:Theda Skocpol
1594:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:Russia (1917)
1573:
1572:France (1789)
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:Crane Brinton
1557:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1517:, followed a
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:Charles Tilly
1499:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1449:
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1426:
1421:
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1411:
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1399:
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1391:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
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1361:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
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1325:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1295:
1293:
1289:
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1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1126:
1125:nation-states
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:Charles Tilly
1060:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
978:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
938:
936:
932:
925:
921:
919:
918:regime change
915:
909:
905:
901:
899:
889:
887:
886:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
817:
814:(1910–1920),
813:
809:
806:(1808–1826),
805:
802:(1791–1804),
801:
798:(1789–1799),
797:
794:(1775–1783),
793:
788:
786:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:republicanism
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
683:
678:
676:
671:
669:
664:
663:
661:
660:
657:
652:
647:
646:
637:
634:
633:
632:
629:
627:
624:
620:
617:
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612:
610:
607:
606:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
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572:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
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503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
481:
478:
476:
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468:
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451:
450:
448:
446:
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438:
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429:
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416:
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411:
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401:
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389:
386:
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384:
381:
379:
376:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
295:
294:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
276:Strike action
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
209:Direct action
207:
203:
200:
199:
198:
197:Demonstration
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
158:
157:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
110:
109:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
72:
71:
67:
63:
62:
59:
56:
55:
51:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7202:
7195:
7181:
7094:Anti-statism
7084:Anti-fascism
6989:South Africa
6489:Pi i Margall
6186:
6035:
5996:Anarcho-punk
5983:
5958:Wage slavery
5923:Gift economy
5818:Postcolonial
5800:Contemporary
5753:Independence
5700:Collectivist
5619:Love and sex
5450:Deep ecology
5385:Anationalism
5294:
5193:Elite theory
5141:
5131:
5121:
5111:
5101:
5091:
5081:
5071:
5061:
5051:
5041:
5031:
5021:
5011:
5001:
4991:
4981:
4971:
4961:
4951:
4941:
4931:
4230:Guicciardini
4186:Early modern
4009:Philosophers
3959:Open society
3895:Body politic
3765:Distributism
3755:Conservatism
3750:Confucianism
3669:Gerontocracy
3659:Dictatorship
3613:Sovereignty‎
3603:Ruling class
3592:
3493:Emancipation
3478:Citizenship‎
3413:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3337:
3333:
3322:
3311:
3272:
3268:
3232:
3221:
3196:
3155:
3118:
3112:
3088:
3063:
3038:
3027:Bibliography
3001:
2966:
2962:
2946:
2934:. Retrieved
2930:
2921:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2865:
2859:
2846:
2840:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2783:. Retrieved
2779:
2770:
2751:
2745:
2735:
2726:
2722:
2709:
2698:
2689:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2636:. p. 5.
2629:
2620:
2593:
2584:
2561:
2555:
2543:
2531:
2526:, p. 4.
2519:
2511:the original
2503:
2493:
2466:
2457:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2414:
2404:
2385:
2379:
2369:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2262:, p. 9.
2260:Goodwin 2001
2255:
2233:(1): 21–40.
2230:
2224:
2218:
2193:
2187:
2142:
2136:
2104:the original
2093:
2084:
2081:"Revolution"
2075:
2066:
2058:
2023:
2019:
2009:
1978:
1937:
1933:
1901:
1895:
1831:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1691:
1668:
1660:mass strikes
1636:
1613:
1595:
1588:
1584:China (1949)
1558:, historian
1553:
1551:
1547:
1511:Peter Ammann
1500:
1479:Neil Smelser
1472:
1452:
1445:
1422:
1403:
1267:
1265:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1206:Nazi Germany
1200:; e.g., the
1194:Great Powers
1179:
1174:Islamization
1130:
1100:of 1917, or
1077:Poland, 1926
1064:
1031:
1016:
999:steam engine
975:
940:
927:
923:
911:
907:
903:
898:Jeff Goodwin
895:
884:
871:social order
863:"revolucion"
862:
856:
789:
777:
757:human rights
726:
697:
691:
542:People Power
259:Disobedience
57:
7235:Revolutions
7004:Switzerland
6964:Puerto Rico
6949:Philippines
6914:New Zealand
6909:Netherlands
6779:El Salvador
6614:Periodicals
6177:Tragic Week
6048:Lifestylism
5943:Mutual bank
5898:Cooperative
5863:Platformism
5813:Free-market
5741:Primitivist
5624:Nationalism
5553:Somatherapy
5465:Freethought
5067:(1835–1840)
4947:(c. 350 BC)
4937:(c. 375 BC)
4554:Tocqueville
4519:Saint-Simon
4484:Montesquieu
4335:Bolingbroke
4267:Machiavelli
4147:Ibn Khaldun
4112:Alpharabius
4105:Middle Ages
3930:Natural law
3905:Common good
3830:Nationalism
3790:Imperialism
3760:Corporatism
3735:Colonialism
3715:Agrarianism
3694:Technocracy
3674:Meritocracy
3654:Bureaucracy
3644:Aristocracy
3410:IEP.UTM.edu
3089:Aftershocks
2936:17 February
2785:17 February
2729:(1): 38–46.
2600:. pp.
2566:Focal Press
2473:. pp.
2196:(1): 1–20.
2184:Foran, John
1904:: 139–187.
1806:User revolt
1652:Philippines
1627:Berlin Wall
1379:Sun Yat-sen
1245:proletarian
1212:since 1979.
1146:Egypt, 1952
1121:monarchical
1073:coup d'Ă©tat
1057:proletarian
1032:One of the
1011:groundwater
879:William III
847:Arab Spring
810:in Europe,
741:nationalism
604:Arab Spring
202:Human chain
192:Coup d'Ă©tat
101:Proletarian
7230:Revolution
7219:Categories
7124:Dual Power
7109:Autonomism
7104:Autarchism
6764:East Timor
6734:Costa Rica
6679:Bangladesh
6674:Azerbaijan
6384:Feyerabend
6021:Freeganism
5671:Illegalist
5609:Capitalism
5548:Sociocracy
5519:Revolution
5485:Mutual aid
5415:Black bloc
5275:Separatism
5083:On Liberty
4983:The Prince
4712:Huntington
4215:Campanella
4142:al-Ghazali
4091:Thucydides
4049:Lactantius
3994:Statolatry
3820:Monarchism
3800:Liberalism
3725:Capitalism
3708:Ideologies
3689:Plutocracy
3637:Government
3593:Revolution
3578:Propaganda
3528:Legitimacy
3503:Government
2451:: 251–267.
1813:References
1801:Subversion
1720:Economist
1541:'s normal
1483:Bob Jessop
1268:revolution
1253:capitalism
1152:Mao Zedong
1007:coal mines
947:plebiscite
892:Definition
885:Revolution
765:liberalism
737:ideologies
698:revolution
626:Euromaidan
574:Bolivarian
522:Nicaraguan
502:Guatemalan
440:Young Turk
420:Philippine
249:Nonviolent
244:Resistance
219:Insurgency
129:Nonviolent
124:From above
96:Democratic
7164:Socialism
7114:Communism
7049:Venezuela
6984:Singapore
6919:Nicaragua
6844:Indonesia
6824:Hong Kong
6819:Guatemala
6664:Australia
6654:Argentina
6625:By region
6609:Musicians
6514:Santillán
6464:Malatesta
6434:Kropotkin
6414:Guillaume
6092:Symbolism
6006:DIY ethic
5883:Economics
5828:Post-left
5773:Christian
5768:Religious
5705:Communist
5690:Mutualist
5654:Classical
5614:Education
5563:Squatting
5523:Rewilding
5460:Free love
5352:Anarchism
4993:Leviathan
4973:Monarchia
4967:(c. 1274)
4802:Oakeshott
4747:Mansfield
4742:Luxemburg
4727:Kropotkin
4622:Bernstein
4575:centuries
4489:Nietzsche
4432:Jefferson
4360:Condorcet
4308:centuries
4287:Pufendorf
4152:Marsilius
4039:Confucius
4024:Aristotle
4017:Antiquity
3945:Noble lie
3865:Third Way
3860:Socialism
3785:Feudalism
3740:Communism
3720:Anarchism
3699:Theocracy
3684:Oligarchy
3664:Democracy
3649:Autocracy
3563:Pluralism
3548:Obedience
3513:Hierarchy
3473:Authority
3372:: 187–207
3289:0020-8833
3186:244851964
3143:149523316
3135:1537-5927
2913:220675692
2905:0738-8942
2870:MIT Press
2832:154877512
2824:0022-0027
2697:(1965) .
2673:0735-2751
2598:Routledge
2548:Katz 1997
2536:Katz 1997
2524:Katz 1997
2353:0002-9602
2314:154688891
2298:1086-3338
2247:144148530
2167:154287826
2050:254907991
2042:0003-0554
1970:154757362
1954:1086-3338
1781:Reformism
1776:Rebellion
1487:Mark Hart
1410:sociology
1312:political
1266:The term
1257:communism
1186:Bolshevik
1132:Mark Katz
1104:in 1979).
1096:of 1789,
1082:civil war
1061:socialist
1049:bourgeois
1045:bourgeois
963:Argentina
943:democracy
883:Glorious
853:Etymology
833:in 1959,
825:in 1911,
819:in Russia
773:socialism
761:democracy
706:revolutio
579:Bulldozer
532:Carnation
527:Argentine
470:1917–1923
458:Communist
403:Hungarian
239:Rebellion
177:Civil war
139:Permanent
86:Communist
81:Bourgeois
7197:Category
6959:Portugal
6939:Paraguay
6899:Mongolia
6884:Malaysia
6729:Colombia
6709:Bulgaria
6499:Proudhon
6459:Maksimov
6439:Landauer
6389:Giovanni
6339:Bookchin
6254:May 1968
6026:Infoshop
5778:Buddhist
5763:Pacifist
5731:Feminist
5710:Magonist
5678:Naturist
5634:Violence
5629:Religion
5528:Sabotage
5360:Concepts
5248:Centrism
4943:Politics
4933:Republic
4902:Voegelin
4882:Spengler
4867:Shariati
4842:Rothbard
4797:Nussbaum
4697:Habermas
4672:Fukuyama
4662:Foucault
4587:Ambedkar
4564:Voltaire
4534:de Staël
4509:Rousseau
4390:Franklin
4365:Constant
4325:Beccaria
4157:Muhammad
4137:Gelasius
4122:Averroes
4096:Xenophon
4076:Polybius
4029:Chanakya
3874:Concepts
3840:Populism
3810:Localism
3795:Islamism
3780:Feminism
3679:Monarchy
3583:Property
3573:Progress
3538:Monopoly
3508:Hegemony
3408:(1963).
3354:53669466
3220:(1906),
3195:(1997).
3036:(1992).
2983:15806418
2954:(2012).
2681:53669466
2628:(2001).
2592:(2006).
2465:(1995).
2412:(2006).
2070:century.
1890:(2001).
1729:See also
1493:and the
1443:theory.
1385:in 1911.
1308:graffiti
1169:in 1945.
961:, or in
945:through
875:James II
636:Sudanese
614:Egyptian
609:Tunisian
562:Romanian
463:Cultural
449:Chinese
424:Iranian
393:February
314:American
309:Atlantic
298:Examples
271:Samizdat
75:By class
50:a series
48:Part of
7204:Outline
7154:Marxism
7054:Vietnam
7044:Uruguay
7029:Ukraine
7019:Tunisia
6969:Romania
6924:Nigeria
6904:Morocco
6854:Ireland
6834:Iceland
6829:Hungary
6809:Germany
6804:Georgia
6789:Finland
6784:Estonia
6769:Ecuador
6754:Denmark
6739:Croatia
6694:Bolivia
6689:Belgium
6684:Belarus
6669:Austria
6659:Armenia
6649:Andorra
6644:Algeria
6639:Albania
6559:Yarchuk
6534:Tolstoy
6529:Thoreau
6524:Stirner
6519:Spooner
6484:Parsons
6409:Graeber
6399:Goldman
6359:Durruti
6344:Chomsky
6334:Bonanno
6329:Berkman
6324:Bakunin
6103:History
6053:May Day
5975:Culture
5370:Anarchy
5285:Statism
5198:Elitism
5156:Related
4957:(51 BC)
4887:Strauss
4862:Scruton
4857:Schmitt
4847:Russell
4767:Michels
4762:Maurras
4757:Marcuse
4717:Kautsky
4687:Gramsci
4682:Gentile
4652:Dworkin
4642:Du Bois
4637:Dmowski
4632:Chomsky
4627:Burnham
4612:Benoist
4582:Agamben
4549:Thoreau
4539:Stirner
4529:Spencer
4474:Mazzini
4464:Maistre
4459:Madison
4454:Le Play
4385:Fourier
4350:Carlyle
4330:Bentham
4320:Bastiat
4315:Bakunin
4292:Spinoza
4282:MĂĽntzer
4252:Leibniz
4225:Grotius
4205:Bossuet
4172:Plethon
4117:Aquinas
4086:Sun Tzu
4054:Mencius
4044:Han Fei
3815:Marxism
3775:Fascism
3608:Society
3533:Liberty
3518:Justice
3498:Freedom
3297:2600949
3044:Penguin
2449:LXXXIII
2388:(124).
2361:2765544
2306:2009765
2159:2010111
2067:Secrees
1962:2009694
1650:in the
1640:Iranian
1606:Marxist
1418:history
1234:against
1167:Germany
1158:of 1958
1034:Marxist
1013:levels.
933:to the
867:English
769:fascism
567:Singing
517:Rwandan
492:Spanish
487:Siamese
475:Russian
445:Mexican
371:Belgian
346:Serbian
334:Haitian
319:Brabant
304:English
234:Protest
167:Boycott
161:Methods
134:Passive
7024:Turkey
7014:Taiwan
6999:Sweden
6979:Serbia
6974:Russia
6954:Poland
6934:Panama
6929:Norway
6894:Monaco
6889:Mexico
6879:Latvia
6859:Israel
6814:Greece
6794:France
6714:Canada
6704:Brazil
6634:Africa
6564:Zerzan
6554:Warren
6539:Tucker
6509:Rocker
6504:Reclus
6494:Pouget
6474:Michel
6454:Makhno
6429:KĹŤtoku
6419:He-Yin
6394:Godwin
6379:Ferrer
6349:Cleyre
6314:Armand
6309:Alston
6300:People
5783:Jewish
5695:Social
5666:Egoist
5595:Issues
5147:(1992)
5137:(1971)
5127:(1951)
5117:(1945)
5107:(1944)
5097:(1929)
5087:(1859)
5077:(1848)
5057:(1820)
5047:(1791)
5037:(1790)
5027:(1762)
5017:(1748)
5007:(1689)
4997:(1651)
4987:(1532)
4977:(1313)
4907:Walzer
4897:Taylor
4852:Sartre
4817:Popper
4812:Pareto
4807:Ortega
4792:Nozick
4782:Mouffe
4732:Laclau
4692:Guénon
4677:Gandhi
4617:Berlin
4607:Bauman
4602:Badiou
4592:Arendt
4559:Tucker
4449:Le Bon
4410:Herder
4400:Haller
4395:Godwin
4380:Fichte
4375:Engels
4370:Cortés
4340:Bonald
4297:Suárez
4272:Milton
4262:Luther
4235:Hobbes
4220:Filmer
4210:Calvin
4195:Boétie
4188:period
4167:Ockham
4034:Cicero
3835:Nazism
3623:Utopia
3598:Rights
3588:Regime
3558:People
3543:Nation
3420:
3388:
3352:
3295:
3287:
3252:
3207:
3184:
3174:
3141:
3133:
3100:
3075:
3050:
3012:
2981:
2911:
2903:
2830:
2822:
2679:
2671:
2608:
2572:
2481:
2426:
2359:
2351:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2245:
2210:201977
2208:
2165:
2157:
2048:
2040:
1968:
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